San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation, Inc.: 2772-2774 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City 1300 Philippines

SAN JUAN DE DIOS EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INC.
2772-2774 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City 1300 Philippines

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Theory of Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four
different stages of mental development. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children
acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence. Piaget believed that children
take an active role in the learning process, acting much like little scientists as they perform
experiments, make observations, and learn about the world. As kids interact with the world around
them, they continually add new knowledge, build upon existing knowledge, and adapt previously held
ideas to accommodate new information. According to Piaget, children are born with a very basic
mental structure (genetically inherited and evolved) on which all subsequent learning and knowledge
are based. The goal of the theory is to explain the mechanisms and processes by which the infant, and
then the child, develops into an individual who can reason and think using hypotheses.
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Three Basic Components to Piaget's Cognitive Theory:

1. Schemas
Imagine what it would be like if you did not have a mental model of your world. It
would mean that you would not be able to make so much use of information from your past
experience or to plan future actions.
Schemas are the basic building blocks of such cognitive models, and enable us to form a
mental representation of the world. Piaget (1952, p. 7) defined a schema as: "a cohesive,
repeatable action sequence possessing component actions that are tightly interconnected and
governed by a core meaning." In more simple terms Piaget called the schema the basic building
block of intelligent behavior – a way of organizing knowledge.
2. Adaptation processes that enable the transition from one stage to another
(assimilation, accommodation & equilibrium).
 Assimilation is using an existing schema and applying it to a new situation or object.
 Accommodation is changing approaches when an existing schema doesn’t work in a particular
situation.
 Equilibration is the driving force that moves all development forward. Piaget didn’t believe
that development progressed steadily. Instead, it moved in leaps and bounds according to
experiences.
3. Stages of Cognitive Development
Each child goes through the stages in the same order, and child development is
determined by biological maturation and interaction with the environment. Although no stage
can be missed out, there are individual differences in the rate at which children progress
through stages, and some individuals may never attain the later stages.
Piaget did not claim that a particular stage was reached at a certain age - although
descriptions of the stages often include an indication of the age at which the average child
would reach each stage.
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Piaget's stages are:

 Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)
o The main achievement during this stage is Object Permanence - knowing that an
object still exists, even if it is hidden.
o It requires the ability to form a mental representation (i.e., a schema) of the object.
 Preoperational stage (ages 2 to 7)
o During this stage, young children can think about things symbolically. This is the
ability to make one thing - a word or an object - stand for something other than
itself.
o Thinking is still egocentric, and the infant has difficulty taking the viewpoint of
others.
 Concrete operational stage (ages 7 to 11)
o Piaget considered the concrete stage a major turning point in the child's cognitive
development because it marks the beginning of logical or operational thought. This
means the child can work things out internally in their head (rather than physically
try things out in the real world).
o Children can conserve number (age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9).
Conservation is the understanding that something stays the same in quantity even
though its appearance changes.
 Formal operational stage (ages 12 and up)
o The formal operational stage begins at approximately age eleven and lasts into
adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract
concepts, and logically test hypotheses.
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Stages Age Characteristics Goal

Motor activity without
use of symbols. All
Sensorimotor Birth to 18–24 months
things learned are Object permanence
old
based on experiences,
or trial and error.
Development of
language, memory, and
imagination.
Preoperational 2 to 7 years old Symbolic thought
Intelligence is both
egocentric and
intuitive.
More logical and
methodical
manipulation of
Concrete operational 7 to 11 years old symbols. Less Operational thought
egocentric, and more
aware of the outside
world and events.
Use of symbols to
relate to abstract
Adolescence to concepts. Able to make
Formal operational Abstract concepts
adulthood hypotheses and grasp
abstract concepts and
relationships.
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REFERENCE
https://www.verywellmind.com/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development-2795457
https://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhcgYgx7aAA
https://www.healthline.com/health/piaget-stages-of-development#stages
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San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation, Inc.: 2772-2774 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City 1300 Philippines

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San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation, Inc.: 2772-2774 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City 1300 Philippines

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SAN JUAN DE DIOS EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INC.

2772-2774 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City 1300 Philippines

Theory of Cognitive Development

Three Basic Components to Piaget's Cognitive Theory:

Piaget's stages are:

Stages Age Characteristics Goal

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