THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC

XII
THE DICTATORIAL
GOVERNMENT

CONSUL WILDMAN
ADVISED AGUINALDO TO
ESTABLISH A DICTATORIAL
GOVERNMENT IN WHICH
COULD LEAD TO A
REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT
SIMILAR TO THAT OF UNITED
STATES.
THE DICTATORIAL
GOVERNMENT
AMBROSIO RIANZARES
BAUTISTA
•Mula sa Luzon, at kilala bilang
Don Bosyong.
•Abogado at may akda ng
Deklarasyon ng Kalayaan ng
Pilipinas
•Nagbibigay ng libreng legal na
serbisyo
•Unang tagapag-payo ni
Aguinaldo
 THE DICTATORIAL
GOVERNMENT

MAY 24, 1898

AGUINALDO ISSUED A DECREE FORMALLY

ESTABLISHING THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT
WHICH NULLIFIED THE ORDERS ISSUED UNDER
THE AUTHORITY OF THE BIAK-NA-BATO
REPUBLIC
 TREATMENT OF
ENEMY

MAY 29, 1898

ONE OF AGUINALDO 1ST ACT AS DICTATOR,

URGING THE PEOPLE TO STOP THE
DISGRACEFUL TREATMENT OF SPANISH
PRISONERS
 TREATMENT OF
ENEMY

JUNE 1
AGUINALDO ISSUED AN
ANOTHER ORDER, PROVIDING
THAT ALL CLASSES OF CRIMES
WERE TO BE TRIED BY
COMPETENT MILITARY
TRIBUNALS
 DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE

JUNE 5, 1898
AGUINALDO ISSUED A DECREE
SETTING ASIDE JUNE 12 AS THE
DAY FOR PROCLAMATION OF
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
 DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE

JUNE 5, 1898
AGUINALDO ISSUED A DECREE
SETTING ASIDE JUNE 12 AS THE
DAY FOR PROCLAMATION OF
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE

JULIAN
FELIPE
COMPOSER
FROM CAVITE
DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE

MARCHA
NACIONAL
FILIPINA
DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE
JUNE 12, 1898

CAVITE EL VIEJO (KAWIT)

DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE
DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE

MARCELA AGONCILLO
LORENZA AGONCILLO
DELFINA HERBOZA
 DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE

ART OF DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE-
PREPARED BY AMBROSIO
RIANZARES BAUTISTA.
SIGNED BY 98 PEOPLE,
HOWEVER WAS
PROMULGATED ON AUGUST 1
APOLINARIO MABINI
APOLINARIO MABINI
•ADVISER OF
AGUINALDO
•DARK CHAMBER
OF THE
PRESIDENT
•BRAINS OF THE
REVOLUTION
 REORGANIZATION OF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
• Decree of June 18, 1898- provided for the
reorganization of local government in those
provinces already freed from Spanish control
• Poblacion – town, electors were to elect town
chief/ headman for each barrio, 3 delegates: for
public and internal order, for justice and civil
registry, and for taxes and property
• Popular assembly- town chief->president,
headman->V. pres, delegate for justice and civil
registry->secretary
• Revolutionary congress – proposes measuring
concerning preservation of internal order and
internal security of these lands.
 ADMINISTRATION OF
JUSTICE

• Outline in a supplementary decree of

June 20, 1898
• Town chief was automatically the judge of
the town
 REVOLUTIONARY
GOVERNMENT
• Came after 1 month of dictatorial government
through decree on june 23 1998
• 4 departments created:
(Dept. of foreign affair, navy and commerce)
(Dept. of war and public works)
(Dept. of police and internal order, justice
education and hygiene)
(Dept. of finance, agriculture and manufacturing
industry)
 REVOLUTIONARY
GOVERNMENT

• July 15, 1898 1st cabinet appointment

• September 28, 1898 (6 department)
MALOLOS CONGRESS
• Revolutionary congress at Barasoain, Malolos
September 4 – 50 delegates
September 10 – 60 delegates

Banda Pasig – played the national anthem

Felipe Buencamino – wrote Aguinaldo’s speech
MALOLOS CONGRESS

Officers:
President: Pedro Paterno
V. pres: Benito Legarda
1st secretary: Gregorio Araneta
2nd secretary: Pablo Ocampo
 The most important
achievements of Malolos
Congress
1. In sept. 29 1898 reified the declaration of the
philippine independence held at kawit cavite
on June 12 1898.
2. Passage of a law that allowed the philippines
to borrow P 20 million from banks for
government expenses
3. Establishment of the Unibersidad literatura
de filipinas and other school
4. Drafting of the philippine constitution
5. Declaring war againts the united states on
june 12 1899
 THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION

• Mabini envisioned the congress to be the advisory body

of the president.
• Mabini proposed to draft a constitution but the congress
contradicted it and according to him it’s a delicate task as
the framing of the constitution should be done in a
peaceful and quite mood
• Mabini added that the congress was made not to frame a
constitution, but to give advise to the president and to
give him a support
 THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION

• Mabini was defeated by the majority under

the leadership of paterno
• Mabini submitted his constitutional plan of
the Philippine republic
 THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
• The committee to draft the constitution was
created with felipe calderon as the most
prominent member
• Committee, under the influence of calderon,
also set aside
• Paterno’s constitution smelled strongly of the
Spanish constitution of 1869
 THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
• Calderon drew up his constitution with the
advice of Cayetano Arellano
• Deriving from the constitution of Mexico,
Belgium, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Brazil, and
France
• October 8 Calderon presented the draft of his
constitution
 THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
• October 21 printed copies were made
• October 25 began the discussion
• The exciting discussion occurred when the
provision making Catholicism the religion of the
state
• The congress start voting
• It’s a tie
• Second voting resulted a victory of separation
of the church and state
 THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
• Separation won by only one vote because of
Pablo Tecson
• The provision on the subject of the state
religion was then amended to read:
Article 5. -The state recognizes the freedom and
equality of all religion, as well as the separation
of the church and state
 THE CONSTITUTION

The Malolos Constitution:

important Filipino document ever produced by the people's

representatives.
anchored in democratic traditions that ultimately had their
roots on American soil.
created a Filipino State whose government was "popular,
representative and responsible"
three distinct branches: the executive, the legislative and
the judicial. Specifically provided for safeguards against
abuses and individual rights not only of the Filipinos, but
also the aliens.
 THE CONSTITUTION

The legislative powers were exercised by the Assembly of

Representatives composed of delegates elected according
to law.
To make the function of Congress constitutions sit as a
law-making body when Congress was not in session.

The Assembly elected the President of the Republic.

The different departments of the government.
administration of justice was vested in the Supreme Court
inferior courts to be established according to law. Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court was elected by the Assembly
with the concurrence of the President and the Cabinet.
 THE CONSTITUTION
The Malolos Constitution is unique for three reasons:
•because of the provisions making the Assembly or the legislative
•because it provided for a Permanent Commission to sit as a legislative body when the
Assembly was not in session
•because it established a unicameral legislature

•Calderon feared the predominance of the ignorant military

elements which were solidly behind Aguinaldo

•Calderon made provision for the creation of a Permanent Commission, composed of

Assembly delegates, which would sit as a legislative body when the Assembly was not in
session.

•By this method, the executive could not usurp the powers that could make him powerful
enough to institute an "oligarchy of
ignoramuses."
 The Philippine Republic
Apolinario Mabini - President of the Cabinet and
Secretary of
Foreign Affairs
Teodoro Sandico - Secretary of the Interior
Baldomero Aguinaldo - Secretary of War
Mariano Trias-Secretary of finance
Gracio Gonzaga - Secretary of Welfare, including
Public
Instruction, Public Works, Communications,
Agriculture, Industry
and Commerence
 REVOLUTIONARY
PERIODICALS
The revolutionary Government founded its official organ El
Heraldo de la Revolucion, whose first number came out on
September 29, 1898. Its name was subsequently changed
to
Heraldo Filipino, then to Indice Oficial, and finally to Graceta
de Filipinas, whose last number came out on October
14,1899.These newspaper published the official texts of the
decrees of the government and, of course, some news items
and tagalog poems, all nationalistic in content. Most famous
of these periodicals was La Independencia, edited and
partly owned by General Antonio Luna.lts first number came
out on September 3, 1898.
Some Great Filipino writers in Spanish
and their Pennames:

Cecilio Apostol(Catullo)
Jose Palma
Rafael Palma(Dapit Hapon)
Fernando Ma. Guerrero(Fulvio Gil)
Epifanio de Los Santos(G. Solon)
Jose G. Abreu (Kaibigan)
Mariano V. Del Rosario (Tito-Tato)
Salvador V. Del Rosario (Juan Tagalo)
Rosa Sevilla
Florentina Arellano
Other nationalistic newspaper were La Republica Filipina,
founded in Mandaluyong by Pedro A. Paterno, whose first
number came out on September 15,1898, La
Libertad,which came out in June 20, 1898 under the
editorship of:
Clemente Jose Zulueta; Ang Kaibigan nang Bayan (The
People's Friend), Malolos,
1898; Columnas Volantes(Fly Sheets), Lipa, Batangas,
1899;La
Federacion, Kabatuan, lloilo,1899; La Revolucion, Jaro,
lloilo, 1898,; Patria, Jaro, Iloilo 1899;La Oportunidad,
Tagbilaran,
Bohol,1899 and few others.
 Education
The educational problem merited the attention of the Filipino
leaders. Owing to the destruction of many schools and to the peace
and order condition, all the schools were closed for the time being.
The Revolutionary Government took steps to open classes as soon
as circumstances permitted. On August 29, 1898, the Secretary of
the Interior ordered the provincial governors to re-establish the
schools that had been abandoned before. To continue giving
instruction to the people, Aguinaldo included in the budget for 1899
an item for public instruction amounting to P35,000. On October 24,
a decree was issued outlining the curriculum of the Burgos Institute.
Higher education was provided for when, in a decree of October 19,
1898, Aguinaldo created the Literary University of the Philippines.
The first appointed president of the University was Dr. Joaquin
Gonzalez. He was succeeded by Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero, who
delivered the commencement address on September 29, 1899. The
University did not live long, for the conflict with the Americans led
its faculty and students to disperse.
 Diplomatic activities

In order to persuade the foreign Powers to

recognize Philippine independence, Aguinaldo
created diplomatic positions abroad.
The first step taken was the promulgation of
decrees creating committees abroad 1 activities for
the Revolutionary Government. On June 24 and
August 10, 1898, Aguinaldo issued two decrees
providing for the establishment of the Hong Kong
Junta whose members were to represent the
Philippines in different countries.
In France, the Paris Committee was established by the prominent

Filipino residents of the city, and in Spain, the Madrid Committee,

namely, to work for the recognition of Philippine independence
by the foreign Powers.

Agoncillo, accompanied by his secretary Sixto Lopez, went to the

United States to work for American recognition of Philippine
independence, but his attempts to secure an official audience
with President McKinley failed. He sailed to Europe to appeal to
the American Peace Commissions to give the Filipinos a chance
to be heard on a question that deeply affected their future, but in
this too, he failed. He returned to Washington to fight the
ratification of the Treaty of Paris by Senate, but the Filipino
American hostilities forced him to flee for his life. He returned to
Paris and there continued his patriotic, if futile, activities.
 Treaty of Paris
Protocol of Peace(August 12, 1898) - Signed by 5 American

commissioners and 5 Spanish commissioners were

appointed to meet in Paris.

The American Commissioners ( Cushman Davis, William P.

Frye, Whitelaw Reid, George Gray, and William R. Day.)

The Spanish Commissioners (Chairman Eugenio Montero

Rios, Bueneventura Abarzuza, Jose de Garnica, Wenceslao

Ramirez de Villa Urrutia, General Rafael Cerero)
The Peace Commission (October- December 1898)

Discussed about the legal points but both sides refused to give in..

The American commissioners served an ultimatum on the

Spanish commissioners who believed that the Americans should
be gracious and gallant in their hour of victory.

Having being instructed, the American commissioners demanded

the cession of the entire Philippines to the United States, were

not in a mood to humor their Spanish counterparts and insisted
on their main demand. Helpless, The Spanish Commissioners
finally agreed.
The Treaty of Paris was Signed on December 10, 1898.

It provided that Spain would cede the Philippines

to the United States in return for 20,000,000 USD
from United States for the improvements made in
the colony. Which, the United States, agreed to
give the Spaniards the right to commodites to the
Philippines for 10 years on the same terms as
those of the United States.
 Ratification of the Treaty
The Treaty of Paris did not go into effect until after the American
Senate has ratified it.

The proponents of of ratification did not command a majority in the

Senate. They believe that the treaty was unfair to the
Filipinos.

February 4, 1899 - The unfortunate rupture of Filipino-American

hostilities led many opponents of ratification to vote
affirmatively.

February 6, 1899- The treaty was ratified by 2/3 majority.

 American Propaganda
After the ratification, the American propaganda made it
appear that the Filipinos fired the first shots that led to the
Filipino-American Hostilities.

Consequently, the American senators voted for the belief that

the Filipinos caused the Rupture of Filipino-American
relations.

It directed mainly by the instruments of imperialists, won and

there after the Philippines became a territory of the United
States.