Peers are involved in 85% of bullying episodes, either as observers or by joining in the

aggression (Craig & Pepler, 1995). The bystanders – students who are aware of bullying – can
have a powerful effect on bullying, positive or negative. However, bullying also directly affects
the bystanders: Observing bullying at school predicted risks to mental health (Rivers, et al.,
2009).

Students who repeatedly bully are more likely to get into frequent fights or be hurt in a
fight, carry a weapon, vandalize property, drink alcohol or smoke, and be expelled or suspended
from school

All forms of bullying are significantly associated with increases in suicidal ideation, both
for the victim AND the offender. However, bullying and cyberbullying victimization was a
stronger predictor of suicidal thoughts and behaviors than was bullying and cyberbullying
offending. Bullying victims were 1.7 times more likely and offenders were 2.1 times more likely
to have attempted suicide. It should be acknowledged that among teenagers who committed
suicide after experiencing bullying or cyberbullying many had other emotional and social
stressors in their lives that may have been exacerbated by bullying. (Hinduja & Patchin, 2010).

Children who are the target of bullying or who are bully-victims are at a significantly
higher risk for a variety of psychosomatic problems (Gini & Pozzoli, 2009).

Research shows that targets of bullying are more likely to be depressed, feel lonely, be
anxious, feel unwell, have low self esteem, avoid social situations, self-medicate (substance use),
have lower school performance, and think about suicide (www.stopbullying.gov; Hostile
Hallways: Bullying, Teasing, and Sexual Harassment in School, AAUW, 2001).

High school students who bullied or were perpetrators and victims of bullying were at the
greatest risk of being involved in violence, engage in multiple types of substance use, and have
academic problems. The link between bullying and other risk behaviors was particularly noted
among urban and African American students (Bradshaw, Waasdorp, Goldweber & Johnson, 2012

60% of students who bullied were convicted of a crime by age 24 and 35% had 3 or more
convictions by age 24 (Fox et al., 2003).
 Youth who report being bullies and victims are at the greatest risk for social
maladjustment and for physical and emotional dating violence victimization (Espelage & Holt,
2007).

Youth exhibiting bullying behaviors are also more likely to sexually harass same- and
opposite-sex peers and be physically aggressive with their dating partners (Pepler et al., 2006;
Williams, Conolly, Pepler, Craig, & Laporte, 2008; Brendgen, Vitaro, Tremblay, & Wanner,
2002).

Among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students 85% report being bullied
or harassed because of their sexual or gender identity. In part because of this, the suicide rate for
LGBT students is 3 - 4 times higher than that of the general student population. (Biegel & Kuehl,
2010).

Witnessing family violence is one of the risk factors for experiencing or perpetrating
bullying. 97% of children exposed to family violence reported that they were bullies and victims
in different situations (Lozano et al., Pediatrics, Fall 2006).

Bullying does not need to be a reality that students face. As more schools adopt whole
school prevention programs and actively work with students, staff, and parents in effectively
addressing the issues of bullying and harassment in each individual school, students will develop
(Literature Review of School Bullying)

Effects on the victim- Kids who are bullied can experience negative, physical and mental
health issues. Kids who are bullied are more likely to experience.

Bullying in the Philippines is widespread in schools and over the Internet, with a study
that states that about 50 per cent of Pilipino students are bullied in school. Bullying can easily
affect both the bully and the victim, and that’s why the government in the Philippines is working
hard to crack down on it. The latest measures include the signing the anti-bullying act of 2013,
which criminalizes any act of bullying or cyber bullying that happens in the country. Read on to
learn about bullying in The Philippines.

For any bullying prevention program to be successful it is necessary for each school to
have a clear and easily understood philosophy that promotes a safe and positive environment.
This philosophy should start during the early childhood years and continue throughout high
school. Three values which promote a positive climate and develop a basis for a bullying
prevention program include the belief that all children can learn, people should be treated with
respect 21 and dignity, and there is no place for violence in the school. (Orpinas & Home, 2006.
p. 85)

Bullying is associated with several behaviors that pose risk to the adolescents' physical
and psychological health.

Bullying and harassment at workplace is a serious issue and it creates negative

atmosphere at workplace. It is that negative behaviour that leads to numerous
negative patterns that may be verbal or physical thereby affecting the health of not
only the workforce but also a loss to the organization. It is a fast growing issue in
almost all the workplaces worldwide. This unfair behaviour at workplace has lead
many victims to commit suicide. This global issue needs to be addressed in a very
systematic manner. These negative behaviours can occur between the same or
between the different genders also.

Aasland et al. (2010) the study has tried to find out the prevalence of destructive
behaviours of leadership. The research is on the Norwegian workforce. The
destructive and constructive leaderships play a very important role at the
workplaces. The study has used two methods for estimation: the OCM method i.e.
the Operational Classification Method and the LCC Method i.e. the Latent Class
Cluster Method. These two methods are used to determine the destructive
leadership and it’s found that it comes in various forms and shapes.

Abdelrazek and Elhosany (2016) studied the problems faced by the nursing staff
which was dominated by emotional abuse. It studied the leadership environment
along with the potential leadership qualities of the nurses and their creative
abilities. The emotional abuses lead to low level of overall development of the
nurses.

Achilleos (2011) states that it is very difficult to realize bullying. Bullying takes the
form of abuse and intimidation and it is a repeated act. The aftereffects of bullying
are devastating. It leads to low self-esteem and creates hostile environment at
workplace. Bullying is a deliberate action and is not accidental. It is in fact
intimidation with clear intent. The victim of bullying is always in fear and threat
resulting in stress. This situation leads to isolation as target is dealt as an object.