Latin American and Caribbean Law and

Economics Association
From the SelectedWorks of Jose Luis Sardon

January 2010

El sistema electoral peruano

Contact Start Your Own Notify Me

Author SelectedWorks of New Work

Available at: http://works.bepress.com/jose_luis_sardon/25

 El sistema electoral peruano |

El sistema electoral peruano

José Luis Sardón de Taboada1

I. Introducción

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273
El Estado en debate: múltiples miradas
| José Luis Sardón de Taboada

II. Derecho de sufragio y participación electoral

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274
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 El sistema electoral peruano |

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GRÁFICO 1. Número de electores en el Perú contemporáneo

ELECCIONES GENERALES 2006

EVOLUCIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN ELECTORAL

18,000,000 16,484,906
14,587,488 14,806,233
15,000,000
11,974,396
12,000,000
10,013,225
Electores

900,000 8,333,433
6,471,101
600,000

300,000

0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2005
Fuente: Jurado Nacional de Elecciones 2008.

III. El sistema de elección del presidente de la República

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275
El Estado en debate: múltiples miradas
| José Luis Sardón de Taboada

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TABLA 1. Reglas fundamentales para la elección del presidente de la República

Constitución Constitución Constitución Constitución Constitución

de 1860 de 1920 de 1933 de 1979 de 1993

Duración mandato 4 años 5 años 6 años 5 años 5 años

Primera vuelta Pueblo Pueblo Pueblo Pueblo Pueblo
Votación mínima Más de Más de Más de Más de la Más de la
un tercio un tercio un tercio mitad de mitad de
de votos de votos de votos los votos los votos
válidos válidos válidos válidamente válidos
emitidos
Segunda vuelta Congreso Congreso Congreso Pueblo Pueblo
Elaboración: propia.

276
El Estado en debate: múltiples miradas
 El sistema electoral peruano |

IV. El sistema de elección del Congreso de la República

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277
El Estado en debate: múltiples miradas
| José Luis Sardón de Taboada

!*'-&$.3&*B'+,$'&%,/,$'/-#*(#/,+&$'&*'&+'$#$%&3,'1&'-&/-&$&*%,(#?*'.%#+#0,1)'/,-,'&+&<#-',+'
>)*<-&$)'$&-8,*'+,$'2.&'U<.-,*'&*'+,'%,E+,']5

TABLA 2. Etapas del sistema de representación peruano

Primera etapa: Segunda etapa: Tercera etapa:

1860-1931 1931-1963 1963-presente

Distritos electorales Provincias Departamentos Departamentos ó

para elegir a los (diputados); (diputados y distrito nacional
congresistas departamentos senadores único
(senadores)
Criterio predominante Mayoritario Lista incompleta Proporcional
de asignación de
asientos
Elaboración: propia.

V. El sistema electoral subnacional

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278
El Estado en debate: múltiples miradas
 El sistema electoral peruano |

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TABLA 3. Características del sistema electoral subnacional

Reglas fundamentales

1. No hay separación de poderes —se elige con un solo voto al órgano ejecutivo y al órgano
normativo o de control.
2. El criterio de asignación de asientos es principalmente mayoritario y complementariamente
proporcional.
Elaboración: propia.

VI. El sistema electoral y el régimen político

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279
El Estado en debate: múltiples miradas
| José Luis Sardón de Taboada

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1&+'*73&-)'1&'(,*1#1,%.-,$'/-&$#1&*(#,+&$','/,-%#-'1&'JKLM5

GRÁFICO 2. Candidaturas presidenciales 1980-2006

21
20

18
15
14
15

12

9
9 9 9
6 8

0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2006
Fuente: Jurado Nacional de Elecciones (2007).

11' k&+,.*1&'%&*8,'3,G)-8,'&*'+,'>=3,-,'1&'O#/.%,1)$F'$)+)'(,-&(8,'1&'&++,'&*'&+'\&*,1)5

280
El Estado en debate: múltiples miradas
 El sistema electoral peruano |

VII. Representación difusa

A=$',++='1&'$.'&9&(%)'$)E-&'&+'$#$%&3,'1&'/,-%#1)$B'+,'-&/-&$&*%,(#?*'/-)/)-(#)*,+'D,'%&*#1)'
.*'$&<.*1)'&9&(%)B',(,$)'3=$'<-,4&'%)1,48,B'$)E-&'&+'$#$%&3,'/)+8%#()'/&-.,*)R'D,'&$%,E+&(#1)'
.*'48*(.+)'1&'-&/-&$&*%,(#?*'1;E#+'&*%-&'()*<-&$#$%,$'G'(#.1,1,*)$5'!++)'$&'D,'%-,1.(#1)'&*'
2.&B','/,-%#-'1&'+,'N$,3E+&,'>)*$%#%.G&*%&'JKZLhJKZKB'+,'%,$,'1&'-&&+&((#?*'/-)3&1#)'1&'+)$'
()*<-&$#$%,$'&*'&+'I&-7'$&,'1&',/&*,$']fi5'>)*%#*.,3&*%&B'&+'&+&(%)-'/&-.,*)'-&/.1#,'+,'
<&$%#?*'1&'+)$'()*<-&$#$%,$5
!+',(%.,+'>)*<-&$)'-&/-&$&*%,'.*'(,$)'&"%-&3)B'$)+)'$./&-,1)'/)-'&+'>)*<-&$)'>)*$%#%.G&*%&'
O&3)(-=%#()' JKKQhJKKfB' &*' %;-3#*)$' 1&' ,3,%&.-#$3)5' !*' &9&(%)B' LZi' 1&' +)$' ,(%.,+&$'
()*<-&$#$%,$'*)'&$%.4#&-)*'/-&$&*%&$'&*'&+'>)*<-&$)']MMJh]MMX5'\)+)'JQi'1&'+)$',*%&-#)-&$'
()*<-&$#$%,$'+)<-,-)*'$&-'-&&+&<#1)$B'1&+'eei'2.&'/)$%.+?','+,'-&&+&((#?*5'!$%&',3,%&.-#$3)B'
$#*' &3E,-<)B' &$' 3,%#0,1)' /)-' &+' -&%)-*)' 1&' ,+<.*)$' /)()$' &"' ()*<-&$#$%,$' 1&' 1;(,1,$'
/,$,1,$5
!+'$#$%&3,'1&'-&/-&$&*%,(#?*'1#U(.+%,'+,'-&*1#(#?*'1&'(.&*%,$'/)-'/,-%&'1&'+)$'()*<-&$#$%,$'
D,(#,'$.$'E,$&$'&+&(%)-,+&$5'\#'$&'()*$#1&-,'2.&'&+'1&/,-%,3&*%)'1&'c#3,'%#&*&')(D)'3#++)*&$'
1&'D,E#%,*%&$B'G'$&',:,1&'2.&'&+'3,*1,%)'()*<-&$,+'&$'1&'(#*()',:)$B'-&$.+%,'2.&'+,'-&*1#(#?*'
1&' (.&*%,$' &$' eM' 4&(&$' 3=$' ()$%)$,' 2.&' &*' +)$' !$%,1)$' C*#1)$B' 1)*1&' +)$' ()*<-&$#$%,$'
-&/-&$&*%,*' 1#$%-#%)$' &+&(%)-,+&$' 1&' 3&1#)' 3#++?*' 1&' D,E#%,*%&$B' G' $.' 3,*1,%)' &$' 1&' $)+)'
1)$',:)$5
I)-'(#&-%)B'+,'&+&((#?*'/)-'+#$%,$'D,'E.$(,1)'$&-',%&*.,1,'/)-'&+'++,3,1)'voto preferencial.
C%#+#0,1)' /)-' /-#3&-,' 4&0' /,-,' +,' &+&((#?*' 1&' +,' N$,3E+&,' >)*$%#%.G&*%&' JKZLhJKZKB' &+'
4)%)' /-&9&-&*(#,+' 2.&1?' UH,1)' &*' &+' $#$%&3,' &+&(%)-,+' /&-.,*)' ,' /,-%#-' 1&' +,' &+&((#?*'
1&+' >)*<-&$)' JKLfhJKKM5' !$%&' #3/+#(,' 2.&B' +.&<)' 1&' 3,-(,-' &+' $83E)+)' 1&' +,' +#$%,' 1&' $.'
/-&9&-&*(#,B'&+'&+&(%)-'/.&1&'#*1#(,-'D,$%,'1)$'*73&-)$'1&'+)$'(,*1#1,%)$'1&*%-)'1&'&$,'
+#$%,5
N+' -&,+#0,-$&' &+' (?3/.%)' 1&' +)$' 4)%)$' /,-,' &+' >)*<-&$)B' $&' %#&*&*B' /)-' %,*%)B' 1)$' &%,/,$'
1#9&-&*%&$R'.*,'/-#3&-,B'&*'+,'2.&'$&'1#$%-#E.G&*'+)$',$#&*%)$'&*%-&'+,$'1#9&-&*%&$'+#$%,$'&*'
/-)/)-(#?*','$.'4)%,(#?*F'.*,'$&<.*1,B'&*'+,'2.&'$&',$#<*,*'+)$',$#&*%)$'&*%-&'+)$'(,*1#1,%)$'
1&'(,1,'+#$%,B'$&<7*'&+')-1&*'&$%,E+&(#1)'/)-'&+'*73&-)'1&'4)%)$'/-&9&-&*(#,+&$')E%&*#1)$'
/)-'(,1,'.*)'1&'+)$'(,*1#1,%)$5'
!*' +,' %,E+,' e' $&' /-&$&*%,' &+' /)-(&*%,H&' 1&' ()*<-&$#$%,$' -&&+&<#1)$' /,-,' &+' >)*<-&$)'
#*3&1#,%,3&*%&'$#<.#&*%&5

TABLA 4. Congresistas reelegidos 1978-2006

Congreso
Asamblea
Congreso Congreso Congreso Constituyente Congreso Congreso Congreso
Constituyente
1980-1985 1985-1990 1990-1992 Democrático 1995-2000 2000-2001 2001-2006
1978-1979 1993-1995

38% 22% 19% 5% 45% 28% 30% 13%

Fuente: Tuesta Soldevilla 1994.
Elaboración: propia.

281
El Estado en debate: múltiples miradas
| José Luis Sardón de Taboada

VIII. Desinstitucionalización y transfuguismo parlamentarios

!+' /,*)-,3,' 1&' +,' 1&$#*$%#%.(#)*,+#0,(#?*' 1&' +,' /)+8%#(,' /&-.,*,' &$' ,7*' 3=$' <-,4&5' O&'
D&(D)B' *)' &$' $)+)' 2.&' /)()$' ()*<-&$#$%,$' $&,*' -&&+&<#1)$F' &$' 2.&' #*(+.$)' +)$' ()*<-&$#$%,$'
2.&' /)$%.+,*' ,' $&-+)' $)*' +)$' 3&*)$5' !*' +,$' 7+%#3,$' &+&((#)*&$' ()*<-&$,+&$B' $)+)' fQ' 1&' +)$'
J]M'()*<-&$#$%,$'2.&'#*%&<-,-)*'&+'>)*<-&$)']MMJh]MMX'd&$'1&(#-B'eeid'/)$%.+,-)*','$&-'
-&&+&<#1)$' /,-,' #*%&<-,-' &+' >)*<-&$)' ]MMXh]MJJ5' \&' 1#-8,' 2.&' +,' &"/&-#&*(#,' *)' +&$' -&$.+%?'
$.U(#&*%&3&*%&'<-,%,B','/&$,-'1&'+,$'()3&*%,1,$'E.&*,$'()*1#(#)*&$'1&'%-,E,H)'2.&'%&*1-8,*5'
>)3)'$&'#*1#(?',*%&$B'$)+)'JX'()*$#<.#&-)*'$.')EH&%#4)'d&$%)'&$B',/&*,$'&+'QMi'1&'+)$'/)()$'
2.&'/)$%.+,-)*','+,'-&&+&((#?*5
ND)-,' E#&*B' JJ' d&$' 1&(#-B' ]Jid' 1&' +)$' fQ' ()*<-&$#$%,$' ]MMJh]MMX' 2.&' /)$%.+,-)*' ,' +,'
-&&+&((#?*' +)' D#(#&-)*' /)-' .*,' ,<-./,(#?*' /)+8%#(,' 1#9&-&*%&' 1&' ,2.&++,' 2.&' +)$' ++&4?' ,+'
>)*<-&$)B'()*U<.-,*1)',$8'.*'*.&4)'&/#$)1#)'1&'ransfuguismo'/,-%#1,-#)5'>,E&'$.E-,G,-'
2.&' &$%)' 9.&' ,$8' *)' )E$%,*%&' +,' <-,*' (&*$.-,' $)(#,+' 2.&' &"#$%#?' D,(#,' &$%,' &$%-,%&<#,' 1&'
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N+E&-%)'V.H#3)-#B','U*,+&$'1&+',:)']MMM5
c,' $#%.,(#?*' 1&' /-&(,-#&1,1' #*$%#%.(#)*,+' &$' 3=$' <-,4&' %)1,48,' $#' $&' )E$&-4,' +)' )(.--#1)' ()*'
&+'%)%,+'1&']MZ'(,*1#1,%)$'1&'+,$'&+&((#)*&$'()*<-&$,+&$'1&+']MMJ'2.&'d$#&*1)')'*)'&+&<#1)$d'
4)+4#&-)*','/)$%.+,-'&*'+,$'&+&((#)*&$'()*<-&$,+&$'1&+']MMX5'O&'&$%)$B'fJi'#*(.--#&-)*'&*'+,'U<.-,'
1&'ransfuguismoB'G,'2.&'L]'/)$%.+,-)*'/)-'.*,',<-./,(#?*'/)+8%#(,'1#9&-&*%&B'1)$'/)-'.*'1#$%-#%)'
&+&(%)-,+'1#9&-&*%&'G']]'(,3E#,-)*'%,*%)'1&',<-./,(#?*'/)+8%#(,'()3)'1&'1#$%-#%)'&+&(%)-,+5

IX. La fórmula subnacional

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/)+8%#()$'/&-.,*)$B'<&*&-,1,'/)-'&+'$#$%&3,'1&'-&/-&$&*%,(#?*'/-)/)-(#)*,+'2.&'$&'.%#+#0,'
/,-,' &+&<#-' ,+' >)*<-&$)' 1&' +,' T&/7E+#(,B' &+' $#$%&3,' $.E*,(#)*,+' E.$(,' 2.&' D,G,' /&-9&(%,'
()#*(#1&*(#,'&*%-&'+)$'?-<,*)$'&H&(.%#4)'G'*)-3,%#4)'1&'%,+&$'<)E#&-*)$5'
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9.&'+,'1&'N-&2.#/,d'1r&-)*'*)','+,'()*$%#%.(#?*'1&'-&<#)*&$5'!*'-,0?*'1&'1#(D)'-&$.+%,1)B'

282
El Estado en debate: múltiples miradas
 El sistema electoral peruano |

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1&/,-%,3&*%)$5
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+,' I-)/#&1,1' _*%&+&(%.,+' a_PO!>gI_b512' c,$' 3.*#(#/,+#1,1&$' ,/,-&(&*' &*' &$%)$' #*9)-3&$'
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9,+%,'1&'()*%-)+'1&*%-)'1&'+)$'/-)/#)$'<)E#&-*)$'+)(,+&$'G'-&<#)*,+&$5

TABLA 5. Presidentes regionales y porcentaje de votos con los que fueron electos en el 2006
% diferencia
% votos con el 2do
Departamento Presidentes regionales electos
válidos puesto

Puno Pablo Fuentes (Avanza País - Partido de Integración Social) 18.8 0.4
Lima Nelson Chui (Concertación para el Desarrollo Regional Lima) 20.3 0.0
Piura César Trelles (APRA) 24.7 2.5
Ayacucho Isaac Molina (Frente Independiente Innovación Regional) 25.2 6.2
Pasco Félix Serrano (Movimiento Nueva Izquierda) 25.5 5.2
Junín Vladimiro Huaroc (CONREDES) 25.8 8.1
Huancavelica Federico Salas (PICO) 26.6 1.2
Amazonas Oscar Altamirano (Fuerza Democrática) 26.8 6.1
Moquegua Jaime Rodríguez (Movimiento Independiente Nuestro Ilo-Moquegua) 26.9 0.5
Huánuco Jorge Espinoza (Frente Amplio Regional) 27.0 9.1
Apurímac David Salazar (Frente Popular Llapanchik) 27.0 4.2
Ancash César Álvarez (Movimiento Independiente Regional Cuenta Conmigo) 28.3 10.8
Cajamarca Jesùs Coronel (Fuerza Social) 29.2 11.8
Ica Rómulo Triveño (PRI) 32.1 10.1
Cusco Hugo Gonzáles (Unión Por el Perú) 32.6 5.1
Tacna Hugo Ordoñez (Alianza por Tacna) 32.7 13.1
Tumbes Wilmer Dio (Movimiento Independiente Regional Faena) 32.8 1.3
Madre de Dios Santos Kaway (Movimiento Independiente Obras Siempre Obras) 33.5 18.1
Ucayali Jorge Portocarrero (Integrando Ucayali) 34.1 3.5
Arequipa Juan Guillén (Arequipa, tradición y futuro) 34.9 14.7
Lambayeque Yehude Simón (Partido Movimiento Humanista Peruano) 39.6 20.9
Loreto Yvan Vásquez (fuerza Loretana) 42.0 17.1
San Martín César Villanueva (Nueva Amazonía) 44.5 21.8
La Libertad José Murgia (APRA) 48.0 34.1
Callao Alexander Kouri (Chimpun Callao) 49.6 16.3

Fuente: Tanaka y Vera 2007.

12' _*%&-*,%#)*,+' V#*,*(&' >)-/)-,%#)*' a]MMX' G' ]MMZb' G' O&9&*$)-8,' 1&+' I.&E+)' a]MMLb5' `;,$&' %,3E#;*'
+,$' -&$)+.(#)*&$' G' &+' 8*1#(&' 1&' E,--&-,$' E.-)(-=%#(,$' 1&' +,' >)3#$#?*' 1&' !+#3#*,(#?*' 1&' k,--&-,$'
k.-)(-=%#(,$'d,*%&$'1&+']MMLB'>)3#$#?*'1&'N((&$)',+'A&-(,1)d'1&+'_*1&()/#5

283
El Estado en debate: múltiples miradas
| José Luis Sardón de Taboada

X. Conclusiones
c,',U-3,(#?*'1&'+,'1&3)(-,(#,'&*'&+'I&-7'*)'&*9-&*%,B'(#&-%,3&*%&B'.*'/-)E+&3,'1&'9,+%,'1&'
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<&*&-,+B','+)'+,-<)'1&'&$%)$'(,$#'%-&#*%,',:)$B'D,'$#1)','#-'1#$3#*.G&*1)5'
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E,H)'aJJi'G'J]ib5'N$8'+)'-&4&+,'&+'(.,1-)'Q5

GRÁFICO 3. Ausentismo en elecciones presidenciales 1980-2006

30%
26.5%

25%
20.9% 21.7%

19.0% 18.6%
20%
20.5%

15% 17.7%
17.2% 12.3%

10%
11.3%
9.5%
5%

0%
1980 1985 1990 1ra 1990 1995 2000 1ra 2000 2001 1ra 2001 2006 1ra 2006
E. 2da E. E. 2da E. E. 2da E. E. 2da E.

Fuente: Jurado Nacional de Elecciones 2008.

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1&'-&/-&$&*%,(#?*'/-)/)-(#)*,+5

284
El Estado en debate: múltiples miradas
 El sistema electoral peruano |

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Bibliografía
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I&-$$)*B'S)-$%&*'G'n.#1)'S,E&++#*#B'wO&3)(-,%#('>,/#%,+R'SD&'P&".$')9'I)+#%#(,+',*1'
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14' I&-$$)*'G'S,E&++#*#']MMf5

285
El Estado en debate: múltiples miradas
| José Luis Sardón de Taboada

\,-1?*B'@)$;'c.#$B'w!"/+#(,*1)'+)$'(#(+)$'/)+8%#()$'+,%#*),3&-#(,*)$x5'!*R'Revista de
Economía y Derecho'X'a]JbR'QZhefB']MML5
S,*,u,B' A,-%8*' G' \)98,' `&-,B' wI&-7R' &*%-&' +)$' $)E-&$,+%)$' &+&(%)-,+&$' G' +,' ,<&*1,'
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S.&$%,'\)+1&4#++,B'V&-*,*1)B'Perú político en cifras5'\&<.*1,'&1#(#?*5'c#3,R'V.*1,(#?*'
V-#&1-#(D'!E&-%B'JKKe5

286
El Estado en debate: múltiples miradas