FAULT DETECTION IN TRANSFORMER

AND ALERT SYSTEM USING BLUETOOTH

Authors

Muhammad Rafi 2015/CUP/B.TECH/ELECT-0186

Aftab Ahmad 2015/CUP/B.TECH/ELECT-0188
Muhammad Owais 2015/CUP/B.TECH/ELECT-0205
Muhammad Saifullah 2015/CUP/B.TECH/ELECT-0211

Supervisor

Engr. Najib Ur Rehman

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences Hayatabad Peshawar
October 2019
 Fault Detection in Transformer and Alert
System Using Bluetooth
Authors

Muhammad Rafi 2015/CUP/B.TECH/ELECT-0186

Aftab Ahmad 2015/CUP/B.TECH/ELECT-0188

Muhammad Owais 2015/CUP/B.TECH/ELECT-0205

Muhammad Saifullah 2015/CUP/B.TECH/ELECT-0211

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

B.Tech Electrical Engineering

Project Supervisor:

Engr. Najib Ur Rehman

Project Supervisor Signature: ___________________________________________

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences Hayatabad Peshawar
October 2019

ii
 Abstract

This project is about design and implementation of a mobile embedded system to monitor and
record key parameters of a distribution transformer like load currents, oil level and ambient
temperature. The idea of on-line monitoring system integrates a Bluetooth module with a
standalone single chip microcontroller and different sensors. It is installed at the distribution
transformer site and the above parameters are recorded using the analog to digital converter (ADC)
of the embedded system. The obtained parameters are processed and recorded in the system
memory. If any abnormality or an emergency situation occurs the system sends SMS (short
message service) messages to the mobile phones containing information about the abnormality
according to some predefined instructions programmed in the microcontroller. This mobile system
will help the transformers to operate smoothly and identify problems before any catastrophic
failure.

Keywords: Arduino, Transformer, Power Supply, Bluetooth, Sensors.

iii
 Undertaking

We certify that research work titled “Fault Detection in Transformer and Alert System Using
Bluetooth” is our own work. The work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where
material has been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged / referred.

Muhammad Rafi 2015/CUP/B.TECH/ELECT-0186 ________________

Aftab Ahmad 2015/CUP/B.TECH/ELECT-0188 ________________

Muhammad Owais 2015/CUP/B.TECH/ELECT-0205 ________________

Muhammad Saifullah 2015/CUP/B.TECH/ELECT-0211 ________________

iv
 Acknowledgement

All the thanks, praise and glory be to Allah, who is the almighty and creator of all, from the genesis
to the ultimate finalization all in perfect timing.
This research work is the collective effort and cooperation of many teachers, colleagues, and
family members. We deeply appreciate all of their work, and we are extremely grateful to all of
them for their advice, assistance, and all they did for me.
The most valuable and direct support and contribution for this research work came from our
respected supervisor; Engr Najib Ur Rehman at CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences,
Peshawar Pakistan. His extensive contributions are sincerely appreciated and gratefully
acknowledged. A notable appreciation to Engr Ali Mujtaba Durrani for his treasured help and
friendly advice. We pay our true appreciation to every one of them and I wish that may Allah
increment their regard and greatness.

v
 Table of Contents

Abstract .................................................................................................................... iii

Undertaking .............................................................................................................. iv
Acknowledgement .....................................................................................................v
Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... vi
List of Figures .......................................................................................................... ix
List of Tables .............................................................................................................x
Chapter 1 Introduction ..............................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 2 Literature Review ......................................................................................3
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 3 Transformer ...............................................................................................5
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 5
3.2 History ................................................................................................................................... 5
3.3 Working ................................................................................................................................. 6
3.4 Parts of Transformer .............................................................................................................. 6
3.4.1 Input Connections ........................................................................................................... 6
3.4.2 Output Connections ......................................................................................................... 6
3.4.3 Winding ........................................................................................................................... 6
3.4.4 Core ................................................................................................................................. 7
3.5 Transformer Configurations .................................................................................................. 7
3.5.1 Single-phase Power ................................................................................................... 7
3.5.2 Three-phase Power .......................................................................................................... 7
3.5.3 Delta and Wye Defined ................................................................................................... 8
3.5.4 Three-phase Transformers............................................................................................... 8
3.6 Types of Transformer ............................................................................................................ 8
3.6.1 Step up and Step-down Transformer ............................................................................... 9
3.6.2 Power Transformer ........................................................................................................ 10
3.6.3 Distribution Transformer............................................................................................... 11
3.6.4 Instrument Transformer................................................................................................. 11
3.6.5 Single Phase Transformer ............................................................................................. 12

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 3.6.6 Three Phase Transformer .............................................................................................. 13
3.7 Problem associated with transformer .................................................................................. 13
3.7.1 Internal Faults ................................................................................................................ 13
3.7.2 External Faults............................................................................................................... 13
Chapter 4 Bluetooth .................................................................................................15
4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 15
4.2 History ................................................................................................................................. 15
4.3 Working of Bluetooth .......................................................................................................... 16
4.4 Different Types of Bluetooth Technology........................................................................... 18
4.4.1 Bluetooth Headset ......................................................................................................... 18
4.4.2 Stereo Headset ............................................................................................................... 18
4.4.3 In – Car Bluetooth Headset ........................................................................................... 18
4.4.4 Bluetooth Equipped Printer ........................................................................................... 18
4.4.5 Bluetooth Enabled Webcam .......................................................................................... 18
4.4.5 Bluetooth GPS Device .................................................................................................. 18
4.4.6 Bluetooth Keyboard ...................................................................................................... 19
4.4.7 HC-05 Bluetooth Module .............................................................................................. 19
4.5 List of Applications ............................................................................................................. 21
Chapter 5 Fault Detection in Transformer and Alert System using Bluetooth .......23
5.1 Background .......................................................................................................................... 23
5.2 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................... 23
5.2.1 Over Current Fault ........................................................................................................ 24
5.2.2 Over Current Protection of Transformer ....................................................................... 24
5.2.2 Over voltage fault of transformer .................................................................................. 25
5.2.3 Over Temperature Fault of Transformer ....................................................................... 26
5.2.4 Disturbance in Transformer’s Oil Level ....................................................................... 28
Chapter 6 Hardware Implementation .......................................................................32
6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 32
6.2 Arduino (UNO).................................................................................................................... 32
6.2.1 Features of Arduino Uno Board .................................................................................... 32
6.3 TA12-100 Arduino AC Current Sensor............................................................................... 34
6.4 Voltage sensor ..................................................................................................................... 34
6.5 Ds18b20 Temperature Sensor ............................................................................................. 35
6.6 Ultrasonic Sensor Hc –Sr04 ................................................................................................ 36

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 6.7 Bluetooth Module HC 05 .................................................................................................... 36
6.8 Relay Module ...................................................................................................................... 37
6.9 Transformer ......................................................................................................................... 38
6.10 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 20*4 .................................................................................. 38
6.10 Block Diagram ................................................................................................................... 39
6.11 Circuit Diagram of Model ................................................................................................. 40
Chapter 7 Results and Conclusion ...........................................................................41
7.1 Results ................................................................................................................................. 41
7.2 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 45
7.3 Future work.......................................................................................................................... 45
References ................................................................................................................46
Abbreviations ...........................................................................................................47

viii
 List of Figures

Fig 3.1 Types of transformer w.r.t core………………………………………………………16

Fig 3.2 Delta and wye configuration of a three-phase transformer…………………………...17
Fig 3. 3 Types of Transformers………………………………………………………………….18
Fig 3.4 Step-up and step-down transformers…………………………………………………….19
Fig 4.1 pin description of HC-05 Bluetooth module…………………………………………….29
Figure 4.2 Application of Bluetooth……………………………………………………………..31
Figure 5.1 current sensor TA12-100…………..…………………………………………………34
Figure 5.2 voltage sensor…...……...…………………………………………………………….35
Figure 5.3 voltage characteristics……..…………………………………………………………35
Figure 5.4 DS18B20 temperature sensor………………………………………..……………….36
Figure 5.5 working of ultrasonic sensor……………………………….……………………….. 39
Figure 5.6 Real picture of our project……………….………………………….………………. 40
Figure 6.1 Arduino UNO……………………………………………………….………………. 42
Figure 6.2 real picture of Current Sensor……………………………………….……………….44
Figure 6.3 real picture of voltage Sensor……………………………………….………………..45
Figure 6.4 real picture of temperature sensor………………………………...….………………45
Figure 6.5 Ultrasonic sensor……………………………………………………….…………… 46
Figure 6.6 real picture of Bluetooth Module……………………………………………………47
Figure 6.7 Pins description of Relay Module……………………………….……….…………..47
Figure 6.8 Transformer…………………………………………………………………………. 48
Figure 6.9 LCD Pins description…………………………………………………….…………..48
Figure 6.10 Block Diagram of Model……………………………………….……….………….49
Figure 6.12 Circuit diagram of model……………………………………………………….…. 50
Figure 7.1 voltage fault notification shown on mobile screen………………………………..…52
Figure 7.2 current fault notification shown on mobile screen…………………………………..53
Figure 7.3 over temperature fault notification shown on mobile screen………………………..54
Figure 7.4 Oil level fault notification shown on mobile screen…………………………………55

ix
 List of Tables

Table 7.1 show us actual values and presets values of all the four parameters………………..53
Table 7.2 Effect of over voltage and under voltage……………………………………………54
Table 7.3 Effect of load variation………………………………………………………………55
Table 7.4 Effect of temperature variation ……………………………………………………...55
Table 7.5 Effect of oil level…………………………………………………………………….56

x
 Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 Introduction
These days, apart from supporting voice calls Global Systems for Mobile Communication (GSM)
or Bluetooth can be used to send text messages as well as multimedia messages (that may contain
pictures, graphics, animations, etc.) It can also be used in monitoring and detecting faults in
distribution transformers especially in developing countries like Pakistan where incessant power
outage has been the order of the day. Consumers of electricity in Pakistan, faces serious challenges
of unavailability of these basic commodities. At times, the problem is always from the transformer.
In this project we will try to detect those faults and resolve failures by online detection of faults in
distribution transformer with the help of different sensors with Bluetooth and Arduino
microcontroller. Those problems are exceeding of oil level, temperature measurement of
transformer, over current Detection and over voltage. A transformer is a static device that transfers
electrical energy from one circuit to another by electromagnetic induction without the change in
frequency. The transformer, which can link circuits with different voltages, has been instrumental
in enabling universal use of the alternating current system for transmission and distribution of
electrical energy. Various components of power system, like generators, transmission line,
distribution networks and finally the loads, can be operated at their most suited voltage levels.
Fault of a distribution line transformer may leave thousands of homes without, water, heating and
lighting and light.
There are different levels of faults in a transformer; the internal fault is equally divided into two,
the internal short circuit faults and internal incipient faults. The internal short circuit faults are
meanly caused by turn-to-turn short circuits or turn-to-earth short circuits in the transformer
windings. The internal incipient fault develops over time as the insulators of the transformer
deteriorate. The factors capable of causing transformer failure and accelerated deterioration are as
follows; operating environment, load current, short circuits, lightening and switching surges,
operating environment which could be, temperature, wind, rain, pollution, vibration effect, sound
and material fatigue etc. Presently, failed transformers have to be reported by people from that

1
community to a local office of the electric power distribution company to ensure restoration of the
failed transformer which may take whole lots of time. Sequel to the importance of transformer, it
becomes imperative to develop a system that will notify the power station management about a
power failure on a transformer in a particular area and the possible fault or condition of the
transformer for quick restoration of power in the area. The best method is to implementing a
Bluetooth based monitoring system.
The Bluetooth based monitoring system uses microcontroller, temperature sensor Model
(DS18B20), Oil level sensor Model (HC-SR04), voltage sensor Model (ZMPT101B), current
sensor Model (TA12-100), buzzer, Operating relaying and Bluetooth (UC-05) module. The
comparators check for availability of voltages from the transformer phases and equally compare
the voltage to determine the actual voltage level. The output of the comparator is then feed into
the Schmitt trigger inverter to produce pure digital output for the microcontroller. The Bluetooth
module sends out message to the personnel when a decision is taking by the microcontroller.
Lots of research and work have done on fault detection but it’s still not enough to detect and solve
all types of faults and failures. Bluetooth with Microcontroller based circuits are used for online
detection of fault Produced in transformers by measuring different parameters of power
transformers and use that knowledge to detect faults by different methods and find out the
reliability by comparing those parameters with standard values.
In all those researches some of the most complicated faults are not detected and important failures
are not solved which are the main causes of interruption in Electrical power supply. Some of the
incipient faults which cause catastrophic outrage need to be detected in time to save the
transformer. These faults are low oil level and high temperature. If transformer is operating after
exceeding certain range of oil level and temperature, it explodes. So, to stop that outrage
transformer needs to be shut down and maintenance staff should be informed to solve fault in time.
In this Project, a method is given to measure and monitor oil level, temperature and set a standard
limit for all parameters and shut down transformer after exceeding that limit. And inform
maintenance staff to do their job by alerting them with buzzer and sending message to observing
unit.

2
 CHAPTER 2
Literature Review

2.1 Introduction
In this chapter we will discuss about the literature survey. We have studied a different research
paper about our project. We have collected the information about our project from different
research paper. Each author has a unique approach to achieve his goal. The detail of all the paper
and obtained knowledge is given below.
Monitoring and fault detection were main challenge for us and understand the challenges and
overcoming the problems we studied the efficiency of power systems is largely determined by the
effectiveness of the inbuilt power equipment. Monitoring transmission parameters for faults and
quick isolation of the system from faults helps to improve the efficiency of the power systems
reliability. Current conventional method has its own limitations due to the reliance on technical
team to carrying out visual inspection in order to identify any fault. Technologies such as Power
line carrier communication and the use of internet-based communication systems have their
respective demerits. In this paper the scholars present the study of the use of Bluetooth technology,
to provide a reliable monitoring and fault detection system. Appropriate designed specific sensors
were used to monitor the changes in transmission parameters such as voltage, current, temperature
and frequency. Whenever fault occurred the data acquired were transmitted to the utility mobile
phone as SMS via the Bluetooth wireless network. The system hardware was modeled using
Proteus simulation tool while Mikro-C was used for the software. With this system, power
transmission fault can be detected and isolated at the shortest possible time. [1].
To design and implement the embedded system to monitor and record key parameters of a
distribution transformer like load currents, oil level and ambient temperature. The idea of on-line
monitoring system integrates Bluetooth, with a standalone single chip microcontroller and
different sensors. It is installed at the distribution transformer site and the above parameters are
recorded using the analog to digital converter (ADC) of the embedded system. The obtained
parameters are processed and recorded in the system memory. If any abnormality or an emergency
situation occurs the system sends SMS (short message service) messages to the mobile phones
containing information about the abnormality according to some predefined instructions

3
programmed in the microcontroller. This mobile system will help the transformers to operate
smoothly and identify problems before any catastrophic failure.[2] Sensors are installed on
transformer site which reads and measures the physical quantity from the distribution transformer
and then it converts it into the analog signal. Sensor are used for sensing load current, temperature
and oil level. A sensor is a device which receives and responds to a signal when touched. A
multitude of different measurable variables can be collected for on-line monitoring. However, it is
very rarely useful to use the entire spectrum. Therefore, sensor technology must be adjusted to the
specific requirements of a particular transformer depending on their age and condition.
The values are displayed continuously on the LCD display and it is recorded in the system memory.
If any abnormalities occur in the transformer then an alert message with the parameter values are
sent to the monitoring center along with the location by means of Bluetooth module which are
integrated with the Arduino board.[3] LCD is used to show all result on screen. In research 16pin
(LMB162AFC) LCD is used to display the parameters of transformer such as voltage, current and
temperature. Arduino Platform communicates with the LCD using serial communication protocol
Arduino Uno is used for implementing the digital controller. Arduino Uno is an AVR based
microcontroller board. It has ATmega328 microcontroller and other onboard peripherals including
16 MHz crystal [4]. Programming is done in C language [5].
Sensitivity and reliability of this scheme is very high for the abnormal and faulty conditions, as
this protection scheme operates within the fractions of seconds when fault or abnormal condition
occur.[6][7].

4
 Chapter 3
Transformer

3.1 Introduction
A transformer is one of the most common devices found in electrical system that links the circuits
which are operating at different voltages. These are commonly used in applications where there is
a need of AC voltage conversion from one voltage level to another.

It is possible either to decrease or increase the voltage and currents by the use of transformer in
AC circuits based on the requirements of the electrical equipment or device or load. Various
applications use wide variety of transformers including power, instrumentation and pulse
transformers.

3.2 History
In 1831 Michael Faraday discovered the principles that make transformers possible. Using an
induction ring Faraday discovered that an electric current flowing through one wire could have the
effect of creating or “inducing” an identical current in a nearby wire. This only happens when the
voltage is changing—such as when the power is snapped on and the voltage rises from 0 to its
peak.
The reason for the induction of a current in a nearby wire is that every flow of current in a wire
results in the creation of a magnetic field around the wire. A second wire placed nearby, within
that field, is influenced by the magnetism. As the field expands or collapses, it acts on the electrons
in the second wire and creates a new flow of current. Winding the wire into coils makes the device
more compact, and wrapping the coils onto an iron bar or ring concentrates the magnetic field in
a small area.
In 1881, in Paris, Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs demonstrated the first commercially
successful transformer. In 1886, William Stanley would build upon Gaulard and Gibbs' idea to
provide alternating current electrification to offices and stores on Main Street in Great Barrington,
Massachusetts.

5
We use the name transformer because it is used in alternating current systems to raise or lower
voltages. Alternating current creates a fluctuating magnetic field as it flows in a wire. If the number
of turns in the first coil is lower than in the second, then higher voltage will be induced in the
second coil. If the first coil has many turns, then the “secondary” voltage will be lower. Electric
power systems use this principle to raise the voltage produced by a generator or dynamo to a high
level, such as 100,000 volts or higher. At this high voltage, electricity can travel hundreds of miles
along transmission wires without being significantly diminished. Near a residence, another
transformer does just the opposite: it makes voltage usable by lowering it back down to 120 volts
in the United States (220 volts in Europe).

3.3 Working
It is important to remember that transformers do not generate electrical power; they transfer
electrical power from one AC circuit to another using magnetic coupling. The core of the
transformer is used to provide a controlled path for the magnetic flux generated in the transformer
by the current flowing through the windings, which are also known as coils.

3.4 Parts of Transformer

There are four primary parts to the basic transformer. The parts include the Input Connection, the
Output Connection, the Windings or Coils and the Core.
3.4.1 Input Connections
The input side of a transformer is called the primary side because the main electrical power to be
changed is connected at this point.
3.4.2 Output Connections
The output side or secondary side of the transformer is where the electrical power is sent to the
load. Depending on the requirement of the load, the incoming electric power is either increased or
decreased.
3.4.3 Winding
Transformers have two windings, being the primary winding and the secondary winding. The
primary winding is the coil that draws power from the source. The secondary winding is the coil
that delivers the energy at the transformed or changed voltage to the load. Usually, these two coils
are subdivided into several coils in order to reduce the creation of flux.

6
3.4.4 Core

The transformer core is used to provide a controlled path for the magnetic flux generated in the
transformer. The core is generally not a solid bar of steel, rather a construction of many thin
laminated steel sheets or layers. This construction is used to help eliminate and reduce heating.
Transformers generally have one of two types of cores: Core Type and Shell Type. These two
types are distinguished from each other by the manner in which the primary and secondary coils
are place around the steel core.
There are two types of transformer with respect to core i.e., Core type and Shell type. In Core type,
the windings surround the laminated core while in shell type the windings are surrounded by the
laminated core as shown in fig.3.1

Figure 3.1 Types of transformer w.r.t core

3.5 Transformer Configurations

There are different configurations for both single-phase and three-phase systems which are
discussed below.
3.5.1 Single-phase Power
Single-phase transformers are often used to supply power for residential lighting, receptacle, air-
conditioning, and heating needs. Single phase transformers can be made even more versatile by
having both the primary winding and secondary winding made in two equal parts. The two parts
of either winding can then be reconnected in series or parallel configurations.

3.5.2 Three-phase Power

Power may be supplied through a three-phase circuit containing transformers in which a set of
three single-phase transformers is used, or on three-phase transformer is used. When a considerable
amount of power is involved in the transformation of three-phase power, it is more economical to

7
use a three-phase transformer. The unique arrangement of the windings and core saves a lot of
iron.
3.5.3 Delta and Wye Defined
There are two connection configurations for three-phase power: Delta and Wye. Delta and Wye
are Greek letters that represent the way the conductors on the transformers are configured. In a
delta connection, the three conductors are connected end to end in a triangle or delta shape. For a
wye, all the conductors radiate from the center, meaning they are connected at one common point.
Delta and wye connections are shown in fig 3.1

Figure 3.2 Delta and wye configuration of a three-phase transformer

3.5.4 Three-phase Transformers

Three-phase transformers have six windings; three primary and three secondary. The six windings
are connected by the manufacturer as either delta or wye. As previously stated, the primary
windings and secondary windings may each be connected in a delta or wye configuration. They
do not have to be connected in the same configuration in the same transformer. The actual
connection configurations used depend upon the application.

3.6 Types of Transformer

There are various types of transformer used in the electrical power system for different purposes,
like generation, distribution and transmission and utilization of electrical power. The different

8
types of transformer are Step up and Step-down Transformer, Power Transformer, Distribution
Transformer, Instrument transformer comprising current and Potential Transformer, Single phase
and Three phase transformer, Auto transformer, etc.

Figure 3. 3Types of Transformers

3.6.1 Step up and Step-down Transformer

This type of transformer is categorized on the basis of a number of turns in the primary and
secondary windings and the induced emf.

Step up transformer transforms a low voltage, high current AC into a high voltage, low current AC
system In this type of transformer the number of turns in the secondary winding is greater than the
number of turns in the primary winding. If (V2 > V1) the voltage is raised on the output side and is
known as Step up transformer.

Step down transformer converts a high primary voltage associated with the low current into a low
voltage, high current. With this type of transformer, the number of turns in the primary winding is
greater than the number of turns in the secondary winding. If (V2 < V1) the voltage level is lowered
on the output side and is known as Step down transformer

Step up and step down transformer are shown in figure 3.4

9
 Step up
Transformer

Step down
Transformer

Figure 3.4 Step-up and step-down transformers

3.6.2 Power Transformer

The power transformers are used in the transmission networks of higher voltages. The ratings of
the power transformer are as follows 400 KV, 200 KV, 110 KV, 66 KV, 33 KV. They are mainly
rated above 200 MVA. Mainly installed at the generating stations and transmission substations.
They are designed for maximum efficiency of 100%. They are larger in size as compared to
distribution transformer.
At a very high voltage, the power cannot be distributed to the consumer directly, so the power is
stepped down to the desired level with the help of step-down power transformer. The transformer
is not loaded fully hence the core loss takes place for the whole day, but the copper loss is based
on the load cycle of the distribution network. If the power transformer is connected in the
transmission network, the load fluctuation will be very less as they are not connected at the
consumer end directly, but if connected to the distribution network there will be fluctuations in the
load.
The transformer is loaded for 24 hours at transmission station; thus, the core and copper loss will
occur for the whole day. The power transformer is cost effective when the power is generated at
low voltage levels. If the level of voltage is raised, then the current of the power transformer is
reduced, resulting in I2R losses and the voltage regulation is also increased.

10
3.6.3 Distribution Transformer
This type of transformer has lower ratings like 11 KV, 6.6 KV, 3.3 KV, 440 V and 230 V. They
are rated less than 200 MVA and used in the distribution network to provide voltage transformation
in the power system by stepping down the voltage level where the electrical energy is distributed
and utilized at the consumer end. The primary coil of the distribution transformer is wound by
enamel coated copper or aluminum wire. A thick ribbon of aluminum and copper is used to make
secondary of the transformer which is high current, low voltage winding. Resin impregnated paper
and oil is used for the insulation purpose.
3.6.4 Instrument Transformer
They are generally known as an isolation transformer. Instrument transformer is an electrical
device used to transform current as well as voltage level. The most common use of instrument
transformer is to safely isolate the secondary winding when the primary has high voltage and high
current supply so that the measuring instrument, energy meters or relays which are connected to
the secondary side of the transformer will not get damaged. The instrument transformer is further
divided into two types

 Current Transformer (CT)

 Potential Transformer (PT)
3.6.4.1 Current Transformer
The current transformer is used for measuring and also for the protection. When the current in the
circuit is high to apply directly to the measuring instrument, the current transformer is used to
transform the high current into the desired value of the current required in the circuit.

The primary winding of the current transformer is connected in series to the main supply and the
various measuring instruments like ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter or protective relay coil. They
have accurate, current ratio and phase relation to enable the meter accurately on the secondary
side. The term ratio has a great significance in CT.

For example, if its ratio is 2000:5, it means a CT has an output of 5 Ampere when the input current
is 2000 amp on the primary side. The accuracy of the Current Transformer depends upon many
factors like Burden, load, temperature, phase change, rating, saturation, etc.In the current

11
transformer, the total primary current is the vector sum of the excitation current and the current
equal to the reversal of secondary current multiplied by turn ratio.

Where,
Ip – primary current, Is – secondary or reversal current, I0 – excitation current, KT – turn ratio.
3.6.4.2 Potential Transformer
The potential transformer is also called as the voltage transformer. The primary winding is
connected across the High voltage line whose voltage is to be measured, and all the measuring
instruments and meters are connected to the secondary side of the transformer. The main function
of the Potential transformer is to step down the voltage level to a safe limit or value. The primary
winding of the potential transformer is earthed or grounded as a safety point.

For example, the voltage ratio primary to secondary is given as 500:120, it means the output
voltage is of 120 V when the 500 V is applied to the primary. The different types of potential
transformer are shown below in the figure

Electromagnetic (it is a wire wound transformer)

Capacitor (capacitor voltage transformer CVT uses capacitor voltage divider)
Optical (works on the electrical property if optical materials)

The percentage voltage error is given by the equation shown below

3.6.5 Single Phase Transformer

A single-phase Transformer is a static device, works on the principle of Faraday’s law of mutual
Induction. At a constant level of frequency and variation of voltage level, the transformer transfers
AC power from one circuit to the other circuit. There are two types of windings in the transformer.
The winding to which AC supply is given is termed as Primary winding and in the secondary
winding, the load is connected.

12
3.6.6 Three Phase Transformer
If the three single phase transformer is taken and connected together with their all the three primary
winding connected to each other as one and all the three secondary windings to each other, forming
as one secondary winding, the transformer is said to behave as three phase transformer, that means
a bank of three single phase transformer connected together which acts as a three-phase
transformer.

Three phase supply is mainly used for electric power generation, transmission and distribution for
industrial purpose. It is less costly to assemble three single phase transformers to form three-phase
transformer than to purchase one single three-phase transformer. The three-phase transformer
connection can be done by Star (Wye) and Delta (Mesh) type.

3.7 Problem associated with transformer

Transformers move electricity along, and they are essential to getting it to customers. They are
also very expensive, and it takes time to repair them if they have a problem. Those things that can
go wrong are divided into internal and external faults concerning transformers. Testing to find
faults is a key part of maintenance of transformers. Electrical companies do performance testing,
maintenance and failure testing on their transformers.
3.7.1 Internal Faults
 insulation deterioration
 winding failure
 overheating
 contamination of oil
Phase to phase fault is also considered an internal fault. if insulation starts to fail it can create a
short circuit inside the transformer that can shut it down. A high current flow can also cause
problems with winding and overheating. Mechanical faults can also happen when the cooling
mechanism fails to operate properly. High current levels can also deteriorate the insulation, which
is a major cause of faulting. Most of these faults can be prevented through testing and maintenance.
3.7.2 External Faults
 Lighting strikes

13
  System overload
 Short circuit

External faults are things that happen outside the transformer, and cannot generally be prevented
by maintenance. The transformers are subject to things like lightning strikes, or other damage
from the outside that cannot be prevented. Since these things cannot be predicted, it is important
to have a plan in place to make repairs as fast as possible. These can also be fairly minor in
nature, but can cause damage to the insulation and cause problems over time to the inside of the
transformer. The greater concern is when something happens outside that shuts the transformer
down immediately.

14
 Chapter 4
Bluetooth

4.1 Introduction
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices
over short distances using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the industrial, scientific and
medical radio bands, from 2.400 to 2.485 GHz, and building personal area networks (PANs). It
was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables.
Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than 35,000
member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer
electronics. The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer maintains the
standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification, manages the qualification
program, and protects the trademarks. A manufacturer must meet Bluetooth SIG standards to
market it as a Bluetooth device. A network of patents apply to the technology, which are licensed
to individual qualifying devices.

4.2 History
The development of the "short-link" radio technology, later named Bluetooth, was initiated in 1989
by Nils Rydbeck, CTO at Ericsson Mobile in Lund, Sweden and by Johan Ullman. The purpose
was to develop wireless headsets, according to two inventions by Johan Ullman, SE 8902098-6,
issued 1989-06-12 and SE 9202239, issued 1992-07-24. Nils Rydbeck tasked Tord Wingren with
specifying and Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson with developing. Both were working for
Ericsson in Lund.[5] Invented by Dutch electrical engineer Jaap Haartsen, working for
telecommunications company Ericsson in 1994, In 1990, Jaap Haartsen was nominated by the
European Patent Office for the European Inventor Award. The first consumer Bluetooth device
launched in 1999. It was a hands-free mobile headset which earned the "Best of show Technology
Award" at COMDEX. The first Bluetooth mobile phone was the Ericsson T36 but it was the
revised T39 model which actually made it to store shelves in 2001.

The name Bluetooth is an Anglicised version of the Scandinavian Blåtand/Blåtann (Old

Norse blátǫnn), the epithet of the tenth-century king Harald Bluetooth who united dissonant

15
Danish tribes into a single kingdom. The implication is that Bluetooth unites communication
protocols.

The idea of this name was proposed in 1997 by Jim Kardach of Intel, who developed a system that
would allow mobile phones to communicate with computers. At the time of this proposal he was
reading Frans G. Bengtsson's historical novel The Long Ships about Vikings and King Harald
Bluetooth.

4.3 Working of Bluetooth

Bluetooth technology is a short-range wireless communications technology to replace the cables
connecting electronic devices, allowing a person to have a phone conversation via a headset, use
a wireless mouse and synchronize information from a mobile phone to a PC, all using the same
core system.

The Bluetooth RF transceiver (or physical layer) operates in the unlicensed ISM band centered at
2.4 gigahertz (the same range of frequencies used by microwaves and Wi-Fi). The core system
employs a frequency-hopping transceiver to combat interference and fading.

Bluetooth devices are managed using an RF topology known as a "star topology." A group of
devices synchronized in this fashion forms a piconet, which may contain one master and up to
seven active slaves, with additional slaves that are not actively participating in the network. (A
given device may also be part of one or more piconets, either as a master or as a slave.) In a piconet,
the physical radio channel is shared by a group of devices that are synchronized to a common clock
and frequency-hopping pattern, with the master device providing the synchronization references.

Let's say the master device is your mobile phone. All of the other devices in your piconet are
known as slaves. This could include your headset, GPS receiver, MP3 player, car stereo, and so
on.

Devices in a piconet use a specific frequency-hopping pattern, which is algorithmically determined

by the master device. The basic hopping pattern is a pseudorandom ordering of the 79 frequencies
in the ISM band. The hopping pattern may be adapted to exclude a portion of the frequencies that
are used by interfering devices. The adaptive hopping technique improves Bluetooth technology's

16
coexistence with static (no hopping) ISM systems, such as Wi-Fi networks, when these are located
in the vicinity of a piconet.

The physical channel (or the wireless link) is subdivided into time units known as slots. Data is
transmitted between Bluetooth-enabled devices in packets that are positioned in these slots.
Frequency hopping takes place between the transmission or reception of packets, so the packets
that make up one transmission may be sent over different frequencies within the ISM band.

The physical channel is also used as a transport for one or more logical links that support
synchronous and asynchronous traffic as well as broadcast traffic. Each type of link has a specific
use. For instance, synchronous traffic is used to carry hands-free audio data, while asynchronous
traffic may carry other forms of data that can withstand more variability in the timing for delivery,
such as printing a file or synchronizing your calendar between your phone and computer.

One of the complexities often associated with wireless technology is the process of connecting
wireless devices. Users have become accustomed to the process of connecting wired devices by
plugging one end of a cable into one device and the other end into the complementary device.

Bluetooth technology uses the principles of device "inquiry" and "inquiry scan." Scanning devices
listen in on known frequencies for devices that are actively inquiring. When an inquiry is received,
the scanning device sends a response with the information needed for the inquiring device to
determine and display the nature of the device that has recognized its signal.

Let's say you want to wirelessly print a picture from your mobile phone to a nearby printer. In this
case, you go to the picture on your phone and select print as an option for sending that picture. The
phone would begin searching for devices in the area. The printer (the scanning device) would
respond to the inquiry and, as a result, would appear on the phone as an available printing device.
By responding, the printer is ready to accept the connection. When you select the Bluetooth
wireless printer, the printing process kicks off by establishing connections at successively higher
layers of the Bluetooth protocol stack that, in this case, control the printing function.

Like any successful technology, all of this complexity goes on without the user being aware of
anything more than the task he or she is trying to complete, like connecting devices and talking
hands-free or listening to high-quality stereo music on wireless headphones.

17
4.4 Different Types of Bluetooth Technology
The following are the classification of the Bluetooth technology

4.4.1 Bluetooth Headset

Generally, we see this type of headsets on the mobile phones or smartphone. The headset enables
you to make or receive the calls on your mobile phones without using any hands & wires. The
headsets are repaired with the voice reorganization; therefore, it can dial & talk without using your
mobile headset.
4.4.2 Stereo Headset
The working of the stereo headsets is same as the traditional headset without using any wires. This
type of headset is connected to the music players to hear the music from our mobile or smartphone
by using wireless communication. The distance range between the stereo headset & smartphone is
very less. This headset also works with the Bluetooth equipped mobile phones.

4.4.3 In – Car Bluetooth Headset

In the cars we observe the music player system, it is connected to the mobile Bluetooth system
wireless. With the help of the car speaker system, we can receive and make the calls. Without
using a mobile device.
4.4.4 Bluetooth Equipped Printer
The Bluetooth equipped printers are the printers which can print the text documentation & pictures
from any Bluetooth device. The Bluetooth devices are like laptops, PDA, print the data without
using any wires. The devices are synchronized and they are in the range to connect to the printers.
4.4.5 Bluetooth Enabled Webcam
The working of the Bluetooth enabled webcam is same as the traditional webcam. They are
connected wirelessly. The wireless capabilities add mobility to the device, unlike traditional
webcams, which remain docked onto or near the computer.
4.4.5 Bluetooth GPS Device
The GPS device with the Bluetooth technology is an improvement in the traditional GPS. This
device is communicated through the voice. If we speak or mention the address in the GPS, on the
screen, it can get the directions to the address and also there will be voice direction.

18
4.4.6 Bluetooth Keyboard
The Bluetooth keyboard works without the help of the wires connected to the device to a computer
or a laptop. This Bluetooth device is also working for the mobile phones or smartphone devices.
4.4.7 HC-05 Bluetooth Module
HC-05 Bluetooth module is a device which used for wireless communication. We have also used
HC-05 Bluetooth module in our final year project.
4.4.7.1 Introduction
HC-05 Bluetooth module is a device for wireless communication. It is designed to replace cable
connections. It uses serial communication to communicate with devices. It communicates with
microcontroller using serial port (USART). Usually, it connects small devices like mobile phones,
PDAs and TVs using a short-range wireless connection to exchange documents. It uses the
2.45GHz frequency band. The connection can be point-to-point or multi-point where the maximum
range is 10 meters. The transfer rate of the data is 1Mbps.

HC-05 Bluetooth module provides switching mode between master and slave mode which means
it able to use neither receiving nor transmitting data.

Comparing it to the HC-06 module, which can only be set as a Slave, the HC-05 can be set as
Master as well which enables making a communication between two separate Arduino Boards.

You can use Bluetooth module simply for a serial port replacement to establish connection
between MCU, PC to your embedded project and etc.
4.4.7.2 HC-05 Bluetooth Module Specifications

 Frequency: 2.4GHz ISM band

 Modulation: GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying)
 Emission power: ≤4dBm, Class 2
 Sensitivity: ≤-84dBm at 0.1% BER
 Speed: Asynchronous: 2.1Mbps (Max) / 160 kbps, Synchronous: 1Mbps/1Mbps
 Security: Authentication and encryption
 Power supply: +3.3VDC 50mA
 Working temperature: -20 ~ +75Centigrade
 Dimension: 26.9mm x 13mm x 2.2 mm

19
  It is IEEE 802.15.1 standardized protocol, through which one can build wireless Personal
Area Network (PAN). It uses frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) radio
technology to send data over air.

4.4.7.3 Pins Description

It has 6 pins,
1.Key/EN:It is used to bring Bluetooth module in AT commands mode. By default, this pin
operates in data mode. Key/EN pin should be high to operate Bluetooth in command mode. The
default baud rate of HC-05 in command mode is 38400bps and 9600 in data mode. HC-05
module has two modes,
Data mode: Exchange of data between devices. Baud rate is 9600bps in data mode.
Command mode: It uses AT commands which are used to change setting of HC-05. Baud rate is
38400bps in command mode.
2. VCC: Connect 5 V or 3.3 V to this Pin.
3. GND: Ground Pin of module.
4. TXD: Connect with Microcontroller RXD pin of Microcontroller. Transmit Serial data
(wirelessly received data by Bluetooth module transmitted out serially on TXD pin)
5. RXD: Connect with Microcontroller TXD pin of Microcontroller. Received data will be
transmitted wirelessly by Bluetooth module.
6. State: It tells whether module is connected or not. It acts as a status indicator.
All the pins are shown in figure.
Pins description of HC 05 Bluetooth module is shown in fig 4.1

Figure 4.1 pin description of HC-05 Bluetooth module

20
4.5 List of Applications
Wireless control and communication between a mobile phone and a hands-free headset. This was
one of the earliest applications to become popular.
Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a Bluetooth compatible car
stereo system.
Wireless control of and communication with iOS and Android device phones, tablets and
portable wireless speakers.
Wireless Bluetooth headset and Intercom. Idiomatically, a headset is sometimes called "a
Bluetooth".
Wireless streaming of audio to headphones with or without communication capabilities.
Wireless streaming of data collected by Bluetooth-enabled fitness devices to phone or PC.
Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and where little bandwidth is required.
Wireless communication with PC input and output devices, the most common being
the mouse, keyboard and printer.
Transfer of files, contact details, calendar appointments, and reminders between devices
with OBEX.
Replacement of previous wired RS-232 serial communications in test equipment, GPS receivers,
medical equipment, bar code scanners, and traffic control devices.
For controls where infrared was often used.
For low bandwidth applications where higher USB bandwidth is not required and cable-free
connection desired.
Sending small advertisements from Bluetooth-enabled advertising hoardings to other,
discoverable, Bluetooth devices.
Wireless bridge between two Industrial Ethernet (e.g., PROFINET) networks.
Seventh and eighth generation game consoles such as Nintendo's Wii, and Sony's PlayStation
3 use Bluetooth for their respective wireless controllers.
Dial-up internet access on personal computers or PDAs using a data-capable mobile phone as a
wireless modem.

21
Short-range transmission of health sensor data from medical devices to mobile phone, set-top
box or dedicated telehealth devices.
Allowing a DECT phone to ring and answer calls on behalf of a nearby mobile phone.
Real-time location systems (RTLS) are used to track and identify the location of objects in real
time using "Nodes" or "tags" attached to, or embedded in, the objects tracked, and "Readers" that
receive and process the wireless signals from these tags to determine their locations.
Personal security application on mobile phones for prevention of theft or loss of items. The
protected item has a Bluetooth marker (e.g., a tag) that is in constant communication with the
phone. If the connection is broken (the marker is out of range of the phone) then an alarm is raised.
This can also be used as a man overboard alarm. A product using this technology has been
available since 2009.
Calgary, Alberta, Canada's Roads Traffic division uses data collected from travelers' Bluetooth
devices to predict travel times and road congestion for motorists.
Wireless transmission of audio (a more reliable alternative to FM transmitters)
Connection of motion controllers to a PC when using VR headsets
Different application of Bluetooth is shown in fig 4.2

Figure 4.2 Application of Bluetooth

22
 Chapter 5
Fault Detection in Transformer and Alert System Using
Bluetooth

5.1 Background
Fault detection in transformer and alert system using Bluetooth is our final year project.
Abnormality in distribution transformer is accompanied with variation in different parameters like
Winding temperature, Top and bottom oil temperatures, Ambient temperature, load current, oil
flow (pump motor), moisture in oil dissolved gas in oil, bushing condition, LTC monitoring, oil
level. However, we are dealing with oil level of transformer, temperature of transformer, voltage
of transformer and over current of transformer.
Online monitoring system consists of Bluetooth system, mobile-users and sensors installed at
transformer side. Sensors are installed on transformer side which reads and measures the physical
quantity from the distribution transformer and then it converts it into the analog signal. The
embedded module is located at the transformer side. It is utilized to acquire, process, display,
transmit and receive the parameters to/ from the Bluetooth module. The second module which is
Bluetooth module, it is the link between the embedded system and the android mobile application.
The third is utility module that has a PC-based -server located at the utility control center. The
server is attached to mobile network to receive and transmit SMS from/to the transformer side via
the Bluetooth module.
5.2 Problem Statement
Faults can occur in transformers due to many reasons during its continuous operation.
The main causes of faults occurrence in transformers include
A. Over current fault (due to over load or short circuiting).
B. Over voltage fault of transformer
C. Increased temperature fault of transformer
D. Disturbance in transformer’s oil level.
All the faults and its rectification are briefly discussed below.

23
5.2.1 Over Current Fault
Transformer is a static device which converts the voltage from one level to other level without any
change in frequency and power. Load is connected at secondary winding of the transformer; it
increases to the rated value. Due to short circuit or suddenly increase in load can cause overloading,
over-voltages and overheating that can harmful to the transformer windings insulation and severe
damage can be occur on the secondary side of transformer. Transformer can cause failure due to
the different faults occur. Various faults like over currents, over voltage faults, under voltage and
also rise in temperature of transformer oil. So, for minimize this above fault a high reliable and
speed of operation of relay with more accuracy is needed. In this paper a protection methodology
is purposed that introduced the above stated problems. Transformer protection is a important factor
in the design of an electrical power system.
5.2.1.1 Over Load
If load on secondary is increased, current in secondary winding as well as primary winding
increases. As transformer winding has finite resistance. Therefore, secondary voltage decreases
linearly as secondary current increases (load increases). Also, higher current in transformer
windings increases copper loss in transformer which dissipate energy in the form of heat. This may
cause transformer to exceed its safe temperature limits if transformer is overloaded beyond its
design limits. When more current is flowing in a transformer winding it may burn the whole
transformer unit.
5.2.1.2 Short Circuiting
If load increases, then current will also increase. As transformer is a constant flux machine,
increase in load current will be compensated by increase in primary current. Now if transformer
operates at current more than its rated current then copper losses will heat the winding. So
insulation over windings will be damaged and it will result into phase short circuit or earth fault.

5.2.2 Over Current Protection of Transformer

To prevent the transformer from the fault due to the over- current we used relay and current sensor
(current transformer) interfaced with Arduino to measure the current value. CT are generally used
to measure the high value of current. It’s necessary for protection and control the fault. A current
sensor is a device that detects and converts current to an easily measured output voltage, which is

24
proportional to the current through the measured path. When a current flow through a wire or in a
circuit, voltage drop occurs. CT act as current sensor.
5.2.2.1 Arduino Current Sensor AC 5A Model TA12-100
We have used a current sensor model TA12-100 to measure the load current at the secondary side
of transformer. Electronic brick of electricity sensor is based on TA12-100 current transformer,
which can transform AC signals of large current into small amplitude signals. The maximum
current. Current sensor is shown in fig 5.1

Figure 5.1 current sensor TA12-100

5.2.2 Over voltage fault of transformer

If any unexpected fluctuation in the power supply may cause many problems in the industries,
homes, offices. Voltage fluctuations in the electric power supply have a very poor effect on
connected load. These fluctuations of over voltage and under voltage protection system are
produced by many reasons which are like voltage surges, limiting, overload and etc. General
applications of these systems are used in agriculture motors, water pumps and etc. In this project,
we made the control structures of the under voltage and over voltage protection system.
5.2.2.1 Arduino Voltage sensor
PT are also generally used to measure the high voltage application. To measure the high voltage
by stepping down the voltage. The Potential transformer is act as voltage sensor which is used to
sense or measure the voltage flow from the system. The potential transformer place parallel to the
load. The bridge rectifier convert AC voltages into DC voltage and attached to the analog pin of
microcontroller. For calibration purpose, we use the pots (Variable resistor) to change the supply
voltage and produce under voltage and over voltage fault in the power system. Real time picture
as shown in fig 5.2
25
 Figure 5.2 voltage sensor

The voltage exceeds its upper limit is called as over voltage. Depending on the duration the over
voltage durations are like a transient, voltage spike and power surge. The following graph shows
the variations between the time and voltage. When the voltage is below the fixed voltage is said
to be as under voltage. Voltage characteristics is shown in fig 5.3

Figure 5.3 voltage characteristics

5.2.3 Over Temperature Fault of Transformer

The loading of transformer is decided by permissible temperature rise of windings and
oil. Permissible oil temperature is 65 °C and hot spot temperature of the winding is 80 °C at rated
load. As the load of the transformer does not remain steady and varies according to load curve,
the loading of transformer becomes an important operating problem.
The rated output of a power transformer is mentioned on its name plate with reference to specified
temperature rise under specified test conditions. The output which can be obtained from a
transformer without causing undue deterioration of the insulation may be either more or less than

26
the name plate rating depending upon the operating conditions, such as ambient temperature,
initial loading, cooling provision, life expectancy, etc. Overheating in transformer may be caused
by overloads above the permissible overloads specified by the manufacturers, according to IEC
Standards (60354 for oil-filled transformers and 60905 for dry type transformers), and external
faults, such as short-circuits on installations downstream. Most of these faults may be limited by
proper maintenance of a transformer. Overheating may cause a breakdown of the insulation of the
windings.
We have used DS18B20 temperature sensor to measure the temperature of a transformer oil.
5.2.3.1 Ds18b20 Temperature Sensor
The DS18B20 is a small temperature sensor with a built in 12-bit ADC. It can be easily connected
to an Arduino digital input. The sensor communicates over a one-wire bus and requires little in the
way of additional components. The sensors have a quoted accuracy of +/-0.5 °C in the range -
10 °C to +85 °C. Multiple sensors can be connected to the same data bus. Each sensor identifies
itself by a unique serial number. The sensor can operate in normal or parasite mode. In normal
mode, a 3-wire connection is needed. In parasite mode the sensor derives its power from the data
line. Only two wires, data and ground, are required.
5.2.3.2 Pin Description
The pin configuration of DS18B20 discussed below.
a) Pin1 (Ground): This pin is used to connect to the GND terminal of the circuit
b) Pin2 (Vcc): This pin is used to give the power to the sensor which ranges from 3.3V or 5V
c) Pin3 (Data): The data pin supplies the temperature value, which can communicate with the
help of 1-wire method.
Pin description is shown in fig 5.4

Figure 5.4 DS18B20 temperature sensor

27
5.2.3.3 Working Principle
The working principle of this DS18B20 temperature sensor is like a temperature sensor. The
resolution of this sensor ranges from 9-bits to 12-bits. But the default resolution which is used to
power-up is 12-bit. This sensor gets power within a low-power inactive condition. The temperature
measurement, as well as the conversion of A-to-D, can be done with a convert T command. The
resulting temperature information can be stored within the 2-byte register in the sensor, and after
that, this sensor returns to its inactive state.
If the sensor is power-driven by an exterior power supply, then the master can provide read time
slots next to the Convert T command. The sensor will react by supplying 0 though the temperature
change is in the improvement and reacts by supplying 1 though the temperature change is done.
5.2.3.4 Specifications

The specifications of this sensor include the following.

a) This sensor is a programmable and digital temperature sensor
b) The communication of this sensor can be done with the help of a 1-Wire method
c) The range of power supply is 3.0V – 5.5V
d) Fahrenheit equal s to -67°F to +257°F
e) The accuracy of this sensor is ±0.5°C
f) The o/p resolution will range from 9-bit to 12-bit
g) It changes the 12-bit temperature to digital word within 750 ms time
h) This sensor can be power-driven from the data line
i) Alarm options are programmable
j) The multiplexing can be enabled by Unique 64-bit address
k) The temperature can be calculated from -55°C to +125°C.
l) These are obtainable like SOP, To-92, and also as a waterproof sensor

5.2.4 Disturbance in Transformer’s Oil Level

Transformer oil or insulating oil is an oil that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent
electrical insulating properties. It is used in oil-filled transformers, some types of high-voltage
capacitors, fluorescent lamp ballasts, and some types of high-voltage switches and circuit breakers.
Its functions are to insulate, suppress corona discharge and arcing, and to serve as a coolant.

28
Transformer oil is most often based on mineral oil, but alternative formulations with better
engineering or environmental properties are growing in popularity.
5.2.4.1 Function and Properties

Transformer oil's primary functions are to insulate and cool a transformer. It must therefore have
high dielectric strength, thermal conductivity, and chemical stability, and must keep these
properties when held at high temperatures for extended periods. Typical specifications are: flash
point 140 °C or greater, pour point −30 °C or lower, dielectric breakdown voltage 28 kV (RMS)
or greater. To improve cooling of large power transformers, the oil-filled tank may have
external radiators through which the oil circulates by natural convection. Power transformers with
capacities of thousands of kVA may also have cooling fans, oil pumps, and even oil-to-water heat
exchangers.
Power transformers undergo prolonged drying processes, using electrical self-heating, the
application of a vacuum, or both to ensure that the transformer is completely free of water
vapor before the insulating oil is introduced. This helps prevent corona formation and
subsequent electrical breakdown under load.
5.2.4.2 Protection of Oil Level
Due to disturbance of oil level in transformer there should be fault occurred. If oil level become
decrease (below the winding) it may cause to damage the transformer. For the solution of this issue
we have used the ultrasonic sensor to measure the oil level in a transformer tank. The ultrasonic
sensor is interfaced with microcontroller to provide us the information about the oil level in
transformer tank.
5.2.4.3 Ultrasonic Sensor (Hc-Sr04)
The ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 measures the distance of the nearest object, sending the result
to the serial port. It measures the time spent by the signal to reach the object and return to the
sensor. The ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to determine distance to an object like bats do. It offers
excellent non-contact range detection with high accuracy and stable readings in an easy-to-use
package. It comes complete with ultrasonic transmitter and receiver modules.
5.2.4.4 Features
Here’s a list of some of the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor features and specs:

a) Power Supply: +5V DC

29
 b) Quiescent Current: <2mA
c) Working Current: 15mA
d) Effectual Angle: <15°
e) Ranging Distance: 2cm – 400 cm/1″ – 13ft
f) Resolution: 0.3 cm
g) Measuring Angle: 30 degree
h) Trigger Input Pulse width: 10uS
i) Dimension: 45mm x 20mm x 15mm
5.2.4.5 Working
The ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to determine the distance to an object. Here’s what happens:
1. The transmitter (trig pin) sends a signal: a high-frequency sound.
2. When the signal finds an object, it is reflected and…
3. The transmitter (echo pin) receives it.
Working of ultrasonic sensor is shown in fig 5.5

Figure 5.5 working of ultrasonic sensor

The time between the transmission and reception of the signal allows us to calculate the distance
to an object. This is possible because we know the sound’s velocity in the air.

30
We have this sensor for monitoring oil level. If oil level become low of its normal level the
ultrasonic sensor should sense the issue and send information about the oil level to the
microcontroller, and microcontroller will take further action.
The real picture of our project is shown in fig 5.6

Figure 5.6 Real picture of our project

31
 Chapter 6
Hardware Implementation

6.1 Introduction
In this chapter we will discussed about all the hardware which we have used in our final year
project. It tells about the working, design, features and uses of all components, as well as
implementation of all the components which we have used in our project. The brief explanation of
hardware is given below.
6.2 Arduino (UNO)
Arduino is a main component which we used in our project. Arduino is an open-source platform
used for building electronics projects. Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit
board (often referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) that runs on your computer, used to write and upload computer code
to the physical board.

The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting out with electronics, and
for good reason. Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, the Arduino does not need a
separate piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load new code onto the board -- you
can simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++,
making it easier to learn to program. Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks
out the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package.
6.2.1 Features of Arduino Uno Board

a) Arduino Uno comes with USB interface i.e. USB port is added on the board to develop
serial communication with the computer.

b) Atmega328 microcontroller is placed on the board that comes with a number of features
like timers, counters, interrupts, PWM, CPU, I/O pins and based on a 16MHz clock that
helps in producing more frequency and number of instructions per cycle.

c) It is an open source platform where anyone can modify and optimize the board based on
the number of instructions and task they want to achieve.

32
 d) This board comes with a built-in regulation feature which keeps the voltage under control
when the device is connected to the external device.

e) Reset pin is added in the board that reset the whole board and takes the running program
in the initial stage. This pin is useful when board hangs up in the middle of the running
program; pushing this pin will clear everything up in the program and starts the program
right from the beginning.

f) There are 14 I/O digital and 6 analog pins incorporated in the board that allows the external
connection with any circuit with the board. These pins provide the flexibility and ease of
use to the external devices that can be connected through these pins. There is no hard and
fast interface required to connect the devices to the board. Simply plug the external device
into the pins of the board that are laid out on the board in the form of the header.

g) The 6 analog pins are marked as A0 to A5 and come with a resolution of 10bits. These pins
measure from 0 to 5V, however, they can be configured to the high range using analog
Reference () function and AREF pin.

h) 13KB of flash memory is used to store the number of instructions in the form of code.

i) Only 5 V is required to turn the board on, which can be achieved directly using USB port
or external adopter, however, it can support external power source up to 12 V which can
be regulated and limit to 5 V or 3.3 V based on the requirement of the project.
Arduino pins description is shown in fig 6.1

Figure 6.1 Arduino UNO

All the sensors and other components are connected with Arduino through a different pin.

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6.3 TA12-100 Arduino AC Current Sensor
Measuring AC current with an Arduino can be a little tricky. The use of this Itead TA12-100
current transformer makes it possible. The device uses a 1000:1 voltage current transformer. The
output of this transformer has a 200-ohm resistor across its output. The AC current is calculated
by measuring the voltage drop across the resistor. It is particularly useful when measure current at
line frequency. This 5A AC current Sensor requires two connections to your Arduino and it
requires you to run the wire that you wish to measure current on through the center of the current
transformer.
Current sensor is shown in fig 6.2

Figure 6.2 Real picture of Current Sensor

we used this current sensor to measure the current flow at the secondary side of transformer. It has
three pins. N pin is not in used. Ground pin is connected with Arduino ground, signal output pin
is connected with A0 pin of Arduino. I case of over current condition current sensor will sense the
current and send the information to the Arduino through A0 pin.

6.4 Voltage sensor

A voltage sensor can in fact determine, monitor and can measure the supply of voltage. It can
measure AC level or/and DC voltage level. The input to the voltage sensor is the voltage itself and
the output can be analog voltage signals, switches, audible signals, analog current level, frequency
or even frequency modulated outputs. That is, some voltage sensors can provide sine or pulse trains
as output and others can produce Amplitude Modulation, Pulse Width Modulation or Frequency
Modulation outputs. Voltage sensor is shown in fig 6.3

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 Figure 6.3 real picture of voltage Sensor

This voltage sensor is used to measure the DC voltage up to 25 volts. Bust through Arduino
programing we can measure 250 volts AC through this sensor. It has three pins. ground is
connected with Arduino ground. Vcc is connected with Arduino 5v. S pin is connected with
Arduino A1. During the abnormal condition, information about the voltage is send to the arduino
through A1 pin.

6.5 Ds18b20 Temperature Sensor

This is a pre-wired and waterproofed (with heat shrink) version of the DS18B20 sensor. Handy for
when you need to measure something far away, or in wet conditions. While the sensor range is -
50°C to 125°C the cable is jacketed in PVC so we suggest keeping it under 100°C. Because they
are digital, you don't get any signal degradation even over long distances! These 1-wire digital
temperature sensors are fairly precise (±0.5°C over much of the range) and can give up to 12 bits
of precision from the onboard digital-to-analog converter. They work great with any
microcontroller using a single digital pin, and you can even connect multiple ones to the same pin,
each one has a unique 64-bit ID burned in at the factory to differentiate them. Usable with 3.0-
5.0V systems. Temperature sensor is shown in fig 6.4

Figure 6.4 real picture of temperature sensor

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It has three pins. GND is connected with Arduino ground. VDD is connected with Arduino 5 volts.
DQ is connected with the Arduino digital pin D8. If the temperature exceeds of its normal value,
Arduino will receive the signal through D8 pin.

6.6 Ultrasonic Sensor Hc –Sr04

We used an ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 in our project to measure the transformer oil level. It emits
an ultrasound at 40 000 Hz which travels through the air and if there is an object or obstacle on its
path It will bounce back to the module. Considering the travel time and the speed of the sound you
can calculate the distance. Ultrasonic sensor has two main part, transmitter and receiver.
Transmitter transmit the ultrasonic waves which travel through the air and if there is an object or
obstacle on its path it will come back and receiver receive the waves.
Ultrasonic sensor is shown in fig 6.5

Figure 6.5 Ultrasonic sensor

Ultrasonic sensor has four pins. Vcc is connected with the Arduino 5v pin. GND is connected with
Arduino ground. Trigger pin is connected with Arduino digital pin D12. Echo pin is connected
with the Arduino digital pin D11.

6.7 Bluetooth Module HC 05

We used Bluetooth module hc 05 in our project for communication purpose. The particular module
that I have can be powered from 3.6 to 6 volts, because it comes on breakout board which contains
a voltage regulator. However, the logic voltage level of the data pins is 3.3V. So, the line between
the Arduino TX (Transmit Pin, which has 5V output) and the Bluetooth module RX (Receive Pin,
which supports only 3.3V) needs to be connected through a voltage divider in order not to burn
the module. On the other hand, the line between the Bluetooth module TX pin and the Arduino
RX pin can be connected directly because the 3.3V signal from the Bluetooth module is enough to
be accepted as a high logic at the Arduino Board. HC 05 Bluetooth module is shown in fig 6.6

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 Figure 6.6 Real picture of Bluetooth Module

Hc 05 Bluetooth module has six pins. Each pin has a unique function n. We used only three pins.
GND is connected with Arduino ground. Vcc pin is connected with Arduino 5v. Tx pin is
connected with Arduino digital pin D9. Tx pin is used to Transmits Serial Data. Everything
received via Bluetooth will be given out by this pin as serial data.

6.8 Relay Module

A relay is basically a switch which is operated by an electromagnet. The electromagnet requires a
small voltage to get activated which we will give from the Arduino and once it is activated, it will
pull the contact to make the high voltage circuit. The relay module we are going to use is the SRD-
05VDC-SL-C. It runs on 5V and we can control it with any micro-controller but we are going to
use Arduino.
Pins description of 5 volts relay is shown in fig 6.7

Figure 6.7 Pins description of Relay Module

We used this relay to operate in a normal condition and trip in an abnormal condition. The Arduino
relay module has total of five pins. Coil 1 terminal is connected with Arduino digital pin D13.
Common terminal of relay is connected with primary terminal 1 of transformer. Coil 2 terminal of
relay is connected with arduino ground. Normally open terminal of relay is connected with main
supply 220 volts.

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6.9 Transformer
Transformer is one of the main device which we used in our project. Our project is based on the
protection of transformer. Transformer primary side is connected with main supply 220 volt
through a relay coil. A bridge rectifier is used at the secondary side to convert AC voltage into
DC. 45uf capacitor is used for the filtration of DC voltage A 1.20 ampere DC load is connected at
the secondary side of a transformer through bridge rectifier. Transformer picture is shown in 6.8

Figure 6.8 Transformer

Voltage sensor and current sensor is connected at the secondary side of transformer. One terminal
of a secondary side of transformer is connected with s terminal of voltage sensor and other terminal
of secondary side of transformer is connected with g terminal of the voltage sensor. current sensor
is also connected at the secondary side of transformer.

6.10 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 20*4

Liquid crystal display is used in our project to show us all the result. LCD is connected with
microcontroller. Microcontroller receive the data from different sensor and send it to LCD. We
can watch all the data of different sensor through LCD. LCD has sixteen pins. Each pin has a
unique function. the pins description of LCD is shown in fig 6.9

Figure 6.9 LCD Pins description

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Pin Connections of LCD With Arduino is given below.
* LCD RS pin to digital pin 12
* LCD Enable pin to digital pin 11
* LCD D4 pin to digital pin 5
* LCD D5 pin to digital pin 4
* LCD D6 pin to digital pin 3
* LCD D7 pin to digital pin 2
* LCD R/W pin to ground
* LCD VSS pin to ground
* LCD VCC pin to 5V
* 10K resistor:
* ends to +5V and ground
* wiper to LCD VO pin (pin 3)

6.10 Block Diagram

Block diagram will show us all the hardware which is used in our project in the form of blocks.

Figure 6.10 Block Diagram of Model

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6.11 Circuit Diagram of Model
Circuit diagram will show us all the components, their pins and connections. This portion will
show us the assembling of all the hardware.

Figure 6.12 Circuit diagram of model

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 Chapter 7
Results and Conclusion

7.1 Results
In this chapter we will discuss about the results of all the values like voltage, current, temperature
and oil level of a transformer. We will discuss the comparison between normal condition and fault
condition of transformer. We will also discuss about the effect of faulty condition.

Lab testing is performed on distance between ultrasonic sensor and oil is 7 inches, 1.15 A current,
245 V voltages and 45ᵒ C temperature settings. When the rating of current and voltage is reaches
its defined threshold value, then the load is cut-off. Also, the temperature and oil level reaches it
limits then load would be cut-off. The temperature of the windings is raised above 45 deg C which
is an abnormal condition. The sensor senses the condition and it places the high signal on A13 pin
and then the Arduino transmits the signal to Bluetooth which in turn sends the message to the
programmed number.
By the same way, oil level was lowered manually and the message was received and the oil level
was displayed on the LCD display. Testing results are shown in tables.
All the values are shown in different tables as given below.

Table 7.1 show us actual values and presets values of all the four parameters

Parameter Actual Value Preset Value

Winding Temperature 40 deg C >45 deg C

Output Voltage 220 volts 200 to 245 volts

Load Current 1 ampere 1.15 ampere

Oil Level 5 Inches 7 Inches

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 Table 7.2 Effect of over voltage and under voltage
S No. Output voltage Load Condition Bluetooth Mobile Network
Message (shown Message received
on screen) by a specified No.
1 <200 volts OFF Fault A Under voltage
detection

2 >245 volts OFF Fault A Over voltage

detection
3 200 to 245 ON Normal No Message No Message
volts

Variable A is assigned for over/under voltage fault as shown in fig 7.1

Figure 7.1 voltage fault notification shown on mobile screen

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 Table 7.3 Effect of load variation
S No. Load Current Load Condition Bluetooth Message Mobile Network
(shown on screen) Message specified by a
particular No.
1 >1.15 A OFF Fault C Over current Detection

2 >1.15 A ON Normal No Message No Message

Variable C is assigned for over current fault as shown in fig 7.2

Figure 7.2 current fault notification shown on mobile screen

Table 7.4 Effect of temperature variation

S No. Winding Load Condition Bluetooth Message Mobile Network
Temperature (shown on screen) Message specified by a
particular No.
1 >45 deg C OFF Fault B Temperature Detection

2 =<45 deg C ON Normal No Massage No Message

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Variable B is assigned for over temperature fault as shown in fig 7.3

Figure 7.3 over temperature fault notification shown on mobile screen

Table 7.5 Effect of oil level

S No. Oil Level Load Condition Bluetooth Mobile
(distance b/w Message Network
oil Level and (shown on Message
Ultrasonic screen) received by a
Senor) particular No.
1 >7 Inches OFF Fault D Oil Level
Detection

2 =< 7 Inches ON Normal No Message No Message

Variable D is assigned for oil level fault as shown in fig 7.4.

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 Figure 7.4 Oil level fault notification shown on mobile screen

7.2 Conclusion
The Bluetooth based monitoring of distribution transformer is quite useful as compared to manual
monitoring and also it is reliable as it is not possible to monitor always the oil level, oil/winding
temperature rise, load current and over voltage manually. After receiving of message of any
abnormality we can take action immediately to prevent any catastrophic failures of distribution
transformers. In a distribution transformer, we can easily figure out that transformer is undergoing
fault from the message sent to mobile through Bluetooth module. we can recover the system in
less time. The complete design of the model is given and the circuit of monitoring and protection
of distribution transformer is successfully implemented and the desired result is obtained.
Manually the oil level was made low below the limit instantly our monitoring system detects the
fault and trips the circuit along with sending a message to the specified number.

7.3 Future work

A server module can be included to this system for receiving and storing transformer parameters
information periodically about all the distribution transformers of a particular utility in a database
application. This database will be a useful source of information on the utility transformers.
Analysis of these stored data helps the utility in monitoring the operational behavior of their
distribution transformers and identify faults before any catastrophic failures thus resulting in
significant cost saving as well as improving system reliability.

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 References

[1] Okokpujie Kennedy, Amuta Elizabeth , Okonigene Robert, Samuel John “MONITORING
AND FAULT DETECTION SYSTEM FOR POWER TRANSMISSION USING GSM
TECHNOLOGY” Int'l Conf. Wireless Networks , ICWN'17.
[2] Ansuman Sharma, Rajesh Behura “GSM based Distribution Transformer
Monitoring System” May-2013.
[3] Jenifer A, Bharathi B R, Shanthi Mounika B “Monitoring and Protection of Distribution
Transformer Using GSM Module” International Journal of Engineering and Techniques -
Volume 4 Issue 1, Jan – Feb 2018.
[4] Don Wilcher, “Learn Electronics with Arduino”, illustrated Edition, Apress, 2012
[5] Yashavant P.Kanetkar, “Let us C”, 12th Edition, BPB Publications, 2010
[6] Adil Naseem, Naveed Alam “PROTECTION OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
USING ARDUINO PLATFORM” Sci.Int.(Lahore),27(1),403-406,2015
[7] Akshay R. Thakare, Sneha S. Yadaw, Pushkar I. Vasekar, Vanita M. Solanke “Protection
and Monitoring Of Transformer Using Arduino” International Journal for Research in
Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), Volume 6 Issue II, February2018

46
 Abbreviations

CT: current transformer

PT: potential transformer
AC: alternative current
DC: direct current
EEPROM: Electrically erasable programmable read- only memory
IDE: Integrated development environment
LCD: Liquid-crystal display
SMS: Short service message
ADC: Analog to digital converter
RTLS: Real-time location systems

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