ENT 281

Signal and Systems

Lecture 2: Signal and System

Modeling Concepts (Part 2/2)
Semester 1
2019/2020

1
Objective and Outcome of This Lecture

CO1 :
Ability to comprehend the
concepts and differentiate
specific type of signals and
systems.

School of Mechatronic Engineering

2
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• The basic signals:

Step Unit = u(t) Rectangular = Arect(t/a) Ramp = ramp(t)

𝑡
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 = t , t  0 
ramp t   
1, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 0 𝑎
𝑢 𝑡 = 
0 , t  0 
0, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0 𝑎 𝑎
𝐴 𝑢 𝑡+ −𝑢 𝑡−
2 2

School of Mechatronic Engineering

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Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• The basic signal operations:
• Signal Addition and Multiplication (+ & x).
• Amplitude Scaling (y(t)=Ax(t)).
• Time Scaling (y(t) = x(at) / y[n] = x[an]).
• Time Reversal and Reflection (y(t) = x(-at)).
• Time Shifting (y(t) = x(t-T)).
• Precedence Rules.
𝒅
• Differentiation and Integration (y(t) = 𝒙(𝒕) & 𝒚 𝒕 =
𝒅𝒕
𝒙(τ)𝒅τ ).

School of Mechatronic Engineering

4
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• The basic signal operations:
• Signal Addition and Multiplication (+ & x).
• Amplitude Scaling (y(t)=Ax(t)).
• Time Scaling (y(t) = x(at) / y[n] = x[an]).
• Time Reversal and Reflection (y(t) = x(-at)).
• Time Shifting (y(t) = x(t-T)).
• Precedence Rules.
𝒅
• Differentiation and Integration (y(t) = 𝒙(𝒕) & 𝒚 𝒕 =
𝒅𝒕
𝒙(τ)𝒅τ ).

School of Mechatronic Engineering

5
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• Addition (CT)

𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙𝟏 (𝒕) + 𝒙𝟐 (𝒕)

• Addition (DT)

𝒚 𝒏 = 𝒙𝟏 𝒏 + 𝒙𝟐 [𝒏]

School of Mechatronic Engineering

6
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• Multiplication (CT)

𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙𝟏 (𝒕) 𝒙𝟐 (𝒕)

• Multiplication (DT)

𝒚 𝒏 = 𝒙𝟏 𝒏 𝒙𝟐 [𝒏]

School of Mechatronic Engineering

7
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• The basic signal operations:
• Signal Addition and Multiplication (+ & x).
• Amplitude Scaling (y(t)=Ax(t)).
• Time Scaling (y(t) = x(at) / y[n] = x[an]).
• Time Reversal and Reflection (y(t) = x(-at)).
• Time Shifting (y(t) = x(t-T)).
• Precedence Rules.
𝒅
• Differentiation and Integration (y(t) = 𝒙(𝒕) & 𝒚 𝒕 =
𝒅𝒕
𝒙(τ)𝒅τ ).

School of Mechatronic Engineering

8
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• Amplitude Scaling (CT)

𝒚 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒙(𝒕)

• Amplitude Scaling (DT)

𝒚 𝒏 = 𝑨𝒙[𝒏]

School of Mechatronic Engineering

9
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• The basic signal operations:
• Signal Addition and Multiplication (+ & x).
• Amplitude Scaling (y(t)=Ax(t)).
• Time Scaling (y(t) = x(at) / y[n] = x[an]).
• Time Reversal and Reflection (y(t) = x(-at)).
• Time Shifting (y(t) = x(t-T)).
• Precedence Rules.
𝒅
• Differentiation and Integration (y(t) = 𝒙(𝒕) & 𝒚 𝒕 =
𝒅𝒕
𝒙(τ)𝒅τ ).

School of Mechatronic Engineering

10
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• Time Scaling (CT)

𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙(𝒂𝒕)

𝒕
𝒈 𝒕 →𝒈
𝟐
• Time Scaling (DT)

𝒚 𝒏 = 𝒙[𝒂𝒏]

School of Mechatronic Engineering

11
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• Time Scaling (CT)

𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙(𝒂𝒕)
x 𝒕 → 𝒙 𝟐𝒕

• Time Scaling (DT)

𝒚 𝒏 = 𝒙[𝒂𝒏]

School of Mechatronic Engineering

12
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• The basic signal operations:
• Signal Addition and Multiplication (+ & x).
• Amplitude Scaling (y(t)=Ax(t)).
• Time Scaling (y(t) = x(at) / y[n] = x[an]).
• Time Reversal and Reflection (y(t) = x(-at)).
• Time Shifting (y(t) = x(t-T)).
• Precedence Rules.
𝒅
• Differentiation and Integration (y(t) = 𝒙(𝒕) & 𝒚 𝒕 =
𝒅𝒕
𝒙(τ)𝒅τ ).

School of Mechatronic Engineering

13
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• Time Scaling (CT)

𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙(𝒂𝒕)

𝒕
𝒈 𝒕 →𝒈 −
𝟐

• Time Scaling (DT)

𝒚 𝒏 = 𝒙[𝒂𝒏]

School of Mechatronic Engineering

14
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• Time Scaling (CT)

𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙(−𝒂𝒕)
x[𝒏] → 𝒙[-n]

• Time Scaling (DT)

𝒚 𝒏 = 𝒙[−𝒂𝒏]

School of Mechatronic Engineering

15
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• The basic signal operations:
• Signal Addition and Multiplication (+ & x).
• Amplitude Scaling (y(t)=Ax(t)).
• Time Scaling (y(t) = x(at) / y[n] = x[an]).
• Time Reversal and Reflection (y(t) = x(-at)).
• Time Shifting (y(t) = x(t-T)).
• Precedence Rules.
𝒅
• Differentiation and Integration (y(t) = 𝒙(𝒕) & 𝒚 𝒕 =
𝒅𝒕
𝒙(τ)𝒅τ ).

School of Mechatronic Engineering

16
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• Time Shifting (CT)

𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙(𝒕 − 𝑻) 𝒈 𝒕 →𝒈 𝒕−𝟏
Graph is moved to the
right

𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙(𝒕 + 𝑻)
Graph is moved to the
left

School of Mechatronic Engineering

17
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• Time Shifting (DT)

𝒚[𝒏] = 𝒙[𝒏 − 𝒌]
x[𝐧] → 𝒙 𝒏 − 𝟑
Graph is moved to the
right

𝒚[𝒏] = 𝒙[𝒏 +k]

Graph is moved to the
left

x[𝐧] → 𝒙 𝒏 + 𝟐

School of Mechatronic Engineering

18
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• The basic signal operations:
• Signal Addition and Multiplication (+ & x).
• Amplitude Scaling (y(t)=Ax(t)).
• Time Scaling (y(t) = x(at) / y[n] = x[an]).
• Time Reversal and Reflection (y(t) = x(-at)).
• Time Shifting (y(t) = x(t-T)).
• Precedence Rules.
𝒅
• Differentiation and Integration (y(t) = 𝒙(𝒕) & 𝒚 𝒕 =
𝒅𝒕
𝒙(τ)𝒅τ ).

School of Mechatronic Engineering

19
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• Precedence Rules of Multiple Transformations

𝒕−𝑻
𝒈(𝒕) → 𝑨𝒈 𝒈(𝒕) → 𝑨𝒈 𝒂𝒕 − 𝑻
𝒂

𝒕+𝑻 𝒈(𝒕) → 𝑨𝒈 𝒂𝒕 + 𝑻
𝒈(𝒕) → 𝑨𝒈
𝒂

1. Amplitude 1. Amplitude
Scaling Scaling

2. Time Scaling 2. Time Shifting

3. Time Shifting 3. Time Scaling

School of Mechatronic Engineering

20
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations

𝒕+𝟐
𝒈 𝒕 → −𝟐𝒈
𝟒

School of Mechatronic Engineering

21
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations

𝒈 𝒕 → 𝟑𝒈 −𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏

School of Mechatronic Engineering

22
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• The basic signal operations:
• Signal Addition and Multiplication (+ & x).
• Amplitude Scaling (y(t)=Ax(t)).
• Time Scaling (y(t) = x(at) / y[n] = x[an]).
• Time Reversal and Reflection (y(t) = x(-at)).
• Time Shifting (y(t) = x(t-T)).
• Precedence Rules.
𝒅
• Differentiation and Integration (y(t) = 𝒙(𝒕) & 𝒚 𝒕 =
𝒅𝒕
𝒙(τ)𝒅τ ).

School of Mechatronic Engineering

23
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• Differentiation and Integration (Exercise)

11
a) −2
𝑢(4 − 𝑡)

𝑑𝑥
b) 1 − 𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑡

School of Mechatronic Engineering

24
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Basic Signal Operations
• Differentiation and Integration (Exercise)

11
a) −2
𝑢 4 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Ans: 6

𝑑𝑥
b) 1 − 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) Ans: 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

School of Mechatronic Engineering

25
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Conclusions of This Lecture
• Now, you know how to play around with the signals.
• Making the signals
– SMALLER & BIGGER (AMPLITUDE SCALING),
– TIME REFLECT AND REVERSE,
– INTEGRATING & DIFFERENTING,
– SHIFTING SIGNAL TO LEFT & RIGHT (TIME SHIFTING),

in mathematical formulations with some rules applied.

School of Mechatronic Engineering

26
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)