CHAPTER II

RELATED STUDIES AND RELATED LITERATURE

RELATED STUDIES

Peers are involved in 85% of bullying episodes, either as observers or by joining in

the aggression (Craig & Pepler, 1995). The bystanders – students who are aware of bullying
– can have a powerful effect on bullying, positive or negative. However, bullying also
directly affects the bystanders: Observing bullying at school predicted risks to mental health
(Rivers, et al., 2009).
Students who repeatedly bully are more likely to get into frequent fights or be hurt
in a fight, carry a weapon, vandalize property, drink alcohol or smoke, and be expelled or
suspended from school

All forms of bullying are significantly associated with increases in suicidal ideation,
both for the victim AND the offender. However, bullying and cyberbullying victimization
was a stronger predictor of suicidal thoughts and behaviors than was bullying and
cyberbullying offending. Bullying victims were 1.7 times more likely and offenders were
2.1 times more likely to have attempted suicide. It should be acknowledged that among
teenagers who committed suicide after experiencing bullying or cyberbullying many had
other emotional and social stressors in their lives that may have been exacerbated by
bullying. (Hinduja & Patchin, 2010).

Children who are the target of bullying or who are bully-victims are at a significantly
higher risk for a variety of psychosomatic problems (Gini & Pozzoli, 2009).

Research shows that targets of bullying are more likely to be depressed, feel lonely,
be anxious, feel unwell, have low self esteem, avoid social situations, self-medicate
(substance use), have lower school performance, and think about suicide
(www.stopbullying.gov; Hostile Hallways: Bullying, Teasing, and Sexual Harassment in
School, AAUW, 2001).

High school students who bullied or were perpetrators and victims of bullying were
at the greatest risk of being involved in violence, engage in multiple types of substance use,
and have academic problems. The link between bullying and other risk behaviors was
particularly noted among urban and African American students (Bradshaw, Waasdorp,
Goldweber & Johnson, 2012

60% of students who bullied were convicted of a crime by age 24 and 35% had 3
or more convictions by age 24 (Fox et al., 2003).

Youth who report being bullies and victims are at the greatest risk for social
maladjustment and for physical and emotional dating violence victimization (Espelage &
Holt, 2007).

Youth exhibiting bullying behaviors are also more likely to sexually harass same-
and opposite-sex peers and be physically aggressive with their dating partners (Pepler et
al., 2006; Williams, Conolly, Pepler, Craig, & Laporte, 2008; Brendgen, Vitaro, Tremblay,
& Wanner, 2002).

Among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students 85% report being
bullied or harassed because of their sexual or gender identity. In part because of this, the
suicide rate for LGBT students is 3 - 4 times higher than that of the general student
population. (Biegel & Kuehl, 2010).

Witnessing family violence is one of the risk factors for experiencing or perpetrating
bullying. 97% of children exposed to family violence reported that they were bullies and
victims in different situations (Lozano et al., Pediatrics, Fall 2006).

RELATED LITERATURE

Bullying does not need to be a reality that students face. As more schools adopt
whole school prevention programs and actively work with students, staff, and parents in
effectively addressing the issues of bullying and harassment in each individual school,
students will develop (Literature Review of School Bullying)
 Effects on the victim- Kids who are bullied can experience negative, physical and
mental health issues. Kids who are bullied are more likely to experience.

Bullying in the Philippines is widespread in schools and over the Internet, with a
study that states that about 50 per cent of Pilipino students are bullied in school. Bullying
can easily affect both the bully and the victim, and that’s why the government in the
Philippines is working hard to crack down on it. The latest measures include the signing
the anti-bullying act of 2013, which criminalizes any act of bullying or cyber bullying that
happens in the country. Read on to learn about bullying in The Philippines.

For any bullying prevention program to be successful it is necessary for each school
to have a clear and easily understood philosophy that promotes a safe and positive
environment. This philosophy should start during the early childhood years and continue
throughout high school. Three values which promote a positive climate and develop a basis
for a bullying prevention program include the belief that all children can learn, people
should be treated with respect 21 and dignity, and there is no place for violence in the
school. (Orpinas & Home, 2006. p. 85)
Bullying is associated with several behaviors that pose risk to the adolescents'
physical and psychological health.