CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS

Cell theories PLANT ANIMAL

- all living things are made up cells
Smooth P P
- cell is the basic unit of life Endoplasmic
- all cells come from pre-existing cells Reticulum

Golgi P P
Eukaryotes Apparatus
- multicellular
Secretory A P
- came from prokaryotes
Vesicle
- has nucleus
- has membrane-bound organelles Lysosome A P

Peroxisome P P
Prokaryotes
- unicellular Mitochondrio P P
n
- nucleus is absent
Microtubule P P
Cell function Centrioles A P
- cell metabolism
- Synthesis of molecules Cell Wall P A

(carbohydrates, lipids) Chloroplast P A

- Communication : cell interaction to
Large Central P A
produce movement/interaction Vacuole
- response to diff temps and emotions
- nerve cells, hormones Cytoplasm P P
- Reproduction multiplication of cells; Cilia A P
mitosis and meiosis (eukaryotes),
binary fission (prokaryote) Microvilli A P

P: Present; A: Absent
Organelles
- little organs Animal Cell
- specialized structures within the cell Cell membrane
- passage of substances in and out of
the cell
Plant Cell vs Animal Cell - fluid mosaic model (phospholipid
PLANT ANIMAL bilayer:
Nucleus P P
• hydrophilic (water loving) and
hydrophobic ends
Ribosomes P P - regulates the substances in and
out of the cell
Rough P P
Endoplasmic
- protects and surrounds cells
Reticulum Cytoplasm
- a gel-like fluid inside the cell

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 CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
- contains water, other substances and
all the cell organelles
- contains cytosol
• makes cytoplasm fluid like
Nucleus
- control center/brain of the cell
- enclosed by nuclear membrane
- contains DNA
• dictates the trait of the cell
- site of RNA synthesis
Nucleolus
- located inside the nucleus
- produces RNA and ribosomes
- contains Chromatin
- appears as granular, thread-like
material visible in the nucleus
- becomes chromosome
Mitochondrion
- powerhouse of the cell
- Produces ATP (via cellular respiration)
- Abundant in skeletal cells
- Cristae: formation of networks within
the mitochondria
- Matrix: where citric acid cycle takes
place
- Bean-shaped
- Has its own DNA
Ribosomes
- free and attached
- Attached in the rough er
- Cilia
Free: proteins for the cells
- - hair-like projections
Attached: for the body/for transport
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- transported by vacuoles/vesicles
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- near/attached to the nucleus
- Has attached ribosomes
- site of protein synthesis
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- closer to the cell membrane/
cytoplasm
- no attached ribosomes
- Lipid production (lipid synthesis) for
the cell membrane’s phospholipid
bilayer
- Calcium production for skeletal cells
Golgi bodies
- packaging, modifying, holds/stores
proteins
- Receives proteins from the er, sorts,
and packages them into vesicles
- Cisternae : sacs or folds of the Golgi
apparatus
Vesicles
- membrane covered structures that
carry proteins, water, and nutrients
around, in and out of the cell
Vacuole
- temporary storage of water and
nutrients
- plant cell: one large
- animal cell : numerous
Lysosome
- cleaners/janitors of the cell
- Contain digestive chemicals
enzymes
- breaks down and recycle worn
out organelles
Peroxisomes
- breaks down fatty acids, amino acids,
and hydrogen peroxide
Cell extensions/appendages
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 CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS

- Propels foreign bodies outside the cell

- 9+2 pattern
- 9 fused pairs of microtubules on the
outside of a cylinder; 2 unfused
microtubules in the center
Microvilli
- attached to the cell membrane
- Used for absorption
- Digestive and urinary system
- Doesn’t move (stationary)
Flagella
- long, tail-like
- found in sperm cells

Microtubules and microfilaments

- Provide support and ,movement of
organelles in the cell
- Major parts of the cell’s cytoskeleton
Microtubules
- shape and structure of the cell
- Cell movement
- Makes up the flagella
- Form centrioles, cilia and flagella
- Made up of myosin
Centrioles
- 9+0 pattern
- 9 peripheral groups of triplet
microtubules, without any central
microtubules
- Animal cell division
Microfilaments
- aid in cell movement and muscle cells
contraction
- Smallest
- Made up of actin

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