Drilling operations

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-001-E
 Drilling operations

a) Overview of drilling plants, equipment, components

b) Overview of drilling fluids: muds, cements & chemicals
c) Outline of drilling techniques. Innovative vs traditional
drilling. On-shore & off-shore drilling
d) Blow –out prevention and control
e) Drilling site organisation
f) Cutting disposal: problems and solutions

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-002-E
 What’s the purpose of well drilling?
The main goal is to reach the target!

Original Well Path

Directional well
Vertical well

Reservoir

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-003-E
 How should you drill a well?

0m
30"
20"

2000 m
Sand 13 3/8"

Sand + shale 4000 m

9 5/8"

Reservoir
n 6000 m
7"
Shale r bo
o ca
d r
Limestone Hy
Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-004-E
 What’s the purpose of well drilling?

Reservoir Reservoir

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-005-E
 Drilling Rigs

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-006-E
 Type of rigs

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-007-E
 Drilling Rigs

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-008-E
 Drilling Rigs

Swamp rigs
Floating rigs

Land rigs

Stationary platforms

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-009-E
 Land Rig

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0010-E
 Off-shore Rigs

Stationary Platform Jack up rig

200 m 100 m (Anchored) drilling Tension legs
Semi sub rig ship (Dynamic positioning)
Drilling ship
1000 m

Maximum operational depth

3000 m

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0011-E
 Off-shore Rigs

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0012-E
 Inland Drilling Barge

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0013-E
 Inland Drilling Barge

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0014-E
 Posted Barge

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0015-E
 Non Posted Barge

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0016-E
 Submersible Rig

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0017-E
 Platform Rgis

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0018-E
 Platform Rigs

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0019-E
 Platform Rigs

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0020-E
 Tender rig type

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0021-E
 Tender Unit

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0022-E
 Tender Units Type

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0023-E
 Tender Units Type

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0024-E
 Stationary Platform

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Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0025-E
 Off-shore Rigs

Jack up rig

Surface Wellhead

0m
100 m

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0026-E
 Jack-up rig

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0027-E
 Jack-up rig
In legs-out position

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0028-E
 Off-shore Rigs

Semisub rig

Subsea Wellhead

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0029-E
 Semi-sub rig

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BO-018-GIA-0030-E
 Off-shore Rigs

(Anchored)
Subsea Wellhead Drilling ship

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0031-E
 Off-shore Rigs

(Dynamic positioning)
Drilling ship

Subsea Wellhead

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0032-E
 Drilling Ship

Ultra Deep Water Drillship SAIPEM 10000

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0033-E
 Off-shore Rigs
Max Water Depth
3000
TotalFinaElf

2500

Expl. Prod. SHELL

SHELL
SHELL
2000 Subsea Tree TLP SHELL
ELF PETROBRAS
SHELL
1500 TEXACO

EXXON PETROBRAS
1000
SHELL
SHELL PETROBRAS
EXXON SHELL
500 HUMBLE OIL EXXON
+
0

1950 1960 1980 1990 2000 2001

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0034-E
 Rig Equipment

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0035-E
 Hoisting System

E
A)A)Top
AstaDrive
motrice
B) Mobile pulley block
B) Taglia mobile
C)C)Hook
Gancio
D D)D) PiattaformaFloor
Derrickman del pontista
E)E)Fixed
Tagliapulley
fissa block
M F)F) Winch
Water table
L B
G)G) Arganocabin
Driller’s

C
H)H) Injection
Baracca delheadperforatore
I I)) Jacket hose
Testina d'iniezione
H F
A A I LL)) Drill pipes
Rotary hose
G M) Mast
M) Aste di perforazione
N)N)Blow
Tool Out
jointPreventer (BOP)
O)O)Wellhead
Torre

N
O Ground Floor
Cellar
Drilling Operations

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BO-018-GIA-0036-E
 Rotary system

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0037-E
 Old Rotary System
The old rotary system comprises: kelly – kelly bushing – rotary table –
injection head – hook – travelling block

Drilling line
Travelling block
Kelly

Section Hook
Rotary
Hose
Bushing
Injection Head

Kelly

Rotary Equipment Hoisting Equipment

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0038-E
 Drilling Gear and Wellheads

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0039-E
 Drilling String

Drill Pipes

Heavy Weight (intermediate stiffness pipes)

X-over

Drill Collars (Heavy weight pipes)

Jar (Shock tool to be activated while drilling string stuck)

Drill Collars
Stabilizer (for hole reaming)

Drill Collar
Shock absorber (vibrations damper)
Stabilizer
Drill Collar
Near bit
Drill bit

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0040-E
 Drilling String

Drill pipe

28,5 m - (94 ft)

3-joint drill Drill pipe
pipe stand

Drill pipe
9,5 m (31 ft)

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0041-E
 Drill Bits

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0042-E
 Drill Bits
PDC BITS

Steel Body Matrix Body

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0043-E
 Drill Bits

NATURAL DIAMOND BITS

Nat. Diamond Impregnated

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0044-E
 Coil Tubing

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0045-E
 Coil Tubing

• Coiled tubing can be used in

several wellbore operations:
perforating, fluid pumping, bridge
plug setting, etc.

• It allows to carry out operations

in a well while other operations
are performed in a second well

• It can also be used in the drilling

phase

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0046-E
 Drill Pipes

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0047-E
 Steel for drill pipes

Steels used for drill pipes are alloys of:

– Iron-carbon
– Manganese
– Silicon
– Molibden
– Nickel, etc…in different percentages.
In these alloys impurities must not exceed the following values:
0,060 % of sulphur
0,040 % of phosphorus (API Standard)

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0048-E
 Material of drill pipe

Tubular goods are classified according to the Minimum Yield Strength.

TYPES OF STEEL Minimum Yield Strength Minimum Yield Strength

psi kg/mm2
Common steel X_42 42000 29,52

Mud pipes X-52 52000 36,55

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0049-E
 Pipe body and pipe joint

The drill pipes, are composed by :

Drill pipe body
Tool joint

• Drill pipe body • Tool joint

– Hollow cylindrical pipe with – Box or pin end of the drill pipe:
upset at the end. – Build using 120000 steel type
– Built using different tipes of
steel (E, X, G e S).

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0050-E
 Upset

• An upset is done at the two ends of the drill pipe body in order to
have higher thickness in the end part and therefore a gradual
change in section from drill pipe body to tool joint
• There are three kinds of upsets:

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0051-E
 Tool Joint

• Finished Tool Joint

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BO-018-GIA-0052-E
 Tool Joint

The connection of a drill pipe body and a

tool joint should be provided by:

FLASH WELDING FRICTION WELDING

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0053-E
 Non-destructive Tests

Types of a drill pipe inspections :

– Visual Inspection
– Magnaflux
– Penetrant Liquids
– Ultrasounds And Gamma Rays

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0054-E
 Non-destructive Tests

PENETRANT LIQUIDS:
They enable the identification of discontinuities having an outlet to the surface.
Unlike the MAGNAFLUX method, with penetrant liquids it is possible to survey
discontinuities (cracks) also at high depth only with an outlet on the surface.

ULTRASOUND AND GAMMA RAY:

These nondestructive test methods are very effective. They are able to survey
not only the presence of discontinuities inside the drill pipe, but also its position
and extent. They also enable to verify the thickness and transversal section of
the drill pipe.

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0055-E
 Heavy Weight Drill Pipes

The Heavy Weights are semi heavy drill pipes: something between DP and
DC (drill collar)
They have similar configuration to normal drill pipes. However, the tool
joints are much longer and have an upset in the centre, working as
stabilizer.
Both the tool joints and the centre upset are protected from wear by hard
facing bands.

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0056-E
 Heavy Weight Drill Pipes

Heavy Weights are normally installed between the drill pipes and
the drill collars to connect the flexibility of the drill pipes and the
stiffness of the drill collars, reducing the fatigue stress acting on the
last drill pipes, just above the DC.
HWDP are design to work also in compression: their positioning
above the DC enables the compensation of the shifting of the
neutral point during normal drilling.
Their function is providing weight to the bit, when the well
conditions require fewer drill collars.
In deviated wells characterized by high dip, they can be used
instead of DC.
They must work in tension when used in vertical wells with high
diameter. Field experiences have shown that excessive bend, in
high diameter wells, damages the HWDP:
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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0057-E
 Drill Collar

The drill collars (heavy drill pipes) are manufactured from a

solid bar, externally turned, internally bored and thread at its
ends.

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0058-E
 Drill Collar

External Configuration:

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0059-E
 Drill Collar

They are produced in a wide range of dimensions

– Minimum external diameter: 2 7/8”

– Maximum external diameter: 14”

– Minimum internal diameter: 1”

– Maximum internal diameter: 3 1/4”

Drilling Operations

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration

Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0060-E
 Drilling Muds

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0061-E
 What are the main functions performed by drilling mud?

• Containing formation fluids by exercising a hydrostatic pressure

at bottom hole
• Consolidating the borehole walls by creating a filter cake
• Cooling and lubricating the drill bit
• Conveying drilling debris from the bottom hole to the surface
• Keeping cuttings in suspension when circulation is halted
• Providing information on drilled formations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0062-E
 What Is A Drilling Fluid?

Mud is a two-phase compound:

- LIQUID PHASE - SOLID PHASE

• Fresh H2O
• Salt H2O
Weigh-down materials
• Low Toxic OIL
Solids incorporated in mud
• Sintetic OIL
• Foreign elements

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0063-E
 How many mud types do we know?

- (inhibiting or non-inhibiting) WATER-BASED MUDS

- (direct or reverse-emulsion) OIL BASED MUDS

- AIR-CUT MUDS (seldom employed)

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0064-E
 Control Formation Pressure: Density

• One of the main functions of drilling fluid is to keep the formation

pressure under control

• The pressure exerted by the mud column in static conditions

(without circulation) is called hydrostatic pressure.

• Hydrostatic pressure is the product of the mud weight and the

True Vertical Depth (TVD) of the well. If the hydrostatic pressure of
the column of drilling mud is equal to or higher than the formation
pressure, formation fluids can’t flow into the wellbore

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0065-E
 Control Formation Pressure: Density

• Formation pressure typically increases with depth

• To compensate for this we increase the density of the mud with

barite

• Mud weight must be limited to the minimum necessary to control

the well, maintain its stability, and still stay below the fracture
gradient

Drilling Operations

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0066-E
 Cool and Lubricate the Drillstring and Bit

Circulation of the drilling fluids cools the bit and the drillstring
assembly, to temperatures lower than the bottom-hole
temperature

• Mechanical and hydraulic energy generated by pumping mud to the bit, and
abrasion between the drill string and the hole, produces a great amount of
heat
• Since the formation is a poor conductor the heat has no where to go
• Circulating fluid helps to dissipate this heat at surface
• Because of the composition of the mud, it has a lubricating effect which also
cuts down on the heat production. Indicators of poor lubrication are high
torque and drag

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0067-E
 Transmit Hydraulic Power to Bit

Hydraulic Power is used to:

• Maximize penetration rate (ROP)

• Remove cuttings from under the bit and up to the surface
• Run downhole motors and other special equipment
• The hydraulic program is based on using the right diameter
nozzles in the bit, the pump’s efficiency, and choosing the
proper circulation pressures and rates for the hole conditions

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0068-E
 Mud Circuit

Mud chemicals store

Mixing hopper

Shale shaker

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0069-E
 Directional Wells

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0070-E
 Logistical problems

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BO-018-GIA-0071-E
 Environmental concerns

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0072-E
 Multi-target wells

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0073-E
 To aim at a different target

Original Well
Sidetrack
Corrected Original Well Path
Well Path
Sidetrack
Original Well

Reservoir

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0074-E
 Unapproachable targets

Reservoir

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BO-018-GIA-0075-E
 Relief Wells

Reservoir

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BO-018-GIA-0076-E
 Horizontal Wells

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BO-018-GIA-0077-E
 Why use horizontal drilling?
To increase well productivity

Horizontal well
Vertical well

Horizontal wells have wider drainage

areas than vertical ones
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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0078-E
 Different types of horizontal wells

Long Radius
Medium Radius
Short Radius

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BO-018-GIA-0079-E
 Directional Drilling Tools

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BO-018-GIA-0080-E
 Downhole Motors
PDM - (Positive Displacement Motors)

Bent Sub & Motor Kick Off Sub (KOS) Double Kick Off (DKO)
Motor Motor
1/2° - 3°/100ft (30m) Bent Sub ≤ 6°/100ft (30m)
Large BOS Large BOS
No Surface Rotation No Surface Rotation

1/2° - 3°/100ft (30m)

Smaller BOS
No Surface Rotation Double Kick-Off
Sub
Kick-Off Sub

BOS = Bit offset BOS BOS

BOS

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0081-E
 Basic Steering Concept

Rotating shaft Movable piston

Non-rotating sleeve

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BO-018-GIA-0082-E
 AUTOTRAK (for deviated wells)

AutoTrak Features
Rotary Closed-Loop Drilling System
• It can change direction while rotating
• Expandable ribs create a side force on the bit, producing a controlled
closed loop with the MWD tool

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Agip KCO Training Special Project SP 2 and Production Activities
BO-018-GIA-0083-E
 Standard Steerable Drilling System compared to Autotrak

Standard steerable

Autotrak

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BO-018-GIA-0084-E
 Casing

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BO-018-GIA-0085-E
 What is a “Casing” ?

• Casing is metallic pipe that is lowered in a

well in order to cover the open hole,

isolating it from the drilled formations.

• Once positioned at the desired depth,

casing is cemented in place by pumping a

slurry inside it. The slurry goes out of the

casing’s bottom, which is called “shoe”,

and rises in the casing/open hole annulus.

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BO-018-GIA-0086-E
 What is the casing function?

• To support the wellhead and the BOPs

• To allow mud circulation to the surface

• To isolate formations having different pore

pressure or fracture gradients

• To exclude formations that can cause

problems to drilling activities on account of
their geological characteristics

• To isolate productive formations

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BO-018-GIA-0087-E
 Different Types of Casing

• Conductor pipe

• Surface casing

• Intermediate casing

• Production casing

• Liner (a casing string that does

not extend to the top of the wellbore)

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BO-018-GIA-0088-E
 Cementing Operations

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BO-018-GIA-0089-E
 What is casing cementing?

Casing is cemented in place by pumping slurry in the open hole/casing

annulus. As the slurry solidifies, it acquires the necessary mechanical
resistances.

Why a cement should be use?

• To cement casing in place (single-stage or multi-stage operations)

• To run cement plugs (permanent abandonment, plugs to start a

sidetrack, isolation of depleted productive formations)

• To squeeze cement into a formation to avoid lost circulation

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BO-018-GIA-0090-E
 Manufacturing Portland Cement

The following reactions take place during the product baking stage:

100º C evaporation of free water

600º C dehydroxylation of clay minerals
900º C crystallization of dehydroxylated clay minerals
900º - 1200º C reactions between CaCO3 and CaCO with the
aluminiumsilicates
1250º - 1280º C start of the liquid phase
above 1280º C the material becomes Clinker

It will then be ground and mixed with gypsum to become CEMENT.

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BO-018-GIA-0091-E
 Properties of cement slurry

The characteristics of a cement slurry can be altered depending on its

use. These characteristics can be summed up as follows:

1. Easy mixing and pumping.

2. Ideal rheological characteristics for the removal of the mud.
3. Rapid development of compressive strength.
4. Capacity to prevent the passage of gas.
5. Maintain a good level of compressive strength over time.
6. Capacity to fix to the surfaces.
7. Elasticity.
8. Capacity to maintain these characteristics at high temperatures.
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BO-018-GIA-0092-E
 Reasons for using cement

Filling the annular space between the wall of an uncased hole and the casing is
the first operation after the bit has been run out of the hole and the casing has
been run in for the following reasons:

a) To support the casing and anchor it to the borehole wall.

b) To prevent the borehole from caving.
c) To protect the casing from corrosion.
d) To protect the casing from crushing or bursting.
e) To isolate adjacent zones of the borehole and prevent the different
formation fluids from mixing.
f) To extend and optimize the life of a well.
g) To increase well safety and control.

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BO-018-GIA-0093-E
 Types of cementing jobs

Cement slurries can be used in three types of jobs:

a) Cementing of casing or strings (primary)

b) Remedial or complementary cementing
c) Cement plugs.

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BO-018-GIA-0094-E
 Casing Cementing

Depending on the order, their position and purpose, casing

can be called:

a) Surface casing
b) Intermediate casing
c) Production casing
d) Liner

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 Most common diameters

The normal dimensions of the casing or liner and in which open hole they are run in are
shown below; the dimensions are given in inches:

casing/ liner dimension open hole dimension

(inches) (inches)

20” 26”
18 5/8” 24”
13 3/8” 17.5”
9 5/8” 12.25”
7” 8.5”
5” 6.5”

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 Types of casings

 Conductor pipe
 Surfaces
 Intermediate
 Production
 Liner

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 Main characteristics of cement slurry

YIELD

This is an important value on which the calculation of the final volumes, in

bottomhole conditions, depends. There are additives such as Sferelite whose
microsfers tend to break under pressure and so undergo fluid invasion when
they are in the well, increasing the need for mixing water compared to the 0
pressure conditions on the surface.
It will therefore be the down hole yield, based on the volume of liquid cement
required for the job, which will therefore tell us the quantity of powdered cement
needed.
Yield is expressed in litres of slurry per 100 kg of cement, or in cubic feet per
sack.
For a class “G” cement without additives, these values are around 760 lt / 100
kg, or 1.15 cuft / sk.

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 Main characteristics of cement slurry

THICKENING TIME

This is perhaps the most significant and closely examined value in a

lab report.
For a very good reason, because the Thickening Time (T.T.) is the
value which allows us to carry out the job in safe conditions.
Underestimating the time can result in disastrous cementing which
can even lead to the well having to be abandoned in the most serious
cases.

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 Main characteristics of cement slurry

RHEOLOGY (Fann Reading)

Cement slurry is classified as a “non Newtonian” fluid; i.e. a fluid whose viscosity is not
constant but varies with the speed at which it flows through a pipe.
Rheology measurements on slurry allow the characteristics of its flow to be predicted as well
as its capacity to suspend solids.
The PV (Plastic Viscosity) and YP (Yield Point) values can be obtained on the basis of the
apparent viscosity values, determined for example using a Fann Viscosimeter. These values
tell us to what extent a slurry is fluid and if it is able to transport solids and keep them in
suspension.
Moreover, the Flow Index (n’) and Consistency Index (K’) are obtained and allow us to
estimate the pressure loss caused by friction during the motion of the slurry and its flow type;
that is, if it movement is plug, laminar or turbulent.

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 Cementer

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 Operational sequence of casing cementing

1)Displacement
1)Displacementof
ofcement
cementby
byaadrilling
drilling
Malta
mud
mud
Fango
Fang

2)The
2)Theplugs
plugsare
arein
incontact
contactandand
o

displacement
displacementisiscompleted.
completed.
Cement
Cementstarts
startsto
tosolidify
solidify
Fango

The
Thetime
timeneeded
neededthethecement
cementtotoset
set
at
atthe
theend
endofofdisplacement
displacement(WOC)
(WOC)
will
willvary
varyaccording
accordingto tothe
thetype
typeof
of
used
usedslurry
slurry

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 What is the chemical composition of cement?

• Cement is a complex mixture of silicates and calcium aluminates.

Its grinding fineness determines its hydration capacity.
• A little difference in the chemical composition or in the physical
condition of cement can cause a strong performance variation.
• It is essential to perform lab tests before each operation, using
water, cement and additives samples obtained from the site
where the operation will take place.

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 Difficulties in drilling operations

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 Lost Circulation

• PARTIAL LOSSES
Absorption up to a maximum value of about 8 m3/h

• TOTAL LOSSES
Mud doesn’t return to the surface during drilling operations

Absorptions are caused by:

• High-porosity and high-permeability formations
• Fractured formations
• Underpressured formations
• Karst

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 Lost Circulation

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BO-018-GIA-00106-E
 Stuck Pipe

Main stuck pipe causes are:

• Key seats
• Differential pressure (sticking)
• Wedging in (Packing off)
- While the drill string is being lowered
- While the drill string is being pulled out
• A collapse caused by:
- Total circulation loss
- Unstable formations
- Debris accumulation in caved-in boreholes

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 Stuck Pipe: Key Seat Block

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BO-018-GIA-00108-E
 Sticking Block

Drill pipes

Borehole

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BO-018-GIA-00109-E
 Fishing Operations

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 Overshot

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 Magnetic Fisher

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 Underground
Blow-out

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 Underground Blow-out

Gas
Migration Charged formation

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 Underground Blow-out - 1

Gas
Shear Rams (open)
Migration

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 Underground Blow-out - 2

Gas
Shear Rams (closed)
Migration

Fracturing below csg. shoe

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 Underground Blow-out - 3

Gas
Shear Rams (closed)
Migration

Initiation of
underground blow out

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BO-018-GIA-00117-E
 Well Capping
Techniques

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 Capping

1)
1) Well
Well Flowing
Flowing

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 Capping

2)
2) positioning
positioning BOP
BOP

= Valves Closed

Guide Line
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 Capping

3)
3) Set
Set Up
Up Choke
Choke &
& Kill
Kill lines
lines

BOP open

Choke Kill line

= Valves Closed line

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 Capping

4)
4) opening
opening Choke
Choke &
& Kill
Kill lines
lines

BOP open

Choke line Kill line

= Valves Open

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 Capping

5)
5) Closing
Closing BOP
BOP

BOP
closed

Choke line Kill line

= Valves Open

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 Capping

6)
6) Gradual
Gradual Closing
Closing of
of Choke
Choke ee Kill
Kill lines
lines (the
(the well
well is
is in
in pressure)
pressure)

BOP
closed

Choke line Kill line

= Valves closed

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 Capping

7)
7) Well
Well Killing
Killing by
by pumping
pumping through
through kill
kill line.
line.

BOP
closed

Choke line Kill line

= Choke closed

= Kill open

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 Surface Bop Stack

Used on land, offshore, jack-up,

tender rigs and stationary platforms
Bag Preventer

Double rams Preventer The BOP stack components are:

• Bag BOP
• Ram BOPs
• Drilling spool (optional)
• Choke valves
Single ram Preventer • Kill valves
They are usually built according to API
16 A standards.
Drilling Spool

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 Snapshots of real operations....

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BO-018-GIA-00127-E
 Snapshots of real operations..

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BO-018-GIA-00128-E
 Relief Well
Techniques

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BO-018-GIA-00129-E
 Relief well

Reservoir

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 Relief well

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BO-018-GIA-00131-E
 Surface Bop Control System

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BO-018-GIA-00132-E
 Well Control

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 Kick: Rise in Pit Levels
0

LOSS
GAIN
Indicator placed on
the driller’s console

Pit
Gain

Suction Pit

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 Causes of a kick

Drilling
Drilling in
in an
an over
over
pressurized
pressurized formation
formation

Gas
Gas

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 Blowout Control Systems

•• Blowout
Blowoutcontrol
controlsystems
systemscan
canbe
bedivided
dividedinto:
into:
•• Primary
Primary(active):
(active):these
theseare
arethe
thesystems
systemsthat
thatprevent
preventthe
the
occurrence
occurrenceofofaablowout
blowout(i.e.
(i.e.hydrostatic
hydrostaticload
loadof
ofaamud)
mud)
•• Secondary
Secondary(passive):
(passive):all
allsafety
safetyequipment
equipmentcontributes
contributesto
to
close
close aawellbore
wellborewhen
whenaaserious
seriouspossibility
possibilityof
ofblowout
blowoutexists
exists
or
orwhen
whenaablowout
blowoutis
isalready
alreadyunder
underway
way

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 Logistical Services

• Road transports

• Sea transports

• Communications

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 Road Transports

• This service provides logistical

assistance and transport of
materials in onshore operations

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 Sea Transports Supply Vessel – Helicopter

• The Supply Vessel Service provides logistical

assistance and transport of materials in offshore
operations
• The Helicopter Service provides in – out rig
personnel transport

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 Communications

The Communications Service allows data

transmission in the rig – operational district –
headquarters loop

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 Drilling Waste Management And Cycle

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 Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste

Drilling Waste

•Drilling Cuttings
•Exhaust mud
•Wash water

•Drilling fluids
•Municipal solid wastes
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 Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste

•Drilling waste from WBM (mud and

cuttings): non-hazardous

•Drilling waste from OBM (mud and

cuttings): hazardous

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 Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste
Operations priorities:

Reduction at source

Recycle – Re-use
Waste
Recovery Reduction

Treatment

Disposal

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 Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste

Guiding criteria

Waste volume reduction Storage by type

Re-use of wash water

Use of dedicated corrals
(excluding shallow wells)

Solids control equipment

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 Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste

Disposal methods:

On-site treatment

Transport to treatment plant

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 Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste

Semataf: aerial view of treatment and disposal site (2B type) in Lanciano
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 Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste

Cuttings

Cuttings can be treated chemically, physically or

mechanically in order to separate or fix contaminants to reach
legal standards

• Consolidation/stabilization

• Thermal treatment

• Biodegradation
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 Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste

Consolidation and inertization

Shale shakers
Cement

CORRAL Sodium
silos Silicate

excavator pomp

Mixing conveyer

Landfill
CONSOLIDATION
CORRAL
Re-use

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 Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste

Thermal treatment of cuttings

The process consists of heating the cuttings to reach a water-oil

gaseous stage and subsequent condensation

low Temp 250° - 370° (oil recovery)

high Temp >900° (incinerator)

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 Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste
Biodegradation
A natural process where adapted microorganisms degrade
complex hydrocarbons to a more elementary chain that can be
easily reduced to environmentally acceptable Carbon
compounds
Operationally simple

Does not need special

equipment (farm equipment)

Does not generate a bi-

product:
recyclable cuttings/soil

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 Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste

Disposal methods:
•On-site treatment Landfill
Re-use

Cuttings
Solid
Dehydration
Exhaust mud
process
Water
Washing water

Re-use on rig
Waste water depuration plant Depuration
process
Discharge
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 Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste
Dehydration

Filterpress for dehydration of exhaust mud

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 Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste

Off-shore disposal methods:

•Up to 1987 : Discharge into the sea of

cuttings (OBM/WBM) and muds
(WBM)
•From 1987: Zero-discharge and consequent
transport to shore of solid and
liquid waste (WBM - OBM)

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 Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste
Closed Loop System

Cuttings washer

vibrovagl
Shale shakers
i

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 Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste

Cuttings slurrification and re-injection

Options :

-- Existing well (production well)

-- Drilling and re-injection simultaneously well

-- Dedicated well

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 Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste
Cuttings re-injection

cuttings

Exhaus drilling fluids

water

Injection fluid characteristics:

Particle size in suspension <300 micron

Concentration (volume) 15-25%
Density 1.2-1.6Kg/l
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 Waste Management

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 What kinds of waste are produced in a rig site ?

• Drilling debris

• Exhausted mud

• Washing H2O

• Intervention fluids

• Urban solid waste

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 Why to carry out a waste management ?

To reduce the environmental impact with respect to the

regulations in force

To maximize waste recycling (cement, brick and expanded

clay plants, environmental restoration, RSU dump covers)

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 How we can manage waste disposal?

ONSHORE : OFFSHORE :
• Rig site treatment • Zero discharge: solid and
(consolidation and liquid waste (WBM –
dehydration) OBM) is transported
• Untreated waste disposal onshore
• H2O recycling ( a closed-loop
system allows reduction of
waste volumes to be disposed
of by recovering water from
exhausted mud)

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