Social Development – refers to the ability of man to behave in ways that are socially expected by society

Socialization – a process when an individual is able to behave in accordance to the characteristics of his
culture

Moral Development- is a long and slow process for babies

Controversies about Human Development

1. Children are inherently bad versus inherently good

2. Children as product of nature versus children as product of nurture
3. Active children versus passive children
4. Continuity development versus Discontinuity development

Theories of Development- a set of concepts or propositions that describe or explain a phenomenon

A. Psychoanalytic Theory-
1. Concept of mind (psyche)- according to Freud, the mind is divided into three segments :
a. Conscious mind – is like an iceberg with its tip on the surface, only the conscious portion
on top is visible. It is one third of man’s psychological life
b. Preconscious mind - contains the thoughts, perceptions, memories, and conscience
c. Unconscious mind- is the most important of all the three segments because it is the
powerful drive to human behaviour.

2. Concept of psychic energy or psychodynamic forces- is needed to satisfy basic needs

a. Eros-or life instinct- is a life sustaining activity that helps the human being to survive
such as respiration eating, drinking and other bodily activities.
b. Thanatos or death instinct- is a self-destructive act such as killing, injuring oneself or
another, fighting, destroying objects, masochism, sadism, and all destructive acts are
outward expressions of death instinct.

3. Concept of personality-
a. Id- lies in the unconscious mind (pagkahayop)
b. Ego- is the self, the human nature(makatao)
c. Super ego- is the judicial branch of personality(maka Diyos)

4. Concept of psychosexual stages of development

a. Oral stage- (first year of life)
b. Anal stage-(second to third year of life)
c. Phallic stage-(fourth to fifth year of life)
d. Latency stage-(sixth year of life to puberty)
e. Genital stage-(from puberty onwards)
Psychosocial Development Theories (Erik Erikson)

8 Psychosocial Stages

1. Trust versus Mistrust ( birth to 1 year)

2. Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt ( 2 to 3 years)
3. Initiative versus Guilt ( 4 to 5 years)
4. Industry versus Inferiority ( 6 to 11 years)
5. Identity versus Role Confusion ( 12 to18 years)
6. Intimacy versus Isolation ( young adulthood)
7. Generativity versus Stagnation ( middle adulthood)