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Advances in Remote Sensing for
Forest Monitoring
Advances in Remote Sensing for
Forest Monitoring

Edited by Prem C. Pandey and Paul Arellano

This edition first published 2023
© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-­in-­Publication Data

Names: Pandey, Prem C., 1985- editor. | Arellano, Paul, 1967– editor.
Title: Advances in remote sensing for forest monitoring / edited by Prem
C. Pandey & Paul Arellano.
Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2023. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022040573 (print) | LCCN 2022040574 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119788126 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119788133 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9781119788140 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Forests and forestry–Remote sensing. | Forest monitoring.
Classification: LCC SD387.R4 A36 2023 (print) | LCC SD387.R4 (ebook) |
DDC 634.9–dc23/eng/20220829
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022040573
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022040574

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Image: © Vonkara1/Getty Images

Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Pondicherry, India

Dedicated to the loving memory of my father, 1941–2019, and mother, 1946–2013.who
inspired me to follow the dreams for success.
— Dr. Prem C. Pandey
This book is dedicated to my six-­year-­old beloved son Paul Nicolás, the sweetest little
sunshine of my life.
—­Dr. Paul Arellano
 vii

Contents

List of Contributors xv
Foreword xix
Preface xxi
List of Abbreviations xxv
Editors xxxiv

Section I General Introduction to Forest Monitoring 1

1 Introduction to Forest Monitoring Using Advanced Remote Sensing Technology –

An Editori al Message 3
Prem C. Pandey and Paul Arellano
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 ­Forest Monitoring: Importance and Trends 3
1.3 ­Advances in Remote Sensing Technology for Forest Monitoring 5
1.4 ­Summary 8
References 8

2 Geospatial Perspectives of Sustainable Forest Management to Enhance Ecosystem

Services and Livelihood Security 10
Amit Kumar, Pawan Ekka, Subhashree Patra, Gajendra Kumar, Bodi S.P.C. Kishore,
Rahul Kumar, and Purabi Saikia
2.1 ­Introduction and Background 10
2.2 ­Major Ecological Disturbances of Forests 12
2.2.1 Livelihood Dependencies 12
2.2.1.1 Livestock Grazing 12
2.2.1.2 Fuelwood Collection 16
2.2.1.3 Forage Removal 16
2.2.1.4 Minor Forest Products (MFPs) Collection 17
2.3 ­Forest Fires 19
2.4 ­Invasive Plant Species (IPS) 20
2.5 ­Climate Change 23
2.6 ­Forest Ecosystem Services (FESs) 24
viii Contents

2.7 S­ ustainable Uses of Forests and Their Contributions to Livelihood Security 26

2.8 ­Landscape Based Approach (LbA) and Ecosystem-­Based Approach (EbA) of
Sustainable Forests Management (SFM) 27
2.9 ­Conclusions 29
References 29

Section II Forest Parameters – Biochemical and Biophysical Parameters 43

3 Distinguishing Carotene and Xanthophyll Contents in the Leaves of Riparian

Forest Species by Applying Machine Learning Algorithms to Field
Reflectance Data 45
Guillaume Lassalle and Sophie Fabre
3.1 ­Introduction 45
3.1.1 Chapter Overview 45
3.1.2 Threats to Riparian Forests 45
3.1.3 Remote Sensing of Riparian Forests 46
3.1.4 Implication of Carotenoids in Plant Stress 46
3.1.5 Advances in Carotenoid Retrieval Using Reflectance
Spectroscopy 48
3.1.6 Applying Machine Learning to Reflectance Spectroscopy 48
3.2 ­Study Area 49
3.3 ­Data 49
3.3.1 Leaf Sampling and Analysis 49
3.3.2 Reflectance Measurements 50
3.4 Methodology 50
3.4.1 Preprocessing of Reflectance Data 50
3.4.2 ML Algorithms 52
3.4.3 Carotenoid Prediction 53
3.5 ­Results 54
3.5.1 Leaf Carotenoid Contents 54
3.5.2 Predictions of Carotenoid Contents Using ML Algorithms 55
3.6 ­Discussion 58
3.6.1 Sources of Variability in the Carotenoid Pool among Species 58
3.6.2 Toward a Broad-­Scale Monitoring of Carotenoids? 59
3.6.3 Sensitivity Analysis 60
3.7 ­Conclusion 61
­Acknowledgments 61
Funding 61
References 61
­ Supporting Information 69

4 Modeling of Abiotic Stress of Conifers with Remote Sensing Data 78

Lachezar Filchev
4.1 ­Introduction 78
4.2 ­Natural Factors 81
 Contents ix

4.2.1 Soils 81
4.2.1.1 Oxidation–Reduction Conditions 81
4.3 ­Anthropogenic Factors 81
4.3.1 Atmospheric Pollution 82
4.3.1.1 Non-­organic Gaseous Pollutants 83
4.3.1.2 Ozone Stress 84
4.3.1.3 Dust and Aerosols Pollutants 84
4.3.2 Soil and Groundwater Pollution 86
4.4 ­Thresholds and Critical Loads 87
4.4.1 Satellite Multi-­Band Remote Methods for Detecting Abiotic Stress 87
4.4.2 Satellite Infrared Remote Sensing Methods for Detecting Abiotic Stress 90
4.4.3 Hyperspectral Satellite Remote Sensing Methods for Detecting Abiotic
Stress 92
4.4.4 Fluorescent Satellite Remote Sensing Methods for Detecting Vegetation
Stress 94
4.4.5 Modeling in Geoscience 95
4.4.6 Models of Geosystems and Abiotic Stress in Ecology and Radioecology 97
4.5 ­Conclusions 100
References 101

5 Retrieval of Mangrove Forest Properties Using Synthetic Aperture Radar 107

Jigarkumar B. Solanki, Rina Kumari, Anup Kumar Das, Parul Maurya, and Nikhil Lele
5.1 ­Introduction 107
5.2 ­Microwave Remote Sensing 108
5.2.1 Polarization 109
5.2.2 Interaction Mechanism of SAR 110
5.2.3 SAR Based Mangroves Studies 111
5.2.4 SAR Image of the Mangroves 111
5.2.5 Mapping the Mangrove Area 112
5.2.6 Identification of Mangrove Degraded Area Using SAR 114
5.2.7 Mangrove Forest Structure Parameters and SAR 117
5.2.8 Mangrove Biomass and SAR 119
5.3 ­Conclusions 120
References 121

6 Photosynthetic Variables Estimation in a Mangrove Forest 126

Somnath Paramanik, Roma Varghese, Mukunda D. Behera, Surbhi Barnwal,
Soumit K. Behera, and Bimal K. Bhattyacharya
6.1 ­Introduction 126
6.1.1 Mangroves 126
6.1.2 Photosynthesis/Carbon Sequestration 128
6.1.3 Leaf Area Index 128
6.1.4 Chlorophyll Concentration 129
6.1.5 Solar Induced Fluorescence 130
6.1.6 Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) 130
6.1.7 Vegetation Indices (VIs) 131
x Contents

6.2 M­ aterials and Methodology 131

6.2.1 Dataset 131
6.2.1.1 In-­situ Data 131
6.2.1.2 Satellite/airborne Data/products 132
6.2.2 Methods 133
6.2.2.1 Digital Hemispherical Photography (DHP) Processing 133
6.2.2.2 Laboratory Chlorophyll Extraction 133
6.2.2.3 Vegetation Index Generation 133
6.2.2.4 Machine Learning Approaches 134
6.2.2.5 Time Series Analysis 134
6.3 ­Results 134
6.3.1 Seasonal Variation of LAI, SIF, and GPP 134
6.3.2 Landsat-­8 Predicted LAI 137
6.3.3 Landsat-­8 Predicted Canopy Chlorophyll Content (CCC) 140
6.4 ­Discussion 143
6.4.1 Seasonal Behavior 143
6.4.2 Random Forest-­based LAI and LCC estimation 144
6.5 ­Conclusions 144
References 145

7 Quantifying Carbon Stock Variability of Species Within a Reforested Urban Landscape

Using Texture Measures Derived from Remotely Sensed Imagery 150
Mthembeni Mngadi, John Odindi, and Onisimo Mutanga
7.1 ­Introduction 150
7.2 ­Materials and Methods 152
7.2.1 The Study Site 152
7.2.2 Field Survey and Data Collection 152
7.2.3 Allometric Modeling of Above Ground Biomass and Carbon Stock 154
7.2.4 Image Acquisition and Pre-­processing 154
7.2.5 Sentinel-­2 MSI Texture Metrics Derivation 154
7.2.6 Statistical Analysis 155
7.2.7 Model Accuracy Assessment 156
7.3 ­Results 156
7.3.1 Carbon Stock of Reforested Tree Species 156
7.3.2 Prediction Performance of Carbon Stock Using Remotely Sensed Data
and the Random Forest Model 157
7.3.3 Carbon Stock Estimates and Variability Between Reforested Tree
Species 158
7.4 ­Discussion 159
7.4.1 Carbon Stock Variability Between Reforested Tree Species 162
7.5 ­Conclusion 162
­Acknowledgments 163
References 163
 Contents xi

8 Mapping Oil Palm Plantations in the Fringe of Sebangau National Park,

Central Kalimantan, Indonesia 167
Bambang H. Trisasongko, Dyah R. Panuju, Zulyan Afif, Yephi Haptadi,
and Abdul R.M. Shariff
8.1 ­Introduction 167
8.2 ­Methodology 168
8.2.1 Test Site and Datasets 168
8.2.2 Data Processing and Analysis 169
8.3 ­Results and Discussion 171
8.3.1 Identifying Oil Palm 171
8.3.2 Classification Accuracies 173
8.4 ­Conclusion 176
­Acknowledgments 176
References 176

Section III Remote Sensing Technology for Forest Fire Monitoring 179

9 Forest Fire Susceptibility Mapping by Integrating Remote Sensing and Machine

Learning Algorithms 181
Shahfahad, Swapan Talukdar, Tanmoy Das, Mohd Waseem Naikoo, Mohd Rihan,
and Atiqur Rahman
9.1 ­Introduction 181
9.2 ­Study Area 182
9.3 ­Materials and Methods 183
9.3.1 Materials 183
9.3.2 Forest Fire Inventory 184
9.3.3 Ignition Factors for Forest Fire Modeling 184
9.3.4 Method for the Multicollinearity Analysis 185
9.3.5 Methods for Forest Fire Susceptibility Modeling 185
9.3.5.1 Random Forest (RF) 185
9.3.5.2 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 187
9.3.5.3 Logistic Regression (LR) 187
9.3.6 Validation of the Models 187
9.4 ­Results 188
9.4.1 Multicollinearity Analysis 188
9.4.2 Forest Fire Susceptibility Modeling 188
9.4.3 Validation Analysis of the Models 190
9.5 Discussion 190
9.6 Conclusion 192
Acknowledgments 193
References 193
xii Contents

10 Leveraging Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Landsat Images to Assess Bushfire Severity
and Postfire Short-­Term Vegetation Recovery: A Case Study of Victoria, Australia 196
Saroj K. Sharma, Jagannath Aryal, and Abbas Rajabifard
10.1 ­Introduction 196
10.2 ­Materials and Methods 198
10.2.1 Study Area 198
10.2.2 Conceptual Workflow and Vegetation Recovery Predictors 199
10.2.3 Dataset 200
10.2.3.1 Remote Sensing Data 200
10.2.3.2 Climate Data 201
10.2.3.3 Other Data 203
10.2.4 Processing in GEE 203
10.2.5 Fire Severity Characterization 203
10.2.6 Post-­Fire Recovery Indices Calculation 204
10.2.7 Bushfire Severity Accuracy Assessment 204
10.3 ­Results 205
10.3.1 Bushfire Severity Assessment 205
10.3.2 Bushfire Severity Accuracy Assessment Results 205
10.3.3 Post-­Fire Recovery Assessment 208
10.3.4 Correlation Among Climatic, Topographic, and Post-­fire Recovery
Variables 210
10.3.5 Relative Variable Importance in Post-­Fire Recovery 211
10.4 ­Discussion 212
10.4.1 Bushfire Severity Assessment 212
10.4.2 Post-­Fire Recovery Assessment 214
10.4.3 Climatic and Topographic Influence of Bushfire Recovery Assessment 214
10.4.4 Limitations of this Study 215
10.5 ­Conclusions 215
­Acknowledgments 216
References 216

Section IV  dvancement in RS-­Drones and Multi-­Sensors Multi-­Source for Forest

A
Monitoring 221

11 Recent Advancement and Role of Drones in Forest Monitoring: Research and

Practices 223
Neeraj K. Maurya, Amit K. Tripathi, Aashri Chauhan, Prem C. Pandey, and Salim Lamine
11.1 ­Introduction 223
11.2 ­Field Sampling Methods in Forest Application: Traditional to Present 224
11.3 ­Biophysical Parameters Assessment Using Remote Sensing 227
11.3.1 Above Ground Biomass (AGB) 229
11.3.2 Tree Height and Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) 233
11.3.3 Leaf Area Index (LAI) 234
11.4 ­Biochemical Parameter Assessment Using Remote Sensing 239
11.4.1 Canopy Chlorophyll Content (CCC) 240
11.4.2 Canopy Water Content (CWC) 241
 Contents xiii

11.5 U
­ AV-­Based Remote Sensing 241
11.6 ­Other Important Forest Research Applications and Practices 243
11.7 ­Conclusions 244
References 245

12 Applications of Multi-­Source and Multi-­Sensor Data Fusion of Remote Sensing

for Forest Species Mapping 255
Pegah Mohammadpour and Carlos Viegas
12.1 ­Introduction 255
12.2 ­Forest Mapping Process 257
12.2.1 Image Acquisition 257
12.2.2 Image Pre-­processing 260
12.2.3 Image Enhancement 260
12.2.4 Image Classification 261
12.2.5 Accuracy Assessments 262
12.2.6 Vegetation Indices 264
12.3 ­Data Fusion 267
12.3.1 Fusion of Satellite and UAV/Drone 268
12.4 ­Discussion 280
12.5 ­Conclusion and Future Trends 281
­Acknowledgments 281
References 282

Section V  pportunities, Challenges, and Future Aspects in Forest

O
Monitoring 289

13 Challenges and Monitoring Methods of Forest Management Through Geospatial

Application: A Review 291
Soumya Pandey, Neeta Kumari, Soumesh K. Dash, and Shah Al Nawajish
13.1 ­Introduction 291
13.2 ­Importance of Forest Cover 296
13.2.1 Biogeochemical Cycle 298
13.2.2 Climate Change 298
13.2.3 Soil and Nutrients 299
13.2.4 Soil Conservation 299
13.2.5 Microbes 300
13.3 ­Challenges in the Sustainability of Forest Management 300
13.3.1 Challenges Due to Anthropogenic Activities 301
13.3.1.1 Deforestation 301
13.3.1.2 Agriculture and Water Stress 302
13.3.1.3 Mining 303
13.3.1.4 Land Degradation 303
13.3.1.5 Climate Change 303
13.3.2 Application of Geospatial Technology in Monitoring of the
Forests 304
xiv Contents

13.3.3 Types of Forest Data 311

13.3.3.1 Forest Extents 311
13.3.3.2 Forest Cover 312
13.3.3.3 Forest Fire 312
13.3.3.4 Forest Health 313
13.3.3.5 Forest Biophysical and Biochemical 314
13.4 ­Summary 314
References 315

14 Challenges and Future Possibilities Toward Himalayan Forest Monitoring 329

Ayushi Gupta, Prashant K. Srivastava, K.V. Satish, Aashri Chauhan, and Prem C. Pandey
14.1 ­Introduction 329
14.2 ­Component of Forest Monitoring 332
14.2.1 Satellite Monitoring 332
14.2.2 Ground Station Monitoring 332
14.2.3 Ground Survey and Inventory 332
14.3 ­Challenges in Satellite Monitoring 332
14.3.1 Forest Fire Monitoring 332
14.3.2 Challenges in Land-­Use Change Monitoring 333
14.3.3 Challenges in Species Distribution Monitoring 334
14.3.4 Challenges in Climate Monitoring 335
14.3.5 Challenges in Wildlife Monitoring 336
14.4 ­Challenges in Ground Survey and Inventory 336
14.4.1 Challenges in Forest Surveying 336
14.4.2 Challenges in Biodiversity Monitoring 337
14.4.3 Challenges in Socio-­Economic Survey 338
14.4.4 Challenges in Forest Production Monitoring 338
14.5 ­Future Possibilities in Forest Monitoring 339
14.5.1 Application of High Spatial and Spectral Resolution Satellites
and Cameras 339
14.5.2 Application of Drones and Aircraft 339
14.5.3 Application of LiDAR 341
14.5.4 Carbon Credits and Attracting Funds for Nations 343
14.6 ­Conclusion 344
References 345
Web Sources 350

Index 351

List of Contributors
Zulyan Afif
Regional Hazard Mitigation Agency (BPBD),
Kotawaringin Timur, Sampit, Indonesia.
Paul Arellano
College of Forest Resources and
Environmental Sciences, Michigan
Technological University, Houghton,
Michigan, USA.
Jagannath Aryal
Department of Infrastructure Engineering,
The University of Melbourne; Centre for
Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land
Administration (CSDILA), The University
of Melbourne; and Centre for Disaster
Management and Public Safety (CDMPS),
The University of Melbourne, Melbourne,
Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Surbhi Barnwal
Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere,
and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian
Institute of Technology Kharagpur,
Kharagpur, India.
Mukunda D. Behera
Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere,
and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian
Institute of Technology Kharagpur,
Kharagpur, India.
xv
Soumit K. Behera
Plant Ecology and Climate Change
Science Division, CSIR–National Botanical
Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
Bimal K. Bhattyacharya
Space Applications Centre,
ISRO, Ahmedabad, India.
Aashri Chauhan
Center for Environmental Sciences
& Engineering, School of Natural
Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of
Eminence (Deemed to be University),
Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Anup Kumar Das
Space Application Center, ISRO,
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
Tanmoy Das
Department of Geography, Faculty of
Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi, India.
Soumesh K. Dash
Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Birla Institute
of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi,
Jharkhand, India.
xvi List of Contributors
Pawan Ekka
Department of Environmental Sciences,
Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe,
Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
Sophie Fabre
Office National d’Études et de
Recherches Aérospatiales (ONERA),
Toulouse, France.
Lachezar Filchev
Space Research and Technology
Institute, Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences, Bulgaria.
Ayushi Gupta
Institute of Environment and Sustainable
Development, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Yephi Haptadi
Regional Hazard Mitigation Agency
(BPBD), Kotawaringin Timur, Sampit,
Indonesia.
Bodi S.P.C. Kishore
Department of Geoinformatics, Central
University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi,
Jharkhand, India.
Amit Kumar
Department of Geoinformatics, Central
University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi,
Jharkhand, India.
Gajendra Kumar
Department of Geoinformatics, Central
University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi,
Jharkhand, India.
Rahul Kumar
ICFRE-­Institute of Forest Productivity,
Lalgutwa, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
Neeta Kumari
Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology,
Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
Rina Kumari
School of Environment Science and
Sustainable Development, Central University
of Gujarat, Gujarat, India.
Guillaume Lassalle
Office National d’Études et de Recherches
Aérospatiales (ONERA), Toulouse,
France.
Salim Lamine
Faculty of Biological Sciences, University
of Sciences and Technology Houari
Boumediene (USTHB), Algiers, Algeria;
and Department of Geography and Earth
Sciences, University of Aberystwyth,
Ceredigion, Wales, UK.
Nikhil Lele
Space Applications Centre, ISRO,
Ahmedabad Gujarat, India.
Neeraj K. Maurya
Center for Environmental Sciences &
Engineering, School of Natural Sciences,
Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence
(Deemed to be University), Greater Noida,
Uttar Pradesh, India.
Parul Maurya
School of Environment Science and
Sustainable Development, Central University
of Gujarat, Gujarat, India.
Mthembeni Mngadi
School of Agricultural, Earth, and
Environmental Sciences, Discipline of
Geography, University of KwaZulu-­Natal,
Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.

Pegah Mohammadpour
University of Coimbra, ADAI,
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Pólo II, Coimbra,
Portugal; and Universidad de Alcalá,
Department of Geology, Geography and
Environment Science, Alcala de
Henares, Spain.
Onisimo Mutanga
School of Agricultural, Earth, and
Environmental Sciences, Discipline of
Geography, University of KwaZulu-­Natal,
Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
Mohd Waseem Naikoo
Department of Geography, Faculty of
Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi, India.
Shah Al Nawajish
Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Birla Institute of
Technology, Mesra, Ranchi,
Jharkhand, India.
John Odindi
School of Agricultural, Earth, and
Environmental Sciences, Discipline of
Geography, University of KwaZulu-­Natal,
Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
Prem C. Pandey
Center for Environmental Sciences &
Engineering, School of Natural Sciences,
Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence
(Deemed to be University), Greater Noida,
Uttar Pradesh, India.
Soumya Pandey
Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology,
Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
List of Contributors xvii
Dyah R. Panuju
Geospatial Information and Technologies
for the Integrative and Intelligent
Agriculture (GITIIA), Center for
Regional Systems Analysis, Planning and
Development (CrestPent),
Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor,
Indonesia; and Department of Soil Science
and Land Resources, Bogor Agricultural
University, Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia.
Somnath Paramanik
Centre for Ocean, River, Atmosphere
and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian
Institute of Technology Kharagpur,
Kharagpur, India.
Subhashree Patra
Department of Environmental Sciences,
Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe,
Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
Atiqur Rahman
Department of Geography, Faculty of
Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi, India.
Abbas Rajabifard
Department of Infrastructure Engineering,
The University of Melbourne; Centre for
Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land
Administration (CSDILA), The University
of Melbourne; and Centre for Disaster
Management and Public Safety (CDMPS),
The University of Melbourne, Melbourne,
Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Mohd Rihan
Department of Geography, Faculty of
Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi, India.
xviii List of Contributors

Purabi Saikia Swapan Talukdar

Department of Environmental Sciences, Department of Geography, Faculty of
Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia,
Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. New Delhi, India.

K.V. Satish Amit K. Tripathi

Institute of Environment and Sustainable Center for Environmental Sciences &
Development, Banaras Hindu University, Engineering, School of Natural Sciences,
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence
(Deemed to be University), Greater Noida,
Abdul R.M. Shariff Uttar Pradesh, India.
Faculty of Engineering, University
Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, Selangor
Bambang H. Trisasongko
Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Smart Farming
Geospatial Information and Technologies
Technology Research Centre, Faculty of
for the Integrative and Intelligent
Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Agriculture (GITIIA), Center for
Serdang, Malaysia; and Institute of
Regional Systems Analysis, Planning
Plantation Studies (IKP), Universiti Putra
and Development (CrestPent), Bogor
Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
Agricultural University, Jalan Pajajaran,
Bogor, Indonesia; and Department of
Jigarkumar B. Solanki
Soil Science and Land Resources, Bogor
School of Environment Science and
Agricultural University, Dramaga, Bogor,
Sustainable Development, Central
Indonesia.
University of Gujarat, Gujarat, India.

Prashant K. Srivastava Roma Varghese

Institute of Environment and Sustainable Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere,
Development, Banaras Hindu University, and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Institute of Technology Kharagpur,
Kharagpur, India.
Shahfahad
Department of Geography, Faculty of Carlos Viegas
Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, University of Coimbra, ADAI, Department
New Delhi, India. of Mechanical Engineering, Pólo II,
Coimbra, Portugal.
Saroj K. Sharma
Department of Infrastructure Engineering,
The University of Melbourne; Centre for
Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land
Administration (CSDILA), The University
of Melbourne; and Centre for Disaster
Management and Public Safety (CDMPS),
The University of Melbourne, Melbourne,
Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
 xix

­Foreword

Forest ecosystems are a vital part of our biosphere, and forest ecosystem services and
resources are the foundations of our civilized societies. The need to monitor and manage
global forest resources is becoming increasingly important and urgent as the deleterious
impacts of human activities on our planet’s ecosystems are becoming widespread at an
alarming rate.
Traditionally, forest resource monitoring and management are accomplished using con-
ventional methods; however, advanced remote sensing technologies have emerged as
indispensable tools for forest resource monitoring and management over the past several
decades. More recently, the advancement and availability of remote sensing data obtained
from various sensors including air-­borne, space-­borne, and terrestrial-­handheld instru-
ments, along with a wide range and improved spectral, spatial, and temporal resolutions
have significantly added to our capabilities for monitoring and managing forest resources.
The editors and authors of this book have strived to provide an extensive discussion of
the use of various advanced techniques in remote sensing that are relevant for forest
resource management. In addition they have expertly synthesized various case studies to
provide insights into biophysical and biochemical characteristics of forest ecosystems and
their utilization in a sustainable manner.
I commend the editors Dr. Prem C. Pandey from the Center for Environmental Sciences
& Engineering, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence (Deemed to be University), India, and
Dr. Paul Arellano at Michigan Technological University, in the US for this outstanding
publication. The book contains 14 thoughtfully organized chapters that cover various
aspects of forest monitoring and their sustainable management utilizing remote sensing
data and techniques to illustrate the relevant advancements made in recent years.
The editors are also to be commended for including an impressive international list
of contributors from several countries: Algeria, Australia, Bulgaria, Ecuador, France,
Greece, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Portugal, Thailand, South Africa, and the United
Kingdom.
I consider this comprehensive publication on remote sensing technology for forest eco-
systems a very valuable contribution to both the remote sensing and forest management
literature.
xx ­Forewor

I am confident that this book will be an excellent resource for the students and researchers
alike.
I congratulate Dr. Pandey and Dr. Arellano for undertaking an important task of editing
this book, which will serve a wide range of research and professional communities.
Kamlesh Lulla, Ph.D.
NASA Medalist
Dr. Kamlesh Lulla serves as Director, Research Collaboration, and Partnership at NASA
Johnson Space Centre, Houston Texas. Dr. Lulla served as Chief Scientist for Earth
Observation at NASA Johnson for over 25 years.
March 2022
 xxi

Preface

After the success of the first edited book on “Advances in Remote Sensing for Natural
Resource Monitoring” in 2021, we were encouraged to continue the Series for other indi-
vidual topics. In order to highlight the importance of remote sensing and its advancement
in the different research themes, we have selected individual topics in upcoming editions.
This is the second volume dealing with the advancement in remote sensing for forest moni-
toring. A careful attempt is taken in this volume to ensure the coverage of all topics related
to forest monitoring. To achieve sustainable forest management across the globe, informa-
tion of all parameters to be observed from remotely sensed images, and an urgent review of
the present and future scenario is required.
Recent developments in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have gathered people
collectively to manage forest resources, by implementing long-­term plans so that forests
may fulfill their expected functions through forest management based on the inherent
resilience of a healthy forest ecosystem. The forests function in several ways, a few major
ways which are directly linked to goals of SDGs are water resource quantification, climate
actions, forest carbon stock assessment, biodiversity conservation, and forest management
for timber production at a large scale. SDGs No. 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), 12
(Responsible Consumption and Production), 13 (Climate Actions), and 14 (Life on Land)
will be directly and indirectly linked to the forest functions, and thus monitoring will help
to achieve these goals through forest monitoring through Earth Observation (EO) datasets.
Thus, the curiosity and contribution toward the environment may be achieved by anyone,
and will help in achieving SDGs for future generations. This is supported by the Earth
observation technology at local, regional, and global scales with high spatial/spectral and
temporal datasets.
Therefore, an attempt has been made to deliver both the basic and advanced methods
that are very much awaited from end-­users to understand technology supporting SDGs.
Moreover, how the EO technologies are employed in forest resource monitoring and man-
agement, and how they play an effective role in policy implementation at different scales;
root level to regional to global scale. EO provides a clear concept in different fields, such as
vegetation, water, soil, and disasters related to them, with advanced techniques imple-
mented and their outcome will help to understand the feasibility of remote sensing in the
future in terms of reliability, accuracy, and cost-­effective applications. The Editors believe
that this effort will help readers in understanding the advancement of remote sensing and
offer practical guidance toward their research. The Editors hope that the present book will
xxii Preface

be a valuable asset for researchers working toward the sustainable and judicious use of
­forest resources using RS technology. Moreover, taking advantage of the methods and tech-
nologies, researchers will be able to scientifically address the issues involved with forest
research.
The updated knowledge from countries including Algeria, Australia, Bulgaria, Ecuador,
France, Greece, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Portugal, The Netherlands, Thailand, South
Africa, and The United Kingdom is demonstrated in this edited book through research and
selected case studies for monitoring forests, to elaborating the scientific understanding of
advancement in remote sensing and forest parameters assessment. This book is primarily
focused on the Advances in Remote Sensing for Forest Monitoring; it provides a detailed
overview of the potential applications of advanced satellite data including spaceborne, air-
borne, and handheld instruments employed in the assessment of forest parameters for
their monitoring. Further, this book determines how environmental–ecological knowledge
and satellite-­based–drone-­based information could be effectively combined to address a
wide array of current management needs and requirements. Each chapter covers different
aspects of remote sensing approaches to monitor the forest parameters effectively, to pro-
vide a platform for conservation and planning.
This book is structured as a set of 14 contributed chapters addressing the advancement
of remote sensing to monitor and manage forest related research themes. This book is
divided into five major sections; each section has specific chapters to present the knowl-
edge and concepts of forest monitoring, and delivers the findings in a vivid way that is use-
ful for a wide range of readers including undergraduate, graduate, and researchers. While
a wide range of applications and the latest innovative technologies are constantly emerg-
ing, this book provides a crisp summary of key case studies to provide the most recent and
widely used methods and information.
Section I, General-­Editorial Message – Introduction to Forest Monitoring, includes an
Editorial message which provides an insight to forest monitoring; importance, needs,
and requirements, along with the use of advanced remote sensing technology for
assessment of forest parameters discussed in chapters contributed by several authors
and scientists. This Section also discusses sustainable forest management to enhance
Ecosystem Services and livelihood security. There is a brief discussion about the eco-
logical disturbances of forests, Forest ecosystem services (FESs), as well as detailed
information about the Landscape-­based Approach (LbA) and Ecosystem-­based
Approach (EbA) of Sustainable Forests Management (SFM). This section provides tra-
ditional knowledge in forest management, along with how forest resources help in the
livelihood of the people.
Section II: Forest Parameters – Biochemical and Biophysical Parameters, contains three
chapters that acclaim the virtue of Machine Learning (ML) methods and algorithms to
assess biochemical and biophysical parameters of forests. This section employed different
datasets; Multispectral, Synthetic Aperture Radar, MODIS, Global orbiting carbon observa-
tory-­2 SIF (GOSIF), and handheld instruments such as spectroradiometers, and SPAD for
retrieval of parameters and their assessment. Section II also presents Mapping Oil Palm
Plantations in naturally protected areas, to illustrate the importance of monitoring vegeta-
tion even in the protected areas. This section presents several machine learning methods to
distinguish carotene and xanthophyll contents in the leaves of riparian forest, review on
 Preface xxiii

modeling of abiotic stress of conifers, Retrieval of Mangrove Forest Properties, and photo-
synthetic variables estimation in a mangrove forest using advanced remote sensing data-
sets. This section also discusses strategies for evaluating and quantifying carbon stock
allocation and variability across different species, structural components, and age groups of
reforested trees.
Section III: Remote Sensing Technology for Forest Fire Monitoring, illustrates forest fire
susceptibility mapping and Landscape-­Level Bushfire Severity assessment using remote
sensing data. ML methods such as Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machines
(SVMs) were incorporated for fire susceptibility mapping and validation. This section pre-
sents cloud-­based computing of remotely sensed datasets for Landscape-­Level Bushfire
Severity assessment. It also incorporates the outcomes on temporal assessment of vegeta-
tion recovery in Australian bushfires. This section demonstrates the response of multi-­
sensors data and effectiveness in estimating the forest fires and bushfire recovery/post fire
damage assessment.
Section IV: Advancement in RS – Drones and Multi-­Sensors–Multi-­Source for Forest
Monitoring exemplifies recent advances in remote sensing technology for forest parameters
estimation. This section incorporates the widely used drones/UAVs for this purpose. There
are opportunities in drone-­based studies, which can be mounted with RGB camera, multi-
spectral sensors (MICA sense), thermal sensors, and LiDAR sensors for easy access to data
and temporal studies as compared to spaceborne datasets, in term of spatial resolution up
to 10 cm, and temporal resolution as and when required. This section exemplifies recent
advances in drones and data fusion approaches for forest monitoring utilizing earth obser-
vation datasets.
Section V: Opportunities, Challenges and Future Aspects in Forest Monitoring provides a
discussion on the current issues and reviews challenges in sustainability of forest and veg-
etation management due to natural and anthropogenic activities. This section deals with
the forest components in brief, and presents literature on the challenges faced during
ground/field surveys, and satellite use for forest monitoring. The main components of for-
ests, which are experiencing challenges with monitoring are species distribution modeling
and mapping, Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) and changes, climate monitoring, wildlife
monitoring, biodiversity, livelihood forest production monitoring and others. This section
provides a discussion on the current status, future trends, and prospects of remote sensing
methods in forest monitoring, and underlines the scientific challenges that need to be
addressed. It also discusses the future possibilities in forest monitoring with high-­resolution
satellites and cameras, drones and aircraft, LiDAR, and carbon credits while attracting
funds for nations. There are scope of development and additions of new technologies, algo-
rithms, and methods for future advancement of remote sensing for forest monitoring.
Finally, it discusses the importance of RS technology, how it has evolved with time and
spread its wings in the research domains, and is still evolving and emerging to its
global height.
The book attempts to match user needs with the level of technology required for forest
monitoring, management, and planning. We believe that this endeavor shall provide a val-
uable scientific basis to students and researchers to address future challenges in forestry
research. We further hope this book will be a valuable reference and provide practical guid-
ance for all who work toward the themes mentioned.
xxiv Preface

We thank all the authors for their enthusiastic efforts in completing the book with the
quality of their chapters. We are deeply indebted and thankful to the reviewers who took
pains to review the chapter manuscripts, and for their voluntary support. On behalf of the
team of authors, we express our gratitude to the entire crew of Wiley (Andrew, Frank,
Merryl, and Athira) for all sorts of assistance to make this a successful endeavor. We are
thankful to Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence (Deemed to be University), and our
­colleagues for their support and help throughout the progress of the work. Last, but not the
least, the editors are heartily thankful to our publisher, Wiley, for providing an opportunity
to gather the thoughts of several contributors into a book. Dr. Pandey is grateful to his
beloved wife and daughter Adele for all their support and emotions during the develop-
ment of this book at the final stage. We are grateful to all persons and individuals who
overcame the great challenges faced during the world wide pandemic of COVID-­19 for
more than two years, among those are a few authors who lost their lives, and could not
contribute in this volume/series.
We hope this Preface has successfully provided some insight into the breadth of the
advancement of remote sensing applications and related topics covered in this book.
Users of this book are encouraged to adapt to it and use it in the way it best fits their own
needs to help them in understanding the capabilities and potentials of natural resources
monitoring and its applications, of which this book is concerned. Users of this book can
inform the editor of any errors, suggestions, or comments at prem26bit@gmail.com or
prem.pandey@snu.edu.in and paularellano@hotmail.com.

Editors
Greater Noida, India Prem C. Pandey
Quito, Ecuador Paul Arellano
March 2022
 xxv

List of Abbreviations

Acronym Description

2D Two-­Dimensional
3D Three-­Dimensional
AATSR Advanced Along-­Track Scanning Radiometer
ADCM Ancillary Data Classification Model
AE Assimilation Efficiency
AECL Atomic Energy Canada Limited
AF Absorbed Part of Internal Irradiation
AGB Above Ground Biomass
AI Artificial Intelligence
AIRSAR Airborne synthetic aperture radar
AISA Airborne Imaging Spectrometer for Applications
ALOS-­1/2 Advanced Land Observing Satellite-­1/2
ALS Airborne Laser Scanning
ANN Artificial Neural Network
ANOVA Statistical Analysis of Variance
AO Avicennia officinalis
APAR Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation
AR–CDM Afforestation–Reforestation Clean Development Mechanism
Arc-­GIS Aeronautical Reconnaissance Coverage Geographic
Information System
ARI2 Anthocyanin Reflectance Index2
ARIES Australian Resource Information and Environment Satellite
ARVI Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index
ASAR Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar
ASI Italian Space Agency
ASM Angular Second Moment
ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection
Radiometer
ATSR Along Track Scanning Radiometer
AUC Area Under Curve
xxvi List of Abbreviations

AVHRR Advanced Very High-­Resolution Radiometer

AVIRIS Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer
AWiFS Advanced Wide Field Sensor
BCC Biochemical Content Classifier
BWG Biota Working Group
BWS Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary
C Carbon
C&Is Criteria and Indicators
CASI Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute (https://casi.ca/)
CASI The Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager
CBI Composite Burn Index
C-­cycle Carbon Cycle
CCC Canopy Chlorophyll Content
CCM Chlorophyll Content Meter
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CER’s Certified Emission Reductions
CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons
Chl-­a Chlorophyll a
Chl-­b Chlorophyll b
CHM Canopy Height Model
CHRIS Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer
CNES Centre National d’études Spatiales -­ French Space Agency
CNN Convolutional Neural Network
CO2 Carbon dioxide
COIS Coastal Ocean Imaging Spectroradiometer
CR Continuum Removal
CRI2 Carotenoid Reflectance Index 2
CRR Continuum-­Removed Reflectance
CWC Canopy Water Content
DART Discrete anisotropic radiative transfer
dB Decibel
DBH Diameter at Breast Height
DELWP Department of Environment, Land, Water, and Planning
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DHP Digital Hemispherical Photography
dNBR Difference Normalized Burn Ratio
dNDVI Differenced Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
DNN Deep Neural Networks
DOS Dark Object Subtraction
DRAP Durban Research Action Partnership
DSM Digital Surface Model
DT Decision Tree
DTM Digital Terrain Model
EA Excoecaria agallocha
EbA Ecosystem-­based Approach
 List of Abbreviations xxvii

EBV Essential Biodiversity Variable

EC European Commission
ECVs Essential Climate Variables
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ELVIS Elevation and Depth – Foundation Spatial Data
EMR ElectroMagnetic Radiation
EMRAS Environmental Modeling for Radiation Safety
ENET Elastic net
EO Earth Observation
EOS End of the Season
ERICA Environmental Risk from Ionising Contaminants –
Assessment and Management
ERTS Earth Resources Technology Satellite
ESA European Space Agency
ESD Ecosystem Syndrome Distress
ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute
ESs Ecosystem Services
ESU Elementary Sampling Unit
ET Evapotranspiration
ETM Enchanced Thematic Mapper
ETM+ Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus
EUFORGEN European Forest Genetic Resource Program
EVI Enhanced Vegetation Index
EWT Equivalent Water Thickness
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FAPAR Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation
fAPAR Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation
FAR False Alarm Rate
FBD Fine beam dual polarization
FBP Canadian Fire Behavior Prediction
FBS Fine beam single polarization
fCOVER Fraction of Vegetation Cover
FESs Forest Ecosystem Services
FnF Forest/non-­Forest
FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation
fPAR Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation
FSDAF Flexible Spatiotemporal Data-­Fusion
FSI Forest Survey of India
FTHSI Fourier Transform Hyperspectral Imager
GBH Girth at Breast Height
GCOM Global Change Observation Mission
GCOS Global Climate Observing System
GCP Ground Control Points
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEE Google Earth Engine
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
l’emmener, de la prendre malgré moi, comme je l’ai prise malgré ma
mère ?
Le souvenir de sa mère morte acheva de le mettre hors de lui. Il
cria :
— Eh bien, non ! je t’ai promis de te sauver, — je te sauve !… Par
notre passé de vingt ans d’affection, Albert, par notre amitié toujours
vivante, tu n’emmèneras pas cette femme ! J’écraserai cette
puissance malfaisante, avant qu’elle ait pu te perdre !… Mais vois
donc, regarde-la donc ! Regarde comme elle est pâle, sous ses
habits de deuil… Tu sais de qui elle est en deuil ?… Elle tuerait ta
mère, comme elle a tué la mienne, si je n’étais pas là, moi, pour
vous garder contre elle ! — Regarde-la bien, je te dis, pendant que je
la dévoile, — regarde moi ça bien en face !… Ça ne s’est jamais
donné, afin de se vendre un jour plus cher. Peut-être bien qu’elle est
encore vierge ; on ne sait pas ! Soit ! Regarde-la donc, la vierge
adultère ! Regarde-moi ce visage démonté, d’où toute beauté a
disparu. On n’y voit plus que la rage de la défaite, la honte d’être vue
à fond, la terreur sans repentir, d’être châtiée ! Mais regarde-la donc
en ce moment… Elle est horrible : elle est sincère ! Ce n’est plus
Marie : c’est Rita !
Et comme Albert, les yeux égarés, hurlait à son tour : « Tais-toi !
ou je ne réponds plus de moi-même ! » le comte Paul, comme pour
la piétiner d’un mot, répétait avec rage : « Rita ! Rita ! Rita ! »
Elle ne savait toujours pas s’il était sûr de la présence de l’autre.
Elle était là, muette, droite sur ses pieds crispés, attentive, le cou
tendu, comme la bête au ferme.
C’était ici le dénouement d’une de ces tragédies sourdement
compliquées, qui, aux yeux du monde, resteraient inexplicables, car,
pour les comprendre, il faudrait, comme le Dieu de la Bible, sonder
les cœurs et les reins des acteurs en lutte ; mais le monde ne les
voit pas ; ce sont des drames ignorés comme il s’en passe pourtant
tous les jours entre les murs de ces maisons riantes, dont les hautes
fenêtres, encadrées de riches tentures, laissent entrevoir aux
passants des tableaux et des plantes rares, et qui, ainsi vues du
trottoir, muettes, nobles, paisibles, semblent les asiles même du
bonheur.
Paul fit un pas vers la porte de son cabinet ; et, d’un ton tout à fait
tranquille :
— Me crois-tu donc capable de parler au hasard, quand je
t’affirme qu’on te trompe ?… Et puisque le mari c’est toi, cherche
donc l’amant, — malheureux ! Tiens, il est ici, je parie !
Il essaya d’ouvrir la porte qui résista, fermée en dedans.
Elle comprit que tout était perdu. Il n’y avait plus qu’à faire bonne
contenance.
— Allons, — dit-elle, d’une voix sèche, vulgaire, avec un
haussement d’épaules, — il est clair que vous savez tout. Soit.
D’ailleurs, j’en ai assez ! mais je tiens à vous dire que je ne suis pas
le monstre que Monsieur d’Aiguebelle imagine. J’ai épousé, — c’est
vrai, — pour son titre et pour sa fortune, un homme que je n’aimais
pas. Mais quand vous mariez ainsi vos filles ou vos sœurs, vous
appelez ça tous les jours un mariage de convenance… Celui que j’ai
épousé m’a rendue malheureuse et je l’aurais quitté, — c’est encore
vrai, — pour chercher le bonheur avec un autre… moins exalté et
plus riche. Mais, si vos lois le permettent, qu’aurait-on à y
reprendre ? Enfin, j’étais bien près d’avoir pour amant un homme
que j’aimais depuis longtemps… l’auteur de ces funestes lettres que
vous avez lues, malgré moi, une certaine nuit, vous souvenez-vous,
Monsieur d’Aiguebelle ? Eh bien ! mais qu’est-ce que cela prouve,
sinon que je suis capable de fidélité, et que j’aurais eu, de guerre
lasse, un amant, — comme toutes les femmes ? Voilà bien du fracas
pour une histoire assez commune, mon cher !… Je croyais que,
dans votre monde, on était resté plus Louis XV !
Elle se tenait, la tête haute, dans une attitude de défi.
Albert, la tête haute également, blême, supportait le coup en
soldat, — et, l’œil fixe, il mesurait l’abîme qu’on venait d’ouvrir
devant lui.
— Enfin, dit-elle, que me veut-on ? Vous ne me changerez pas,
n’est-ce pas ?… Vous ne me tuerez pas non plus, je pense ?… Ça
n’est pas votre genre… Je ne vois pas beaucoup ça dans les
journaux de demain : « Le crime de la rue Saint-Dominique. Mort
tragique et inexplicable de la comtesse d’Aiguebelle. »… Vous
voudrez éviter ça, je m’en doute !
Elle pensait à tout, et elle riait méchamment.
— … Alors, quoi ? Il faut prendre un parti pourtant ! Notez que je
n’ai commis réellement aucune faute — et que je suis toujours
punie !… C’est même agaçant, à la fin !
Elle avait l’air très ennuyé et nonchalant.
Le comte Paul s’approcha d’Albert et lui mit affectueusement une
main sur l’épaule. C’était un geste de consolation.
Ensuite, il alla à la porte de son cabinet, dont il écarta la lourde
draperie ; et, le visage tourné vers cette porte, derrière laquelle
s’agitait une douleur inconnue :
— Allons, ouvrez !… On sait qui vous êtes, Monsieur Terral !
Le silence qui suivit fut court, mais il fut profond comme la mort.
Ce qui répondit enfin, ce fut un bruit bizarre, qu’on ne comprit pas
tout de suite, un coup sec ; mat, comme étouffé… Son revolver lui
avait servi… Ne venait-il pas d’apprendre qu’elle s’apprêtait à fuir
avec un autre ? Lui aussi, il venait de mesurer l’abîme, mais, déjà
pris de vertige, il y avait roulé.
Les deux hommes s’élancèrent contre la porte… Des
domestiques accoururent… Léon Terral, vivant encore, mais blessé
mortellement, demanda à être porté chez son père.
 VIII

Dès qu’elle s’était vue seule un moment, Marie Déperrier, avec

un grand sang-froid, était allée mettre son chapeau, et prendre, dans
sa chambre, son sac de voyage toujours tout prêt.
Comme elle partait, elle croisa dans l’escalier un homme inconnu
à qui elle fit un petit salut et un sourire. C’était le commissaire de
police, qui s’expliqua fort bien le suicide de Léon Terral : — il était
chargé de l’arrêter.
La jeune comtesse d’Aiguebelle, son petit sac à la main, s’en alla
demander asile à Théramène surpris. Là, au moins, on la laisserait
tranquille. Elle évitait les curiosités d’hôtel.
Pinchard ne l’interrogea même pas :
— Ça te regarde, ma fille ! Je n’ai pas besoin de savoir. Des gros
chagrins, des histoires, des drames, quoi !… L’amour, vois-tu, c’est,
comme la langue, ce qu’il y a de meilleur, et ce qu’il y a de pire. Ah !
ce bossu d’Ésope avait bien de l’esprit !…
Il posa une serviette blanche sur un coin de table débarrassé,
pour la circonstance, des brochures et des copies de rôles qui
l’encombraient d’ordinaire, et, en mettant le couvert, il disait, le
philosophe :
— Le drame, c’est la vie… Tout passe.
En ajoutant, « hormis Dieu ! » il eût parlé précisément comme
l’abbé.
Elle le regardait faire, assise sur le lit, songeuse.
Il courut chez le charcutier.
— Pas de jambon, — un pâté !… Je régale une duchesse, — et
une vraie encore ! Un pâté de lièvre, voisin, — avec du veau dedans,
et une tête de faisan dessus !
Ils dînèrent en tête-à-tête.
— Sans toi, mon bon Théramène, j’aurais passé une fichue nuit,
car je couche ici, entends-tu ?… Oh ! tu ne peux pas te douter du
service que tu me rends. C’est bon tout de même, mon vieux, d’avoir
des gens de cœur près de soi, en de certains moments… Non ; vrai,
sans toi, Théramène, ce que je serais embêtée, ce soir !… Au fond,
vois-tu, j’ai du vrai chagrin.
Elle songeait : « Il était fou, ce malheureux Léon, c’est clair. Sans
ça, c’était devenu si simple, — puisque c’était forcé, — de partir
ensemble ! »
Elle regrettait le Léon d’autrefois, mais ce fou d’aujourd’hui, ce
désespéré, c’était, après tout, une chance, de n’avoir pas été obligée
de le suivre.
Théramène mit avec soin des draps blancs à son lit ; et il passa
la nuit sur son fauteuil, sommeillant de temps à autre, se réveillant
pour la regarder dormir, — heureux de jouer les pères nobles au
naturel.
Elle aussi se réveilla plusieurs fois, cette nuit-là. Quel parti
devait-elle prendre ? Où irait-elle ? Qu’allait-elle devenir ?
Quand le jour parut, et qu’elle ouvrit les yeux, elle trouva
Théramène debout près du lit, et qui, vêtu de son velours râpé et de
sa soie éclatante, lui présentait un chocolat fumant sur un plateau,
apporté du cabaret voisin.
— Heureux de vous servir, princesse !
— Donne-moi mon petit sac, dit-elle aussitôt.
Il posa le plateau et courut au sac.
— J’ai diablement peur d’avoir oublié quelque chose de très
important, fit-elle.
Elle cherchait, — sous les yeux de Théramène ébloui. Un rayon
de soleil, par l’humble fenêtre à tabatière, entrait, jouait gaiement sur
son cou délicat. Ses cheveux dénoués, irisés de lumière, inondaient
ses épaules nues. D’une Vierge de Raphaël, elle avait vraiment
toutes les grâces candides, l’ovale pur du visage, la fraîcheur dorée,
un peu rose sous l’ambre lumineux, et surtout, dans ses yeux bleu
pâle, la pureté de l’innocence même.
— Ah ! ça y est ! cria-t-elle… Sapristi ! que j’ai eu peur !
— Sauvé ! merci, mon Dieu ! déclama Théramène.
Elle tira avec soin, du sac bondé de bibelots, — un étui d’ivoire
sculpté, qu’elle ouvrit. Et elle lut à haute voix :
— Tcherniloff !
Après tout, qu’était-ce pour elle que cette aventure de son
mariage ? Une simple affaire manquée ; tout au plus un retard de six
mois à la vie aventureuse qu’elle avait toujours rêvée.
A présent, elle était libre, et seule maîtresse de sa destinée.
 IX

Deux ans après, aux Bormettes, le comte Paul d’Aiguebelle, mari

de Pauline, Albert de Barjols, mari d’Annette, veillaient, sous la
lampe paisible.
Les hommes lisaient. Les deux jeunes femmes, attentives et
souriantes, se montraient de mignonnes dentelles et des rubans à
orner de petits bonnets d’enfant.
— Tiens, regarde ça, dit à voix basse Paul à Albert, en lui
passant son journal et en lui désignant du doigt la rubrique : Échos
des deux mondes.
Le journal disait :

« La princesse Rita Tcherniloff vient d’arriver à Spa. On

prétend ici qu’elle n’avait jamais épousé le prince, et qu’elle a
été naguère expulsée de Pétersbourg, après des aventures tout
à fait cosaques. On dit encore qu’elle serait espionne aux gages
de plusieurs puissances qu’elle trahirait également les unes
pour les autres. Mais rien de tout cela n’est prouvé. On
calomnie tant aujourd’hui, que la médisance en devient
suspecte. Quoi qu’il en soit, tout le monde s’accorde à admirer
cette femme, illustre par la beauté, par l’intelligence, par la
fortune, aussi bien que par la bizarrerie éclatante de ses
aventures, vraies ou fausses. A Spa, son arrivée a fait
sensation.
Comme le disait, l’autre jour, M. X de Z, secrétaire de
l’ambassade de France à Rome : « C’est une des reines du
monde. »

Paris, 24 février 1894.

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