UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & ENERGY STUDIES

DEHRADUN

SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT

RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD.

CBM PROJECT, SHAHDOL, MADHYA PRADESH

UNDER THE MENTORSHIP OF:

Mr. Jigen Vohra & Mr. Mohit Gupta

Empirical Establishment of Inflow Performance Relationship for a CBM Well

31st May to 30th June.

Submitted by:
Divyam Sood
B.Tech. Applied Petroleum Engineering with specialization in Upstream

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 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION

To Whom It May Concern

This is to certify that Mr. Divyam Sood has successfully completed 4 weeks summer internship
on “Empirical Establishment of Inflow Performance Relationship for a CBM Well “ at
Reliance Industries Limited, CBM Project, Shahdol, M.P. under the supervision of Mr. Jigen
Vohra & Mr. Mohit Gupta . The training was carried out from 31st May to 30th June.

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 UNDERTAKING:

I, Divyam Sood, 3nd year student of B.Tech. Applied Petroleum Engineering with specialization
in upstream from UPES, Dehradun doing summer internship at Reliance Industries Limited,
CBM Project, Shahdol, M.P. from 31st May, 2019 to 30th June, 2019 on the topic “Empirical
Establishment of Inflow Performance Relationship for a CBM Well” undertake the
following:

 That I shall not disclose any confidential information received from RIL to any other
person, company, organization, and firm; as I know that confidential information cannot
be sold, exchanged, published or disclosed to anybody by any way including
photocopies or reproduced materials etc. without prior written consent of RIL.
 That I shall keep confidentiality to the highest extent in order to avoid the disclosure or
use of the information received during internship.
 That I will not publish/use data provided by RIL anywhere in India or outside India.
 That if I am proved to be guilty for the disclosure of the confidential or proprietary
information, RIL has the right for the reimbursement of damages borne due to the
disclosure.

Date: 30 June, 2019

Divyam Sood

Place: RIL, CBM Project, Shahdol.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Mohit Gupt & Mr. Jinen Vora for
considering my candidature as intern. I am deeply thankful to Mr. Dabbeeru Srinivas ,
Mr. Neeraj Srivastava and rest of the HR team of RIL for facilitating my internship
successfully.

I take this as an opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Rajesh Verma, Site
Manager, RIL CBM Project, for providing excellent facilities to complete the training
on CBM Operations. Also, I am very much thankful to all the RIL employees and
technical staff for helping me in learning about the business flow and practicality of the
activities that I learned during the formal and informal conversation with them during
the course of one month of my summer internship.

I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to all the people who were directly or
indirectly involved in my internship for all their help, support, interest and valuable
suggestions. People like Mr. Srikant, Technician, Well site operation team who
contributed a lot towards practical knowledge when it comes to applicability of
engineering on the well site.

Divyam Sood

Applied Petroleum Engineering with specialization in upstream

UPES, Dehradun

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

 1 Introduction to reliance Sohagpur CBM gas field……………….….. 6

 2 Well Site Layout……………………………………………………......7

 3 Geological Information………………………………………………...8

 4 Basics of Reserve Estimation in CBM …………………………….…..9

o 4.1 Structure of Coal……………………………………………….9

o 4.2 Storage Mechanism………………………………………….…9

o 4.3 Coal Rank and Methane Generation…………………………10

o 4.4 Transport Mechanism…………………………………………11

 4.4.1 Desorption ………………………………………………...11

 4.4.2 Diffusion…………………………………………………...11

o 4.5 Darcy’s Flow…………………………………………………....12

 5 Project Details : Establishment of empirical IPR for a CBM Well......13

o 5.1 Why is IPR important in CBM ?...............................................13

 6 Permeability models of CBM………………………………………....14

 7 Aim of the Project……………………………………………………..16

 8 Work done……………………………………………………………..16

 9 Findings & Observations……………………………………………...17

 10 Graphs & Equations …………………………………………..…….17

 11 Calculations & Result………………………………………………....18

 12 Sites Visited…………………………………………………………….19

 13 Health Safety & Environment…………………………………….…..20

 14 References …………………………………………………………... 22

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1. Introduction to Reliance CBM Field, Sohagpur
Reliance Industries Limited is the operator of two contiguous Coal Bed Methane (CBM)
Blocks in Sohagpur coal basin, SP (west)-CBM-2001/1and SP (East)-CBM/2001/1. Sohagpur
west and Sohagpur east CBM blocks comprising an area of 500 Sq. Kms and 495 Sq. Kms
respectively, are located in Shahdol and Anuppur districts of Madhya Pradesh state in
central India.

Based on the reservoir simulation studies, the field is expected to produce Coal Bed
Methane (CBM) Gas of 3.5 MMSCMD. First phase development is near completion in
Sohagpur West block with 229 (224 active, 5 inactive) wells along with the associated
surface facilities like gathering pipeline network, 2 Gas Gathering Stations (GGS), 8 Water
Gathering Stations (WGS) and Power distribution network etc., for treatment and
evacuation of Gas and Produced Water.

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2. Well Site Layout
Every Wellsite in Sohagpur West Block, is a 60 meter by 60 meter barbed perimeter with the
Well-being in the center of the field. Chain link perimeter fences / barbed wire fences are
Used for security and safety. The standard well site has a Drive Head, Variable Frequency
Drive (VFD), Remote Terminal Unit (RTU), dewatering pump, vertical separator, and piping
And instrumentation, electrical switch board and (for some sites) a transformer. Certain well
Sites also include pig launchers for trunk gas lines located close to a well pad. The
Launchers are co-located inside the well site fence for security. Skid mounted well
Equipment sizes are standardized to facilitate fabrication and interchangeability.

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3. GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION-
The Gondwana Coal basins of India form a three – pronged rift system along the major river
valley viz. Damodar-Koel, Son-Mahanadi and Pranhita-Godavari. Rajmahal basin occurs as a
subsidiary at right angel to Damodar basin towards east. Rewa intra-cratonic basin, which is a
part of Son-Mahanadi belt and wherein Sohagpur Coalfield is situated, displays a complete
sequence of Gondwana sediments with maximum thickness of about 4km reportedly
encountered in Tikki-1 well drilled at about 60km north of CBM blocks by ONGC for oil and
gas exploration.

The general trend of different litho units is WNW-ESE to E-W with northerly low dip 3 deg to
5 deg. The coal basin divided into two sub- basins by east –west trending regional intrabasinal
Bamhani-Chilpa fault having downthrown towards north. The CBM block is situated in the
northern downthrown segment of this major fault along which Raniganj and Barakar Formation
are juxtaposed. A vast tract of coal bearing Barakar Formation is exposed to the South of
Bamhani-Chilpa Fault. The Barakar sediments are bounded by the outcropping Talchir along
southern and eastern fringes of the coalfield. Successive younger sediments of Barren Measures
outcrops towards south near Burhar, Raniganj outcrops in large part of CBM blocks, followed
by pali and Parsora further north, while the younger Lameta beds are found outside the CBM
blocks towards southwest. Barakar Formation is the major coal bearing zone. It contains five
persistent coal seams at depth range of 250-1000 meters in the blocks with average cumulative
thickness of 12-25 m. In addition, multiple coal seams of Raniganj formation with cumulative
thickness in the range of 2-12 meters occurring at shallow depth of 50-340 meters are also
present. The target coal seams in the Barakar Formation are expected at 340-1000-meter depth.

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4. BASICS OF RESERVES ESTIMATION IN CBM-
Coal reservoirs are systems of storage and transport mechanisms. This describes how gas is
stored and transported within coal bed methane reservoir. It also explains the mechanisms
which control production from coal bed methane wells operating under pressure depletion.

4.1 Structure of Coal

Examination of coals from mines or coal bed methane wells(cores) reveals that coals are
naturally fractured. A closely spaced fracture system (called cleats) forms in coals in response
to coalification, local structural features, and other variables. Local structural forces usually
determine cleat density. The dominant (more continuous)

Cleat is commonly called the face cleat, and the cleat oriented roughly perpendicular to the
face cleat is called the butt cleat. Coal contains Avery fine “micro pore” structure pore
diameters typically range from five to ten Angstroms. This micro pore structure has a very
low flow capacity (permeability in the Micro Darcy range), whereas coal cleats have a much
greater flow capacity. In addition to the natural cleat system, fracture systems caused by
tectonic activity also may be present in coals. Water and gas flow to coal bed methane wells
through the cleat and fracture systems. The cleat sand fractures comprise the bulk
permeability measured from well tests of coal bed methane wells.

4.2 Storage Mechanisms

Gas can exist in a coal seam in two ways. It can be present as free gas within the natural
porosity of the coal (joints and fractures), and it can be present as an adsorbed layer on the
internal surfaces of the coal. Methane molecules adsorb to the micro pore walls. Because the
bulk porosity of the coal cleat system is small (less than five percent) and the initial gas
saturation in the coal cleats is typically low (less than ten percent), most of the gas in-place in
coals (greater than ninety percent) is adsorbed in the coal matrix. The adsorbed gas volume is
significant even in coals that have gas saturated cleat systems at initial reservoir conditions.

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Gas storage capacity is a function of Coal rank and pressure. As the coal matures, its sorptive
capacity increases. On the left the green line shows Anthracite has the highest gas content.

4.3 Coal Rank and Methane Generation

Methane is generated from coal initially by microbial activity (biogenesis) and later by heat
however it can be seen that maximum methane is produced when the coal is in its Bituminous
rank.

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4.4 Transport Mechanism

Most of the gas present in coal seams is physically adsorbed on the internal surfaces of the
unfractured coal “matrix.” Gas production from coals occurs by a three-stage process in
which gas:

1. Flows from natural fractures

2. Desorbs from the coal
3. Cleat surfaces (natural fractures)
4. Diffuses through the coal matrix to the cleats. This process is shown in the following
figure

4.4.1 Desorption
Desorption is the process by which methane molecules detach from the micro pore surfaces
of the coal matrix and enter the cleat system where they exist as free gas.

4.4.2 Diffusion
Diffusion is a process in which flow occurs via random molecular motion from an area of
high concentration to an area of lower concentration. The process of the molecular

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Diffusion of methane in the coal matrix is shown in the following figure:

4.5 Darcy Flow

Experience with production from coal bed methane wells and single-phase well testing of coal
bed methane wells has proved that flow in the cleat system of coals can be described by Darcy’s
Law. In a general sense, Darcy’ s Law relates the flow rate in a reservoir to the pressure drop
across the reservoir using a proportionality constant (i.e., permeability). Darcy’s Law is
applicable to flow in any porous media if the assumptions below are met:

 A single-phase fluid of constant viscosity completely fills the connected pore volume
of the porous medium.
 Condition of viscous or laminar flow exist throughout the complex inner pore structure
of the porous medium.

Darcy ’s Law is applied to reservoirs with the simultaneous flow of more than one fluid by
considering the effective permeability to each flowing phase. The effective permeability of
individual flowing phases is always less than the absolute permeability of the porous media,
and the sum of the effective permeability of all flowing phases is less than or equal to the
absolute permeability.

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5.0 Project Details : Inflow Performance Relationship

The inflow performance relationship (IPR) for a coalbed methane (CBM) reservoir is
Relatively complex as the production behavior is different from conventional gas wells,
as gas in coal is stored by means of adsorption. Most often coal reservoirs are relatively
under saturated, meaning the pressure in the reservoir needs to be substantially
depleted prior to gas desorption. Gas from coal is produced at relatively low reservoir
pressures, thus requiring the pseudo pressure function to be included in any
deliverability calculations. A two phase flow system in a coal reservoir adds to
that complexity as relative permeability, reservoir geo-mechanics and saturation needs
to be taken into account within the IPR correlation. The IPR correlation for coalbed
methane wells is an important part of any well performance optimization .

5.1 Why is it Important in CBM ?

Inflow Performance Relationship correlation is fast becoming critical for coal

bed methane reservoir analysis and optimization as the gas production is sensitive
to the operating bottom hole pressure. Operating bottom-hole pressure controls the
rate at which the gas molecules desorb from the coal matrix and transfer to the
coal cleat system. Operating bottom-hole pressure also determines the effective
stress acting on the coal which imply the permeability change and matrix shrinkage.

Traditionally, the IPR correlation for conventional reservoir is normally in a form

of either quadratic or pressure square, and is mostly developed for single phase systems.

Recent work on the IPR correlation is developed analytically to include the permeability
change effect and matrix shrinkage concept for single phase water during dewatering
period, multi phase gas and water, and single phase gas for later period.

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6 Permeability Models for CBM
Following are some permeability correlation models which take into account the
permeability variations , matrix shrinkage and other factors into account :

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These methods however pose complications in terms of the following factors :

 Hefty amount of data required

 Enormous Calculations
 Error still exists in all the models.
 Most of them consider only partial factors that affect Permeability.

In this project, a different and a simplistic approach is used to generate the IPR
Correlation based on the already existing production data from one of the wells
A is used and the trend line is used to generate the correlation i.e.
Deliverability equation.

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7 Aim of the Project
CBM being one of the major unconventional resource of Hydrocarbons (majorly Methane) for
future generations is undergoing a lots of research work. Unlike a conventional Oil & Gas
Reservoir, a CBM has a certain characteristic i.e. the varying Permeability which directly effects
the BHP which in turn makes it very difficult to assess the Inflow Performance of a CBM Well.
There exist various Permeability Models which can govern this changing Permeability with
respect to time and various other conditions like stresses acting on the Reservoir. But these
models aren’t very accurate and require enormous data & some very hefty calculations. So it is
rather better to depend upon the empirical co-relations for the determination of changing BHP .
Therefore our aim was to study a well of RIL CBM Project Sohagpur East & West which already
had Bottom Hole gauge Installed in the and establish a Deliverability equation for the same well
so that we could eliminate the need of a Bottom Hole Gauge in future which are very Expensive
to use.

8 Work Done
 The available data comprising of gas flow rates , water flow rate , Bottom Hole Pressure was
thoroughly studied for the well A and an inflow performance relationship was established for the
water flow rate and the gas flow rate.

 The well B was studies for the gas flow rates & water flow rate variations with respect to time and
a typical Production Curve for a CBM well was obtained like the following

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9 Findings and Observations

 The Deliverability equation derived from the Well A was used to design the PCP pump for the
maximum amount of water that it can handle which will come at the minimum Bottom Hole
Pressure ( Assumed to be 20 Psi) .

 Similar to the calculations with water flow rate , here the absolute open flow potentioal has been
calculated using the deliverability equation obtained for the Well A

10 Graphs and Equations

Fig 1. Ln(Pr2-Pwf2) vs Ln(Q) Graphs for Ql & Qg

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11 Calculations & Results :

Calculations with Water data.

 Trend line gives us Qw =7.419 (Pr2-Pwf2)0.843
Where c = 7.419 & n = 0.843 and assumed Pr = 452 Psi

 Therefore for Design of PCP for Max Water handling

Considering minimum BHP , Pwf = 20 Psi
Gives Qw = 63 CMD
Applying
QDesign = 100*Qact/Efficiency
Gives , QDesign = 80 m3/Day
Therefore it is recommended to use a 76K900 KUDU PCP in this well
which can give 76 m3/day @ 100 rpm.

Calculations with Gas Data

 The trend line gave us : ( Pr2 – Pwf2 )= 1.7875 Qg – 27585
AOF Will be achieved at Pwf = 14.7 Psia
 Therefore AOF , Qg = 1.765 MMSCFD
= 4998.149 SCMD

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12
Sites Visited

 Fabrication Shop
(1) PCP test bench
(2) Drive head assembly
(3) PCP assembly

 (Routine checkup)
(1) Gas Water Separator
(2) Water Gas Separator
(3) Variable Frequency Drive
(4) 3" Gas line
(5) 2" Water line

 (Pilot Well)
(1) Water Gas Separator PSV
(2) Pressure transmitters (PT-1,2,3)
(3) Echo gun
(4) Orifice meter

 (Workover Operation)
(1) Fishing tools (FMT, melt, scrap tool)
(2) Milling tools
(3) 50 tons rotary rig
(4) Blowout preventers

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13
HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT

HEALTH

High standards are to be followed to maintain cleanliness and provide a healthy work
environment.
Maintain proper lighting at the work site and workforce shall be protected against the
hazards of noise, dust, gases etc.
Arrange clean drinking water, sanitation facility and water for washing at the site.
First Aid station with required medicines, equipment and ambulance to be made
available at sites.

SAFETY and FIRE PROTECTION

A safety officer for rig is deputed who is responsible for site safety, ensure that all the
crew member observe and perform all safety and occupational health regulations.
Ensures that good housekeeping standards are maintained at the Work Site, so as to
minimize the changes of fire.
Ensures that firefighting equipment are provides at site, all the time as per the
requirements specified in OMR etc.
Safety Sign boards are to be provided at the site like:
1. No Smoking
2. Use proper PPE
3. Assembly Point
4. Vehicle Parking Area
5. Designated “Smoking Area”

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ENVIRONMENT

All the operation must be carried out in compliance with applicable environment
laws, regulation and practices to preserve air, water, animal and plant life from the
adverse effects of work and to minimize any nuisance which may arise from such
work.

PPEs (Personal Protective Equipment)

Ensure that suitable PPE must be used by the personals engaged in work at site like

1. Safety Helmet
2. Coveralls
3. Hand Gloves
4. Safety Goggles
5. Safety shoes

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14 REFERENCE

1. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalbed_methane

2. https://petrowiki.org/CBM_reservoir_fundamentals
3. Reading Material Provided by RIL.

4. SPE-176185-MS:Inflow Performance Relationship correlation of 2 Phase CBM Reservoir

5. SPE-152163-MS : New Inflow Performance Relationship for Coalbed Methane Wells

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