FREQUENCY :The sensation of a frequency is commonly referred to as the pitch of a sound.

A
high pitch sound corresponds to a high frequency sound wave and a low pitch sound
corresponds to a low frequency sound wave. DIFFRACTION: the bending of waves around
small* obstacles and the spreading out of waves beyond small* openings. DIFFUSION:, in
acoustics and architectural engineering, is the ability to produce a desired result by which
sound energy is spread evenly in a given environment. A perfectly diffusive sound space is one
that has certain key acoustic properties which are the same anywhere in the space.
TRANSMISSION:Sound waves are created by a disturbance that then propagates through a
medium (e.g., crust, water, air). Individual particles are not transmitted with the wave, but the
propagation of the wave causes particles (e.g., individual air molecules) to oscillate about an
equilibrium position.SOUND INTENSITY, also known as acoustic intensity, is defined as the
power carried by sound waves per unit area in a direction perpendicular to that area. The SI
unit of intensity, which includes sound intensity, is the watt per square meter (watt per sq
meter W/m2).LOUDNESS: refers to how loud or soft a sound seems to a listener. The loudness
of sound is determined, in turn, by the intensity, or amount of energy, in sound waves. The unit
of intensity is the decibel (dB). As decibel levels get higher, sound waves have greater intensity
and sounds are Louder. AMPLITUDE of a wave determines a sounds volume. Volume tells how
loud or soft a sound is determined by how much energy a wave carries.Amplitude describes
how much energy a wave is Carrying. ABSORPTION refers to the process by which a material,
structure, or object takes in sound energy when sound waves are encountered, as opposed to
reflecting the energy. Part of the absorbed energy is transformed into heat and part is
transmitted through the absorbing body. The energy transformed into heat is said to have been
'lost'.VOLUME:is the perception of loudness from the intensity of a sound wave.The higher the
intensity of a sound, the louder it is perceived in our ears, and the higher volume it
has.DIFFUSION- It is the efficiency by which sound energy is spread evenly in a given
environment. REVERBERATION- Persistence of sound after the source has stopped producing
sound. It is reflection of sound due to improper absorption. SOUND INSULATION- Sound
insulation is a kind of measure to prevent the sound waves from permeating. It is demonstrated
by the sound transmission loss which is expressed by the difference of decibels between the
incident sound and permeated sound. The higher the numeral is, the better the sound
insulating property is. NOISE REDUCTION COEFFICIENT (NRC) is a scalar representation of the
amount of sound energy absorbed upon striking a particular surface.An NRC of 0 indicates
perfect reflection; an NRC of 1 indicates perfect absorption. ACOUSTICS “a science that deals
with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound.” it is the science of
controlling sound within buildings. The first application of architectural acoustics was in the
design of opera houses and then concert halls.NOISE In daily life, noise means unwanted sound.
unwanted sounds can include distractions, sounds that are loud enough to damage hearing and
even sound leakage that could affect privacy. In architecture, one of the many goals of the
designer is to create rooms and buildings that maximize sound performance. This means that
unwanted sounds should be prevented, and desired sounds should be enhanced.Sources of
Noise The two major sources of noise in architecture are: 1.Airborne noise, or sound waves
The lift is a type of vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people or goods
between floors generally powered by electric motors that either drive cables, hoist, or pump
hydraulic fluid to raise. COMPONENT :Elevators car, machine room, pit, shafts, counter weight,
T/B clearance, guide rails, car buffer, traction cable, Actuator. PASSANGER LIFT
(1500x950),hospital (1500x2500)good lift(3500x4500)Vehicles(3000x5200) dumbwaiter
(750x750)scissor (1400x1900) ESCALATOR :•The core of an escalator is a pair of chains, looped
around two pairs of gears & an electric motor runs it.•The motor and chain system are housed
inside the truss, a metal structure extending between two floors.•As the chains move, the steps
always stay level. •At the top and bottom of the escalator, the steps collapse on each other,
creating a flat platform. This makes it easier to get on and off the escalator.•the electric motor
also moves the handrail, a rubber conveyer belt, moves at exactly the same speed as the steps,
to give riders some STABILITY. COMPONENT: Landing platform, truss, steps, handrail, pit,
machine room. DIFFERENCE Lift •closed cabins inside vertical shafts that are used to
transport people between different floors in high rise buildings.•Lifts are fast and can move up
or down at great speeds….vertical movement.•move up or down using counterweights or
traction cables.•Less space is used for its construction as the elevator is limited to the shaft &
machine room, which connects all the floor. •Limited number of people can accommodate at a
time.•If there is electricity cut-outs then it doesn’t work.ESCLATORS:•moving stairways that
allow people to move between floors in busy places such as shopping malls, airports, and
railway stations. •These are slow moving…..horizontal & incline movement.•The steps of are
fixed and linked together and move up but come down from behind on a conveyor belt that is
driven by a motor.•Space used is same as the staircases & connects 2 floors .•There is no
waiting period as one can set foot anytime to climb up or come down.•Its very versatile, if
there is electric cut-outs then one can climb those steps, which acts like a STAIRCASE.
WAVELENGTH:Wavelength is the distance between waves. . Even light has wave-like
properties.Sound is actually "compression" waves in a medium (like air), rather than the waves
on the ocean. When something makes a sound, the air is compressed or rarified in waves that
travel out from that source in all directions. Acoustical materials can be divided in 3
typologies:-1.Sound proofing:-If the objective is to stop sound from entering or leaving a space,
then you will most likely need sound blocking or soundproofing. 2. Sound absorbing:-If the
objective is to enhance the properties of sound by improving speech clarity and sound quality,
then the answer is sound absorption or acoustic enhancement. 3. Sound damping:- Sound
damping materials lower structure-borne noise levels by reducing the resonant vibrational
energy within metal, wood, glass, ceramic and surfaces. Automated Car Parking is a method of
automatically parking and retrieving cars that typically use a system of pallets and lifts. The
intention is to compact more cars in the same space, reduce the space needed to park the same
number of cars. Automated car parks can be situated above or below ground or a combination
of both. Dependent/Stack System 2 Puzzle Car Parking Systems 3 Stacker Crane Parking System
4 Tower Parking System 5 Cart Type Parking System 6 Level Parking System 7 Chess Type
Parking System 8 Rotary Car Parking System 9Turn Table System 10.Car Lift
The parked cars and their contents are more secure since there is no public access to parked
ccars. 1. Only minimal ventilation and lighting systems are needed. 2.Lower maintenance and
operational cost.3. Minor parking lot damage such as scrapes and dents are eliminated.4. More
parking in less space.
Eliminating the need for ramps, aisles, passenger lifts & stairs.
Comfortable for the drivers & cars are more secured.
Cost saving for builders by saving height or depth.

Lower ceiling requirements

Dense depth-to-depth and bumper-to-bumper parking is possible.