Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PAKISTAN
Department of Entomology
Faculty of Crop and Food Sciences
Pir Mehr Ali Shah
Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi
Pakistan
2010
SYSTEMATICS OF DRAGONFLIES (ANISOPTERA: ODONATA) OF
PAKISTAN
by
Doctor of Philosophy
in
Entomology
Department of Entomology
Faculty of Crop and Food Sciences
Pir Mehr Ali Shah
Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi
Pakistan
2010
CERTIFICATION
I hereby undertake that this research is an original one and no part of the
thesis falls under plagiarism. If found otherwise, at any stage, I will be responsible
for the consequences.
Supervisor: ___________________________
Professor Dr. Muhammad Aslam
Member: ___________________________
Professor Dr. Muhammad Naeem
Member: ___________________________
Professor Dr. Irfan Ul-Haque
Chairman ________________________
Dean ____________________________
iii
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to my late father, who put in my mind that the
finest knowledge to have is that which is erudite for its own sake. It is also
unconditional love.
iv
CONTENTS
PAGE
DEDICATION iv
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES x
ABBREVIATIONS xi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xii
1 INTRODUCTION 02
2 REWIEW OF LITERATURE 07
CHECKLIST 168
SUMMARY 179
APPENDICES
v
LIST OF TABLES
(Burmeister) -------------------------------------------------------- 26
Rambur -------------------------------------------------------------- 31
(Martin) ------------------------------------------------------------- 37
(Karsch) -------------------------------------------------------------- 37
(Burmeister) ---------------------------------------------------------- 42
Burmeister -------------------------------------------------------------- 45
vi
Bartenef ----------------------------------------------------------------- 53
Laidlaw ------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
Laidlaw ------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
(Rambur)---------------------------------------------------------------------- 78
vii
4.35 Geographical location and climate of Neurothemis fluctuans (F.) 95
viii
4.56 Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum fonscolombei (Selys) 137
4.59 Geographical location and climate of Tramea basilaris burmeisteri Kirby 141
4.63 Geographical location and climate of Trithemis Kirbyi Kirbyi Selys 149
4.67 Geographical location and climate of Zygonyx torrid isis Fraser 155
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
x
ABBREVIATIONS
Max. = Maximum
Min. = Minimum
El. = Elevation
Alt. = Altitude
Long. = longitude
Hum. = Humidity
mm = Milimeter
Temp. = Temperature
xi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This dissertation comes up in part out of years of research that has been done
since I have got admission in PhD during 2005. By that time, I have worked with a
lot of people whose contribution in assorted ways to the research and the making of
experiences during my research. Above all and the most needed, he provided me
unflinching encouragement and support in various ways. His truly scientist intuition
has made him as a constant oasis of ideas and passions in science, which
exceptionally inspire and enrich my growth as a researcher and a scientist want to be.
Dr. Muhammad Naeem for his advice and crucial contribution, which made him a
backbone of this research and so to this thesis. His involvement with his originality
has triggered and nourished my intellectual maturity that I will benefit from, for a
Plant Pathology for his valuable advice in science discussion and furthermore, using
his precious times to read this thesis and gave his critical comments about it.
xii
I offer my sincerest gratitude to Dr. Muhammad Yousaf, renowned
Entomology for generously taking some time out to read an earlier version of this
inseparable support, prayers and love, awarded confidence in me, has taken the load
higher education, put the fundament of my learning character, showing me the joy of
intellectual pursuit, his support enable me to complete my research work and PhD
studies.
indispensable help and care during whole my PhD studies. Many thanks go to
Muhammad Asghar Malik for scholarly discussions and to the role model for hard
work in the lab, his willingness to share his bright thoughts with me, which were
PMAS, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi and Rizwan Hanif Field assistant,
Barani Agricultural Training Institute, Dahgal, Rawalpindi for their assistance in the
field collection.
Furthermore, I would like to thank Shoaib Ahmadani and Imran Bodla for
xiii
pleasant working atmosphere and also fun during the work we had in Department of
Entomology.
and Muhammad Yasir. Finally, I would like to thank everybody who was important
xiv
ABSTRACT
out during 2006 – 2009 in different Agro ecological regions of Pakistan. A total of
1349 specimen belonging to 05 families 39 genera and 68 species were collected and
genera were recorded from Pakistan. Seven species, viz, Anaciaeshna jaspidea
biforceps (Selys) and Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar) are reported first time from
Pakistan and have been added to the existing anisopterous fauna of the country.
Details for the collected material i.e. valid names, their synonyms, measurement of
body parts (abdomen, forewing and hindwing length), habitat description, date of
differential characters from published description for new records to country have
climatic condition of all sixty-eight species are also presented first time. Taxonomic
keys for families, genera and species are also presented. Check lists of all ten agro-
ecological regions are presented first time from Pakistan. As a whole 68 species were
recorded from Pakistan with 153 new localities record for 45 species, which include
61 species of Anisoptera that have been reported previously from Pakistan. It was an
addition to science and this addition will explore new areas of biological control.
1
Chapter No. 1
INTRODUCTION
species. As a result the fauna and flora of Pakistan have mostly been studied by
overseas specialists, and often we have to pay to the foreign experts for the
scientist to have the correct scientific name of the target organism. Biological control
several other areas of research. The importance of systematics has become more
of the resources present for their protection and application for human use (Kim and
Knutson, 1986).
Dragonflies are very valuable insect and the knowledge of the fauna is
2
3
management (Rowe, 2003). Dragonflies are very beautiful and graceful insects of the
world. The naiads serve as food for growing freshwater fish, and the soft bodies of
the teneral are eaten by songbirds like tasty snacks (Jens and Runyan, 2006).
drawings and other records that our ancestors from ancient civilizations were used
insects as food regularly. Presently insects are eaten in different continents, including
Australia, Asia, America and Africa. There are about 3000 different ethnic groups in
113 countries that use almost 1500 species of edible insects as food. Many insects of
all sizes and shapes are the part of menus of some small and big restaurants
(ClaireMacEvilly, 2000).
(Tindale, 1966) and the use of odonates as food in Asia and rest of the world is well
Adults are also caught and fried or eaten in soups in Indonesia, Africa, and South
America. In China and Japan, odonates are believed to have medicinal properties.
clothing patterns, and children's games, like bird watchers in the Europe and United
States (Primack et al., 2000). Furthermore, the beauty of these insects has led them to
being featured in different commercial products like jewellery and such other
Odonates have strong association with water because of their aquatic larvae
and wide variety of microhabitats (Rutherford and Mallow, 1994). Odonates are
more tolerant to salinity than many other aquatic macro invertebrates. Dragonfly and
2003).
Aquatic invertebrates have been used as natural indicators in lotic habitats but
less commonly used in lentic environments. Dragonflies assure decisive factor for
Macro invertebrates living in water are the most commonly used taxonomic
as marker in lentic habitat have recently begun and consequently are less common in
neither sting nor bite and the entire species are harmless. All naiads are predators of
small invertebrates like mosquito larvae as well as smaller vertebrates like frogs and
fish. Their naiads constitute a natural biological control over mosquito larvae and
5
thus help to control several epidemic diseases like malaria, dengue, filaria etc.
(Mitra, 2002).
attracted towards black polished shinny surfaces. These dragonflies species perched
consistently in vicinity of selected gravestones and they defend their perch against
Dragonflies are strong fliers and their adults in search of food cover long
distances from their breeding places which are always water. This character enables
permanent. Adult dragonflies feed on insect pests such as black flies, mosquitoes,
horse flies, grasshoppers and aphids which is one of their many benefits.
The adults of some species visit important crop fields like cotton and rice in
search of their food and in this way help in controlling insect pests of these crops.
Females of all the species consume much greater number of insect pests as compared
with male (Yasumatsu et al., 1975, Yunus et al., 1980, Khaliq and Saddique, 1995,
and there are a lot of observational records appearing in media each year (Corbet,
1980; Valley, 2004). Some species of dragonflies appear synchronously in the tropics
6
and subtropics and meander into the moderate zone (Corbet, 1999). Dragonflies
move in downwind direction at the onset of summer where as during late summer
they move in the upwind direction, so their displacement direction varied among
Odonata is the order that has been intensively explored in the tropics (Woodward,
2001). They have been reported from all continents except Antarctica and are
explored first time the fauna of dragonfly of Pakistan and identified 46 species of
dragonflies. After this no comprehensive survey of the country was carried out, only
survey of different parts of the country was done resulting into 61 anisoptrous
species. The number of Odonata species known from Pakistan (110) is little low with
respect to Bangladesh (114), Sri Lanka (116), Nepal (172) and India (499) (Mitra,
2006 and Matjaz, 2006). However, 5740 odonates were known worldwide and 1669
from Oriental region (Subramanian, 2009). It shows further taxonomic work was
required to upgrade the anisopterous fauna of Pakistan. Keeping all this in view, an
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
(1907) identified five species from the collection sent to him from Quetta.
Williamson (1907) published a paper on the Indian Gomphidae along with some new
Northern and Eastern Frontier of Asam and Burma. Fraser (1922) reported 19
dragonfly species from India and Burma and published papers on Indian dragonflies.
Needham (1932) published a key to the families and genera of dragonfly species
Kumar and Prasad (1981) reported 162 odonate species from Western Himalaya,
7
8
with information on oviposition, adult flight period, larval habitat, emergence and
Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Khaliq et al. (1992) recorded 6 anisopterous
species from district Mansehra (N. W. F. P.). Khaliq et al. (1993) identified 22
Ahmad et al. (1994) added 3 new genera and 4 species to the anisopterous
genera and 4 families from N.W.F.P. Arshad (1994) recorded 14 dragonfly species
species from Gilgit, Baltistan and Kashmir. Rehman (1994) described 35 species of
Ullah (1994) recorded 12 dragonfly species belonging to 10 genera and two families
from Sindh.
Khaliq et al. (1995) recorded 6 anisopterous species from the rice fields in the
districts Poonch and Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, while Luqman (1995)
13 genera from Gilgit and Baltistan areas. Khaliq et al. (1999) collected and
genera under 10 families from Trashigang district in Eastern Bhutan that had added
dragonflies of India and also provided a check list of dragonfly’s fauna of India.
Sri Lanka. Currently, four new endemic species are in the process of description thus
Feulner et al. (2007) provided the updated checklist of Odonata species with
illustrations of all species found in UAE. They have also given notes on behaviour
dragonflies of Pakistan.
3.1 SURVEY
The area is a network of dead and dying rivers. It has moderately hot
summers with arid tropical marine climate and mild winters. During winter
maximum temperature varies from 19-20 oC where as in summer its range is 34-40
o
C. The average precipitation in summer during the months of July to September is
5 mm. Relative humidity is high ranging 67-87 percent throughout the year in
morning and 35-37 percent in afternoon except monsoon, when it raises to 55-60
percent. The localities visited were Thatta, Badin and Tando Muhammad Khan
(Hyderabad).
This zone has been formed by the meandering and shifting courses of the
10
11
Indus River. The climate of this region is arid subtropical and continental with
moderate winters and warm summers. Its average daily temperature varies from 40-
winter is about 8.5 oC. The average monthly precipitation is about 16-20 mm during
summer, with little rain in winter. The localities visited were Sanghar, Dadu,
The region is enclosed with various forms of sand ridges and dunes. The
climate is arid (desert) subtropical with very warm summers and moderate winters.
The daily average maximum temperature is 39-41 oC in summer and in winter, the
daily average minimum temperature is 6-7 oC. The monthly rainfall varies from 32
mm in the north to 46 mm in the south. The winter is almost rainless. Dust storms are
common during summer. The localities visited were Bahawalpur, Fort Abbas, Kot
This region is one of the most intensively cultivated areas of the country. The
climate of this region is semi-arid subtropical with mean daily minimum temperature
summer. The average monthly precipitation in summer during the months of July to
during winter; it ranges from 14-22 mm per month. The localities visited were
Rain fed cultivation is the main land use of this area. The climatic conditions
of this region are semi-arid with warm summers and bitter winters and a little arid
condition in early summer. The mean daily summer temperature is about 38 oC and
in winter, the average temperature ranges 2-6 oC. The rainfall is approximately 200
This region has various types of forest. The eastern section of this region
could be categorized as wet and soggy, with gentle summers and chilly winters. In
summer, average maximum temperature ranges from 32-35 oC. The rainfall is 236
mm per month in summer and 116 mm per month in winter. The western section of
the region is sub humid, with mild dry summers and precipitation in spring and
winter only. The localities visited were Murree, Abbotabad, Kotli, Bagh, Rawalakot
This region made up of elevated mountains roofed with snow. The average
minimum temperature ranges 0-7 oC. The average per month precipitation varies
from 26-75 mm during winter season and from 55-100 mm during spring. In
summer, it ranges from 12-20 mm. The localities visited were Kohat, Swat, Dir,
KEY:
II - Southern Irrigated
I- Indus Delta III - Sandy Desert (a & b)
Plain
IV - Northern Irrigated
V - Barani Lands VI - Wet Mountains
Plain (a & b)
VII - Northern Dry VIII - Western Dry
IX - Dry Western Plateau
Mountains Mountains
X - Suleiman Piedmont
It is the region of mountain and valleys. The larger part of the region is semi-
arid uplands with meek summers and chilly winters. Precipitation and snowfall is
restricted mainly to the winter. The average precipitation during summer ranges 5-15
mm per month rising to 45-95 mm in the northern area of the region. During
the average minimum temperature ranges -3 oC to 8 oC. The localities visited were
The vegetation is xerophytic in the lower region and forest on high altitude.
The climate of this region is arid tropical with persistent dry season. The average
monthly highest temperature range is 38-44 oC. During winter in the North, the mean
daily lowest temperature varies 3- 6 oC whereas along the coast it varies from 11.5-
15 oC. The mean monthly precipitation in summer is 2-4 mm except in the extreme
south-eastern areas where it is about 36 mm. The localities visited were Karachi,
Torrent-watered cultivation is the main land use of the region. This region has
arid, hot and sub-tropical climate with mean daily highest temperature 40-43 oC in
summer and the mean daily lowest temperature 6-8 oC in winter. The monthly
The dragonflies were collected by using aerial nets, killed in the cyanide
bottle, pinned and their body parts were set on appropriate setting boards. On drying,
these were properly labelled and mounted in the collection boxes. Naphthalene balls
were placed in the boxes to keep them safe from the pests.
Fraser’s (1936) key. Valid names along with synonyms, distribution and ecological
observations were given for species already recorded from Pakistan. Differential
characters from the published descriptions were given for the species, recorded first
time from Pakistan. The characters of the species already identified have not been
included in this manuscript, because these were already significantly dealt with by a
3.4 Measurements
Measurements of different body parts i.e. abdomen, fore wing, hind wing etc,
thermo hygrometer.
3.7 Depository
Rawalpindi.
17
Area Localities
_ Eyes oval shape, slightly separated, meeting at a point (Fig. 4.2) -----------
-------------------------------------------------------------------Cordulegasteridae
3 Eyes very broadly adjoining across the dorsum of head (Fig. 4.3),
discoidal cells are of same shape and size in fore and hindwings------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Aeshnidae
_ Eyes more or less adjoining across the dorsum of head (Fig. 4.4 & 4.6),
discoidal cells are different in shape and size in fore and hindwings-------4
_ Thorax non metallic, base of hindwings rounded in both sex, anal loop
18
19
4.1 AESHNIDAE
large in size with blue, brown and yellow or green in colour having black markings.
Their large eyes are mostly meeting at the middle of the cranium and wings are
mostly transparent. They are a very powerful flier that’s why they are usually seen at
long distance from water. Many species spend their time in flying in search of prey
and hunting for prey, their rest time during the day is negligible. When at rest, they
are generally in a vertical position, with body hanging downwards. Females oviposit
in aquatic plants, debris and in the water. Six genera and nine species of this family
_ The nerve Riii not abruptly curved beneath the pterostigma, M A not
Large dragonflies make aggressive and speedy flight over water. Thirteen
specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into
one species.
These are very large dragonflies, head large and round, wings are transparent
and without colour spots, abdomen tumid at base, dark, marked with bright yellow
and blue. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Jehangir
antenodal, 13-14
14 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings
hindwings, respectively.
Material Examined: = 09 = 04
25
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Eurasia including North East Asian
Federation, Southern Far East Russia, Ural, West Siberia and North America.
Remarks
These are very strong flier; behave as belligerent, busy chasing other
dragonflies. These dragonflies were collected from stagnant water of small pond
having little amount of water and small vegetation. These breed in a variety of water
bodies, including lake, pond and pool. Adults wander significantly, can be seen
everywhere patrolling near breeding places and far away from breeding sites. These
Large dragonflies, two specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s
(1936) description resulted into one species. This genus has not previously been
1865 Aeschna tahitensis Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 15: 907.
(Burmeister)
antenodal, 8-8
8 postnodal and 10-10
10 antenodal, 11-11
11 postnodal nervers present in
forewings and hindwings,, respectively. Anal appendages light brown (Fig. 4.8).
Material Examined: = 01 = 01
Geographical distribution
species has also been reported from Australia, Indonesia, China, Hong Kong,
Remarks
This species was collected from the rice field on a cloudy afternoon. The
boundary of the rice field have dense plantation of wild plants. The habitat also
includes channel of drainage water with Typha species. Urothemis signata another
species of dragonfly was also collected from this habitat. This species is also known
as crepuscular species active during dusk and dawn. Geographical distribution and
Large dragonflies, male ususlly have anal triangle. Seventy specimens of this
28
genus were collected; in agreement with the Fraser’s (1936), description resulted into
four species.
3 Frons with a T shaped dark mark, superior anal appendages sharp at the end--
_ Frons without T shaped dark mark, superior anal appendages rounded at the
Labium black, Labrum, face and frons light brown. Pterostigma of all wings
dark brown. 18-19 antenodal, 8-9 postnodal and 11 antenodal, 11 postnodal nerves
up of six cells and in hindwing made up of five cells. Four cubital nerves are present
in forewing and three in hindwing. A large pale brown patch is present on the hind-
wings, membrane dark brown or blackish. Segment 2 of the abdomen has a blue
dorsolateral spot, segment 3 without blue markings, segments 4-10 have large, bright
dorsolateral orange markings. The anal appendages are reddish brown (Fig. 4.9).
Material Examine d: = 01
Geographical distribution
This species was reported from India, Srilanka, Nepal and Thailand
Thailand.
Remarks
a poorly known species, but it has previously been recorded from India (Lieftinck
1942, 1955), Sri Lanka (Lieftinck 1955), Nepal (e.g. Vick 1989) and Thailand (e.g.
Hämäläinen 2002).
2). This species has probably been under-recorded
under recorded in India since its
description because it keys out as A. guttatus using the key of Fraser (1936) to Indian
Anax species. Anax species typically breed in standing waters (Fraser 1936), so it is
not surprising to find this species at the Khasala dam. Geographical distribution and
Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al.
Material Examined: = 17 = 03
30
Choa Saidan
10-07-06 32.42 72.58 681 35.06 26 63
Shah
Kotli 21-06-07 33.31 73.53 604 37.5 23.7 35
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from China, Guandong, Hong Kong,
Thailand, Hainan, India, Sri Lanka, Viet Nam, Cyprus, Guangxi, Greek island of
Remarks
This species can be found patrolling near the Streams, slow-moving water
and occasionally near the lakes at enormous speed. These dragonflies are also found
away from the water in mountainous and sub mountainous area. These dragonflies
shirk on still water and remain active during March to September. Geographical
1935 Anax nigrolineatus Fraser, J.Darjecling. Nat. Hist. Soc., 10: 23-25.
description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Jehangir
1997 except, some minor differences. 22-20 antenodal, 9-9 postnodal and 13-13
Material Examined: = 17 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India and Thailand.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from stagnant water and water running very
slow with small vegetation. These are strong flier difficult to collect from open area
but can be collected when coming out through dense vegetation. Geographical
1867 Anax bacchus Hagen,, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 17: 48.
Thirty one specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)
Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994, Ullah 1994 and Jehangir
Material Examined: = 25 = 06
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from China, Southern Far East Russia,
Remarks
These are large dragonflies with dull body colour. Unlike the other species of
aeshnids the male of this species usually accompanies the female in tandem during
egg laying. These dragonflies were collected from stagnant water and ponds.
Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.6.
agreement with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
1909 Caliaeschna masoni Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. 19: 111.
1922 Cephalaeschna masoni Fraser, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28: 110.
36
abdomen brown marked with bright yellow and green. Specimens tally with
published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Khaliq and Maula 1999 except, some
Material Examined: = 03
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Nepal and Bangladesh.
Bangladesh
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from marshy places having lot of small
grasses and well establish vegetation. Geographical distribution and climate of the
A single specimen of this genus was collected; in agreement with the Fraser’s
(1936) description, this genus has not previously been recorded from Pakistan.
1909 Cephalaeschna lugubris Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. 19: 110.
1922 Gynacanthaeschna sikkima Fraser, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28: 110.
37
(Karsch)
at Sanghuri dam Mandra, Rawalpindi, Pakistan in July 2006.. The Sanghuri dam is
29 km from Rawalpindi near the main stop of Kalyam sharif on G.T. road. The
been recorded from Pakistan. Terminology for odonate anatomy used here follows
greenish yellow band on front side. Legs brown to black, anal loop 5-6
5 6 celled
celled, wings
are not palely enfumed towards apices, membrane blackish white. Pterostigmal brace
vein attached slightly distal to the level of inner boarder of Pterostigma 15 antenodal,
T shape
ape greenish yellow spots (Fig. 4.10). Measurements were as follows:
Material Examined: = 01
Geographical distribution
A single specimen was collected from Sanghuri dam, situated near Kalyam
Sharif stops on G.T. road, in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. This species was collected in a
warm noon in month of July 2006. This species has also been described from
Remarks
This species was collected sitting on the vegetation near the edges of small
dam having well-established small weeds. These species were also found near waters
having muddy edges. The habitat includes Eucalyptus plants artificially planted,
Typha sp., Cynodon dactylon Linn. and Acacia modesta Wall. The other species of
Dragonflies of large size, colour dark brown, five specimens of this genus
were collected; in agreement with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one
species.
Kanth 1985 and Bedjanic et al.. 2007 except, some minor differences. 15-15
15
antenodal, 7-6
6 postnodal and 10-10
10 antenodal, 9-9 postnodal nerves present in
as follows:
Material Examined: = 05
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Caucasus, Kazakhstan, European
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from warm stagnant and slow running
water; always meander up and down to breed just after rain. Geographical
4.2 CORDULEGASTRIDAE
These dragonflies have a massive brown or black body with yellow markings.
They can be found along small and clear streams in mountainous areas, flying slowly
about 40 cm above the water. When disturbed, they can fly very rapidly and also be
found on metal roads at evening. These dragonflies usually lay their eggs in the sand
41
in shallow water, the female remain hovering above the water with her body in
upright position, and making repeated dips into the water with her abdomen. Only
Very large sized dragonflies with balck and yellow body markings, fifteen
specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into
one species.
4.2.1.1 Cordulegaster
ster brevistigma (Selys, 1854)
1929 Cordulegaster brevistigma brevistigma Fraser, Mem. Ind. Mus., 9 (3): 73.
1929 Cordulegaster brevistigma folia Fraser, Mem. Ind. Mus., 9 (3): 73.
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972 and
Material Examined: = 13 = 02
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India and China.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from small to medium fast fresh cool water streams
of hilly areas. These species like to breed in sandy areas. These dragonflies
42
(Burmeister)
(Selys)
patrol few inches above the water surface between the rocks and were observed on
Pakistan is shown in table 4.10. New localities record: Joglot, Chillas and Azad-
Pattan
4.3 CORDULIIDAE
The Dragonflies of corduliidae family are medium to large size; they usually
have metallic green thorax, black and yellow abdomen. These dragonflies are also
called emeralds, because these have bright green eyes when mature, these are
continuous flier. In Pakistan two genera and three species were found.
These are large dragonflies, fast flier and brass color hue during flight. It has
brass color abdomen with black marking. A single specimen tally published
1839. This genus has not previously been recorded from Pakistan.
1867 Epophthalmia cyanocephala Hagen,, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 17: 59.
1923 Azuma vittata Laidlaw, J. Malay Br. Roy. As. Soc. 323.
Frons metallic green and thorax has metallic green markings. Upper surface
of frons has yellow spot in the middle. Discoidal cell of fore and hindwings
hindwing are
traversed. Hindwing angulated in male. A single specimen collected from Java dam
as follows:
Material Examined: = 01
Geographical distribution
A single specimen was collected from small dam “Java” 20 kilometer far
from Rawalpindi city. This species was collected in a warm afternoon in month of
July 2006. A specimen was also observed on Dhok Tallian dam 10 km away from
Chakwal city but it was not collected due to its swift flight.
Remarks
This species was collected maneuvering on the edges of small dam having
Burmeister
are also found along edges of jungle near tanks from wet low lands, hilly and dry
zone. Subramanian (2005) described that these species can be collected from dry
twigs and similar vantage points over streams. Geographical distribution and climate
Large dragonflies closely resemble with cordulagester species but these have
matelic thorax. Twenty three specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s
1 Dorsum has dark green metallic reflex, humeral and antehumeral stripes
description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985
and Ahmad 1994 except, some minor differences. 13-14 antenodal, 8-6 postnodal
and 9-9 antenodal, 8-8 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings,
Material Examined: = 13 = 04
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India and Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from slow running shallow water having
sandy bottom with well establish vegetation. These are very active fliers difficult to
capture and remain in same vicinity even disturbing it. Geographical distribution and
1921 Macromia trituberculata Fraser, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27: 674.
Six specimens of this species were collected; these were identified running
them
em through Fraser’s (1936) key. Specimens tally with published description
escription of
Fraser (1936) except some minor differences. Hypertrigone traversed two times in
forewing, 13-13
13 antenodal and 07-07
07 postnodal nervures in forewings and 9-8
9
Material Examined: = 04 = 02
48
Geographical distribution
These species were collected from Dhirkot. Dhirkot is tehsil of Bagh District
Poonch from the South, Murree from the West and Bagh from the East. June and
July are the hottest months while December and January are the coldest month of the
year. The mean minimum and maximum annual temperature of the year is 04 oC and
Remarks
These species were collected from Dhirkot in two consecutive years i.e. 2007
and 2008 and was found exactly at same place every year. These species remain
flying in a circle few inches above the slow running water with well establish green
vegetation. These are found on water with sandy or grubby bottom. Geographical
4.4 GOMPHIDAE
they breed in streams particularly in open forest. Their body size is medium to large;
these can be identified by their small and broadly isolated eyes. They are yellow or
green in shade with black markings. The larvae burrow into the sediments of the
streams; naiad crawls out onto the shore for emergence instead climbing up the
vegetations. Nine genera and twelve species of this family have been reported from
Pakistan.
50
These are small dragonflies, body yellow, wings hyaline and venation
51
off-white.
white. Seventeen specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936)
1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994 and Rehman 1994. Measurements means of the
Material Examined: = 12 = 05
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Iraq, Uzbekistan, Iran, Turkey and
India.
Remarks
These dragonflies are found on small vegetation, bushes and grasses near the
fresh water pounds. These are easy to collect due to weak flight. Geographical
specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into
two species.
_ One complete and one incomplete lateral black stripes on each side of thorax
thorax-
------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------- pyramidalis Laidlaw, 1922
1923 Burmagomphus pyramidalis pyramidalis Fraser,, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 29:
62.
These are medium sized dragonflies, body black with bright yellow markings.
Seven specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description.
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985 and
Material Examined: = 06 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, SriLanka and Malaysia
Malaysia.
53
Bartenef
Laidlaw
Laidlaw
Remarks
These dragonflies were found sitting on rocks and green vegetation near
streams and rivers in the mountainous areas. Geographical distribution and climate of
description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Khaliq
Material Examined: = 02 = 02
Geographical Distribution
This species has also been reported from India and Bangladesh.
Remarks
streams and rivers in the mountainous areas. Geographical distribution and climate of
These are large dragonflies, upper side of the frons have black T shape
markings, body large with yellow markings.. Four specimens were collected; agree
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Yousuf 1972
antenodal, 9-10
10 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings respectively.
Material Examined: = 04
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India and Nepal.
Remarks
edges.. Males, when they across each other, they attack on each other. Geographical
Large sized
zed dragonflies, body colour black with yellow marking, twenty eight
specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into
two species.
These are large dragonflies; body black with yellow markings. Four
specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens
tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Kanth 1985 except, some minor
Material Examined: = 04
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India and Bangladesh.
57
(Selys)
Remarks
mountainous areas. The species can breed in both type of water, running and still.
These are large dragonflies, body black with bright yellow markings. Twenty
four specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description.
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985, Rehman
1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al.. 2007 except, some minor differences.
Material Examined: = 15 = 09
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Peninsular Malaysia, Sri
Lanka, Burma, Malaysia, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam
Nam.
59
Remarks
mountainous and plane areas. The species can breed in both type of water, running
and still. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in
table 4.19.
These are medium sized dragonflies, body yellow with black markings, anal
appendages yellow. Twenty nine specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s
1924 Mesogomphous lineatus Fraser, Rec. Ind. Mus., 26: 427, 477.
Ahmad 1994 and Rehman 1994 except, some minor differences. 13-13
13 antenodal, 77-
Material Examined: = 19 = 10
60
Mangla
14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60
dam
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81
Warsak
30-08-09 34.10 71.25 339 36 26 58
Dam
61
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Burma and Bangladesh.
Remarks
These dragonflies breed in both still and running water, can be collected from
elevated flora and sandy edges in fresh running water. These species were also found
These are medium sized dragonflies, body black with yellowish green
markings. Eight specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description
1924 Onychogomphus diminutives Fraser, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 30: 109.
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985 and
Rehman 1994 except, some minor differences. 12-12 antenodal, 9-11 postnodal and
Material Examined: = 07 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Bangladesh, India, Burma, Malaysia
and Myanmar.
Remarks
These were not very fast fliers and can be collected from thick green
vegetation near slow running water. Geographical distribution and climate of the
Medium sized dragonflies, body yellow ringed with yellow markings. Male
have large anal appendages, superior anal appendages curled at apices. Nin
Nineteen
specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into
two species.
----------------------------------------------------------------bistrigatus
----------------------------------------- (Selys, 1854)
-----------------------------------------------------------------biforceps
---------------------------------------------- (Selys, 1878)
63
Selys
1923 Lamelliogomphus biforceps Fraser,, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 29: 64.
Subramanian 2005 except, some minor differences. Antehumeral and humeral stripes
Material Examined: = 05 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Bangladesh, Burma, Bhutan
and Nepal.
Remarks
These dragonflies were found on slow running fresh water stream in hilly
areas having well established vegetation and attracted by reflected light from water.
4.22.
65
xml
These are medium sized dragonflies, body yellow with black marking, anal
appendages long and curled. Thirteen specimens were collected; analogous with the
Material Examined: = 10 = 03
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India and Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were found on slow running fresh water stream in hilly
areas having dense vegetation. Geographical distribution and climate of the species
Medium sized dragonflies with strong build, colour apple green with black markings.
Five specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted
antenodal, 10-9
9 postnodal nerve
nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively.
Material Examined: = 05
Geographical distribution
This species has been reported from India, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and Turkey.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from lakes and streams of clean water with
Selys
Calvert
Medium sized dragonflies colour sandy yellow with black markings. Eight
specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into
one species.
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Kanth 1985
antenodal, 11-11
11 postnodal nerves present in forewings
forewing and hindwings, respectively.
Material Examined: = 07 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Bangladesh and Myanmar
Myanmar.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from the banks of running water with dense
vegetation. These were slow in flight and always found sitting on small vegetation.
4.25.
69
4.5 LIBELLULIDAE
The dragonflies of this family have broadened abdomen, size varies from
small to large and their body is shorter than their wings span. They are erratic in
colour, several species have coloured wings patterns. The males are often brightly
colored and commonly stroll in the wide swampy areas. During rest, some species
hold their abdomen upward and some with wings forward and depressed. These
1 The length of claws hooks equal to the length of claws, look like bifid claw --
3 Body reddish, hindwings with opaque spots in the centre of the wings----------
7 Small dragonflies, body slim and cylindrical from 7-10 abdominal segments--
cell in hindwings----------------------------------------------------------------------11
14 Body metallic, wings having coloured spots extending half of all the wings---
_ Body non metallic, wings having coloured spots on base, nodus and
19 More than half of wings coloured, more than one cubital nerve present in all
_ Only basal wings spots present, one cubital nerve present in all wings-------20
20 Body red colour, wings with basal amber yellow spots ---------------------------
_ Body ochreous, wings with amber fascia upto the middle of wings -------------
These are small dragonflies, body with blue black and yellow colour
markings. Abdomen from 6th segment tapering abruptly, anal appendages light
yellow. Forty eight specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936)
1898 Acisoma variegantum Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 2(7): 239.
1911 Acisoma panorpoides ascalaphoides Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys., 12: 458.
1918 Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Fraser, J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 26: 493.
1949 Acisoma panorpoides inflatum Schmidt, Arch. Mus. Bocage, 20: 187.
1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994, Ullah 1994, Jehangir 1997,
Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements means of the specimens
were as follows:
Material Examined: = 31 = 17
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Philippines,
Remarks
These dragonflies were weak fliers and thus easily collected. These
dragonflies were collected from vegetation near shallow and stagnant water. These
73
panorpoides Rambur
dragonflies breed in marshy places linked with water body. Geographical distribution
These are small dragonflies with metallic frons and metallic strips on thorax,
abdomen pruinosed with light blue colour. Twenty specimens were collected; agree
Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al.. 2007 except,
Material Examined: = 16 = 04
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh,
75
(Rambur)
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from grassy tanks, ponds and small dams
having Typha sp. grown in these areas. These are very active species and found in
sub mountainous and plain area. Geographical distribution and climate of the species
New localities record: D. G. Khan, Bhakkar, Mianwali, Kotli, Attock and Ghotki
These are small to medium sized dragonflies, body colour red with brownish
shade. Wings have broad brownish spots extending from base to middle of the wings.
wing
Eighty specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted
1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994, Ullah 1994, Subramanian 2005 and
Material Examined: = 51 = 29
77
‘Contonued’
78
(Rambur)
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Sri Lanka, Hainan,
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected while flying close to the bank of stagnant
water, vegetation and shady places near slow running water. These dragonflies
remain in the vicinity if disturbed even again and again. Geographical distribution
Medium sized dragonflies, body obscure colour in white, black and grey.
Two specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted
1868 Trithemis geminate Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 736.
1911 Bradinopyga geminate Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, 13: 545, 548.
80
Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007 except,, some minor differences. 111/2 -
as follows:
Material Examined: = 02
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand
Thailand.
Remarks
These dragonflies were seen around cemented ponds, stone walls and granite
One hundred and forty six specimens of this genus were collected; agree with
1868 Crocothemis inquinata Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 737.
1868 Crocothemis erythraea Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 737.
1936 Crocothemis servilia erythraea Fraser, Fauna, Brit. Ind. Odonata, 3: 347.
These are medium sized dragonflies, wings hyalines without brown apical
tips and body red in colour.. Sixty three specimens were collected; analogous with the
Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994
199
Material Examined: = 50 = 13
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Kazakhstan, India, Europe,
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from grassy tanks, ponds, marshy places
and rice field in hilly and plain areas. Almost all types of open stagnant water and
temporary water pits were the breeding sources for these species. Geographical
1868 Crocothemis servilia Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 737.
1879 Crocothemis servilia race erythraea Selys, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 14: 305.
288.
1936 Crocothemis servilia servilia Fraser, Fauna Brit. Ind. Odonata, 3: 345-347.
These are medium sized dragonflies, wings hyalines with brown apical tips
and body red in colour. Eighty three specimens were collected; analogous with the
Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994,
Material Examined: = 62 = 21
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Sri Lanka, Philippines, China,
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from grassy tanks, ponds, ditches, marshy
throughout the year and breed in marshy places. Geographical distribution and
New localities record: Chakwal, Layyah, Bhakkar, Fortabbas, Kot Adu, Thatta,
Small dragonflies with body colour black, yellow and light blue, fifty three
specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into
two species.
87
1868 Diplacinia flavistyla Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 733.
1868 Diplacinia tetra Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 733.
1889 Diplacodes tetra Kirby, trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12: 308.
1903 Diplacodes parvula Needham, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 26: 703-764.
1906 Diplacodes tetra unimaculata Forster, Wiesb. Jahrb. Nass., 59: 307.
1915 Diplacodes spinulosa Navas, Mem. Accad. Nuovi Lincei, 33: 32.
1949 Diplacodes lefebvrei limbata Fraser, Mem. Ins. Sci., Madagascar, A3: 36.
These are small dragonflies, wings transparent with yellow pterostigma and
body black in colour. Forty two specimens were collected; analogous with the
Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994,
Ullah 1994, Jehangir 1997 and Subramanian 2005. Measurements means of the
Material Examined: = 24 = 18
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Africa and Turkey.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from stone, bushes and sitting on ground.
These are small dragonflies, wings transparent, body with light blue
analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with
published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Rehman 1994,
Ullah 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements means of the
Material Examined: = 11
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Sri Lanka, Philippines,
Myanmar, Japan, Lao, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Viet Nam and Taiwan.
Taiwan
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from grassy tanks, ponds, rice fields,
shallow channels and slow flowing streams. These dragonflies were also been
collected from barren land and footpaths near the rice field. These dragonflies
usually perch near the soil surface. Geographical distribution and climate of the
agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
91
Head
24-08-09 30.22 73.52 173 40 27 48
Suelmanki
Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45
Linnaeus.
antenodal, 14-12
12 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively.
Material Examined: = 13 = 02
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, China, South Siberia, Europe,
America, Southern Far East Russia, North East Asian Russia, Ural, Caucasus,
Siberia.
Remarks
These dragonflies
agonflies were collected from still or slow running water and ponds
with vegetation.
egetation. These dragonflies were strong fliers and usually perched
ed through the
93
vegetation. These species breed usually in small ponds with thickly grown
in table 4.34.
Medium sized dragonflies with wing redish brown or black. Twenty six
specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into
two species.
_ Wings with large red coloured spots------------------ tullia tullia (Drury, 1773)
_ Wings with large black coloured spots ------------- fluctuans (Fabricius, 1793)
1867 Neurothemis nicobarica Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 17: 12.
description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and
Material Examined: = 04
Geographical distribution
This species hass also been reported from Singapore, China, Malaysia,
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from weedy water channels and marshy
places. These were also found away from water sitting on small vegetation and
1868 Neurothemis equestris Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 718.
1911 Neurothemis tullia feralis Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, 13: 551, 561, 562.
1936 Neurothemis tullia tullia Fraser, Fauna Brit. Ind., Odonata, 3: 352, 360-362.
360
These are small to medium sized dragonflies; wings from base to half black
(Drury)
Head
21-08-09 31.14 73.51 193 35 27 69
Baloki
Head
18-08-09 32.32 74.31 246 40 24 68
Marala
Mianwali 04-07-06 32.35 71.32 211 37.5 27.3 47
in colour.. Twenty two specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)
Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Rehman 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al.
Material Examined: = 21 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Burma,
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from ponds with vegetation and marshy
places. These were also found away from water sitting on small vegetation and
bushes. These insects usually fly through the vegetation near the soil surface.
4.36. New
w localities record: Bhakkar, Thatta, D. I. Khan, Chakwal and Mianwali
shapes and size.. Three hundred and eight specimens were collected; agree with the
_ Face red----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
_ Cuii arising slightly away from posterior angle of discoidal cell in hindwings-
7 Single row of cell between IRiii and Rspl------------ anceps (Schneider, 1845)
_ Membrane whitish--------------------------------------------------------------------11
98
Material Examined: = 13 = 03
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Caucasus, Kazakhstan, European
Remarks
having dense vegetation. These were also collected from stagnant water with tall
1909 Orthetrum brunneum brunneum Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. 9: 178.
Yousuf 1972, Arshad 1994 and Jehangir 1997. Measurements means of the
Material Examined: = 19 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, South Siberia, Africa, Europe,
Turkey.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from the banks of water channels and ponds
sitting on small vegetation. Often perch on ground or on vegetation near the running
100
Brunneum (Fonscolombe)
water, mostly near small streams and running ditches. Geographical distribution and
1874Orthetrum
Orthetrum cancellatum Meyer Dur, Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 4: 330.
1876 Hydronympha
dronympha helvetica Buchecker, Syst. Ent. p. 8.
1909 Orthetrum cancellatum cancellatum Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. 9: 180.
description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Khaliq
antenodal, 9-9
9 postnodal nerves
ne present in forewings and hindwings, respectively.
Material Examined: = 09 = 02
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Turkey, India, Mongolia, Africa,
Remarks
River bank and flood areas were the collection places of these species. Large
102
standing and slow running water generally open and unvegetated areas were the
Yousuf 1972, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements means of
Material Examined: = 07 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Singapore, China, Guandong,
Myanmar, Hong Kong, India, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Hainan, Malaysia, Peninsular
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from Small stream, ponds and marshes in
mountainous and plane areas. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in
cancellatum Linnaeus
1909 Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonica Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, 09: 203-212.
Twenty seven specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)
Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994, Jehangir 1997, Subramanian 2005 and
Material Examined: = 22 = 05
Geographical distribution
China, Guandong, Guangxi, Thailand, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Sri Lanka,
Myanmar, Africa, Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Turkey, Taiwan and Viet Nam.
Remarks
areas. These were collected sitting on stones near shallow stagnant water in open
areas. These are locality specific and avoid leaving the place occupied. Geographical
luzonicum (Brauer)
Twenty five specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)
description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985,
Rehman 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al.. 2007 except, some minor
Material Examined: = 19 = 06
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from China, Malaysia, Guandong,
Thailand, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Philippines, India, Japan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar,
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from Small gully, streams, ponds and
1894 Orthetrum japonicum internum MacLachlan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 13: 431.
1896 Orthetrum internum MacLachlan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 17: 365.
description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Kanth
antenodal, 10-10
10 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively.
Material Examined: = 05
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from China, Thailand, Guandong, India,
Remarks
sitting on stones near shallow stagnant water in open areas. These were locality
specific and avoid leaving the place occupied. Geographical distribution and climate
1891 Libellula pruinos clelia Selys, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 30: 461.
1909 Orthetrum purinosum neglectum Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. p. 181.
2005 and Bedjanic et al.. 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as
follows:
Material Examined: = 34 = 16
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia,
Bangladesh,, China, Guandong, Lao, Guangxi, Hainan, Indonesia, Japan, Sri Lanka,
neglectum (Rambur)
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from weedy tanks, ponds, marshy places,
channels and small slow flowing streams in mountainous, submountainous and plane
table 4.44. New localities record: Taunsa, D. G. Khan, Larkana, Dadu, Sanghar,
Seventy five specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)
Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994, Ullah 1994,
Jehangir 1997, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements means of
Material Examined: = 41 = 34
112
‘Continued’
113
Warsak
30-08-09 34.10 71.25 339 36 26 58
Dam
114
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Turkey, Caucasus, Guandong,
Thailand, Greek island, Singapore, Russian Federation, Taiwan and Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from tanks, ponds, water channels, rice
fields and slow running water. These dragonflies can breed in all kind of standing
and slow running water. These were also found away from breeding places, perching
on the ground, twigs and wires for just a few seconds. Geographical distribution and
climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.45. New localities record:
Thirty four specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)
(Schneider)
Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994 and Rehman 1994.
Material Examined: = 26 = 08
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Turkey, Greek island and Middle
East.
Remarks
stones in slow running water. Usually perch on rocks and sandy areas. Geographical
Six specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description.
Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985 and Ahmad
Material Examined: = 06
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Malaysia, China, Hainan, Thailand,
Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from Small stream, pond and marshes in
Thirty one specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)
Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994, Jehangir 1997, Subramanian
118
(Burmeister)
triangulare (Selys)
2005 and Bedjanic et al.. 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as
follows:
Material Examined: = 29 = 02
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from China, Thailand, Guandong, Lao,
Guangxi, Hong Kong, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Hainan and Viet Nam.
Remarks
mountainous and hilly regions. These were also found near fresh slow running water
These are very small sized dragonflies; wings have brown spots, pterostigma
appearance and flight. Thirty four specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s
1868 Palpopleura sexmaculata Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 18: 716.
120
sexmaculata (Fabricius)
and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:
Material Examined: = 19 = 15
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, China, Malaysia, Assam,
Bangladesh, Guandong, Myanmar, Guangxi, Hainan, Lao, Hong Kong, Thailand and
Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from rice field and marshy places in hilly
and plain areas. These species have slow flight thus can be easily collected.
These are medium sized dragonflies, wings transparent and body reddish
brown.. Ninety one specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936)
1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994, Ullah 1994
1994, Jehangir
1997, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements means of the
Material Examined: = 67 = 24
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Indonesia, Colombia, Cambodia,
Afghanistan, Iran, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Bahamas, Costa Rica, China, Hong
Kong, India, Japan, Guatemala, Lao, Myanmar, Singapore, Puerto Rico, Peninsular
Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan, Hispaniola, Viet Nam, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba,
Ecuador, French Guiana, Aruba, Belize, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Peru, Mexico,
Trinidad, Cayman Islands, Lesser Antilles, Tobago, Uruguay, and Puerto Rico.
Remarks
These were very common species, found all over the Pakistan. These
123
dragonflies were collected from swarms in fields, ponds and playgrounds in rainy
season. These were more or less strong fliers and also seen flying near the marshy
places as well as far away from water. Geographical distribution and climate of the
These were medium sized dragonflies, wings transparent and body reddish in
colour. One specimen of this genus was collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936)
description.
1868 Erythemis rufa Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 18: 723.
1868 Erythemis oblita Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 18: 723.
1900 Crocothemis rufa Van Der Weele, Nova Guinea, 09: 22.
and Bedjanic et al. 2007 except, some minor differences costa yellow, discoidal
field begins with two rows of cells, discoidal cell in hindwing traversed, 111/2-111/2
126
1842)
as follows:
Material Examined: = 01
Geographical distribution
These species has also been reported from Bangladesh, China, Myanmar,
Guangxi, Hong Kong, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore,
Remarks
This dragonfly was found maneuvering on small vegetation near the slow
running streams. Male was difficult to identify during flight with other similar red
coloured dragonflies, with which it shares the habitat. Geographical distribution and
These are medium sized dragonflies, wings with black and yellow markings
hindwings hyaline from pterostigma to apex. Twenty nine specimens were collected;
agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
1913 Rhyothmis variegate variegate Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys., 15: 931, 935-6.
1924 Rhyothmis Phyllis Phyllis Fraser, Rec. Ind. Mus., 26: 426, 443.
1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et
Material Examined: = 16 = 13
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India,, Sri Lanka, Myanmar,
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from ponds and canopy of small trees, early
in the morning. These were also found in swarms, in an open place during bright
129
sunshine and look likes the butterflies. Geographical distribution and climate of the
Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994 and Ullah 1994 except, some minor differences. 6-6
6
as follows:
Material Examined: = 13 = 02
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Caucasus, European Russia, India,
130
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected sitting on road and paths. When try to
collect these dragonflies go away and sit a few yards away and remain in the same
vicinity. Adult usually hover about a meter above the ground and found far away
specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into
five species.
specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens
tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Arshad
1994 and Rehman 1994 except, some minor differences. 71/2-61/2 antenodal, 77-7
Material Examined: = 11 = 01
Geographical distribution
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected sitting on the top of the vegetation near
slow running water and were easy to collect. Geographical distribution and climate
1887 Sympetrum vulgatum race decoloratum Selys,, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 31: 10.
133
1911 Sympetrum decoloratum Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, 13: 618, 629-631.
1972 and Kanth 1985 except, some minor differences. 61/2-61/2 antenodal, 6-6
6
Material Examined: = 08
Geographical distribution
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from standing or slow running water having
1840 Libellula fonscolombei Selys, monogr. Libell. Eur.: 29, 49, 208.
1907 Sympetrum sanguineum Dixey et Longstaff, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.: 377.
Yousuf 1972, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements
Material Examined: = 07 = 04
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Africa, Caucasus, European Russia,
India, Kazakhstan, Japan, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Russian Federation and Turkey.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from ponds and marshes in the hilly areas.
These species breed in warm, still, shallow water of open areas. Males of these
species were more territorial than the other species of this particular genus.
4.56.
description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Kanth
1985 except, some minor differences. 81/2-71/2 antenodal, 9-88 postnodal and 6-6
6
antenodal, 9-8
8 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings,
hindwings respectively.
Material Examined: = 03
Geographical distribution
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from pond and marshes in the hilly areas.
These species breed in warm, still, shallow water of open areas. Geographical
description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Kanth
1985 except, some minor differences. 61/2-61/2 antenodal, 5-55 postnodal and 5-5
5
(Selys)
Fraser
Material Examined: = 04 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Africa, Turkey, Caucasus,
Kazakhstan, European Russia, India, Russian Federation, Mongolia, Ural and West
Siberia.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from shallow stagnant water with well
establish
sh vegetation. These species were also found in swampy areas. Geographical
dark red spots and brick red body with black markings.
markings Twenty one specimens were
collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into two species.
_ Hamule slightly overlapping the lobe, two black spots at base of hindwing
hindwings--
----------------------------------------------------basilaris
--------------------------------- burmeisteri Kirby, 1889
_ Hamule large, greatly overlapping the lobe, one black spot at base of
hindwings--------------------
-------------------------------------------------- Virginia (Rambur, 1842)
139
1805 Libellula basilaris Palisot de Beauvois, Ins. Afr. et. Amer.: 171.
1868 tramea basilaris Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. ges. Wien, 18: 714.
specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens
exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Ullah 1994,
were as follows:
Material Examined: = 05
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Burma, Malaysia, Japa
Japan,
Remarks
running water. These were also found flying in a group with Pantala flarescens
140
along the road side. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan
These are large sized dragonflies, wings hyaline, hindwings with large
reddish brown spots extending the discoidal cells, body brick red, last 3-44 abdominal
segments black.. Sixteen specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s
Rehman 1994 and Jehangir 1997 except, some minor differences. 131/2-121/2
as follows:
Material Examined: = 13 = 03
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Burma, China, Guangxi, Japan,
Kirby
Remarks
maneuvering over water for a long time and do not come near the edge of pond
stagnant and slow running water. Geographical distribution and climate of the
Medium sized dragonflies, colour of the abdomen variable. One hundred and
twenty specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted
1 Colour red------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
_ Thorax and abdomen black or dark blue, purinosed--- festiva (Rambur, 1842)
Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994,
1994, Jehangir 1997,
Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements means of the specimens
were as follows:
Material Examined: = 46 = 05
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Philippine,
Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan and Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from ponds; marshy places and slow
running water in hilly and plain areas. These were also found near deep fresh running
water, flying and resting on stones and tops of branches of small vegetation.
4.61.
144
1878 Trithemis proserpina Selys, Mitth. Ann. Mus. Dresden, 3: 294, 314.
These are medium sized dragonflies, wings hyaline with basal dark brown
with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published
Jehangir 1997, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements means of
Material Examined: = 31 = 06
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Burma, China,, Guangxi, Hong
Thailand, Singapore, Lao, Myanmar, Guandong, Indonesia, Taiwan, Turkey and Viet
Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from ponds; marshy places and slow
146
Mangla
14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60
Dam
Mardan 20-08-05 34.11 72.02 310 35.8 20.5 37
running water in hilly and plain areas. These were also collected, sitting on stones
and top of branches of bushes and were found in large number in same vicinity.
These are medium sized dragonflies, wings hyaline with amber yellow basal
with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens were tally with publish
published
descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994
Material Examined: = 10 = 01
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from India and Sri Lanka.
148
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from marshy places and near the slow
running water in hilly areas sitting on the top of grasses. These were also found
sitting on small stones and were difficult to capture. Geographical distribution and
1889 Sympetrum pallidinervis Kirby, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12: 327.
These are medium sized dragonflies, wing hyaline with amber yellow spots
collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally
with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Rehman
1994, Ullah 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements
ents means
Material Examined: = 12 = 09
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Burma,
Table 4.63: Geographical location and climate of Trithemis Kirbyi Kirbyi Selys
Mangla
14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60
Dam
Sargodha 24-07-07 32.04 72.40 187 37.8 27.9 46
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from ponds, marshy places and stagnant
water in agricultural fields. These were also found flying against the wind in rice
flied and difficult to capture. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in
These are medium sized dragonflies, wings hyaline having brown spots
extending from base to nodus, followed by opaque spots in hindwings and body
reddish brown in colour. Twelve specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s
2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007 except, some minor differences. 101/2-91/2 antenodal,
8-8 postnodal and 7-7 antenodal, 10-11 postnodal nerves present in forewings and
Material Examined: = 04 = 07
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Burma, Africa, Australia,
Bangladesh, China, Guandong, Indonesia, Philippines, India, Japan, Lao, Sri Lanka,
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected form ponds and marshy places near the road
and also observe while hiding in a sugarcane field in the evening. These were also
These are medium sized dragonflies; hindwings have red velvet spot on the
1868 Urothemis signguinea Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 737.
1913 Urothemis signata signata Ris. Cat. Coll. Selys, 16: 1023-24.
152
(Rambur)
Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al.. 2007 except, some minor differences. 7-7
7
as follows:
Material Examined: = 15 = 03
Geographical distribution
This species has also been reported from Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong,
India, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Hainan, Thailand and Viet Nam.
Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from channels with vegetation and slow
running water. These were also found near the deep stagnant water sitting on the top
of the tall vegetation. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan
agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
154
1889 Pseudomacromia torrid Kirby,, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 12: 299, 340.
Rehman 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al.. 2007 except, some minor
Material Examined: = 04 = 09
Geographical distribution
Remarks
dragonflies perched few feet above the water surface and remain flying extensively
in the same vicinity. These were not very fast fliers and easy to collect, on disturbing
these can take very high flight. Geographical distribution and climate of the species
Table 4.67: Geographical location and climate of Zygonyx torrid isis Fraser
These are medium sized dragonflies, body redish brown in colour and
cylindrical in shape, anal loop open from apex. Three specimens were collected;
agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
as follows:
Material Examined: = 03
Geographical distribution
These species has also been reported from Bangladesh, Philippines, Japan,
China, Guandong, Hong Kong, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia,
Remarks
These dragonflies remain active during dusk and dawn in rainy season and
were collected from light at night after monsoon rain. Geographical distribution and
AESHNIDAE
CORDULEGASTRIDAE
CORDULIIDAE
GOMPHIDAE
LIBELLULIDAE
KPK
= Aeshnidae
= Corduliidae
= Cordulegasteridae
= Gomphidae
= Libellulidae
5
NO. OF FAMILIES
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5 5
2 4 4 4
1.5 3 3
1 2 2 2
0.5 1
0
AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS
30
NO. OF GENERA
25
20
15 28
24
10 17 19
15
5 11 9 9 8 9
0
AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS
45
40
35
NO. OF SPECIES
30
25
41 43
20
15 29
10 21
17 15 15
5 10 10 9
0
AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS
60
46 68
40 39
20
35
0 20
during 2005 – 2009 in all the ten agro-ecological regions of Pakistan. A total of 1349
identified. Fig. 4.15 shows the area of Pakistan occupied by different dragonfly
families which indicate that the specimens of the families Aeshnidae and
species are found in only mountainous areas. The specimens of Gomphidae family
are scattered in all parts of Pakistan. Fig. 4.16 shows maximum i.e. 5 families were
identified from Wet Mountains followed by Notheren Irrigated Plain, Barani Lands
and Northern Dry Mountains each having four families of anisoptrans. The minimum
only one family was identified from Sany Desert. Fig. 4.17 shows the maximum 28
genera of Anisoptra were identified from Barani Lands followed by 24, 19, 17 and
15 from Wet Mountains, Northern Dry Mountains, Northern Irrigated Plain and
Indus Delta, respectively. Minimum 08 genera of Anisoptra were identified from Dry
Western Plateau. Fig. 4.18 shows among the collected 68 species, 17 species from
The Indus Delta, 15 species from The Southern Irrigated Plains, 10 species from The
Sandy Desert, 21 species from The Northern Irrigated Plains, 41species from The
Barani Lands, 43 species from The Wet Mountains, 29 species from The Northern
Dry Mountains, 15 species from The Western Dry Mountains, 10 species from The
Dry Western Plateau and 09 species from The Sulaiman Piedmont were recorded.
Fig. 4.19 shows that maximam 68 species of dragonflies were collected during 2010
from Pakistan.
SUMMARY
during 2005 – 2009 in all the ten agro-ecological regions of Pakistan. A total of 1349
identified. Among the collected fauna family Aeshnidae having 09 species belonging
1839 Macromia moorei Selys, 1874 Onychogomphus biforceps (Selys, 1878) and
Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar, 1842) are reported first time from Pakistan. So, seven
species are added to the existing anisopterous fauna of Pakistan. Details for the
collected material i.e. valid names, their synonyms, measurements of different body
relative humidity, longitude, latitude and altitude for localities, habitat description,
differential characters from published descriptions for new records to country have
been provided. The characters of the species already identified have not been
included in this manuscript, because they have already significantly been dealt with
by a number of authors in their works. Coloured images of some species and habitats
of all species are also presented. Taxonomic keys for families, genera and species
level are also presented. Check lists of all the 10 agro-ecological regions of Pakistan
and the corresponding checklist of dragonflies of Pakistan have also been presented.
179
180
with a total of 68 species, thereby adding seven new records to earlier reported data.
Among the collected 68 species, 17 species from The Indus Delta, 15 species from
The Southern Irrigated Plains, 10 species from The Sandy Desert, 21 species from
The Northern Irrigated Plains, 41species from The Barani Lands, 43 species from
The Wet Mountains, 29 species from The Northern Dry Mountains, 15 species from
The Western Dry Mountains, 10 species from The Dry Western Plateau and 09
species from The Suleiman Piedmont were recorded. Maximum number of species
43 was recorded from the wet mountain zone. Collected specimens have been
taxonomic studies.
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