Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2018-2019
ParthBarvaliya 150670106005
BhavinBhudiya 150670106010
VirendrasinhJadeja 150670106029
NikunjKhetani 150670106038
Kaushal Patel 150670106073
Parth Patel 150670106547
GUIDED BY
Of
BACHELORS ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Date:
I thank with profound honour and regard to Prof. V.G. Patel for his suggestions and strong
support. I would also like to thank Dr.Rupesh Vasani, Director of SALITER and SAL
management, for providing me such a wonderful working atmosphere.
I would like to express our gratitude towards my parents for their kind cooperation and
encouragement which helped me in completion of this project. My thanks and appreciations also
go to my colleague in developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out with
their abilities.
ParthBarvaliya 150670106005
BhavinBhudiya 150670106010
Virendrasinhjadeja 150670106029
NikunjKhetani 150670106038
Kaushal Patel 150670106073
Parth Patel 150670106547
Table of Content
SR. DESCRIPTION PAGE
NO. NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Types of Geo-polymer Concrete 4
1.2.1 Slag Based Geo-Polymer Concrete 4
1.2.2 Rock Based Geo-Polymer Concrete 5
1.2.3 Fly-ash Based Geo-Polymer Concrete 5
1.3 Application of Geo-Polymer Concrete 5
1.4 Advantages of Geo-Polymer Concrete 5
1.5 Disadvantages of Geo-Polymer Concrete 6
1.6 Source Material 6
1.6.1 Fly-Ash(FA) 8
1.6.2 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) 9
1.6.3 Silica Fume (SF) 9
1.6.4 Metakaolin 10
1.6.5 Recycled Aggregates 11
1.6.6 Advantages of Source Material 12
1.6.7 Disadvantages of Source Material 13
1.7 Alkaline activator 13
1.7.1 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) 14
1.7.2 Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 15
1.7.3 Liquid/Binder Ratio 16
1.7.4 Sodium Silicate/Sodium Hydroxide Activator Ratio 17
1.8 Research Objectives 17
1.9 Scope of Work 17
2 Literature review 18
2.1 Literature Review on Geo-Polymer Concrete 18
2.1.1 Enhancement of The Properties of Fly Ash Based Geo-Polymer 18
Paste by Incorporating GGBS
2.1.2 Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete Made With 19
Granite Industry Waste
2.1.3 Experimental Study on Geo-polymer Concrete With Partial 19
Replacement of Fine Aggregate With Foundry Sand
2.1.4 Study of the Strength Geopolymer Concrete with Alkaline 20
Solution of Varying Molarity
2.1.5 Effects of Foundry Sand As a Fine Aggregate in Concrete 20
2.1.6 Impact Test on Geopolymer Concrete Slab 21
2.2 Conclusion 22
3 Material And Experimental Setup 23
3.1 General 23
3.2 Fly-Ash(FA) 23
3.3 Aggregate (According to IS 383:1970) 24
3.4 Recycled Aggregate 25
3.5 Preliminary properties 26
3.5.1 Fine Aggregate test result 26
3.5.2 Coarse Aggregate test result 28
3.6 Final Mix Proportion 31
3.7 Preparation of Testing Elements 32
3.8 Mixing of concrete 32
3.9 Casting of specimens 32
3.10 Slump test 33
3.11 Compaction Factor Test 34
3.12 Durability Test 35
3.12.1 Resistance against Sulphuric Acid Attack 35
3.12.2 Resistance against Chloride Acid Attack 36
3.12.3 Sorptivity Test 36
3.12.4 Water Absorption Test 37
References 40
Plagiarism Report 41
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 General
India is one of the fastest economically developing countries in the world. Because of
increase in infra-structural activity, it may lead to consume more concrete. It is reported
that the requisites of cement in India is likely to touch ~550 million tons by 2020 with a
shortfall of ~230 million tons (~58%) and the demand for cement has been constantly
increasing as increased infra-structural activities of the country. Extensive amount of
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is used as primary binder material to meet the demand of
the production of concrete. However, vast amount of natural resources are required for
production of OPC, which is also energy extensive process and releases large amount of
green-house gas in the environment. The production of 1 ton of OPC has been found to
emit 1 ton of gaseous CO2 and the cement industry is believed to cause approximately 6%
of global emission of CO2. As a result, care must be taken out for environmental
improvement and protection of natural resources to promote sustainability in the
construction industries. Therefore, usage of increased cementitious materials in concrete
has a great momentum to ensure nature.
1
such as source material (e.g. RHA, FLY ASH, GGBFS etc.) which is rich in aluminium
(Al) and silica (Si) and alkaline solution (e.g. NaOH, , Na2SiO3, K2SiO3).
2
th
In the 17 century, Prof. Davidovits proposed “Geo-polymer” as materials described by
chains or system of inorganic atoms consisting of –Si–O–Al–O– bonds and low Ca(OH)2
content. Ordinary Portland cement paste generally acquires strength by the development of
C–S–H gel whereas Geo-polymer helps to acquire strength by the poly-condensation of
Alumina & Silica precursors.
3
3. Transportation/orientation of dissolved oxide minerals followed by coagulation/
gelation,
4. Poly-condensation for develop 3-d stable network of silica-aluminates structure.
Based on the types of chemical bonding various types of structure can be formed through a
process of Geo-polymerization Silico-oxide (Si–O–Si), Sialate (–Si–O–Al–O–), Sialate-
siloxo (–Si–O–Al–O–Si–O), Sialate-disiloxo (–Si–O–Al–O–Si–O–Si–O), Ferro-silico-
aluminate (–Fe–O–Si–O–Al–O–) and Alumino-phosphate (–Al–O–P–O–).
4
1.2.2 Rock Based Geo-Polymer Concrete:-
When natural rock forming minerals are used as source material then it is known as Rock
based Geo-polymer concrete. The replacement of a certain amount of MK-750 with
selected volcanic ash makes Geo-polymer cement with better properties and less CO2
emission than the simple slag-based Geo-polymer cement.Ex. Feldspar, Quartz.
1. ClassB :- Produced from burning sub-bituminous coal & gain faster strength,
2. Class F :- Produced from burning bituminous coal & has higher ultimate strength
Mostly Class- F Fly-ash is used. Uses of Fly-ash as source material reduced cost of OPC
along with CO2 emission reduce drying and improve workability as well as compressive
strength.
5
High tensile strength
Fire proof
Low creep
Low drying shrinkage
Chemically resistant
Highly durable
Low permeability
Eco- friendly
Excellent properties within both acid and salt environment
6
Generally, 45μm (microns) are specified as the maximum particle size.
Typical source materials are:-
1. Fly-Ash
2. Metakaolin
3. Silica Fume
4. Recycled Aggregates
5. Granulate Blast Furnace Slag
Many Pozzolans are waste products from industrial processes. Depending upon the particle
size, chemical composition, and dosage, different Pozzolans will affect the concrete
strength differently and at different times during curing.
Fig 1.3: Source Material Left to Right: (1) Class B Fly-Ash (2) Metakaolin (3) Silica Fume,
(4) Class F Fly-Ash (5) GGBS (6) Recycled Aggregates
7
1.6.1 Fly-Ash (FA):-
Fly-ash is the most commonly known artificial Pozzolans and is produced through the
combustion of pulverized coal at lower temperature in electric power plant. Fly-ash carries
amorphous glass like spherical particles, which are the active pozzolanic portion of it. On
an average, Fly-ash is 70-72% glass. Class-F fly-ash is highly pozzolanic and readily reacts
with excess lime & alkalis to form cementitious compounds.
Concrete made with Class-C fly-ash has higher early strength because it contains more lime
content than Class-F fly-ash. In addition to that, it may also exhibit self-cementing
properties. Due to this pozzolanic activity begins at very earlier stage. Class-C behaves
similarly like Class-F by gaining higher strengths than conventional concrete at later stage.
Fly-ashes are classified into two classes that satisfy with ASTM C 618 for mineral
admixtures in PCC as:
1. Class-B :- Produced from burning sub-bituminous coal & gain faster strength,
2. Class-F :- Produced from burning bituminous coal & has higher ultimate strength
Loss on ignition (LOI) refers to the carbon content in the ash. If more carbon content is
present, more the weight will lose upon combusting the ash. If possible, there should not be
loss of weight at all. By utilizing only 4% of coal in the without aggregate cement mix will
prevent the concrete hardening. However, 2% does not seem to be a problem at all, thus the
gap is pretty narrow.
Uses:-
• Grout & flow-able fill production
• In concrete production as a substitute material for Portland cement and sand
• Embankments & other structural fills
• Cement clinker production
8
1.6.2 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS):-
It is an industrial by-product material of steel and iron production, and is resulted from a
blast furnace in water or steam by quenching molten iron slag. After quenching, to produce
glassy material, granular product is to be dried and ground into a fine powder. It has an
advantageous property for the concrete industry, as the cost of its production is relatively
very low, its ability to resist against chemical attack and possess high as well as excellent
thermal properties. From structural point of view, GGBFS replacement enhances lower
heat of hydration, higher durability, and higher resistance to sulphate and chloride attack
when compared with normal ordinary concrete. On the other hand, it also contributes to
environmental protection because it minimizes the use of cement during the production of
concrete. SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, and MgO are major components of the slag product. Typical
slag products are ground granulated and mixed with 4-6% (by mass) water glass or sodium
hydroxide. This product is also called as alkali-activated slag (AAS). Alkali-activation
yields a highly amorphous calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) gel product possessing high
aluminium content.
The specific gravity of slag ranges from 2.85-2.95, compared with 3.15 for Portland
cement; thus, a given replacement of cement by slag on a weight basis results in a higher
volume of paste in a concrete mixture. The compressive strength development of slag
concrete depends primarily on the fineness, activity index, type, and proportions of slag
used in concrete mixture.
9
Properties:-
It is an ultrafine material with spherical particle less than 1μm in diameter, the
average being about 0.15μm.
This makes it approximately 100 times smaller than the average cement particle.
3
Bulk density is depends on degree of densification in silo from 130-600 kg/m .
Application:-
Because of high silica content and its extreme fineness, it is very effective as
pozzolanic material for high performance concrete.
Silica fume is added to Portland cement to improve its properties like compressive
strength, abrasion resistance and bond strength.
It reduces permeability of concrete.
1.6.4 Metakaolin:-
Metakaolin is refined clay mineral kaolinite that is calcined under controlled condition to
create an amorphous reactive alumino-silicate. The particle size of Metakaolin is smaller
than cement particles, however not as fine as silica fume. Metakaolin can be manufactured
from various sources such as high purity kaolin deposits, kaolinite deposits or tropical soils
of lower purity, paper sludge waste (if containing kaolinite), oil sand tailings.
10
Uses:-
Used for high strength and lightweight concrete production
In precast and poured- mould concrete & glass fibre reinforced concrete production
In fibre-cement and Ferro-cement products
In manufacturing of Countertops
In Art sculpture
Advantages:-
Increases compressive strength and flexural strength
Reduce permeability & drying shrinkage
Reduce potential for efflorescence
Increases resistance to chemical attack
Increases durability of concrete
Reduce effect of ASR
11
a quarry. Large road-portable plants can crush concrete and asphalt rubble at 600 tons per
hour or more. These systems normally consist of a rubble crusher, side discharge conveyor,
screening plant, and a return conveyor from the screen to the crusher inlet for reprocessing
oversize materials. Compact, self-contained mini-crushers are also available that can
handle up to 150 tons per hour and fit into tighter areas. With the advent of crusher
attachments - those connected to various construction equipment, such as excavators - the
trend towards recycling on-site with smaller volumes of material is growing rapidly. These
attachments encompass volumes of 100 tons/hour and less.
Uses:-
Smaller pieces of concrete are used as gravel for new construction projects. Sub-
base gravel is laid down as the lowest layer in a road, with fresh concrete or asphalt
poured over it.
The US FederalHighwayAdministration may use techniques such as these to build
new highways from the materials of old highways.
Crushed recycled concrete can also be used as the dry aggregate for brand new
concrete if it is free of contaminants. Also, concrete pavements can be broken in
place and used as a base layer for an asphalt pavement through a process
called rubblization.
Advantages:-
12
More costly cement can be replaced with cheaper Pozzolans in higher volume;
therefore, cost of concrete production is also reduced.
High structural strength is achieved over time
Reduces permeability and increase durability of concrete
Reduce effect of efflorescence, drying shrinkage and ASR
Improved finishing
Reduced segregation & bleeding
More resistant to sea-water & Sulphate attack
Water tightness is improved due to the formation of expansive gels effectively seals
the concrete
Freezing cannot cause destructive expansion, the hardened concrete does not allow
water to penetrate
1.6.7 Disadvantages of Source Material:-
Low heat of hydration (for some climate condition)
There are low early age strengthens and delays in construction rate
Workability decreased for some Pozzolans (example: silica fume may prevent
bleeding, but increase water requirement)
It is not resistant to erosion and weathering action.
In case of high dosage of fly-ash in cold weather the durability of the concrete can
be reduced in relation to de-icing salt scaling and carbonation
Activation of the selected pozzolanic material is the most essential factor in creating a
mechanically stable cementitious material by means of Geo-polymerization process. The
activators prompt the precipitation and crystallization of the aluminous and siliceous
-
species present in the solution. OH acts as a catalyst for reactivity, while the metal cation
13
aluminium and silicon into solution. When Pozzolans are mixed with alkaline solutions,
their glassy component is rapidly dissolved. There is not adequate time or space for the
resulting gel to develop into a well-crystallized structure. Thus, microcrystalline,
amorphous, or semi-amorphous structure is composed.
• Alkalis, MOH
While familiar activators include NaOH, Na2SO4, K2SO4, water glass, Na2CO3, and K2CO3.
Generally, mixture of sodium or potassium hydroxides (NaOH) and sodium water glass
(nSiO2.Na2O) or potassium water glass (nSiO2.K2O) are utilized as alkaline solution.
The performance of final cement products strongly depends upon pH level of the activating
solution. However, a pH level of activating solution ranges from 12-14 is most favourable
for the formation of Geo-polymers with higher mechanical strengths.
with much less effort promoting better zeolization. The properties of resulting paste largely
depend upon the molarities and concentration of this activating solution. Higher
concentration of NaOH promote higher strengths at early stage of reaction, but the strength
14
-
of aged materials were compromised due to excessive OH in solution causing undesirable
15
alkaline solution in Geo-polymerization process. Sodium silicate solution is commercially
available in various grades, but it should be noted that powdered water glass leads to lower
performance compared to the liquid form. The most significant property of silicate solution
is its ratio of SiO2 to Na2O (by mass), which is commercially available in range of 1.5 to
3.2, however, best result is achieved at ratio of SiO2 to Na2O (by mass) is nearly about 2.0.
Soluble silicates promote greater inter-particle bonding property with both Geo-polymer
binders and aggregates. Testing has revealed that Geo-polymers activated with solutions
containing little or no concentration of soluble silicates produced significantly weaker
mechanical strengths than those activated with high concentration of soluble silicates. On
the contrary, additional research shows that under increasing temperature, specimen-
containing solution of only a base activator (NaOH) produce higher strength than those
containing solution of both base activator and soluble silicate.
16
1.7.4 Sodium Silicate/Sodium Hydroxide Activator Ratio:-
Firstly, single activator either sodium hydroxide or sodium silicate alone is not effective.
Therefore, the combination of sodium hydroxide to sodium silicate solutions are used for
the activation of slag based Geo-polymer concrete. However, compressive strength of Geo-
polymer concrete increase with increase in concentration of sodium hydroxide solution or
sodium silicate solution. As concentration of both solutions, increase in terms of molarities
(M) makes the concrete more brittle. Secondly, sodium hydroxide is very costly and its
preparation is very caustic. Similarly extra water is required to achieve desired degree of
workability, which is ultimately reducing the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution.
17
CHAPTER – 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Fly-ash is mainly used as source material for the production of Geo-polymer concrete. But
results of most of the study showed that, setting time of fly-ash based Geo-polymer
concrete was more when curing was done at ambient temperature. Thus Suman Saha et al.
author of this paper carried out an investigation to strengthen the properties of fly-ash
based Geo-polymer concrete by incorporating GGBFS at various percentage levels.
In this paper, experimental investigation were presented to determine the properties of fly-
ash based Geo-polymer concrete with the incorporation of Ground granulated blast furnace
slag (GGBFS) at various percentage levels and produced with different concentration of
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Here, GGBFS was incorporated at Five level (10%,
20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) to the total binders and concentration of sodium hydroxide
solution were at 6M, 8M, 10M, 12M, 14M, 16M. Micro-structure of the Geo-polymer paste
was examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
The results showed that, Compressive strength of Geo-polymer concrete increased with the
increase in the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution and also increased with the
increase in the percentage level of incorporation of GGBFS. Highest compressive strength
of Geo-polymer concrete paste mix was as 78.2 Mpa with 16 M concentration of sodium
hydroxide solution and 50% incorporation of GGBFS. It has been observed that increment
of GGBFS in mixes significantly reduces the initial and final setting time of Geo-polymer
concrete. Initial setting time of Geo-polymer concrete paste was observed to be reduced by
69-90% and final setting time was reduced by 80-95% with addition of GGBFS.
18
2.1.2 M. Vijayalakshmi, A.S.S. Sekar, G. Ganesh Prabhu, “Strength and Durability
Properties of Concrete Made With Granite Industry Waste” @ 2013 Elsevier
Ltd. All rights reserved.
Aim of this paper was to study the suitability of granite slurry as a substitution of
fine/natural aggregate in production of concrete. Concrete mixtures were prepared where
percentage of substitution of granite slurry ranging from 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and
25% by mass to total mass of fine aggregate. All mechanical properties like split tensile
strength, compressive strength, flexural strength, Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and
elastic modulus were classified. To make sure the reliability of its usage in aggressive
environments, the durability properties such as sulphate resistance, water permeability,
carbonation depth, rapid chloride penetration (RCPT), and electrical resistivity was also
classified.
The obtained results indicated that the substitution rate of fine aggregate by granite slurry
up to 15% was favourable without adversely influencing the strength & durability criteria
for the concrete.
2.1.3 Namita Patiyal, Jitender Kumar, Abhilesh Kant Sharma, “Experimental Study
on Geo-polymer Concrete With Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate With
Foundry Sand” International Journal of Recent Research Aspects (IJRRA)
ISSN: 2349-7688, Vol. 3, Issue 2, June 2016
Author presented the results of experiments carried out to investigate the effectiveness of
using foundry sand as an alternate material for fine aggregate in Geo-polymer concrete.
The percentage of replacement were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight of fine
aggregate by foundry sand. Result showed that maximum compressive strength was
19
achieved for 15% replacement of fine aggregate. Thus 15% was optimum percentage for
replacement of foundry sand with natural sand.
2.1.4 A.Maria Rajesh, M.Adams Joe, Roy Mammen, “Study of the Strength
Geopolymer Concrete with Alkaline Solution of Varying Molarity” IOSR
Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN), Vol. 04, Issue 06 ,June. 2014
Manufacture of Portland cement produces large of volumes of carbon dioxide and other
gases. Releasing these gases causes atmospheric pollution and subsequent environmental
degradation. Finding a suitable alternative solution to mitigate the environmental
degradation caused by using Portland cement is very important for environmental
sustainability. The use of geopolymer concrete as an alternative material over Portland
cement concrete to reduce the adverse effects on the environment is investigated in this
paper. The paper also critically analyses the economic and environmental benefits of
geopolymer concrete and address the financial and environmental issues associated with
the production and use of Portland cement. Geopolymer cement utilizes industrial waste
materials such as fly ash from thermal power stations to provide a practical solution to
waste management as well as environmental protection methods.
Geopolymer concrete products are known to possess far better durability and strength
properties than Portland cement concrete. These properties are investigated extensively in
laboratory to verify and confirm the superior durability and strength properties. The paper
also discusses the factors which restrict the use of geopolymer concrete as an alternative to
Portland cement concrete. Laboratory tests are conducted on compressive strength, split
tensile strength and flexural tests for specimens with combination of different molarity. The
results obtained are compared analytically and graphically
2.1.5 Yun Yong Kim, Jung Hwan Hyun, G. Ganesh Prabhu, “Effects of Foundry
Sand As a Fine Aggregate in Concrete Production” @ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All
rights reserved.
Author presented the results of experiments carried out to investigate the possibility of
using foundry sand as an alternate material for fine aggregate in production of
20
concrete.Fine aggregate will be replaced with five different percentages (10%, 20%, 30%,
40%, & 50%). Several tests, including, slump cone, split tensile strength, flexural strength,
and compressive strength tests were performed to understand the effects of foundry sand on
the behaviour of concrete.
Here it was concluded that replacement up to 20% can be successfully utilized in good
concrete production. Beyond the replacement of 20%, the concrete mixtures showed
inferior behaviour when compared to the control mix due to presence of clay, sawdust &
due to fineness of foundry sand.
2.1.6 T Kiran, Sadath Ali Khan Zai, Srikant Reddy S, “Impact Test on Geopolymer
Concrete Slabs”@ IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering
and Technology
21
2.2 Conclusion:-
• Slag based Geo-polymer concrete significantly improve setting time of than Fly-ash
based Geo-polymer concrete.
• Higher quantity of slag in Geo-polymer concrete mixes helps to form denser
structure to gain higher strength.
• GGBFS also shows resistance to high temperature and surface abrasion.
22
CHAPTER-3
Materials and Experimental Setup
3.1 General
This chapter represent the material used in study and methodology of the entire work. In
this section preliminary test results on ingredients of concrete are given which are used in
mix design. Also illustrate the necessary test on the material before casting of the concrete.
Various test methodology on concrete like test on fresh concrete as well as test on harden
concrete explained as per relevant IS standards.
3.2Fly-Ash (FA):-
Fly-ash is the most commonly known artificial Pozzolans and is produced through the
combustion of pulverized coal at lower temperature in electric power plant. Fly-ash carries
amorphous glass like spherical particles, which are the active pozzolanic portion of it. On
an average, Fly-ash is 70-72% glass. Class-F fly-ash is highly pozzolanic and readily reacts
with excess lime & alkalis to form cementitious compounds.
Concrete made with Class-C fly-ash has higher early strength because it contains more lime
content than Class-F fly-ash. In addition to that, it may also exhibit self-cementing
properties. Due to this pozzolanic activity begins at very earlier stage. Class-C behaves
similarly like Class-F by gaining higher strengths than conventional concrete at later stage.
Fly-ashes are classified into two classes that satisfy with ASTM C 618 for mineral
admixtures in PCC as:
1. Class-B :- Produced from burning sub-bituminous coal & gain faster strength,
2. Class-F :- Produced from burning bituminous coal & has higher ultimate strength
23
Loss on ignition (LOI) refers to the carbon content in the ash. If more carbon content is
present, more the weight will lose upon combusting the ash. If possible, there should not be
loss of weight at all. By utilizing only 4% of coal in the without aggregate cement mix will
prevent the concrete hardening. However, 2% does not seem to be a problem at all, thus the
gap is pretty narrow.
3.3 Aggregates:-
Aggregate properties greatly influence the behavior of concrete, since they occupy about
80% of the total volume of concrete. The aggregate are classified as
Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
Fine aggregate are material passing through an IS sieve that is less than 4.75mm gauge
beyond which they are known as coarse aggregate. Coarse aggregate form the main matrix
of the concrete, whereas fine aggregate form the filler matrix between the courses
aggregate. The most important function of the fine aggregate is to provide workability and
uniformity in the mixture. The fine aggregate also helps the cement paste to hold the coarse
aggregate particle in suspension.
According to IS 383:1970 the fine aggregate is being classified in to four different zone,
that is Zone-I, Zone-II, Zone-III, Zone-IV. Also in case of coarse aggregate maximum 20
mm coarse aggregate is suitable for concrete work. But where there is no restriction 40 mm
or large size may be permitted. In case of close reinforcement 10mm size also used.
24
Sand was tested for the gradation purpose and found to be confirmed to zone-III as per IS:
383-1970 recommendations and checked physical properties also.
Fig 3.2 Fine and Course (10mm & 20mm) Aggregate used in study
25
hour or more. These systems normally consist of a rubble crusher, side discharge
conveyor, screening plant, and a return conveyor from the screen to the crusher inlet for
reprocessing oversize materials. Compact, self-contained mini-crushers are also available
that can handle up to 150 tons per hour and fit into tighter areas. With the advent of
crusher attachments - those connected to various construction equipment, such as
excavators - the trend towards recycling on-site with smaller volumes of material is
growing rapidly. These attachments encompass volumes of 100 tons/hour and less.
3.5Preliminary Properties
In any concrete work before carried out the mix design some important properties are
evaluated which are,
3.5.1Fine Aggregate Test Results: Below table 3.1 and 3.2 shows the sieve analysis
and Specific Gravity Test Results and Water Absorption Test Result results respectively.
As per IS 383 zone of fine aggregate being zone-III
26
Table 3.1 Sieve analysis of fine aggregates
I.S Weight Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative
Sieve retained (gm) weight retained percentage percentage
(gm) retained passing
27
3.5.2Coarse Aggregate Test Results: Below table 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7 and 3.8
shows the sieve analysis and Specific Gravity Test Results and Water Absorption Test
Result results respectively.
6.3 mm 0 0 0 0
4.75 mm 0 0 0 0
2.36 mm 0 0 0 0
1.18 mm 0 0 0 0
Receiver 0 0 0 0
Total 999 ∑= 291.1
28
Wt. of oven dried sample in gm (W4) 990
1.18 mm 0 0 0 0
Receiver 0 0 0 0
29
Wt. of container+ water in gm (W2) 2406
30
Table 3.8 10 mm Coarse Aggregate (RCA) Specific Gravity Test Results
Particulars Value
31
3.7 Preparation of Testing Elements
In order to estimate and compare compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength
of concrete, cube of size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm, cylinder of size with diameter of
150mm and length of 300mm, and beam with size 700mm x 150mm x 150mm were casted in
gunmetal moulds. The moulds were made so as to facilitate to removal of moulded specimen
without any damage. Each mould was inspected to prevent any leakage during compaction
and that the dimension of the mould was accurate within allowable limits. Before filling the
concrete the moulds were cleaned and the inner surface mould was oiled to prevent sticking of
the concrete to the sides of the moulds.
32
in moulds the mould were put on the plate vibrator for proper compaction. The vibrator was
then stopped and after finishing top surface of mould the moulds were kept as it is for 24
hours. The moulds were then opened by taking care that the surface of the concrete should not
be disturbed. The specimens were then put for the curing in curing tank after marking on
them. The specimens were marked with w/c ratio, date of casting using the marker pen. The
curing period was kept 7 And 28 days and for proper curing the curing tank was cleaned at
every 15 days. In present study various curing conditions are considered After 28 days of
curing the specimens were kept for drying the surfaces of the specimen at normal temperature.
The dry specimens were then taken for testing on harden concrete.
The concrete slump test is used for the measurement of a property of fresh concrete. The test
is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete. The test is popular due to
the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure. The slump test is used to make sure
uniformity for different batches of similar concrete under field condition and to ascertain the
effects of plasticizers on their introduction. The slump test is a means of assessing the
consistency of fresh concrete. Different types of slump can be observed during slump test.
Collapse, shear and true slump are the different types of slump. In a collapse slump the
concrete collapses completely. In a shear slump the top portion of the concrete shears off and
slips sideways. In a true slump the concrete simply subsides, keeping more or less to shape.
The internal surface of the mould was thoroughly cleaned and treed from super flows
moisture and set concrete. The mould was placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non-
absorbent surface, such as carefully levelled metal plate. The mould was held firmly in place
before concrete was filled in. In slump test fresh concrete was filled in slump cone in four
layers, each layer of concrete was compacted 25 times with the help of steel rod 0.6m long
and 16mm in diameter. The slump cone was removed carefully in the vertical direction
without affecting the shape of concrete slump. This allows the concrete to subside. The
subsidence is referred as SLUMP of concrete. The slump of concrete was measured with help
of steel rod nearest 1 mm measurement after removal of slump cone as shown in figure.3.16
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Fig 3.4 Types of Concrete Slump
Objective of compaction factor test is to calculate the compaction factor, and to know more
about workability. These tests were developed in the United Kingdom by Glanville (Road
Research Laboratory) in 1947 and it is measure the degree of compaction for the standard
amount of work and thus offers a direct and reasonably reliable assessment of the workability
of concrete. The test require measurement of the weight of the partially and fully compacted
concrete and the ratio of partially compacted weight to the fully compacted weight, which is
always less than one, is known as compaction factor . For the normal range of concrete the
compacting factor lies 0.80 to 0.92. This test is particularly useful for dryer mixes for which
the slump test is not satisfactory. The sensitivity of the compaction factor is reduced outside
the normal range of workability and is generally unsatisfactory for compacting factor greater
than 0.92. Very lower quantity of oil applies in all inside surfaces of hoppers to reduce
friction. In compaction factor test the concrete should freely fall in one hopper two second
hopper without any external effort. Figure shows the apparatus for compaction factor test.
Procedure:
1. First of all, concrete was properly mixed in tray after fall it in mixer machine and then
concrete was tilled up in level gently in the upper hopper.
2. Trap clear of upper hopper was opened to allow the concrete in next lower hopper.
3. Concrete sticking to the side of hopper was pushed gently from top with the help of rod.
4. Trap drop of bottom hopper was opened to allow the concrete to fall down in to cylinder
and similar process was followed.
5. Excess concrete remaining above the level of the top of the cylinder.
6. Cylinder was cleaned from outside.
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7. Mass of the cylinder was determined. This gives mass of partially compacted concrete.
8. Cylinder was refilled from the same concrete and vibrated on a table.
9. Outside of cylinder was cleaned and mass was of concrete was determined. This gives mass
of belly compacted concrete.
Compaction factor for a mix can be found by taking the ratio at weight of partially compacted
to fully compacted concrete.
Compacting Factor,
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑊1 − 𝑊2
= =
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑊2 − 𝑊
Elements of all types of concrete have been left exposed for future assessment of durability
but some preliminary tests have been carried out.
The resistance of Geo-polymer concrete to acid attack is studied by determining the loss of
compressive strength or variation in compressive strength of concrete cubes immersed in
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4/Na2SO4). The Geo-polymer concrete cubes of 150mm x 150mm x
35
150mm size were immersed in sulphuric acid of 5% concentration after one day of de-
moulding for 91 days. The solution was replaced at regular interval to maintain the
concentration of solution throughout test period. After 91 days immersion period, theGeo-
polymer concrete cubes were removed for visual inspection of deterioration and washed in tap
water before weighting in digital balance. The changes in mass were noted down.
The sorptivity can be determined by the measurement of the capillary rise absorption rate on
reasonably homogeneous material. Water was used of the test fluid. The cylinders after
casting were immersed in water for 90 days curing. The specimen size 100mm dia x 50 mm
height after drying in oven at temperature of 100 + 10 °C were drowned as shown in figure
4with water level not more than 5 mm above the base of specimen and the flow from the
peripheral surface is prevented by sealing it properly with non-absorbent coating. The quantity
of water absorbed in time period of 30 minutes was measured by weighting the specimen on a
top pan balance weighting upto 0.1 mg. surface water on the specimen was wiped off with a
dampened tissue and each weighting operation was completed within 30 seconds. Sorptivity
(S) is a material property which characterizes the tendency of a porous material to absorb and
transmit water by capillarity. The cumulative water absorption (per unit area of the inflow
surface) increases as the square root of elapsed time (t) I=S.t½ therefore S=I/ t½ Where; S=
sorptivity in mm, t= elapsed time in mint. I=Δw/Ad Δw= change in weight = W2-W1 W1 =
Oven dry weight of cylinder in grams W2 = Weight of cylinder after30 minutes capillary
36
suction of water in grams. A= surface area of the specimen through which water penetrated.
d= density of water
There are a few Standard methods for water absorption measurement in laboratory conditions.
ASTM C1585 and ASTM C642 are the most used Standard approaches for 20 concrete water
absorption. Although there are some other British Standards like BS 7263 and LUM A4, their
testing principles are similar to ASTM Standards (Wilson et al., 1999). The need for
cylindrical concrete samples in both of these former methods generally limits them to
laboratory situations. In order to perform these tests on existing structures, it is necessary to
take cores from concrete elements. This limitation makes these approaches to be categorized
as destructive testing methods for existing structures.
ASTM C1585:-
ASTM C1585 was developed based on Hall’s (1989) investigations and became a Standard in
2004. This test defines the rate of water absorbed by concrete samples due to capillary forces
in unsaturated conditions. This rate, as discussed before, is called sorptivity. According to the
ASTM C1585 Standard, the test should be done using disc concrete specimens of 100 ±6 mm
37
diameter with length of 50±3 mm. These samples may be obtained from either moulded
cylinders or drilled cores of concrete elements . Samples should be conditioned in an
environment with temperature of 50 ± 2 ̊ C and RH of 80 ± 3 % for 3 days. This
preconditioning result in providing samples with 50 to 70 % of internal relative humidity
which is found to be the typical RH in cover Crete zone of some in field structures (D’Souza
et al., 1997, D’Souza et al., 1998). Next, each sample is placed in a sealed container at 23 ± 2 ̊
C for at least 15 days. This step provides enough time for moisture to be well distributed
throughout the specimen. This avoids a moisture gradient in concrete depth which can cause
misleading sorptivity values (Bentz et al., 2001). After the conditioning steps, the samples are
removed from containers and the mass determined. The side surfaces of the samples are
sealed and a plastic sheet is used to cover 21 the top surface of the specimens to prevent water
evaporation of concrete. Lastly, the sealed concrete sample is placed in pan which filled with
water as is shown in Figure
The specimens are removed from the pan and their mass recorded at intervals up to 7 to 9
days. Equation 2.12 presents the calculation of the absorption, I, which is the change in
specimen’s mass divided by the product of the cross-sectional area of the sample and the
density of water which is considered as 0.001 g/mm3.
38
I=Mt/a*d
The calculated absorption value at each time will be plotted against the square root of time
(√𝑠) to investigate the slope of its linear trend, sorptivity.
39
References
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Polymer Paste by Incorporating Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag” @ 2017 Elsevier
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of Concrete Made With Granite Industry Waste” @ 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.
3. Namita Patiyal, Jitender Kumar, Abhilesh Kant Sharma, “Experimental Study on Geo-
polymer Concrete With Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate With Foundry Sand”
International Journal of Recent Research Aspects (IJRRA) ISSN: 2349-7688, Vol. 3,
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