Adf©U (Drought) … ^wn¥ð>mdarb nmʶmMr H$‘VaVm qH$dm Xþ{‘©jVm ¶m‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmao g§H$Q> åhUOo Adf©U

hmo¶. hm EH$ Z¡g{J©H$ AmKmV Amho. ^maVr¶ hdm‘mZ Im˶mZwgma Ooìhm EImÚm joÌmV gamgar nO©Ý¶mnojm
75Q>¸o$ nO©Ý¶ H$‘r Agob Va Adf©UmMr pñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoVo. gamgar nO©Ý¶mnojm 50Q>¸o$ H$‘r nO©Ý¶ Agob Va
^rfU Adf©UmMr pñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoVo d 25 Vo 50Q>¸o$ À¶m Xaå¶mZ nO©Ý¶ Agob Va ˶mg gmYmaU Adf©U
g‘Obo OmVo.
^maVr¶ H¥$fr Am¶moJmZo ^maVmVVrb Adf©UmMr {d^mJUr VrZ ^mJmV Ho$br Amho. hr {d^mJUr V¶ma H$aVmZm
nO©Ý¶‘mZ, O{‘ZrMm Amobmdm d Vmn‘mZ ¶m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo.
1. dmVmdaUr¶ Adf©U … (Meteorological Drought)
2. Obr¶ Adf©U … (Hydrological Drought)
3. H¥$fr Adf©U … (Agricultural Drought)
1. dmVmdaUr¶ Adf©U … EImÚm àXoemV dm{f©H$ gamgar nO©Ý¶mnojm 25 Q>¸o$ qH$dm ˶mnojmhr OmñV Q>³³¶m§Zr
nmD$g H$‘r nS>Vmo qH$dm KQ> hmoVo ˶mg dmVmdaUr¶ Adf©U (Meteorological Drought) åhUVmV.
2. Obr¶ Adf©U … dmVmdaUr¶ Adf©U XrK©H$min¶ªV Agë¶mg ˶m àXoemVrb ^wn¥ð>mda nmʶmMr à‘mU H$‘r
hmoVo. Obme¶o d ZÚm H$moaS>o nS>VmV d ^y{‘JV nmʶmMr nmVir Imob OmVo. Aem pñWVrbm Obr¶ Adf©U
åhUVmV.
3. H¥$fr Adf©U … Á¶mdoir {nH$m§Mr dmT> hmoV AgVo. ˶mdoir O{‘ZrVrb Amobmdm d nmdgmÀ¶m nmʶmMm nwadR>m
H$‘r nS>Vmo. ˶mdoir {nH$m§da VmU nS>Vmo d dmT> I§wQ>Vo Aem pñWVrbm H¥$fr Adf©U åhUVmV.
darb àH$maÀ¶m Adf©UmV nmUr EH$ à‘wI KQ>H$ Amho. ˶mMm g§~§Y PmS>o, ’$iPmS>o amono B˶mXrÀ¶m
dmT>rer Amho. àm‘w»¶mZo nmD$g hm {Z¶{‘V d Amdí¶H$ VodT>m Agb¶mg Adf©U nS>V Zmhr. CXm. 200
{H$.‘r. dm{f©H$ nO©Ý¶ EImÚm àXoemV gVV d {Z¶‘rV nS>V Agob Adf©UmMr H$ënZmgwÜXm ¶oV Zmhr. na§Vw
AemM {R>H$mUr 500 {‘.{‘. Vo 750 {‘.{‘. dm{f©H$ nmD$g AgUmè¶m àXoemV gVV H$mhr df© 200 {‘.{‘.
nmD$g nS>V Agë¶mg ˶mdoir Adf©U hr EH$ eoVH$è¶m§Zm qMVoMr ~m~ hmoD$Z OmVo.
åhUyZ nO©Ý¶ hm EH$ à‘wI KQ>H$ AgyZ AnKQ>H$ åhUyZ AmЩVm, Vmn‘mZ, gw¶©àH$me, ‘¥XmAmЩVm,
dZñnVr B˶mXtMm C„oI hmoVmo. ¶m gd© hdm‘mZ KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z {H«$M{’$ëS> ¶m§Zr Amnë¶m nwñVH$mV
Imbrb {d^mJ nmS>bo.

hdm‘mZemñÌmMr ‘ybVËdo …
1. pñWa Adf©U (Permanent Drought) … H$mhr àXoemV {H$˶oH$ df© nmD$g nS>V Zmhr d nS>bmM Va A˶ën
nS>Vmo d H$moaS>o hdm‘mZ ¶m‘wio VoWo H$m¶‘ñdê$nr qH$dm pñWa Adf©UmMr pñWVr AgVo. ¶m ^mJmV VwaiH$
Aer IwaQ>r dZñnVr CJdVo.
2. h§Jm‘r Adf©U (Seasonal Drought) … H$mhr àXoemV F$Vw‘mZmZwgma H$‘r-A{YH$ nmD$g nS>Vmo. Oa F$VyV
nmD$g nS>V Zmhr d H$moaS>o hdm‘mZ AgVo VoWo {nHo$ hmoV Zmhr. EImÚm F$VyV nmD$g nSy>Z Mm§Jbr {nH§$
hmoVmV. åhUOoM F$VynaËdo Adf©U hmoV AgVo.
3. AmH$pñ‘H$ Adf©U (Contingent Drought) … nmdgmÀ¶m A{ZpíMVVo‘wio qH$dm AmH$pñ‘H$[a˶m nS>ʶm‘wio ho
Adf©U CX²^dVo.
Adf©UmMr H$maUo … Adf©UmÀ¶m {Z{‘©Vrg {d{dY ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$mn¡H$s gdm©V ‘hËdmMm KQ>H$ åhUOo
^yn¥ð>mdarb nmʶmMr H$‘VaVm hmo¶. dm{f©H$ gamgar nO©Ý¶ {Zåå¶mnojm H$‘r Agë¶mg ^yn¥ð>mdarb nmʶmMr
à‘mU H$‘r hmoD$Z Obme¶o, ZÚm, Pao H$moaS>o nS>VmV. gVV hmoUmè¶m ~mînr^dZm‘wio O{‘ZrVrb Amobmdm
H$‘r hmoVmo. {nH$mMr dmT> hmoV Zmhr. nmD$g hm ‘hËdmMm KQ>H$ H$maUr^yV Agë¶m‘wio ˶mÀ¶m gmo¶rñH$a
CnbãYVogmR>r nmofH$ Aer H$maUo Imbrbà‘mUo AmhoV.
1. ‘mog‘r dmè¶mMr H$mbÑîQ>çm A{ZpíMVVm … ^maVmV ‘mog‘r dmè¶mnmgyZ nmD$g nS>Vmo. hm nmD$g
A{Z¶{‘V d A{ZíMrV ñdê$nmMm Amho. nmdgmMo à‘mUhr gd©Ì gmaIo amhV Zmhr. nmD$g OmñV nS>ë¶mg
AmЩVoMo à‘mU OmñV amhVo. AmЩVoMo OmñV à‘mU {nH$mg Cn¶wº$ AgVo. Aem àH$mao nmdgmMo ñdê$n
Agë¶m‘wio Adf©U {Z‘m©U hmoVo.
1
 2. dZñnVrMm A^md … n¥Ïdrda {d{dY àH$maÀ¶m dZñnVr AmT>iVmV. ˶mV d¥j, PwS>no, dobr, JdV
B˶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. dZñnVrÀ¶m AmÀN>mXZm‘wio gy¶m©Mr CîUVm O{‘Zrn¶ªV nmohMV Zmhr. ˶m‘wio
O{‘ZrVrb Amobmì¶mMo ~mînr^dZ hmoV Zmhr. dZñnVrMr nmZo ~mînmoËgO©Z H$aVmV. dZñnVrMm A^md
Agë¶mg darbà‘mUo {H«$¶m Z hmoD$Z ~mînnwadR>m H$‘r d nmD$g H$‘r ¶m‘wio Adf©UmMr pñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoVo.
3. nO©Ý¶mMr ~XberbVm (ݶyZm{YH$Vm) (Variability of Rainfall) … ^maVmV ‘mog‘r nO©Ý¶ nS>V
Agë¶m‘wio EImÚm {R>H$mUMr nO©Ý¶mMr gamgar gX¡d H$m¶‘ amhVrb Ago Zmhr. EImÚm ñWir ¶mdfu
{OVH$m nmD$g nS>bm Agob {VVH$m nwT>À¶m dfu nS>obM Ago Zmhr. nmdgmÀ¶m gamgarVhr ’$aH$ nS>Vmo.
CXm.^maVmVrb nO©Ý¶mMr gamgar 100g|.‘r. Amho. Xadfu ‘mÌ 100 g|.‘r. nmD$g nS>V Zmhr. nO©Ý¶mÀ¶m
~XbmMo ho à‘mU Ooìhm Q>¸o$dmarV 춺$ Ho$bo OmVo. Voìhm ˶mg nO©Ý¶mMr ~XberbVm (Variability of
Rainfall) åhUVmV. H$mhr Aä¶mgH$ ¶mbmM nO©Ý¶mMr ݶyݶm{YH$Vm Agohr åhUVmV.
nO©Ý¶mVrb ~Xb, nmdgmù¶mV Amobm XþîH$mi, CÝhmù¶mV AH$mbr nO©Ý¶, B˶mXr ~m~rVyZ hdm‘mZmÀ¶m
d¥VrMr OmUrd emñÌkm§Zm Pmbr Amho. d hm n[aUm‘ Eb.{ZZmo (L.Nino) À¶m gm‘϶m©VyZ Amho. X{jU
A‘o[aHo$Vrb noê$À¶m {H$Zmè¶mda {¼g‘gÀ¶m gw‘mamg nyd©-npíM‘ dmhUmam Eb {ZZmo ZmdmMm CîUàdmh Amho.
ñn°{Ze ^mfoV L.Nino åhUOo ¼mBñQ> Mm°BëS> Ago åhUVmV. ¶mMm emoY 1883 ‘ܶo bmJbm. hm C~Xma àVr
àdmh {H$Zmè¶mnmgyZ 180 {H$.‘r.A§Vamda gmJan¥ð>mnmgyZ 400 ‘rQ>a Imobrda 30 Vo 360 X.Ajd¥ÎmmÀ¶m
Xaå¶mZ dmhVmo. ’o$~«wdmar d ‘mM© ‘ܶo ¶m àdmhmMm Omoa {deof AgVmo. ¶m Ajd¥Îmr¶ joÌmV n°{g[’$H$
‘hmgmJamÀ¶m nmʶmMo Vmn‘mZ gamgar 500 Vo 550 g|. AgVo. ˶mV AMmZH$ 50 Vo 100 g|.J«o. Zo dmT> hmoVo.
˶m‘wio dmè¶mMr {Xem ~XbVo. hm àdmh {hÝXr ‘hmgmJamV Amë¶mZ§Va VoWrb Vmn‘mZ dmT>Vo. ˶m‘wio VoWrb
CƒXm~ H$‘Omoa hmoVmo.¶mMm na{Um‘ iUOo VoWyZ dmhUmao Z¡F$˶ ‘mog‘r dmao {Z~©b hmoVmV d ^maVmV H$‘r
nmD$g XoVmV ¶m‘wio H$Yr Zm H$Yr Adf©UmMr pñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ZH$memV nO©Ý¶mMr ~XberbVm Q>¸o$dmarV
XmI{dbr Amho.
gw‘mao 30-35 df© Ho$boë¶m nO©Ý¶mÀ¶m {Z[ajUmdê$Z H$mT>bobo Oo gamgar {dMbZ Amho ˶mg
~XberbVm (Variability) åhUVmV.
n°Q>agZÀ¶m ‘VmZwgma nO©Ý¶mÀ¶m ~XbmMo à‘mU 15Q>¸o$ nojm H$‘r Agob Va g§^dZr¶Vm H$‘r AgVo
~XbmMo à‘mU 40Q>¸o$ nojm A{YH$ Agob Va VoWo dmid§Q>r àXoemVrb nmdgmMr g§^dZr¶Vm AgVo. VgoM
nO©Ý¶mMr dm{f©H$ gamgar OoWo H$‘r VoWo ~XberbVm OmñV d OoWo dmfuH$ gamgar OmñV VoWo ~XberbVm
H$‘r AgVo.
^maVmVrb nO©Ý¶mÀ¶m ~XberbVoMm eoVrda n[aUm‘ hmoVmo. OoWo nO©Ý¶mMr à‘mU H$‘r VoWo EImÚm dfu
H$‘r nmD$g nS>bm Va eoVrda ^¶mdh n[aUm‘ hmoD$Z Adf©UmMr pñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoVo. åhUyZ H¥$fr {dH$mgmÀ¶m
¶moOZoV nO©Ý¶mÀ¶m ¶m ~m~rH$S>o {deof bj {Xbo OmVo.
4. nO©Ý¶mMr Vrd«Vm (Intensity of Rainfall) … g§nU y © dm{f©H$ nmD$g {H$Vr {XdgmV nS>bm qH$dm {H$Vr
doimV {H$Vr nmD$g nS>bm. ¶mÀ¶m JwUmoÎmamg nO©Ý¶mMr Vrd«Vm åhUVmV.
~moñQ>Z ehamV nS>boë¶m nmdgmMr Xa Vmer Vrd«Vm 1.00 g|.‘r. Amho. Va Moamn§wOrMr 10.00 g|.‘r.Amho.
åhUOoM Moamn§wOrMr Vrd«Vm OmñV Amho.
¶mdê$Z nS>boë¶m nmdgmMm O{‘ZrV {ZMam Pmbm H$s dmhÿZ Jobm ¶mMr H$ënZm ¶oVo. dmñV{dH$ H$‘r
doimV OmñV nmD$g nS>bm Va dmhʶmMo à‘mU OmñV d {ZMè¶mMo à‘mU H$‘s AgVo. åhUyZ nO©Ý¶mÀ¶m
Vrd«VoMm g§~§Y nya,{nHo$ d Adf©U ¶m§À¶m A§XmOmVrb Aä¶mgmV Cn¶moJr nS>Vmo.
Adf©UmMr ì¶m»¶m … darb {ddoMZmÀ¶m AmYmamda Adf©UmÀ¶m nwT>rb ì¶m»¶m§Mm Aä¶mg H$ê$ ¶m.
1. O{‘ZrVrb OmñVrV OmñV Amobmdm ~mînr^dZmZo d dZñnVrÛmao ~mînmoËgOm©Zo H$‘r hmoD$Z Omo Xþ{‘©jVm
AmT>iVo ˶m pñWVrbm Adf©U åhUVmV.
"Drought is a condition in whcih the amount of water needed for traspiration and direct
evaporation exceeds the amount available in the soil" -(C.W. Thornhwait)
2. Adf©U åhUOo nmʶmÀ¶m Xþ{^©jVo‘wio OmñV mH$mbmdYrgmR>r O{‘ZrVrb Amobmdm ~mînr{Zamg nÜXVrZo Zï>
hmoD$Z CX²^dbobr pñWVr.
2
 The term drought implies an absence of significant precipitation for a period which is long
enough to cause moisture deficit in the soil due to evapo-traspiration-(R.G.Barry)
3. Adf©U pñWVr hr g§^mì¶ ~mînr^dZmMr nyVu Z H$aUmar Aer nO©Ý¶mÀ¶m A^mdr hmoUmar nmʶmMr H$‘VaVm
hmo¶.
"Drought condition is mothing but the deficit of water due to the failure of precipitation to
meet the demand of the Potential evapotranspiration" (Hema Malini)
Adf©U {Z{‘©VrMo à‘wI H$maU åhUOo nO©Ý¶mMr H$‘r hmo¶. ¶m{edm¶ ~mînr^dZ, AmЩVm, Vmn‘mZ,
‘mVrVrb Amobmdm, dZñnVr B˶mXr KQ>H$hr Adf©Umbm H$maUr^yV R>aVmV.
gmYmaUnUo nO©Ý¶‘mZmMo à‘mU {H$Vr H$‘r Agob Va Adf©U Adf©U nSy> eHo$b ¶mg§~§Yr Imbrb Vkm§Zr
Amnbo {dMma ‘m§S>bo AmhoV.
gamgar dm{f©H$ nO©Ý¶mnojm 75Q>¸o$ nO©Ý¶ H$‘r Pmë¶mg Adf©U nS>V.o (Bates C.G.,1935)
Adf©UmMr pñWVr Voìhm {Z‘m©U hmoVo Ooìhm gamgar dm{f©H$ nO©Ý¶mÀ¶m 85Q>¸o$ nojm H$‘r nO©Ý¶ Agob
Va. (Hoyt,J.C.,1936)
¶mo½¶ doir gamgar nO©Ý¶mnojm H$‘r nmD$g EH $ AmR>dS>m^a nS>bm Va Adf©U nS>Vo.
(Ramdas,D.A.)
Adf©UmMr pñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoʶmg Ooìhm nO©Ý¶ gVV 21 {Xdg gamgar dm{f©H$ nO©Ý¶mÀ¶m 30Q>¸o$ H$‘r
Agob Voìhm. (Henri,A.J.,1960)
5. nO©Ý¶mMr {dnarVVm (Rainfall Inversion) … n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmnmgyZ nd©VmÀ¶m CVmamda OgOgo C§M Omdo
VgVgo nO©Ý¶‘mZ dmT>V OmVo. na§Vw nd©VmÀ¶m EH$m R>am{dH$ C§Mrda nO©Ý¶‘mZmMo dmT>Vo à‘mU Wm§~Vo d ˶m
n{bH$S>o nO©Ý¶‘mZ Z dmT>Vm H$‘r H$‘r hmoV OmVo. AemàH$mao nO©Ý¶‘mZmMo CbQ> ñdê$n AmT>iVo.˶mbmM
nO©Ý¶mMr {dnarVVm åhUVmV.hr {dnarVVm g‘erVmoîU H${Q>~§YmVrb nd©Vr¶ àXoemV AmT>iV Zmhr.
nO©Ý¶mMr {dnarVVm hmoʶmg ¶mo½¶ pñWVr …
A. nd©Vr¶ àXoe … nO©Ý¶mMo à‘mU ho Ajm§emda Adb§~yZ AgVo. H$‘r Ajm§em§darb nd©Vr¶ ^mJmV C§MrZwgma
nO©Ý¶ dmT>V OmVo. H$maU hdoV AmЩVMo à‘mU A{YH$ AgVo.Y¥dr¶ àXoemVrb nd©Vr¶ joÌmV A{YH$
nO©Ý¶mMr ‘¶m©Xm H$‘r C§Mrda AgVo.
~. g‘wÐmnmgyZMo A§Va … g‘wÐ {H$Zmè¶mda nd©Vr¶ ^mJ Agob Va A{YH$ C§Mrn¶ªV nO©Ý¶ nS>Vo VgoM nO©Ý¶
aofm (Rainfall line) hr gwÜXm A{YH$ C§Mrda pñWV AgVo.
H$. hdoMr {Xem … ~mîn¶wº$ hdm nd©VmÀ¶m CVmambm b§~dV ASy>Z Vr OmoamZo da T>H$bbr OmVo. d EH$m R>am{dH$
‘¶m©Xoda OmñV nO©Ý¶XoVo. åhUOoM hdoMr {Xem nd©V CVmambm b§~dV AgUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo.
S>. nd©Vr¶ ñdê$n … nd©V Vrd« CVmamMm Agob Va ˶m ~mOybm nO©Ý¶ Vrd« doJmZo nS>Vmo.˶mMà‘mUo nd©Vr¶
^mJmV Xè¶m d qIS>r Agob Va VoWyZ dmao ~mhoa {ZKyZ OmVmV.˶m‘wio nO©Ý¶mMo à‘mU H$‘r AgVo.
n¥Ïdrdarb gdm©V C§M nO©Ý¶ aofm (Maximum rainfall line in the world) … nd©Vr¶ àXoemV EH$m {d{eï> C§Mrda
nO©Ý¶mMo à‘mU gdm©V OmñV AgVo. Vr CƒV‘ nO©Ý¶mÀ¶m ‘¶m©XoMr aofm AgVo. ˶mZ§Va nO©Ý¶mMo à‘mU H$‘r
hmoVo.Aem EH$m {d{eï> gr‘m qH$dm aofobm nO©Ý¶ aofm åhUVmV.
nyd© {Ûng‘yhmVrb nd©Vr¶ ^mJmV gw‘mao 2600 ‘rQ>a C§Mrn¶ªV nO©Ý¶‘mZ OmñV AgVo. ˶mZ§Va nO©Ý¶mMo à‘mU
H$‘r hmoV AgVo. B§S>moZ{e¶mVrb nd©V joÌmV 1200 ‘rQ>an¶ªV nO©Ý¶ aofm Amho. Amëßg nd©V^mJmV 5400‘rQ>a
n¶ªV AgyZ H$mhr {R>H$mUr C§M {eIamn¶ªVhr nO©Ý¶ aofm {XgyZ ¶oVo. ^maVmVrb gømÐr nd©VmV 1500‘rQ>a C§M
Va {h‘mb¶mV 3600‘rQ>a C§M nO©Ý¶ aofm AmT>iVo. {dfwdd¥Îmmdarb nd©Vr¶ ^mJmV hr 7000 ‘rQ>ada AmT>iyZ
¶oVo. ‘ܶ A{e¶mVrb nm‘ra d {W¶oZemZ nd©VmV nO©Ý¶aofm hr {dmù¶mV 1500‘rQ>a d CÝhmù¶mV 3000 ‘rQ>a
da AgVo.
6. pñWVm§~amdarb daÀ¶m WamV ~Xb … n¥ÏdrÀ¶m XmoÝhr JmobmYm©V gw‘mao 250 Vo 350 Ajd¥Îmmdarb AVr C§Mr
darb dmVmdaUmÀ¶m Wam§V Vmn‘mZ d hdoMm Xm~ ¶mVrb ’$aH$m‘wio OoQ> àdmhmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo.npíM‘oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o
àM§S> doJmZo dmhUmao Vo hdoMo PmoV AmhoV. F$VynaËdo Vo ZXrÀ¶m ZmJ‘moS>r diUmà‘mUo daImbr gaH$VmV. ¶m‘wio
dmVmdaUmÀ¶m ImbÀ¶m WamVrb d ^yn¥ð>mdarb m~mV Am{U Xm~nQ²>Q²>¶mV ~Xb hmoVmo. Xm~nÅ>o d J«hr¶ dmao ¶m§À¶m
g§~§YmVyZ nO©Ý¶m§V A{ZpíMVVm ¶oVo. ˶mVM hdm H$moaS>r hmoD$Z H$mhr {R>H$mUr nmD$g nS>V Zmhr. ˶m‘wio
3
Adf©Umbm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo. dmVmdaUmV gm¡aeº$sMo {dH$saU OmñV à‘mUmda Pmbo H$s ~mînr^dZ eº$s H$‘r hmoVo
d nO©Ý¶j‘Vm ‘§XmdVo. VgoM hdoV Va§JUmao àXÿfH$ KZH$U, CXm.Yyi,Yya,Añ~oñQ>m°g,{ego B˶mXr.nmdgmMo à‘mU
H$‘r OmñV hmoUo qH$dm Adf©U hmoUo ¶mMo H$maU åhUOo dmVmdaUmV KZH$Um§Mm dmT>Vm à^md Amho Ago Vkm§Mo ‘V
Amho.
darbà‘mUo Adf©UmÀ¶m H$maUmMm {dMma Ho$ë¶mg Ago {XgyZ ¶oVo H$s nmdgmÛmao hmoUmam nmʶmMm nwadR>m
^yn¥ð>mda H$‘r Agë¶m‘wio O{‘ZrMr Amobmdm YaʶmMr j‘Vm H$‘r nS>Vo ¶mdê$Z Wm°Z©ÏdoQ> Zo Amnbo {dMma ‘m§S>bo
H$s 10 Vo 15 g|.‘r. n¶ªV nmdgmMo nmUr dZñnVrMr ‘wio Yê$Z R>odVmV. ho nmʶmMo à‘mU, ‘mVrMo JwUY‘© d
dZñnVrÀ¶m ‘wimMr aMZm ¶mda Adb§~yZ AgVo.
‘mog‘r nO©Ý¶mZwgma ^maVmVrb Adf©U J«ñV àXoe (Drought Prone Areas) … ^maVm‘ܶo dm{f©H$ gamgar 75
g|.‘r.nojm H$‘r AgUmao àXoe Adf©U J«ñV åhUyZ g§~moYbo AmhoV.˶mMo EHy$U joÌ 35 Q>¸o$ Amho. VgoM 75 Vo
100 g|.‘r. dm{f©H$ gamgar nO©Ý¶‘mZ AgUmao àXoe g§H«${‘V Adf©U J«ñV àXoe AmhoV. ˶mMo joÌ ^maVmÀ¶m
EHy$U joÌmn¡H$s 18.5Q>¸o$ Amho.¶mdê$Z ^maVmV EHy$U 50Q>¸o$ nojm OmñV joÌ ho Adf©UJ«ñV Amho. ^maVmVrb
Adf©U dfm©Mr g§»¶m Imbrb V³Ë¶mV {Xbr Amho.
^maVmMr ^m¡½mmo{bH$ aMZm Am{U hdm‘mZ ¶mV ~arM {d{dYVm AmT>iVo. ˶m‘wio ‘mog‘r nmdgmV Xadfu
MT>CVma AmT>iVmo åhUyZ gd©gmYmaUnUo amOñWmZ, JwOamV, H$Zm©Q>H$, ‘hmamï´>, ‘ܶàXoe, ~§Jmb ¶m amÁ¶mVrb
H$moU˶m Zm H$moU˶m ^mJmV Adf©UmMr g‘ñ¶m àH$fm©Zo OmUdVo.
^maVmMo Adf©UJ«ñV àXoe ‘mÝgyZ nO©Ý¶mZwgma Mma ^mJmV {d^mJbo OmVmV. Vo Imbrbà‘mUo AmhoV.
1. AVr nO©Ý¶mMo àXoe … ^maVmÀ¶m ¶m ^mJmV 200 g|.‘r. nojm OmñV nmD$g nS>Vmo. ˶m‘wio nO©Ý¶mMr
~XberbVm (Variability) eyݶ Q>¸o$ Amho. ¶mV Amgm‘,~§Jmb,Aê$UmMb àXoe,‘oKmb¶,nyd© {~hma,VamB©Mm
àXoe, CÎma Am[agm d ^maVmMr npíM‘ {H$ZmanÅ>r ho ^mJ ¶oVmV. nO©Ý¶mÀ¶m ~XberbVoV WmoS>m ~Xb Pmbm
Var eoVrda n[aUm‘ hmoV Zmhr. Adf©U ‘wº$ Agm hm ^mJ Amho.
2. ‘ܶ‘ nO©Ý¶mMo àXoe … ¶m àXoemV 100 Vo 200 g|.‘r. nmD$g nS>Vmo. åhUyZ nO©Ý¶mMr ~XberbVm 15 Vo
20 Q>¸o$ Amho. ¶mV nyd© ‘hmamï´>, nyd© ‘ܶàXoe, H$mí‘ra, {h‘mMb àXoe, CÎma àXoemMm CÎma ^mJ d ‘ܶ
Amo[agm ho ^mJ ¶oVmV. ¶oWo nO©Ý¶mV ’$ma ‘moR>m ~Xb Pmë¶mg eoVrda n[aUm‘ hmoD$Z Adf©UmMr pñWVr
{Z‘m©U hmoVo.
3. H$‘r nO©Ý¶mMo àXoe … ¶m àXoemV nmdgmMo à‘mU 50 Vo 100 g|.‘r. Amho. ˶m‘wio nO©Ý¶mMr ~XberbVm 20
Vo 25 Q>¸o$ Amho. ¶mV Vm{‘iZmSy>,AmÝY«,nyd© H$Zm©Q>H$,npíM‘ ‘ܶàXoe,JwOamV,h[a¶mUm d n§Om~ ho ^mJ
¶oVmV. WmoS>m nmD$g H$‘r Pmbm Var eoVrda n[aUm‘ hmVmo ObqgMZmÀ¶m gmo¶r‘wio H$mhr ^mJmV Adf©UmMr
{^Vr amhV Zmhr.
4. AVr H$‘r nO©Ý¶mMo àXoe … ¶m àXoemV nmdgmMo à‘mU 50 g|.‘r. nojm H$‘r nmD$g nS>Vmo. ˶m‘wio nO©Ý¶mMr
~XberbVm gdm©V A{YH$ åhUOo 25 Vo 30 Q>¸o$ AgVo. ¶mV npíM‘ amOñWmZ VgoM JwOamV, H$Zm©Q>H$,
‘hmamï´> d H$ÀN>Mm H$mhr ^mJ ¶mMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. ¶oWo nmD$g A{ZpíMV d H$Yrhr H$‘r nS>Vmo. ˶m‘wio ¶m
àXoemV dma§dma Adf©UmMr {^Vr AgVo.
{~hma d npíM‘ amOñWmZ ‘ܶo gZ 1951 nmgyZ 1990 n¶ªVMm {dMma Ho$ë¶mg Adf©UmMr g§»¶m
gdm©V OmñV Amho. ˶mZ§Va JwOamV, gm¡amï´> d ‘hmamï´>mMm H«$‘m§H$ bmJVmo.
Adf©UmMo n[aUm‘ … B.g. 1999 ‘ܶo nO©Ý¶d¥ï>r H$‘r Pmbr d O{‘ZrVrb nmʶmMm gmR>r g§në¶m‘wio
amOñWmZmV Adf©U KSy>Z Ambo. amOñWmZmVrb 32 n¡H$s 26 {Oëô¶mV nmUr {e„H$ am{hbo Zmhr. XþîH$mimÀ¶m
VS>m»¶mV 26hOma IoS>r d Jmdo gmnS>brV d ˶mV 3 H$moQ>r bmoH$ J«ñV Pmbr. Aem pñWVrV Oogb‘oa Odirb
IoS>oJm§dmVyZ gw‘mao 20,000 bmoH$m§Zr ñWbm§Va Ho$bo.
gm¡amï´> d H$ÀN>‘Yrb, ^mdZJa gwa|ÐZJa, amOH$moQ>, OoZnya d Om‘ZJa ¶oWo ^rfU nmUr Q>§MmB© {Z‘m©U Pmbr.
amÁ¶mVrb 113 YaUm§n¡H$s 92 YaUo H$moaS>r nS>br. {d{har AmQy>Z H$moaS>çm nS>ë¶m.
npíM‘ ‘hmamï´>mV XþîH$mimMr Va na§namM Amho. H$moëhmnya,gmobmnya,gmVmam,gm§Jbr ¶m {Oëô¶mV Zoh‘r nmUr
Q>§MmB© AgVo. H$moëhmnya {Oëô¶mV 12 Jmdo nmUr Q>§MmB©Zo ÌñV AmhoV.

4
 XþîH$mimV gmobmnya {Oëô¶mMm daMm H«$‘m§H$ bmJVmo. ¶oWrb ~meu,H$a‘mim,A¸$bH$moQ>,‘§JidoT>m ho VmbwHo$
nmUr Q>§MmB© VmbwHo$ Pmbo AmhoV.
¶mdfu H$moH$UmVhr 176 Jmdo d 270 dmS>çmVhr nmUr Q>§MmB© Amho.
n[aUm‘ …
1. Adf©Um‘wio nmʶmMr Xþ{‘©iVm amhÿZ ObMH«$mMo g§VwbZ {~KS>Vo.
2. eoVO{‘ZrVrb {nH$m§Mr dmT> hmoV Zmhr. eoVr ì¶dgm¶ ~§X nS>Vmo.˶m‘wio AÞYmݶmMm VwQ>dS>m {Z‘m©U hmoVmo.
Voìhm ~oH$mar dmT>Vo d ñWbm§VamÀ¶m g‘ñ¶m {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. B.g.1999 Pmboë¶m Adf©UmV amOñWmZmVrb
Oogb‘oa Odirb IoS>çmVyZ gw‘mao 20,000 bmoH$ ñWbm§V[aV Pmbo.
3. Adf©Um‘wio ^yJ^m©Vrb Z¡g{J©H$ Pao H$‘r hmoD$Z {d{har AmQ>VmV. ZÚmMr nmÌo H$moaS>r nS>VmV. ^yOb nmVir
ImbmdVo.˶m‘wio nmʶmMr J§^ra g‘ñ¶m àm‘w»¶mZo IoS>çmV {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ^maVmV B.g. 1985 ‘ܶo g‘w‘mao
4780 IoS>çm§‘ܶo nmʶmMr g‘ñ¶m J§^ra hmoVr.
4. Adf©U nS>ë¶mg ZÚm§darb ~m§Y {H$d§m YaUo H$moaS>r nS>VmV. ObqgMZmÀ¶m A^mdmZo eoVO{‘Zrbm ^oJm
nS>VmV. O{‘ZrMr Yyn d PrO doJmZo hmoVo d nwT>o O‘rZ {Zê$n¶moJr hmoVo. gm¡amï´>mVrb EHy$U 113 YaUmn¡H$s
91 YaUo H$moaS>r nS>br (gZ 1999) ho EH$ Ádb§V CXm. Amho.
5. nmUr d AÞ ¶m§À¶m Q>§MmB©‘wio ‘hmJmB© dmT>Vo. Hw$nmofU d ^yH$‘marMo à‘mU dmT>Vo. JwaoT>moao ‘aVmV. qH$dm
ñWbm§Va H$aVmV. 1999 À¶m Adf©UmZo AmÝY«àXoemV am¶b{g‘m d Vob§JUm ^mJmVrb 19 eoVH$è¶m§Zr
Amˑh˶m Ho$br.
Cnm¶ …
1. Adf©U ^mJmVrb ^y‘r Am¶moJmMo (Land use) gd}jU H$ê$Z nrH$ bmJdS>rMr nyZa©MZm H$aUo d ¶mo½¶ àH$maMo
~r-~r¶mUo dmnê$Z {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> H$aUo. H$moaS>dmhÿ eoVr (Dry farming) A§‘bmV AmUUo.
2. nmdgmMo nmUr O{‘ZrV nmPaʶmMr (Infiltration) ì¶dñWm H$aUo. nmPa Vbmd V¶ma H$aUo. ˶mgmR>r d¥jm§Mr
bmJdS> H$aUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo. gm‘m{OH$ dZrH$aUmgmaIo H$m¶©H«$‘ am~{dUo.
3. Adf©Ur¶ ^mJmV ^y{‘ObmMm dmna H$aʶmgmR>r {d{har IUyZ nmUr ~mhoa H$mT>Uo hmo¶. gdm©V àW‘ hr nÜXV
{‘l (B{OßV) ‘ܶo dmnabr Jobr Amho. XþîH$mir n[apñWVrV Vm~S>Vmo~ nmUr nwadR>m hm {N>ÐU {dhrarÛmao
hmoD$ eH$Vo ˶m‘wio qdYU {d{har ImoXUo ‘hËdmMo R>aVo.Aer {dhra 2-3 {XdgmV V¶ma hmoD$Z bmoH$m§Zm nmUr
{‘iVo.
4. ObdiU ¶moOZmÛmao ‘moR>çm ZÚm§darb YaUmVrb nmUr Adf©U J«ñV àXoemH$S>o di{dUo. amOñWmZ‘ܶo B§{Xam
H$mbì¶mÛmao nmUr nwadR>m hmoD$Z qg{MV eoVr Ho$br OmVo Amho.
5. Ob{Z¶moOZ ¶mo½¶ nÜXVrZo H$ê$Z nmUrnwadR>çmMo ì¶dñWmnZ H$aUo.
6. nmʶmMm An춶 Q>miyZ eoVr n[ag§ñWoV g§VwbZ amIʶmgmR>r OZOmJ¥Vr H$ê$Z Adf©UmgmR>r {d{dY H$m¶©H«$‘
H¥$Vrerb H$aUo.
7. nmUbmoQ> joÌmMm {dH$mg H$aUo hm EH$ CÔoe Amho. ¶mm {dH$mgmV Obg§YmaUmbm ‘hËd Amho. ^yn¥ð>mda
nS>boë¶m nmdgmÀ¶m EHy$U nmʶmn¡H$s gw‘mao 20Q>¸o$ nmUr O{‘ZrV ‘waVo, 50Q>¸o$ nmʶmMo ~mînr^dZ hmoVo d
30Q>¸o$ nmD$g dmhÿZ OmVmo. ¶mn¡H$s dmhUmao nmUr AS>dyZ Vo {OadUo d nmʶmMr nmVir dmT>{dUo ho
Obg§YmaUmMo VËd bjmV KoD$Z nmUbmoQ> joÌmÀ¶m {dH$mgmZo eoVrMr {dH$mg H$aUo d {nH$mMr CËnmXH$m dmTy>Z
Adf©Umda ‘mV H$aUo e³¶ Amho.
Adf©U d Obeof (Drought & Water balance) … Adf©Um‘wio nmʶmMo Xþ{^©j {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z eoVr CÚmoJmda
n[aUm‘ hmoVmo. eoVO{‘Zr H$moaS>çm nS>VmV. dZñnVrZo AmÀN>mXbobr O‘rZ H$mhr à‘mUmV Amobmdm Yê$Z
R>odVo.{VÀ¶mV AgUmè¶m Amobmì¶mMo à‘mUmda Mm§Jbr eoVr H$ê$Z {nHo$ KoVm ¶oVmV.
Á¶m joÌmVrb O{‘ZrV Amobmì¶mMo {ZX}em§H$ (Index) A{YH$ Agob ˶m joÌmV gImob eoVr (Intensive
farming) H$aʶmMr à{H«$¶m Cn¶moJmV AmUVm ¶oVo na§Vw Amobmì¶mMm {ZX}em§H$ H$‘r Agob Va {nHo$ d ˶mMm
dmT>rMm H$mi nmhÿZ nmdgmim ¶m F$Vyer g‘m¶moOZ H$amdo bmJVo. Vm§Ximgma»¶m {nH$mg nmD$g H$‘r Pmë¶mg
Adf©UmMr g§^mì¶ pñWVr nmhÿZ ObqgMZmMr gmo¶ Amdí¶H$ AgVo. ZmhrVa ewîH$ d AmЩ àXoemVrb Adf©U hr

5
{dZmeH$mar KQ>Zm ˶m àXoemVrb Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWmM H$mob‘Sy>Z nmS>Vo ZmhrVa ApñVËdmV Agboë¶m
n[apñWVrdahr n[aUm‘ H$aVo.
¶mda Cnm¶ åhUOo ObeofmMm (Water balance pattern) Aä¶mg hmo¶. Obeof nÜXVrZo gm§p»¶H$s¶
{díbofU Ho$ë¶mg Adf©Ur¶ joÌmVrb AmЩ d ewîH$ hdm‘mZ pñWVrMo AmH$bZ hmoVo d H$moU˶mhr joÌmVrb
nmdgmMm A{Z¶{‘VnUm d ݶyݶm{YH$Vo‘wio ¶oUmè¶m Adf©Umgma»¶m AmnÎmr nmgyZ gwa{jV amhVm ¶oVo.
Agricultural problems should be devised by using water balance as a basic parameter (J.Sing -
Agri. Geography. P.73)
hdm‘mZ emñÌk Wm°Z©WdoQ> ¶m§Zr hdm‘mZmMo dJuH$aU H$aVmZm gZ 1940 ‘ܶo Obeof (Water balance
pattern) nÜXVrMm dmna Ho$bm. ˶mMr Cn¶moJrVm bjmV KoD$Z g§¶wº$ g§ñWmZmV ¶m nÜXVrMm d V§ÌmMm Cn¶moJ
Ho$bm OmV Amho. ^maVmVhr àm‘w»¶mZo AmÝY« amÁ¶mV gw‘mao 20 dfmªnmgyZ Obeof V§Ì Cn¶moJmV Amho. H¥$fr ^y‘r
Cn¶moOZoV (land use system) ¶mMm Cn¶moJ hmoD$ eH$Vmo. dmVmdaUr¶ AmnÎmrV dmXi gmoS>ë¶mg
Adf©Umg§~§YrMr nyd©H$ënZm Obeof (Water balance) nÜXVrZo g‘OyZ KoVm ¶oVo.
Obeof ho V§Ì Adb§{~ʶmgmR>r ˶m ˶m àXoemVrb Vmn‘mZ d d¥ï>rg§~§YrMo gw‘mao 30 dfm©Mo AmH$S>o ¶m§Mr Zm|X
¿¶mdr bmJVo. ho AmH$S>o nwʶmÀ¶m hdm‘mZ Im˶mVyZ X¡{ZH$,gmßVm{hH$ qH$dm ‘m{gH$hr {‘iVmV. d¥ï>r Vmn‘mZ d
nmʶmMr dm’$ ¶mdê$Z hdm‘mZmMo ñdê$n g‘OV Agbo Var ~mînr^dZmMo ‘yë¶m§H$Z H$aUo ’$ma H$R>rU Amho.
dZñnVr qH$dm {nHo$ ¶m§Zm OJʶmgmR>r VgoM dmT>ʶmgmR>r nmʶmMr JaO AgVoM. {nHo$ Ho$emH$f©U nÜXVrZo
(Capillary action) O{‘ZrVrb nmUr ‘wimÛmao J«hU H$aVo. ˶m gd© nmʶmMm Cn¶moJ PmS>m§Zm AÞ V¶ma
H$aʶmgmR>r hmoV Zgë¶m‘wio nmʶmMm H$mhr ^mJ nmZmda Agboë¶m gyú‘ {N>Ðm H$adr dZñnVr ~mhoa Q>mH$VmV.
nmZmVyZ ~mhao nS>Umè¶m nmʶmMr dm’$ hmoD$Z Vr hdoV {‘giVo. ¶m g§nU y © {H«$¶obm ~mînmoËgO©Z (Transpiration)
Ago åhUVmV.
hdoVrb Amobmdm AWdm ~mîn ho hdm‘mZmMo EH$ à‘wI A§J AgyZ dmVmdaUmVrb ~mînmÀ¶m H$‘r OmñV
hmoʶmer Vmn‘mZmMm g§~§Y Amho. Obeof nÜXVrÀ¶m Aä¶mgmV ~mînmÀ¶m {d{dY {H«$¶m KS>VmV ˶m g‘Oë¶m{edm¶
Obeof nÜXVrMm AW© ñnï> hmoV Zmhr.
1. AmЩVm (Moisture) … hdoVrb ~mînmÀ¶m åhUOo nmʶmÀ¶m dm’o$À¶m à‘mUmg AmЩVm åhUVmV. dmVmdaUmVrb
AmЩVMo à‘mU ho ~mînr^dZmda Adb§~yZ AgVo.
2. ~mînr^dZ (Evaporation) … Ðdê$n nmʶmMo dm¶wê$n dm’o$V ê$nm§Va H$aUmè¶m à{H«$¶og ~mînr^dZ Ago
åhUVmV. (A process by which a liquid is transformed in to gas)
3. ~mînmoËgO©Z (Transpiration) … dZñnVr ¶mÛmao hmoUmè¶m ~mînr^dZmg ~mînmoËgO©Z (Transpiration)
åhUVmV. (The release of water vapor to the atmosphere by plants)
4. ~mînr {Zamg (Evapo-transpiration) … O‘rZ d dZñnVr ¶mVyZ g§¶wº$[a˶m hmoUmè¶m ~mînr^dZmbm ~mînr
{Zamg åhUVmV. (Evapotranspiration is the combined loss of water to atmosphere by evaporation and
transpiration).
~mînr {ZamgMo à‘mU Imbrb Mma KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ Amho. 1. hdm‘mZ, 2. O{‘ZrVrb Amobmdm, 3.
O{‘Zrdarb dZñnVrMo AmÀN>mXbobo, 4. ^y‘r ì¶dñWmnZ O‘rZ dmVmdaUmVrb nmUr KoVo d ~mînr {Zamg naV
dmVmdaUmV nmR>{dVo.
The influence of water balance as a climatic element on agricultural activities stands out as
the most fundamental and decisive factor. (Jasbir and Dhillon - Agr.Geog.P.73).
J{^©V g§^mì¶ ~mînr {Zamg (Potential Evapotranspiration) (PE) Potential evapotranspiration is the
maximum amount of water which would be lost to the atmosphere from a surface completely covered
with vegetation if there is a sufficient water in the soil at all times for full use (Thornthwate, 1948).
Obeof nÜXVr (Water balance procedure) …
Adf©UmMr dma§dm[aVm d Vrd«Vm bjmV KoD$Z à˶jm§V Cn¶moJr Ago ZwH$VoM Aä¶mgmV Ambobo Adf©Ur¶
hdm‘mZ emñÌ (Drought Climatology) ho EH$ ZdrZ emñÌ Amho. Adf©UmÀmm Aä¶mg H$aUmao emñÌk ˶mMr dmT>
d H$maUo ¶mda ^a XoD$Z {d{dY ‘wÚm§Mo {díbofU H$aVmV.˶mVrb à‘wI ‘wÔm åhUOo Obeof (Water balance).
Agricultural problems and its development can not be isolated from the study of water balance
patterns.
6
 Á¶m à‘mUo Am{W©H$ ì¶dhmamV O‘m, IM© d {e„H$ ¶m~m~V EH$ Vmio~§X (Balance Sheet) V¶ma H$aʶmV
¶oVo ˶mMà‘mUo dZñnVr qH$dm {nH$mÀ¶m dmT>rH$[aVm 'P' (Precipitation), d¥ï>r ho CËnÞ, PE = (Potential
Evaporation) g§^mì¶ ~mînr^dZ, ho IM© d O{‘ZrVrb Amobmdm hr {e„H$ AmЩVm ¶mMm {dMma hmoV AgVmo.
VgoM Obeof nÜXVrV Imbrb à‘wI KQ>H$ {dMmamV KoVbo OmVmV.
1. ObݶyZVm (water deficiency = WD)
2. Obm{Y³¶ (water surplus = WS)
3. à˶j ~mînr^dZ (Actual Evaporation = AE)
g§^mì¶ ~mînr^dZmnojm à˶j ~mînr^dZ OmñV Agob Va ObݶyZVm {Z‘m©U hmoVo. Aemdoir ObqgMZmMr
JaO {nH$m§À¶m dmT>rgmR>r d {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ AgVo.
g§^mì¶ ~mînr^dZmnojm à˶j ~mînr^dZ H$‘r Agob Va Obm{Y³¶ (water surplus) {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ¶mV
nO©Ý¶mMo à‘mU OmñV AgVo.
H$Yr EH$m F$VyV Amobmì¶mMo à‘mU H$‘r Va Xþgè¶m F$Vy§V A{YH$ hmoV Agë¶m‘wio XmoKm§Mo {ZX}em§H$ doJio Z
H$mT>Vm Imbrb gyÌmÛmao EH$Ì H$mT>Vm ¶oVo.
Moisture index (lm) = 100 x water surplus - 60 x water - deficiency)
PE

gw~«åhʶ‘, (1993) Zwgma Moisture index ho à˶j ~mînmoËgO©Z (AE) d g§^mì¶ ~mînmoCËgO©Z (PE) ¶mMo
à‘mUm§H$ (Ratio) Amho.
= (AE/PE x 100)
ho ˶m joÌmVrb ‘mVrVrb Amobmì¶mÀ¶m JwUmMo {ZX}eH$ Amho. ¶m‘wio Vo joÌ R>am{dH$ {nH$mgmR>r Cn¶wº$ Amho qH$dm
Zmhr ho g‘OyZ ¶oVo.
Obeof àm‘w»¶mZo, EImÚm ñWimMo ‘m{gH$ g§^mì¶ ~mînmoËgO©Z nO©Ý¶ d à˶j ~mînmoËgO©Z ¶m§Mo AmH$S>o
àmßV Pmë¶mZ§Va Vo AmboImZo àX{e©V Ho$bo OmVo. hm AmboI ˶m ñWimMo hdm‘mZemñÌr¶ d¡{eï>¶o XmIdyZ
nmʶmÀ¶m g§^mì¶VoMr AmH$maUr H$aʶmg ‘XV H$aVo.
Imbrb à‘wI ehamÀ¶m dmVmdaUr¶ ObeofmMo ñnï>rH$aU Ho$bo Amho. Vo Ago,
AZ§Vanya ho eha ewîH$ hdm‘mZmÀ¶m àXoemV AgyZ VoWo nmʶmÀ¶m JaOonojm nO©Ý¶mMo à‘mU H$‘r Agë¶m‘wio
O‘rZ Zoh‘r H$moaS>r AgVo. ¶oWo H$moaS>dmhÿ {nHo$ KoVbr OmD$Z àg§Jr ObqgMZmMr gmo¶ H$amdr bmJVo.
h¡Ðm~mX eha CnewîH$ hdm‘mZmÀ¶m àXoemV ¶oV Agë¶m‘wio nmʶmMr Zoh‘r JaO AgVo. Owb¡ d gßQ>|~a
‘ܶo nmD$g OmñV Agbm Var Obm{Y³¶ H$‘r AgVo. Owb¡, Am°JñQ> d gßQ>|~a ‘{hݶmV nmD$g Agbm Var
‘¥XoV AmЩVm g§J«h H$‘r AgVmo.
nya (Flood) … AZoH$ àH$maÀ¶m Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr n¡H$s nya (Flood) hr EH$ dmVmdaU d hdm‘mZmer g§~§{YV Aer
AZW©H$mar AmnÎmr Amho. Z¡g{J©H$ qH$dm n¶m©daUr¶ AmnÎmr Agbr Var H$mhr à‘mUmV ‘mZdr {H«$¶mXoIrb nya
{Z{‘©Vrg H$maUr^yV R>aVmV.
Ooìhm OmñV nmʶmMm nwadR>m hmoD$Z ZXrMo nmUr H$mR>mdê$Z AmO~mOyÀ¶m IoÌmV Xÿan¶ªV ngê$Z H$mhr {Xdg
amhVo Voìhm ˶mg nya åhUVmV. ZXrbm nya (Flood) Amë¶mZ§Va AmoT>o, Zmbo, bhmZ ZÚm ¶m§Zmhr nya ¶oVmo.
g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mdarb bmQ>m, ^aVrMo nmUr, MH«$sdmXi ¶m‘wio {H$Zmar àXoemV nmUr ngê$Z nya ¶oVmV. OmñV nya
ZXrÀ¶mImoè¶mVrb ‘¡XmZr ^mJmV {XgyZ ¶oVmo. gw‘mao 3.5Q>¸o$ joÌ ho nwamMo ‘¡XmZ åhUyZ JUZm hmoVo d OmJ{VH$
bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m 16.5Q>¸o$ bmoH$ ¶mM ‘¡XmZmV amhVmV.
‘moR>çm à‘mUmda ZwH$gmZ H$aUmè¶m ZÚm {‘gr{gnr, Q>oZogr, ìhm§J-hmo, ZmB©b, ‘oH$m§J, J§Jm, ~«åhnwÌm,
Xm‘moXa, qgYy, Zm¶Oa B˶m{X AmhoV.
nyamMr H$maUo … ZÚmVrb nmʶmMm nwadR>m A‘¶m©X dmTy>Z nya ¶oVmo. nya ¶oʶmg {d{dY KQ>H$ H$maUr^yV Agë¶m‘wio
˶mMo {ddoMZ Imbrbà‘mUo Ho$bo Amho.
1. ‘wgiYma d¥ï>r
2. g‘wÐ

7
3. ZmJ‘moS>r diUo
4. O§JbmMm Zme
5. ZÚm§darb YaUo d ~m§Y
1. ‘wgiYma d¥ï>r … ZÚm§À¶m CJ‘ñWmZr gVV ‘wgiYma nmD$g nS>Uo ho nyamMo à‘wI H$maU Amho. VgoM ZÚm§À¶m
Obg§J«mhH$ joÌmV (Catchment area) nmD$g nS>bm Va ZÚm d CnZÚmV nmUrnwadR>m hmoD$Z nya ¶oVmo. ^maVmVrb
J§Jm, ¶‘wZm d ~«åhnwÌm ¶m ZÚm§Mm CJ‘ {h‘mb¶mVyZ Pmbm Amho. ˶m§Zm dfm©VyZ XmoZXm nya ¶oVmV. EH$ åhUOo
‘mÝgyZ nmdgmÀ¶m H$mimV d Xþgam {h‘mb¶mVrb ~’©$ {dVië¶m‘wio CÝhmù¶mV ¶oVmo. ‘mog‘r hdm‘mZmÀ¶m àXoemV
nmdgmù¶mV (OyZ Vo gßQ>|~a) ^anya nmD$g nS>Vmo ˶mMo dm{f©H$ gamgar‘mZ 80Q>¸o$ nojm A{YH$ AgVo. ˶m‘wio
ZÚm§Zm nya ¶oVmV.
Owb¡ d Am°JñQ> ‘{hݶmV Abmhm~mX ObX J§Jm ZXrÀ¶m nmʶmMo dhZ 40,000 Vo 50,000 KZ‘rQ>a
àVrgoH§$Xmn¶ªV AgVo. VgoM CÝhmù¶mV 1000 ‘rQ>a àVr goH§$S>nojmhr H$‘r hmoVo.AemàH$mao nmdgmù¶mVrb
‘wgiYma d¥ï>r‘wio ZXrV nmʶmMo à‘mU dmTy>Z nwamMr pñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoVo.
2. g‘wÐ … Q>m¶’y$Z d h[aHo$Z gmaIr Vw’$mZr dmXio g‘wÐmda {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z {H$ZmanÅ>r joÌmV dmXir dmè¶m~amo~a
‘wgiYma nmD$g XoVmV. g‘wÐmda gw‘mao 4 Vo 6 ‘rQ>a C§MrÀ¶m bmQ>m CgiyZ {H$Zmè¶mda AmXiVmV. Voìhm g‘wÐmMo
nmUr {H$˶oH$ {H$bmo‘rQ>a gIb àXoemV KwgyZ nya ¶oVmo d g§nyU© ^mJ Ob‘¶ hmoVmo. H$mhr doim hdm‘mZmV AMmZH$
~Xb Pmë¶mZo g‘wÐmÀ¶m nmʶmMr nmVir dmT>Vo ˶mV g‘wÐmbm {‘iUmè¶m ZÚm§À¶m nmʶmMrhr ^a nS>Vo ˶m‘wio
nya ¶oVmo.
^yH§$nmMr {Z{‘©Vr gmJa Vimda Pmë¶mg Vi^mJ hmXê$Z g‘wÐmÀ¶m nmʶmV n¥ð>^mJmda àM§S> bmQ>m {Z‘m©U
hmoVmV. bmQ>m§Mr C§Mr 10 ‘rQ>anojm OmñV d doJ Vmer 600 Vo 800 {H$.‘r. n¶ªV Agy eH$Vmo. ¶m bmQ>m§Zm
OnmZr ^mfoV gwZm‘r åhUVmV. ¶m Amnë¶m A{Ve¶ Vrd« doJm‘wio {H$Zmè¶mn¶ªV nmohMyZ {H$Zmar àXoe Ob‘¶
H$aVmV. ZÚm§Zmhr nya ¶oVmV. B.g. 1846 ‘ܶo OnmZÀ¶m g‘wÐmV ^wH§$n hmoD$Z {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m bmQ>m§‘wio {H$Zmar
àXoe Ob‘¶ Pmbm. ˶mV 11,000 Kao ~wS>mbr d 27000 bmoH$m§Zm Obg‘mYr {‘imbr.
3. ZmJ‘moS>r diUo (Meanders) … ZXrÀ¶m àm¡T>mdñWoV ‘¡XmZr àXoemVyZ Vr dmhVo ˶m‘wio doJ H$‘r AgVmo.
Jwê$Ëd eº$sÀ¶m à^mdm‘wio dmhUmao nmUr Xÿan¶ªV gai Z dmhVm ‘mJm©V ¶oUmè¶m AS>Wù¶m§Zm digo KmbyZ nwT>o
OmVo d nmÌmV ZmJ‘moS>r diUo V¶ma hmoVmV. ¶m ZmJ‘moS>r diUm‘wio nyamMo doir ZXrÀ¶m nmÌmV nmUr ‘mdV Zmhr
d doJmZo nwT>o OmD$ eH$V Zmhr. Voìhm nwamMo nmUr ZXrÀ¶m H$mR>mdê$Z g^modVmbÀ¶m àXoemV ngaVo. ¶mdoir
CnZÚm§Zmhr nya Ambobm AgVmo.
g§¶wº$ g§ñWmZmVrb {‘{ggrnr ZXr, {‘gwê$ ZXr, ^maVmVrb J§Jm ZXr, MrZ‘Yrb ìhm§J hmo ¶m ZÚm§Zm
ZmJ‘moS>r diUo AmhoV. ˶m‘wio ˶m§Zm ¶oUmè¶m nyamMr Vrd«Vm OmñV AgVo.
4. O§JbmMm Zme … O§JbmMm Zme Pmë¶m‘wio ZÚm§Zm ¶oUmè¶m nyamMo à‘mU d Vrd«Vm dmT>br Amho. O§Jbo H$‘r VgoM
dZñnVrMo AmÀN>mXZhr H$‘r Pmë¶m‘wio nmdgmMo nmUr O{‘ZrMr PrO d Yyn ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda H$arV AgVo. hr
PrO Amohmoi,AmoT>o, Zmbo ¶mÛmao ZXrÀ¶m ‘w»¶ nmÌmV O‘m hmoD$Z JmimÀ¶m g§M¶mZo nmÌ CWi ~ZVo. Aem
pñWVrV nmD$g OmñV Pmbm Va ZXrMr dhZ j‘Vm H$‘r hmoD$Z nya ¶oVmV d nmUr gmo^dVmb ngaV OmVo.
^maVmVrb H$mgr Xm‘moXa d¡ZJ§Jm ¶m ZÚm§Zm nya ¶oʶmMo ho gwÜXm EH$ H$maU Amho.
5. ZÚm§darb YaUo d ~m§Y … nmdgmù¶mVrb nO©Ý¶d¥ï>r‘wio ZÚm§da ~m§Yboë¶m YaUmVrb qH$dm ~m§YmVrb nmʶmMo
à‘mU dmT>Vo. ˶m‘wio YaUmda nS>boë¶m nmʶmMm Xm~ dmTy>Z Vo ’w$Q>VmV d nya ¶oVmV.
B.g. 1961 ‘ܶo nwʶmOdirb nmZeoV YaU ’w$Q>ë¶m‘wio ‘wR>m ZXrbm nya ¶oD$Z nwUo ehamV AmnÎmrM
Ambr. VgoM JwOamV ‘Yrb ‘modu YaU ’w$Q>ë¶m‘wio ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda nya ¶oD$Z àmUhmZr d {dÎmhmZr Pmbr. 26
gßQ>|~a 1978 gmbr Xm‘moXa ZXrÀ¶m nyd© àdmhmV KZKmoa nmD$g nS>ë¶m‘wio {VÀ¶m CnZÚm§da ~m§Yboë¶m
~m§YmVrb Obme¶mV nmʶmMo à‘mU doJmZo dmTy>Z nmʶmMr nmVir Ymo³¶mMr ‘¶m©Xm Amobm§Sy> bmJë¶m‘wio Xþgè¶m
n«dmh ‘mJm©VyZ (Out flow) nmUr gmoS>mdo bmJbo. VarnU nyamMo nmUr ‘¡XmZmV ngê$Z ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda ZwH$gmZ
Pmbo. H$Yr H$Yr ZÚm§Mo ~m§Y AMmZH$ ’w$Q>ë¶m‘wio ~m§YmÀ¶m ImbÀ¶m àXoemV ZXrMo nmUr dmTy>Z AMmZH$ nya ¶oVmo
¶mbm AmH$pñ‘H$ nya (Flast Flood) Ago åhUVmV. ˶m‘wio àmUhmZr d {dÎmhmZr hmoV AgVo.

8
 ìhm±J-hmo ZXrda ~m§Ybobm ~m§Y B.g. 1887 ‘ܶo ’w$Q>ë¶m‘wio ZXrbm ^¶§H$a nya Pmbm 130,000 {H$.‘r.
joÌ’$i O‘rZ Ob‘¶ Pmbr d gw‘mao 10 bj bmoH$ ‘¥Ë¶w‘wIr nS>bo.
CÎma A‘o[aHo$Vrb g§¶wº$ g§ñ[Zm§V Agboë¶m {‘gr{gnr, Q>oZogr, {‘gwar ¶m ZÚm§À¶m Imoè¶m§V AmdVm©‘wio
^¶§H$a d¥ï>r hmoD$Z ZÚm§Zm nya ¶oVmV. {‘{g{gnr ZXr hr bm§~rZo OmñV d ‘m¡XmZr ^mJmVyZ dmhV Agë¶m‘wio {VÀ¶m
àdmhmV ~arM ZmJ‘moS>r diUo AmhoV. åhUyZ {VÀ¶m Imoè¶mV nya OmñV ¶oVmV.
MrZ‘Yrb hmo ìhm±J-hmo ZXrbm MrZMo g§H$Q> åhUVmV. hr ZXr bmoEgÀ¶m ‘¡XmZmVyZ dmhVo.{Vbm Zoh‘r nya
¶oD$Z Vr Amnbo nmÌ gVV ~Xb{dVo.˶m‘wio {Vbm MrZMo Aly Agohr åhUVmV.
{‘l d gwXmZ ‘YyZ dmhUmè¶m ZmBb ZXrbm CÝhmù¶mV ‘hmnya ¶oVmV. ‘mog‘r dmè¶mnmgyZ nmD$g nS>Umè¶m
B{W¶mo{n¶mÀ¶m nR>mamdê$Z CJ‘ nmdUmè¶m {Zb-ZmBb ¶m CnZXr‘wio nmʶmMo à‘mU dmTy>Z g^modVmbMm àXoe
gwnrH$ Pmbm Amho.
‘°Z‘ma ‘Yrb BamdVr ZXr d bmAmog, Wm¶b±S> d H§$~mo{S>¶m‘YyZ dmhUmar ‘oH$m±J ZXr ¶m§Zm ‘mog‘r dmè¶m‘wio
^anya nO©Ý¶ {‘iyZ Owb¡,Am°JñQ> ‘{hݶmV nya ¶oVmV ˶m§Mo Imoao nyaJ«ñV hmoD$Z OmVo.
lrb§Ho$Vrb ‘hmdobr J§Jm ‘o ‘{hݶmV H$moaS>r AgVo. na§Vw Owb¡ ‘{hݶmV KZKmoa nmdgm‘wio nyaJ«ñV hmoD$Z
OmVo.
^maVmVrb nya (Flood in India)
^maV hm ZÚm§Mm Xoe åhUyZ à{gÜX Amho. ¶oWrb ~hþVoH$ ZÚm§Zm nya ¶oVmV. nydu nyaJ«ñV àXoe H$‘r hmoVo na§Vw
˶m joÌmV AmVm bjUr¶ dmT> Pmbr Amho. Vr Imbrb gmaUrV XmI{dbr Amho.
^maVmVrb nyaJ«ñV joÌ
df© Xebj ho³Q>g© O‘rZ
1960 19
1970 23
1980 49
1990 12

darb V³Ë¶mdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s Xadfu nyaJ«ñV joÌmV dmT> Pmbr Amho. B.g.1970 ‘ܶo ^anya nmD$g d
nya ¶m‘wio 23 Xebj {nH$mImbrb joÌ Zï> Pmbo 315 bj bmoH$m§Zm nwamMm ’$Q>H$m ~gbm. 14 bj Kao Zï> Pmbr
d 1071 bmoH$ ‘¥Ë¶w‘wIr nS>bo.
^maVmV dma§dma nya ¶oʶmg Imbrb H$maUo AmhoV.
1. ZÚm§À¶m CJ‘mOdi d Imoè¶mV nS>Umam ‘wgiYma nmD$g
2. ZÚm§Mo nmUr bdH$a dmhÿZ Z OmUo ‘§X àdmhm‘wio Wm§~yZ amhUo CXm. Pob‘ ZXr
3. ZXr Imoè¶mVrb O§Jbo Zï> hmoUo CXm. {edmbrH$ Q>oH$S>çm, Amgm‘ d {h‘mb¶ joÌmMm ^mJ
4. ZXrÀ¶m H$mR>mdarb joÌmV ‘Zwî¶mMo A{VH«$‘U CXm. ¶‘wZm ZXr
5. ZXrÀ¶m H$mR>mdê$Z nmUr ’o$H$Uo
6. g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mdarb dmXi, dmam d nmD$g
7. nyamMo nmUr dmhÿZ OmʶmgmR>r ZXrÀ¶m {dV[aH$m§Mm A^md
nyajoÌ (Flood Zones) … da Z‘yX Ho$boë¶m H$maUm‘wio ^maVmÀ¶m H$mhr ^mJmV gVV nya ¶oV Agë¶m‘wio ˶mMo
Imbrb à‘wI ^mJ nmS>bo OmVmV.
A. nyd© joÌ (The Eastern Zone)
~. CÎma joÌ (The Northern Zone)
H$. X{jU joÌ (The Southern Zone)
S>. Amo[agm joÌ (The Orissa Zone)

9
A. nyd©joÌ … ^maVmÀ¶m nyd}H$S>o ho joÌ AgyZ Vo KmJ«m ZXrnmgyZ {X~«yJS>n¶ªV ngabo Amho. ˶mV CÎma àXoemMm
nyd©^mJ, CÎma {~hma, CÎma ~§Jmb d Amgm‘ ¶m joÌmVyZ dmhUmè¶m ZÚm {h‘mb¶mVyZ CJ‘ nmdyZ Amnë¶m ~amo~a
Jmi d ^anya nmUr dmhV AgVmV.
~. CÎma joÌ … ¶mV Oå‘y H$mí‘ra, n§Om~ d npíM‘ CÎma àXoe ¶oWrb àXoemMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. ¶oWrb ZÚm bhmZ
AgyZ Amnbo nmÌ ~Xb{dV Zmhr. na§Vw Amnë¶m~amo~a ^anya Jmi dmhÿZ AmUrV Agë¶m‘wio ˶m§À¶m g§M¶ZmZo nya
¶oVmo.
H$. X{jU joÌ … ¶mV ^maVr¶ {ÛnH$ënmMm g‘mdoe AgVmo. ¶oWrb ZÚm§Zm nmdgmù¶mV ^anya nmUr AgVo.
‘wgiYma d gVV nmD$g nS>bm Va nya ¶oVmo. JmoXmdar d H¥$îUm, H$mdoar, d¡ZJ§Jm ZÚmV JmimMo à‘mU OmñV
AgVo. åhUyZ nya ¶oVmo.
S>. Amo[agm joÌ … ¶m joÌmV ‘hmZXr d ~«måhUr ¶m nya ¶oUmè¶m ZÚm AmhoV. nmdgmù¶mV ^anya nmUr AgVo.˶m‘wio
nmÌ Imob Zgë¶mH$maUmZo nyamMo nmUr gd©Ì ngaVo. na§Vw EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo bdH$a nya ¶oVmo d bdH$a {ZKyZ
OmVmo.
gy¶©S>mJ d nya … O‘©Z IJmob emñÌk ído~ (Schwabe) ¶m§Zr gy¶© S>mJm{df¶r 11 dfm©À¶m MH«$mMm {gÜXm§V 1843
‘ܶo ‘m§S>bm. gy¶m©À¶m S>mJmMr g§»¶m 10-12 dfmªZr ~XbVo d ˶mMo n[aUm‘ n¥Ïdrdarb hdm‘mZ ~XbmV hmoVo
Ago bjmV Ambo Amho. S>m°. hare ^b‘o ¶m§Zr ¶m S>mJmMm g§~§Y ‘hmnyamer Amho Ago nwamì¶m{Zer ñnï> Ho$bo Amho.
S>m°.h°bo Zo gy¶©S>mJmMo MH«$ 22 dfm©Mo AgVo Ago gm§{JVbo.(B.g. 1716) ˶mbm gy¶© S>mJ-MH«$ (Sun Spot
Cycle) {gÜXm§V åhUVmV 22 dfu¶ MH«$mV 11 df© KZ^ma d 11 df© F$U^maMo H$mbI§S> AgVmV.
gy¶©S>mJ MH«$mÀ¶m 11 dfu¶ F$U^ma Agboë¶m H$mbI§S>mV ^maVmV ‘hmnya {XgV Zmhr ‘mÌ KZ^ma
Agboë¶m 11 dfm©À¶m H$mbI§S>mV 3 df© ‘hmnya Ambo AmhoV.
nyamMo {Z¶§ÌU …
1. ^maVmVrb ZÚm§Zm ¶oUmao nya àm‘w»¶mZo ZÚm§Mr nmÌo CWi AgUo hmo¶. ¶mbm H$maU åhUOo O§JbVmoS> hmo¶.
O§Jb Zï> Pmë¶m‘wio nmdgm‘wio O{‘ZrMr Yyn hmoVo d ‘mVr ZÚm§À¶m nmÌmV gmMVo ˶mgmR>r d¥j bmJdS> H$aUo
O{‘ZrMr Yyn Wm§~dUo hm Cnm¶ Amho.
2. ZÚm ZmJ‘moS>r diUmZo dmhV AgyZ nyamMr e³¶Vm OmñV AgVo. ˶mgmR>r ZÚm§Mo nmÌ gai H$aUo nU hm EH$
IMm©Mm àíZ Amho. àJV XoemV hr ¶moOZm am~dVmV.
3. ZÚm§Zm YaU ~m§YyZ nmʶmbm {Z¶§{ÌV R>odVm ¶oVo. H$mbì¶m§Mr ¶moOZm H$aUo ‘hmZXrbm {hamH§w$S> YaU
~m§Yë¶m‘wio Amo[agmV nyamMo g§H$Q> H$‘r Pmbo Amho. J§Jm ~«÷nwÌm, Xm‘moXa ZÚm§dahr YaUo AmhoV.
OJmVrb nyaJ«ñV àXoe
1. CÎma A‘o[aHo$Vrb {‘{g{gnr, Q>oZogr d {‘gwar ZÚm§Mr Imoao
2. MrZ‘Yrb hmo h±J hmo ZXrMo joÌ ¶m ZXrbm dma§dma nmD$g ¶oV Agë¶m‘wio {Vbm MrZMo Aly åhUVmV.
3. B{OßV‘Yrb ZmBb ZXrbm CÝhmù¶mV nya ¶oVmV.
4. Wm¶b§S> ‘ܶo ‘oH$m§J ZXrMo Imoao nyaJ«ñV Amho.
nya {Z¶§ÌUmMo Cnm¶
ZÚm§Mo nya ¶oʶmMr H$maUo H$moUVr ¶mMr H$maU ‘r‘m§gm AmnU Ho$br. nyam‘wio àmUhmZr d {dÎmhmZr hmoV
Agë¶m‘wio ˶mda Cnm¶ ¶moOZm H$m¶m©pÝdV H$aUo hr {Z¶§ÌUmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ ~m~ Amho.
1. ZXr Imoè¶mV O{‘ZrMr Yyn hmoD$ Z¶o d JmimMo g§M¶Z nmÌmV hmoD$ Z¶o åhUyZ d¥jg§hma Wm§~{dUo d PmS>m§Mr
bmJdS> H$aUo.
2. ZÚm§Zm ZmJ‘moS>r diUo OmñV Agë¶mZo ˶m§Zm ¶oUmè¶m nyamMr Vrd«Vm dmT>Vo ˶mgmR>r ZÚm§Mr diUo (nmÌo)
gai H$aUo hm Cnm¶ Amho. àJV amï´>mV ho H$m¶© hmoD$ eH$Vo. g§¶wº$ g§ñWmZmVrb J«rZpìhbo ¶m ehamOdi
{‘{g{gnr ZXrMo 530 {H$.‘r. diUmMo nmÌ gai H$ê$Z 185 {H$.‘r. R>odbo. ˶mMà‘mUo nya{Z¶§ÌUmgmR>r
B.g. 1960 ‘ܶo {gE³g eha d {‘{g{gnr-{‘gwar gJ‘m Xaå¶mZMo {‘gwar ZXrMo diU H$‘r H$ê$Z ’$º$
52 {H$.‘r. R>odbo. àJV XoemV Aem ObdiU ¶moOZm (Water diversion Project) am~dVmV.
3. ZÚm§Zm ¶oUmè¶m nyamÀ¶m nmʶmMo {Z¶§ÌU H$aUo, nmUr nwadR>m, {dÚwV {Z{‘©Vr H$aUo ¶mgmR>r ZÚmda YaUo
~m§YUo hr EH$ ¶moOZm ‘hËdmMr R>abr Amho. g§¶wº$ g§ñWmZmV ¶mgmR>r Q>oZogr Imoao ¶moOZm (TVA) V¶ma Ho$br.
10
 ˶mM AmYmamda ^maVmV Xm‘moXa Imoao ¶moOZm (DVA) A§‘bmV AmUbr. B.g.1958 ‘ܶo ~mamH$a d H$moZmQ>
ZÚm§da ~m§Y ~m§YyZ nmUr gmR>{dbo.˶m‘wio nyamda {Z¶§ÌU ~gyZ XbXbrMo à‘mU H$‘r Pmbo d {hdVmnmÀ¶m
gmWrMr {Z{‘©Vr H$‘r Pmbr.
{~hma‘Yrb H$mogr ZXr nyamMo doir AMmZH$ Amnbo àdmh ~XbVo d àM§S> ZwH$gmZ H$aVo ˶m‘wio {Vbm
{~hmaMr Xþ…I g[aVm g‘Obo OmVo. Zonmi‘ܶo hZw‘mZZJa ¶oWo 1965 ‘ܶo YaU ~m§YyZ nmʶmMmm gmR>m Ho$bm
Amho. VgoM nyd© H$mogr H$mbdm d npíM‘ H$mogr H$mbdm ¶mÛmao nmUr di{dbo Amho.
Vmnr ZXrda CH$mB© ~m§Y V¶ma H$ê$Z nmʶmMm gmR>m {Z‘m©U Ho$bm ˶m‘wio gyaV ehamV ¶oUmè¶m nyamda
{Z¶§ÌU ~gbo Amho.
Amo[agm amÁ¶mV ‘hmZXrÀ¶m nyamZo Xadfu AVmoZmV ZwH$gmZ hmoV Agë¶m‘wio nyamda {Z¶§ÌU åhUyZ
g§~bnya ¶oWo ‘moR>o YaU ~m§Ybo Amho.
4. ZÚm§Zm nya ¶oʶmg§~§Yr gyMZm g§~§{YV ZmJ[aH$, eoVH$ar, n¶©Q>H$ ¶m§Zm ìhmdr åhUyZ emgH$s¶ ¶§ÌUm gwgÁO
AgUo hm EH$ Cnm¶ Amho. dV©‘mZnÌ,XÿaXe©Z,ao{S>¶m ¶mÛmao dma§dma nyamMr ‘m{hVr XoUo d gwa{jV ñWir nya
nr{S>Vm§Zm hb{dUo B˶mXr Cnm¶ Amho.
H¥${Ì‘ nO©Ý¶mMr nÜXVr … H¥${Ì‘ nO©Ý¶mMr gwê$dmV Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wÜXmZ§Va gw‘mao 1946 À¶m Xaå¶mZ Pmbr.
{dÝgoQ> Oo.eo’$a Am{U BaqdJ b±Jå¶ya (V.J. Schaefer and E Langmuir) ¶m XmoZ A‘o[aH$Z emñÌkm§Zr ݶy¶m°H©$
¶oWrb OZab Bbop³Q´>H$ bo~°aoQ>arV à¶moJ H$ê$Z {gÜX Ho$bo H$s T>J {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z nmD$g nmS>Vm ¶oVmo. ˶mà‘mUo
‘°gmÀ¶ygoQ>g Odi gw‘mao 4300 ‘rQ>a C§Mrda {d‘mZmZo 3 {H$.J«°‘ H$moaS>o ~’$m©Mo (Dry ice) H$U dmVmdaUmV
ngadyZ H¥${Ì‘ T>JmMr {Z‘uVr H$aʶmV Ambr. nmD$g nmS>ʶmV Ambm na§Vw ¶m à¶moJmZo ’$ma WmoS>çm joÌmV nmD$g
nS>Vmo d IM© gwÜXm AVmoZmV hmoVmo, Ago bjm§V Ambo.
¶m H$maUmñVd EH$ Xþgar nÜXVr ~r.ìhm°ZJwQ> (B.Vannenut) ¶m A‘o[aH$Z emñÌkmZo emoYyZ H$mT>br. ¶m
nÜXVrV 50 goëgr¶g nojm H$‘r Vmn‘mZmda aOV Am¶moS>mBS> (Silver iodide) Mo gyú‘ H$U {d‘mZmVyZ n§wO‘oKmV
gmoS>VmV ho H$U {h‘H$Umg‘mZ AgyZ A˶§V gyú‘ Ago AgVmV. ˶m§Mr MbZeº$s (Dynamic Affect) à^mdr
AgVo. aOV Am¶moS>mBS>Mo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo OmñV Vmn‘mZmda ˶mMo ~mînmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo d W§S>r‘wio 0.01 Vo 0.1
‘mBH«$moZ AmH$mamÀ¶m ObH$UmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. ho H$U Obq~XÿÀ¶m g‘rbZmgmR>r ObmH$f©H$ H$U (Hygroscopic
nuclei) åhUyZ H$m‘ H$aVmV d H¥${Ì‘[a˶m nmD$g XoVmV.hr gdm©V gmonr d ñdñV nÜXVr g‘Obr OmVo.
AmVmn¶ªV ‘m§S>ʶmV Amboë¶m n[aH$ënZm§à‘mUo ‘mÝgyZMr CËnÎmr hr gmJa d ^y‘r ¶m§Mo VmnUo d W§S> hmoUo
¶mVyZ Pmbr Amho Ago g‘OʶmV ¶oVo. na§Vw AJXr A{bH$S>o ‘mÝgyZÀ¶m CËnÎmr{df¶r a{e¶Z d ^maVr¶
emñÌkm§Zr àm‘w»¶mZo {V~oQ>Mo nR>ma d OoQ> àdmh ¶m§À¶m g§¶wº$ n[aUm‘m§Mm D$hmnmoh Ho$bm Amho.
1. Am¡pîUH$ n[aH$ënZm (Thermal Cocept) … B.g. 1686 ‘ܶo hobo ¶m B§½b§S>‘Yrb hdm‘mZemñÌkmZo
‘mÝgyZÀ¶m CËnÎmrMm {gÜXm§V B§½b§S>‘Yrb am°¶b gmogm¶Q>rnwT>o ‘m§S>bm. O‘rZ d g‘wÐ ¶m§À¶mVrb Am¡pîUH$
’$aH$m‘wio ‘mÝgyZ dmao CËnÞ hmoVmV Ago ˶m§Zr gm§{JVbo.
CÝhmù¶mV gmJa^mJmÀ¶m ‘mZmZo {dñV¥V Aem ^y{‘I§S>mMo ^mJ ’$ma VmnVmV. ˶m‘wio VoWo H$‘r ^mamMm àXoe
{Z‘m©U hmoVmo. ¶mCbQ> ^y{‘I§S>mbm bmJyZ Agboë¶m gmJa ^mJmda hdoÀ¶m OmñV ^mamMm àXoe {Z‘m©U Pmbobm
AgVmo.˶m‘wio gmJamdê$Z O{‘ZrH$S>o CîU d ~mîn¶wº$ dmao dmhVmV. Ho$di CîUH${Q>~§Y ‘hmgmJar¶ dm¶wamer
~mîn¶wº$ d ApñWa AgyZhr nmD$g XoV Zmhr Va àjwãY dmVmdaU d nd©Vmgma»¶m ^y{‘ñdê$nmMm AS>Wim ho
gwÜXm KQ>H$ nmD$g nmS>ʶmg H$maUr^yV R>aVmV.
hoboÀ¶m ¶m {gÜXm§Vmbm ^yJmobVÁk d hdm‘mZemñÌk E§OoQ>,~m¶a,H$monoZ d {‘b ¶m§Zr AZwHy$b ‘V {Xbo.
2. âbmoZMr n[aH$ënZm (Flohne's Concept) … âbmoZZo B.g. 1951 ‘ܶo gImob Aä¶m H$ê$Z ñdV…À¶m
AZw^dmda ˶m§Zr ‘mÝgyZ dmè¶mÀ¶m {Z{‘©VrMo {díbofU Ho$bo. ˶mÀ¶m ‘Vmà‘mUo gy¶m©À¶m CÎmaoH$S>o d X{jUoH$S>o
hmoUmè¶m ^mg‘mZ ^«‘Um~amo~aM F$VwZwgma dmhUmè¶m àM{bV dmè¶m§Zm ‘mÝgyZ dmao g§~moYbo OmVo. CÝhmù¶mV
gy¶©{H$aUo H$H©$d¥Îmmda b§~ê$nmZo nS>VmV. ˶m‘wio CîUVm dmT>Vo d CîUVoÀ¶m ’$aH$mZwgma dm¶w^ma nÅ>o ‘yi
ñWmZmnmgyZ CÎmaoH$S>o gaH$VmV d {hdmù¶mV gy¶©{H$aUo ‘H$ad¥Îmmda b§~ê$nmZo nS>VmV.˶m‘wio dm¶w^ma nÅ>o
X{jUoH$S>o gaH$VmV.¶mà‘mUo OmñV ^mamÀ¶m àXoemH$Sy>Z H$‘r ^mamÀ¶m àXoemH$S>o àM{bV dmao dmhVmV. ^maVmV
Z¡F$˶oH$Sy>Z qH$dm Am½Zo¶oH$Sy>Z Ago dmao dhmVmV. VoM ‘mÝgyZ dmao hmoVo.
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3. {V~oQ>Mo nR>ma d OoQ> àdmh n[aH$ënZm … AJXr A{bH$S>o ‘mÝgyZ dmè¶mÀ¶m CËnÎmr{df¶r EH$ {ZamirM
n[aH$ënZm ‘m§S>br Jobr. ¶m n[aH$ënZoà‘mUo Ho$di Vmn‘mZmÀ¶m H$‘r A{YH$nUm‘wio H$‘r ^ma d OmñV ^ma
{Z‘m©U hmoD$Z ‘mÝgyZ dmao {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ¶m ‘VmZo I§S>Z H$ê$Z {V~oQ>Mo nR>ma d OoQ>àdmh ¶m§À¶m n[aH$ënZm§‘wio
‘mÝgyZMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo hr H$ënZm nwT>o Ambr Amho.
B.g. 1973 À¶m ‘o, OyZ d Owb¡ ‘{hݶmV gmopìhEQ> a{e¶m d ^maV ¶m§À¶m g§¶wº$ à¶ËZmZo ‘mÝgyZ
‘mohr‘(Monsoon expedition - MONEX) g§K{Q>V Ho$br Jobr. ¶m ‘mo{h‘oV Mma a{e¶Z d XmoZ ^maVr¶ OhmO
A˶mYw{ZH$ gm{h˶m{Zer ^mJ KoVbm. ˶m§Zr qhXr ‘hmgmJa d Aa~r g‘wÐmV g§Mma H$ê$Z ‘mÝgyZ dmè¶mÀ¶m
CËnÎmrg§~§Yr {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm emoY KoD$Z ‘m{hVr {‘i{dbr. {‘imbob¶m ‘m{hVrÀ¶m AmYmamda a{e¶ emñÌkm§Zr
{ZîH$f© H$mT>bm H$s, ^maVmdarb ‘mÝgyZ dmè¶mÀ¶m g§MbZmg {V~oQ>À¶m nR>mamMo ñWmZ A{Ve¶ ‘hËdmMo Amho.
H$maU CÝhmù¶mV {V~oQ>À¶m nR>mamdarb Vrd« Vmn‘mZ hmo¶. VoWo CËnÞ hmoUmè¶m ‘mÝgyZ‘wioM à˶mdVm©Mr {Z{‘©Vr
{V~oQ>‘ܶo hmoVo.
{V~oQ>Mo nR>ma {dñVmamZo ‘moR>o Amho.˶mMr ê§$Xr gw‘mao 800 {H$.‘r., bm§~r 2000 {H$.‘r. d g‘wÐgnmQ>rnmgyZ
C§Mr gw‘mao 4000 ‘rQ>a Amho. Aem ¶m {demb nR>mamMo VmnUo d dmè¶mÀ¶m g§MbZmbm O~aXñV AS>Wim {Z‘m©U
H$aUo ¶m XmoZ ~m~tMm n[aUm‘ dmVmdaUmda hmoV AgVmo.
¶m g§~§YmV 1958 gmbr OmJ{VH$ ‘mÝgyZ ¶m {df¶mda EH$ Am§Vaamï´>r¶ n[afX ^abr. VrV ^maVr¶ hdm‘mZ
Im˶mMo S>m¶ao³Q>a OZab S>m°.nr. H$moQ>oída‘ ¶m§Zr Amnbo {dMma ‘m§S>bo H$s, {V~oQ>À¶m nR>mamdarb CÝhmù¶mVrb
Vmn‘mZ hoM EH$‘od d ‘hÎdmMo H$maU ‘mÝgyZÀ¶m g§MZmbm Amho. g‘wÐgnmQ>rnmgyZ 5 {H$.‘r. C§Mrdarb {V~oQ>Mo
nR>ma gw¶©Vmnm‘wio A{Ve¶ VmnVo, ˶m‘wio VoWo AmdV© àH$maMo dmao dmhÿ bmJVmV. d CîU hdm W§S> hmoD$Z ^maVmV
¶oVo. ˶m‘wio VoWo ^anya nmD$g nS>Vmo. {hdmù¶mV {V~oQ>Mr nR>ma ~’$m©ÀN>{XV AgVo. gy¶m©Mr {H$aUo namd{V©V hmoV
Agë¶m‘wio ^y^mJ CîU hmoV Zmhr. ˶m‘wio dmao dmhV Zmhr d nmdgmim gwê$dmV hmoV Zmhr.
OoQ> àdmh (Jet Stream) …
^yn¥ð>mdê$Z dmao dmhVmV ˶mMà‘mUo ^yn¥ð>mnmgyZ AVr C§Mrdê$Z gwÜXm dmao dmhV AgVmV. Ago dmao
dmVmdaUmVrb Vnm§~amÀ¶m darb ^mJmV gmYmaUV… 6,000 Vo 10,000 ‘rQ>a C§Mrda A˶§V Vrd« doJmZo ZmJ‘moS>r
diUo KoD$Z dmhV AgVmV. ˶m§ZmM OoQ> àdmh åhUVmV. (Swit goostrophic air streams in the upper
troposphere that meander in relatively narrow belts.)
{ÛVr¶ ‘hm¶wÜXmÀ¶m doir A‘o[aHo$Mr ~r-29 ¶m bT>mD$ {d‘mZm§À¶m d¡‘m{ZH$mZo ^yn¥ð>mnmgyZ 6 Vo 10 {H$.‘r.
C§MrÀ¶m Xaå¶mZ 200 Zm°Q> dmè¶mÀ¶m JVrMr Zm|X Ho$br. ˶mdoir dmVmdaUmÀ¶m ñVam§V àM§S> JVrZo dmao dmhV
Agë¶mMo AmT>iyZ Ambo. hdm‘mZemñÌkm§Zr ¶mMm Aä¶mg H$ê$Z {d‘mZ dmhVwH$sg ho àdmh ‘hËdmMo AmhoV Agm
{ZîH$f© H$mT>bm.
OoQ> àdmhm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hr Cƒ dmVmdaUmVrb erV d CîU dm¶wametÀ¶m gr‘m ¶m§À¶m g§¶moJmZo hmoVo. ˶mMà‘mUo
dmVmdaUmVrb {^Þ Vmn‘mZ d {^Þ dm¶w^ma ho gwÜXm OoQ> àdmhmÀ¶m {Z{‘©VrMo H$maU g‘Obo OmVo.
OoQ> àdmhmMo ñdê$n d doJ … OoQ> àdmh ZXrÀ¶m ZmJ‘moS>r diUmgmaIm AmH$ma KoD$Z dmhVmV. CÎma JmobmYm©V Vo
KS>çmù¶mÀ¶m H$mQ>çmÀ¶m {dê$ÜX {XeoZo Va X{jU JmobmYm©V H$mQ>çmZwgma dmhVmV. ˶mMr bm§~r hOmamo {H$.‘r.
AgyZ ê§$Xr 100 Vo 500 {H$.‘r. AgVo. ¶m OoQ> àdmhmVrb dmè¶mMm doJ 320 Vo 480 {H$.‘r. Xa Vmer AgVmo.
CÝhmù¶mnojm {hdmù¶mV doJ OmñV AgVmo Vmo åhUOo àm‘w»¶mZo nyd© Am{e¶m, CÎma Am{’«$H$m, {hÝXr ‘hmgmJamMm
‘ܶ^mJ d g.amï´>g§KmMm Am½Zo¶ ^mJ ¶m {R>H$mUr.
OoQ> àdmhmMo àH$ma … OoQ> àdmhmÀ¶m {Z{‘©VrÀ¶m joÌmdê$Z XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV.
1. Y«wdr¶ ’$ir OoQ> àdmh
2. CnmoîU H${Q>~§Yr¶ OoQ> àdmh
1. Y«wdr¶ ’$ir OoQ> àdmh … ho àdmh Y«wdr¶ àXoemV 40 A§e Vo 60 A§e Ajd¥ÎmmÀ¶m Xaå¶mZ XmoZ {^Þ
JwUY‘mªÀ¶m g§¶moJmZo {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z dmhV AgVmV. ˶m§Mr dmhʶmMr {Xem CÎma X{jU AgyZ ZmJ‘moS>r diUmMr
AgVo. ¶m àdmhmMm doJ gw‘mao 125 Vo 200 Zm°Q> åhUOoM 250 Vo 400 {H$.‘r. Vmer AgVmo.
2. CnmoîU H${Q>~§Yr¶ OoQ> àdmh … dmVmdaUmVrb {^Þ ñVam§da doJdoJio Vmn‘mZ Agë¶m‘wio hdoMo CîUàdmh
dmhV AgVmV. XmoÝhr JmobmYm©V 25 A§e Vo 35 A§e Ajd¥ÎmmÀ¶m Xaå¶mZ Vmn‘mZmVrb A{YH$ ’$aH$m‘wio
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CîUàdmhm~amo~aM OoQ> àdmh {Z‘m©U Pmbobo AgVmV.gw‘mao 30 A§e Ajd¥ÎmmOdi ¶m§Mm doJ OmñV AgVmo.
{hdmù¶mV ho OoQ> A{YH$ à^mdr AgVmV.
OoQ> àdmhm§Mo n[aUm‘
1. OoQ> àdmh ho n¥Ïdrdarb hdm‘mZmMo {Z¶§ÌU H$aUmao Amho. Vo Ooìhm doJmZo dmhVmV ˶mdoir Amnë¶mH$S>o hdoMo
àM§S> dñVw‘mZ AmoTy>Z KoVmV. ˶m‘wio H$‘r Xm~ {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z M{H«$¶ dmXio {Z‘m©U hmoVmV d nmD$g nS>Vmo.
2. øm àdmhm‘wio Vnm§~a d pñWVm§~a ¶mV hdoMr CÜd©{XeoZo hmbMmb hmoD$Z dmVmdaUmVrb Am°p³gOZ d Z¡Q´>moOZ
¶m§Mo ¶mo½¶ Ago à‘mU amIbo OmVo.
3. AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$Vr,Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU,XiUdiU ¶m‘wio Or Xþ{fV Ðì¶o dmVmdaUmV gmoS>br OmVmV. Vr Am¶Zm§~a d
~{h‘ªS>bmV nga{dʶmMo H$m‘ OoQ> àdmhm‘wio hmoVo. VgoM ‘mÝgyZ nmdgmMo {Z¶§ÌU ¶m OoQ> àdmhm‘wio Ho$bo OmVo.
4. ^maVmV nS>Umam nmD$g A˶§V A{Z¶{‘V Amho. hr A{Z¶{‘V dV©UyH$ Y«wdr¶ ’§§«$Q> OoQ> àdmhm‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoVo.
g¡~o[a¶mVrb Y¥dr¶ OoQ> àdmh VoWo pñWa Z amhVm ^maVmV {e¶aVmo. C§Mmdê$Z ¶oV Agë¶m‘wio {h‘mb¶mMm
AS>Wim hmoV Zmhr d Vmo ^maVmVrb hdm H$moaS>r H$ê$Z Q>mH$Vmo. nmdgmù¶mÀ¶m ‘ܶmbmM hdm H$moaS>r Pmë¶mZo
^maVmV H$mhr {R>H$mUr nmD$g nS>V Zmhr. d XþîH$mimbm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo.
dmVmdaU ~XbmMr H$maUo …
dmVmdaU ~XbmÀ¶m Xþîn[aUm‘mMo {ZdmaU H$aVm§Zm øm ~Xbm‘mJÀ¶m H$maUm§Mr {‘‘m§gm H$aUo Amdí¶H$ R>aVo.
VËnwdu ¶m dmVmdaU ~Xbmer {ZJS>rV H$mhr {gÜXm§V -
1. gy¶m©darb S>mJ {gÜXm§V
gy¶m©À¶m A§V^m©JmV MmbUmè¶m AUw{H«$¶o‘wio D$Om© {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z Vr ~mhoa nS>Vo, na§Vw ¶mV AmT>iUmè¶m
d¡{dܶm‘wio gy¶m©À¶m n¥ð>^mJmda H$‘r qH$dm OmñV CO}Mr {R>H$mUo V¶ma hmoVmV OoWo gdm©V H$‘r D$Om© qH$dm
CîUVm {Z‘m©U hmoVo, Aem {R>H$mUmbm Ago åhUVmV. gy¶f©§À¶m n¥ð>^mJmda AmT>iUmè¶m øm Mr g§»¶m Xa 11
dfmªZr ~XbVo Á¶m‘wio gy¶m©À¶m CîUVoÀ¶m à‘mUmV {d{dYVm ¶oVo. Ooìhm gy¶© S>mJm§Mr g§»¶m dmT>Vo, ˶mdoir
n¥Ïdrdarb Vmn‘mZmV KQ> hmoVo, VgoM OmñV AgVm§Zm V¶ma hmoUmao gm¡a Ádmbm n¥ÏdrÀ¶m M§w~H$s¶ joÌmda
à^md Q>mH$VmV Á¶m‘wio n¥ÏdrÀ¶m CîUVoÀ¶m Vmio~§Xmda/CîUVm g§H$bnmda ’$aH$ nS>Vmo.
2. Ádmbm‘wIr YybrH$Um§Mm {gÜXm§V
Ádmbm‘wIrÀ¶m CÐoH$mVyZ {ZKUmao YwbrH$U dmVmdaUmV ~è¶mM ‘moR>çm joÌmda ngê$Z EH$ AmÀN>mXZ V¶ma
H$aVmV Oo H$‘r Va§J bm§~rÀ¶m àH$me {H$aUm§Zm naV AdH$memH$S>o namd{V©V H$aVmV Á¶mV àm‘w»¶mZo
AVr{Zb {H$aUm§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. Va OmñV Va§Jbm§~r Agboë¶m n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmdê$Z dmVmdaUmV OmUmè¶m
{H$aUmoËgJm©bm ghOJ˶m nma OmD$ XoVmV, ¶m‘wioM dmVmdaUmVrb Vmn‘mZ A{Ve¶ H$‘r hmoD$Z ½bmo~b
Hw$btJ hmoVo. ¶m dmVmdaU ~Xbm‘wioM {h‘¶wJ n¥Ïdrda Agë¶mMo nwamVZ nwamì¶mdê$Z AmT>iyZ ¶oVo.
3. namdV©H$Vm Aë~rS>mo {gÜXm§V
¶m {gÜXm§VmZwgma n¥Ïdrdarb d¥jm§Mo AmÀN>mXZ qH$dm O§Jbo, Aaʶ ¶m§Mo à‘mU H$‘r Pmë¶mg namdV©H$Vm
dmT>Vo. gy¶© {H$aUo naV dmVmdaUmV namd{V©V H$aʶmÀ¶m j‘Vobm namdV©H$Vm Aë~rS>mo åhUVmV. PmS>o d¥j ho
gy¶© {H$aUo emofyZ KoV Agë¶m‘wio Vo Aë~rS>mo H$‘r H$aVmV. na§Vw ho d¥jmÀN>mXZ KQ>ë¶mZo Aë~rS>mo dmTy>Z
dmVmdaUmV Vmn‘mZ dmT> hmoVo.
4. n¥ÏdrMm ^«‘UH${j¶ ~Xb
¶m‘wio n¥ÏdrÀ¶m ^«‘UH$jmV ~Xb Pmë¶m‘wio n¥ÏdrMm H$b H$‘r AWdm OmñV hmoD$ eH$Vmo. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m ¶m
H$bm‘wioM n¥Ïdrda F$Vw~Xb hmoVm§Zm AmT>iVmV na§Vw hm H$b Oa OmñV Pmbm Va Y«wdmH$S>rb Vmn‘mZmV dmT>
hmoD$ eH$Vo. ¶mMo H$maU åhUOo AmVm gw¶m©Mr b§~ê$n nS>Umar {H$aUo H$b dmT>ë¶m‘wio Odinmg gai aofoV
nSy> bmJVmV. ¶m Aj d H$b ~Xbm‘wio ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV dmVmdaU ~Xb KSy>Z ¶oD$ eH$Vmo.
5. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m dmVmdaUmÀ¶m g§¶moOZmVrb ~Xb
n¥ÏdrÀ¶m dmVmdaUmVrb harVJ¥h dm¶y dmT>ë¶mg dmVmdaUmV ~Xb hmoVmZm {XgyZ ¶oVmo. VgoM AmoPmoZ Wa Zï>
H$aUmè¶m dm¶yÀ¶m à‘mUmV dmT> Pmë¶mghr A{VZrb {H$aUm§À¶m dmVmdaUmVrb {dZm AS>Wim àdoem‘wio gwÜXm
dmVmdaUmV A{YH$ Vmn‘mZ Agë¶mMo AmT>iyZ ¶oVo. ¶m~Ôb Vnerbdma ‘m{hVr AmnU nwT>o nmhUmaM AmhmoV.
AmVm AmnU dmVmdaU ~XbmÀ¶m H$maUm§Mr MMm© H$ê$ ¶m. dmVmdaU ~XbmgmR>r Z¡g{J©H$ VgoM ‘mZd{Z{‘©V
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 KQ>H$ H$maUr^yV R>aVmV, na§Vw ‘mZd{Z{‘©V KQ>H$ VgoM ‘mZdr CnH«$‘m§‘wio gdm©V OmñV n[aUm‘ hmoVm§Zm
{XgVmo.
hdm‘mZ Am{U dZñnVrÀ¶m AmYmao Ordg§hVr

Ordg§hVr … àW‘ dJ©- Ordg§hVr … {ÛVr¶ dJ©- Ordg§hVr … V¥Vr¶ dJ©

hdm‘mZ {d^mJmZwgma dZñnVrÀ¶m AmYmao (Biomes of Third Order)
(Biomes of First Order (Biomes of Second Order based
based on Climatic Zone) on Vegetation)
1. Q>§wS>´ m Ordg§hVr 1. Amp³Q>©H$ Q>§wS´>m Ordg§hVr
2. AënmB©Z Q>§wS>´ m Ordg§hVr
2. g‘erVmoîU Ordg§hVr 1. V¡Jm dZo Ordg§hVr
2. g‘erVmoîU nmZPS>r dZo
Ordg§hVr
3. g‘erVmoîU JdVmi àXoer¶
Ordg§hVr
4. ^y‘ܶ gmJar¶ Ordg§hVr
3. CîU H${Q>~§Yr¶ a) CîU H${Q>~§Yr¶,dZo 1. gXmh[aV dfm© dZo Ordg§hVr-{dfwdd¥Îmr¶
Ordg§hVr Ordg§hVr 2. a) {Z‘gXmh[aV dZo Ordg§hVr
b) nmZPS>r dZo Ordg§hVr ‘mog‘r
b) g°ìhmZm Ordg§hVr
c) dmid§Q>r Ordg§hVr

1. Q>§wS´>m àXoe
ñWmZ d àXoe …
 gw‘mao 650 Vo 900 CÎma Ajd¥Îmm§À¶m Xaå¶mZ.
 J«rZb§S>, C.H°$ZS>m, C.¶wamon, C.Am{e¶m
hdm‘mZ …
 CÝhmù¶mV gamgar 100 g|.Vmn‘mZ.
 {hdmù¶mVrb Vmn‘mZ gw‘mao -200 Vo -300 g|.AgVo.
 gamgar nO©Ý¶ 25 Vo 300 {‘‘r
 A{Ve¶ W§S> hdm‘mZ
Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr
 AënH$mi {Q>H$Umè¶m dZñnVr
 N>moQ>r PwS>no, IwaQ>o JdV, ’w$bo, eodmi, XJS>’y$b B˶mXr.
àmUr OrdZ
 H°$[a~y, aoZ{S>Aa, Y«wdr¶ Añdb, H$moëhm, grb ‘mgo d dm°bag ‘mgo B˶mXr
 ‘D$ d XmQ> Ho$g Agbobo àmUr
‘mZdr OrdZ
 {eH$ma d ‘mgo‘mar
 H$mVS>çmMo V§~y (Q>çy{nH$) d B½by Kao
 ñboO JmS>rMm dmna
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  bmoH$g§»¶m A{V{dai. CXm. EpñH$‘mo bmoH$
2. V¡Jm àXoe
ñWmZ d àXoe …
 gw‘mao 550 Vo 650 CÎma Ajd¥Îmm§À¶m Xaå¶mZ.
 AbmñH$mnmgyZ AQ>bm§{Q>H$ ‘hmgmJamn¶ªVMm ^mJ, ¶wamo{e¶mMm ^mJ
hdm‘mZ …
 CÝhmù¶mV gamgar 150 Vo 200 g|.Vmn‘mZ.
 {hdmù¶mVrb Vmn‘mZ 00 g|. nojm H$‘r.
 dm{f©H$ gamgar nO©Ý¶ 300 Vo 500 {‘‘r
 CÝhmù¶mV nmD$g, {hdmù¶mV {h‘d¥ï>r
Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr
 gy{MnUu dZo
 PmS>m§Mr nmZo Aê§$X d Q>moH$Xma Am{U ’$m§Úm O{‘ZrH$S>o PwH$boë¶m
 bmHy$S> ‘D$ d hbHo$ AgVo. CXm. ñàyg, ’$a, nmB©Z, aoS>dwS> B˶m{X.
àmUr OrdZ
 A§Jmda XmQ> d ‘D$ H$og AgVmV. CXm. H°$[a~y, EëH$,Am{‘©Z,~rìha,{gìëìha ’$m°³g, q‘H$,Añdbo B.
‘mZdr OrdZ
 bmoH$g§»¶m H$‘r Amho.
 {eH$ma d bmHy$S>VmoS> ho à‘wI ì¶dgm¶
 eoVr H$‘r hmoVo.
3. JdVmi àXoe (ñQ>oßg d àoAar)
ñWmZ d àXoe …
 gw‘mao 300 Vo 550 CÎma d X{jU Ajd¥Îmm§À¶m Xaå¶mZ I§S>m§À¶m AmVrb ^mJmV
 ñQ>oßg (¶wao{e¶m), ìhoëS> (X{jU Am{’«$H$m), n§nmg (X{jU A‘o[aH$m), àoAar (CÎma A‘o[aH$m),
S>mD$Ýg (Am°ñQ´>o{b¶m) B˶mXr.
hdm‘mZ …
 CÝhmù¶mV gamgar 270 g|.Vmn‘mZ.
 {hdmù¶mVrb Vmn‘mZ 00 g|. nojm H$‘r.
 gamgar nO©Ý¶ 400 Vo 600 {‘‘r
 ~hþVoH$ nmD$g CÝhmù¶mV nS>Vmo.
Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr
 JdVmMr {dñVrU© Hw$aUo {XgVmV
 JdV H$‘r C§M d Pwn³¶m§Zr dmT>Vo
 {hdmù¶mV JdV Zï> hmoVo.
 CXm. EëS>a, nm°nba B˶mXr PmS>o AmT>iVmV.
àmUr OrdZ
 haUo, KmoS>o, Hw$Ìo, bm§S>Jo, amZJdo, ggo, H$m§Jmê$, qS>Jmo B˶mXr àmUr
 nmird àmUr-eoù¶m, ‘§oT>çm,JmB©, ~¡b, KmoS>o, JmT>d B˶m{X.
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‘mZdr OrdZ
 Jwao MmaUo (newnmbZ) hm ì¶dgm¶
 nwdu EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ XþgarH$S>o ^Q>H$V AgVmV.
 H$mVS>çmÀ¶m V§~yV (¶yQ>©) amhVmV.
 {H$aJrO bmoH$ AmVm ^Q>H$V ZmhrV d n³³¶m KamV amhVmV.
 JìhmMr eoVr H$aVmV.
4. CîU dmid§Q>r àXoe
ñWmZ d àXoe …
 {dfwdd¥ÎmmnmgyZ 200 Vo 300 Ajd¥Îmm§À¶m Xaå¶mZ
 I§S>mÀ¶m npíM‘ ^mJmV AmT>iVmV. ghmam (C.Am{’«$H$m),H$mobmoa°S>mo> (CÎma A‘o[aH$m), AQ>mH$m‘m (X{jU
A‘o[aH$m), WaMo dmid§Q> (Am{e¶m), H$bhmar (X. Am{’«$H$m) B˶mXr.
hdm‘mZ …
 CÝhmù¶mV gamgar 300 Vo 450 g|.Vmn‘mZ.
 {hdmù¶mVrb Vmn‘mZ 200 Vo 250g|. nojm H$‘r.
 A{VCîUVm d A˶ën nO©Ý¶
 amÌr Iyn W§S>r AgVo.
Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr
 H$‘rV H$‘r nmZo Agboë¶m d H$mQ>oar dZñnVr
 OmS> gmb, Aê§$X d ‘oUMQ> nmZo
 O{‘ZrVrb Amobmdm g§nbm, H$s dZñnVr Zï> hmoVmV. CXm. {ZdS>§wJ, Km¶nmV, nm‘, IOya B˶m{X.
àmUr OrdZ
 C§Q> AÞnmʶm{edm¶ AZoH$ {Xdg amhVmo.
 O{‘Zrda àmʶm§Mr g§»¶m H$‘r
 àmUr {Xdgm O{‘ZrImbr ahmVmV. CXm.gmn,C§Xra,gaS>o, qdMy
 KmoS>o, ~o¡b, JmT>d, ‘|T>çm, BVa nmird àmUr
‘mZdr OrdZ
 ~XmD$Z (ghmam), ~we‘oZ (H$bhmar), A°~m°[a{OZ (Am°ñQ´>o{b¶m) B˶mXr bmoH$ amhVmV.
 AZoH$ JaOm OZmdam§nmgyZ nyU© H$aVmV.
 ‘ê$ÚmZo d ZÚm§Mr Imoar ¶oWo eoVr Ho$br OmVo.
5. JdVmi àXoe (gwXmZ)
ñWmZ d àXoe …
 {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ¶m CÎmaog d X{jUog 50 Vo 200 Ajd¥Îmm§À¶m Xaå¶mZ
 g°ìhmZm (Am{’«$H$m),¹$sÝgb±S> (Am°ñQ´>o{b¶m), X.nmH©$b±S> (Am{’«$H$m), b°ZmoO d H°$ånmoO> (X.A‘o[aH$m),
BVa JdVmi àXoe.
hdm‘mZ …
 CÝhmù¶mV gamgar 350 Vmn‘mZ.
 {hdmù¶mVrb Vmn‘mZ 240 g|.
 gw‘mao 250 {‘‘r Vo 1000 {‘‘r nmD$g nS>Vmo
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  CÝhmù¶mV CîU d X‘Q>, {hdmim C~Xma d H$moaS>m
Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr
 C§M d XmQ> JdV
 JdV gw‘mao ghm ‘rQ>a C§M hÎmrJdV
 VwaiH$ d¥j d PmS>o e|S>çm§H$S>o N>Ìrgma»¶m AmH$mamMo AgVmmV. CXm. ~ob,~moa,Km¶nmV,AZZg,{ZdS>§wJ
B˶m{X.
àmUr OrdZ
 V¥U{Odr àmUr d ‘m§g^jH$ àmUr {dnwb AmhoV.
 àmʶm§Zm {ZgJm©Zo Mni nm¶ {Xbo AmhoV.
 A§Jmda a§JrV nÅ>o d {R>nHo$ AgVmV.
 CXm. qgh, {MÎmm, Vag, bm§S>Jm, {Oam’$, Po~«m, hÎmr, J|S>o, amZ~¡b, aoS>o, H$m§Jmê$, E‘y B˶m{X.
‘mZdr OrdZ
 ‘mVrÀ¶m q^Vr d JdVmMo N>ßna Agbobr gmYr Kao AgVmV.
 Kam§Zm {IS>³¶m ZgVmV.
 R>|Jʶm d JmobmH$ma PmonS>çm§V amhVmV ¶m§Zm H«$m°b åhUVmV.
 {eH$ma d newnmbZ ho à‘wI ì¶dgm¶
 CXm. Pwby, hm¡gm, ‘gmB© B˶mXr O‘mVr.
6. {dfwdd¥Îmr¶ àXoe
ñWmZ d àXoe …
 {dfwdd¥ÎmmnmgyZ CÎmaog d X{jUog 50 Ajd¥Îmm§À¶m Xaå¶mZ
 ‘bo{e¶m, B§S>moZo{e¶m, qgJmnya, {JZr d H$m§Jmo {H$Zmam, A°‘oPm°Z ZXrMo Imoao
hdm‘mZ …
 CÝhmù¶mV gamgar 300 g|.Vmn‘mZ.
 {hdmù¶mVrb Vmn‘mZ 270 g|.
 gamgar 2500 Vo 3000 {‘‘r nmD$g
 CîU d X‘Q> hdm‘mZm‘wio PmS>nmbm Hw$OVmo d hdm amoJQ> ~ZVo.
 OmñV CîUVm, df©^a nmD$g
Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr
 KZXmQ> gXmh[aV dZo
 dZñnVt‘ܶo ^anya {d{dYVm
 XbXb¶wº$ àXoe
 H$R>rU bmH$S>mMo C§M d¥j
 CXm. ‘hmoJZr, J«rZ-hmQ>©, amoOdwS>, E~Zr B˶mXr.
àmUr OrdZ
 àmʶm§‘ܶo Iyn {d{dYVm AmT>iVo.
 XbXbrÀ¶m àXoemV gwga, nmUKmoS>m, A°ZmH$m|S>m B˶m{X
 PmS>m§da amhUmao Jmo[abm, qMnm§Pr, hm°Z©{~b B˶mXr, {H$Q>H$-{dfmar Ëgo-Ëgo ‘mer.
17
‘mZdr OrdZ
 bmoH$dñVr H$‘r Amho.
 bmoH$m§Mo OrdZ {ZgJm©da Adb§~yZ AgVo.
 Am{Xdmgr O‘mVrMo bmoH$
 hr bmoH$ Kao PmS>mda ~m§YVmV.
 CXm. {n½‘r, ~moamo B§{S>¶Z, go‘m±J B˶mXr

‘mJrb V³Ë¶m‘ܶo {Xbobo Z¡g{J©H$ àXoe {dfwdd¥ÎmmnmgyZ Y«wdmn¶ªV {d{eï> Ajd¥Îmr¶ àXoemV AmT>iVmV. CîU
Vmn‘mZ d nmʶmMr CnbãYVm ¶mdê$Z ¶m Z¡g{J©H$ àXoem§Mo ñWmZ d {dñVma {ZYm©[aV hmoVo. ¶m àXoem§{edm¶
ñWm{ZH$ n[apñWVr‘wio H$mhr àXoe doJio {XgyZ ¶oVmV. ¶m§V àm‘w»¶mZo ‘mog‘r, ^w‘ܶ d npíM‘ ¶wamonr¶
hdm‘mZmÀ¶m àXoem§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. n[íM‘ ¶wamonr¶ d ‘mog‘r ho {d{eï> dmè¶m§À¶m à^mdm‘wio bjmV ¶oVmV, Va
^y‘ܶ gmJar àXoe hm VoWrb nmdgmù¶mÀ¶m {d{eï> H$mbmdYr‘wio bjmV ¶oVmo. ¶oWo {hdmù¶mV nmD$g nS>Vmo,
åhUyZM Vmo BVa àXoem§njo m doJim {XgyZ ¶oVmo. Imbrb V³Vm nhm.
1. {Z‘gXmh[aV d nmZPS>r dZo Ordg§hVr (‘mog‘r àXoe)
ñWmZ d àXoe …
 {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ¶m CÎmaog d X{jUog 100 Vo 300 Ajd¥Îmm§À¶m Xaå¶mZ
 ^maV, {’$brnmB©Ýg, doñQ>B§{S>O, CÎma AmñQ´>o{b¶m, nyd© A{’«$H$m, ‘ܶ A‘o[aH$m B˶mXr
hdm‘mZ …
 CÝhmù¶mV gamgar 270 Vo 300 g|.Vmn‘mZ.
 {hdmù¶mVrb Vmn‘mZ 150 Vo 240 g|.
 gamgar 250 Vo 2500 {‘‘r nmD$g
 ‘m°ÝgyZ dmè¶m§nmgyZ R>am{dH$ F$Vy§V nmD$g nS>Vmo.
 nmdgmMo {dVaU Ag‘mZ d A{ZpíMV AgVo.
Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr
 nmZPS>r d {Z‘gXmh[aV dZo. nmdgmÀ¶m {dVaUmZwgma dZñnVr àH$ma
 CXm. dS>, qnni, gmJ, {egd, M§XZ, I¡a, qgH$moZm, ~m§~y,~m^yi,H$mQ>oar PmS>o-PwS>no d JdV.
àmUr OrdZ
 dmK,qgh,{~~Q>çm, hÎmr, bm§S>Jo,amZSw>H$ao,‘mH$S>o,gmn,‘moa,H$moH$si B˶mXr dݶ àmUr d njr.
 JmB©, åher, eoù¶m, KmoS>o ho nmird àmUr
‘mZdr OrdZ
 bhmZ bhmZ Ag§»¶ IoS>r AmhoV.
 AÞ d nmoemImV ~arM {d{dYVm
 bmoH$g§»¶m àm‘w»¶mZo àmW{‘H$ ì¶dgm¶mV AmT>iVo.
 eoVr hm à‘wI ì¶dgm¶ Amho.
2. ^y‘ܶ gmJar àXoe
ñWmZ d àXoe …
 300 Vo 400 Ajd¥Îmm§À¶m Xaå¶mZ XmoÝhr JmobmYm©V I§S>m§À¶m npíM‘ ^mJmV AmT>iVmV.
 nmoVw©Jmb, ñnoZ, AëOo[a¶m, Q>H$s©, H°${b’$mo{Z©¶m, ‘ܶ {Mbr, Z¡F$˶ d Am½Zo¶ Am°ñQ´>o{b¶m B˶mXr
hdm‘mZ …
18
  H$moaS>o CÝhmio d {hdmir nmD$g
 CÝhmù¶mV gamgar 210 Vo 270 g|.Vmn‘mZ.
 {hdmù¶mVrb Vmn‘mZ 100 Vo 140 g|.
 gamgar 500 Vo 1000 {‘‘r nmD$g
 nmD$g {hdmù¶mV nS>Vmo.
Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr
 nmZo OmS> , bhmZ d ‘oUMQ>
 PmS>m§À¶m gmb ’$ma OmS> AgVo. CXm. AmoH$,Am°{bìh, MoñQ>ZQ> B˶m{X. H$‘r nmdgmÀ¶m ^mJmV dmT>.
 nd©Vr¶ ^mJmV gyMrnUu dZñnVr
àmUr OrdZ
 neynmbZm‘wio nmird àmUr OmñV AmhoV. CXm. eoù¶m ‘|T>çm, JmB©, IoMao, KmoS>o B˶mXr
‘mZdr OrdZ
 J«rH$ d amo‘Z g§ñH¥$VtMm {dH$mg
 eoVr hm ‘wi ì¶dgm¶ Amho.
 ’$io d ’w$bm§Mr eoVr OmñV
 JìhmMo nXmW© ho ‘w»¶ AÞ
 a§J~oa§Jr H$nS>o
3. g‘{eVmoîU d nmZPS>r dZo Ordg§hVr
ñWmZ d àXoe …
 I§S>mÀ¶m npíM‘ ^mJmV 450 Vo 650 CÎma d X{jU Ajd¥Îmm§À¶m Xaå¶mZ
 Zmd}, S>oÝ‘mH©$, Am¶bªS>, {~«{Q>e H$mob§{~¶m, X{jU {Mbr, ݶyPrb§S> B˶mXr.
hdm‘mZ …
 CÝhmù¶mV gamgar 200 g|.Vmn‘mZ.
 {hdmù¶mVrb Vmn‘mZ 50 g|.
 gamgar 500 Vo 2500 {‘‘r nmD$g
 npíM‘r dmè¶m§À¶m AmdVm©nmgyZ nmD$g nS>Vmo.
 df©^a nmD$g nS>Vmo
 hdm‘mZ gm¡å¶ Amho.
Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr
 df©^a {hadoJma JdV.
 PmS>m§Mr nmZo {hdmù¶mV JdV
 gy{MnUu d¥j d H$‘r C§MrMo JdV
 CXm. AmoH$, ~rM, ‘onb, Eë‘, nmB©Z, ñàyg, nm°nba B˶m{X.
àmUr OrdZ
 neynmbZm‘wio àm‘w»¶mZo nmird àmUr Iyn AmhoV.
 Añdbo, bm§S>Jo, H$moëho B˶m{X dݶ àmUr AmT>iVmV.
‘mZdr OrdZ
19
 CËgmhr d CÚmoJr bmoH$
 X¶m©dVr bmoH$ OmñV AmhoV.
 bmoH$arMo H$nS>o dmnaVmV
 {edm¶ {ÛVr¶ d n¥Vr¶ ì¶dgm¶ dmT>V Amho.

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