17.

The surface conditions on the planet Mars are the

. Contoh Soal TOEFL Structure
more like the Earth’s than are
1. _____ the demands of aerospace, medicine, A
and agriculture, aengineers, are creating exotic B C
new metallic substances. those of any other planet in the solar system.
(A) Meet D
(B) Being met are
(C) To meet 18. The midnight sun is a phenomenon in which
(D) They are meeting the Sun visible remains in the sky
A
2. _______ James A. Bland, “Carry Me Back to Old B C
Virginny” was adopted is the state song of Virginia for twenty-four hours or longer.
in 1940. D
(A) Was written b
(B) His writing was 19. The Humber River
(C) He wrote the and its valley form a major salmon-fishing,
(D) Written by lumbering, hunting,
A B C
3. Mary Garden, ______ the early 1900’s was and farmer region in western Newfoundland,
considered one of the best singing actresses of her Canada.
time. D
(A) a soprano was popular
(B) in a popular soprano Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban
(C) was a popular soprano
A. Structure
(D) a popular soprano in
1. Jawab : (C) To meet
Keyword : the demands of aerospace
4. In the realm of psychological theory Margaret F.
Pembahasan : Pola infinitive phrase: to
Washburn was a dualist _____ that motor
infinitive + object of to infinitive
phenomena have an essential role in psychology.
Kalimat tersebut menyatakan
(A) who she believed
tujuan atau maksud. Maka dibutuhkan to infinitive
(B) who believed
phrase.
(C) believed
Sehingg pilihan phrase yang
(D) who did she believe
tepat untuk mengisi rumpang tersebut adalah to
meet.
Susah cari soal-soal TOEFL yang lengkap?
Sudah kami sediakan superlengkap, praktis, dan
2. Jawab : (D) Written by
aplikatif!
Keyword : James A. Bland
Klik Selengkapnya Pembahasan : Kalimat di atas
membutuhkan Adjective Phrase untuk
A. Contoh Soal TOEFL Written Expression menerangkan kata benda “Carry Me Back to Old
Virginny”.
16. On Ellesmere Island in the Arctic one fossil
Frasa ajektif yang paling
forest consist of a nearly hundred
tepat adalah Written by. Mengapa disebut frasa
ajektif, karea past participle (v3) yang
A B
tidak ditemani bentuk be atau
large stumps scattered on an exposed coal
have adalah sebuah ajektif.
bed.
C D
3. Jawab : (D) a popular soprano in
Keyword : Mary Garden
Pembahasan : Kalimat pada soal
membutuhkan Appositive Phrase. Mary Garden
dan appositive phrase (a popular soprano)
memiliki makna yang sama. Contoh Soal Pembahasan Reading Comprehension
Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah a popular Tes TOEFL
soprano in. @Genius_Content

4. Jawab : (B) Who believed Kategori: Reading Comprehension

Keyword : a dualist
Pembahasan : Pola adjective clause : (Conj. + Ditayangkan: 22 Juli 2016
S + V).
Untuk menerangkan kata Diperbarui: 08 Oktober 2016
benda a dualist maka klausa yang tepat adalah
who believed. Dilihat: 281518

B. Written Expression.  download soal toefl,

16. Jawab : (B) a nearly
Keyword : hundred large stumps
Pembahasan : a nearly -> nearly
Kata “a nearly” tidak  contoh soal toefl,
memerlukan indefinite article/determiner “a”,
karena kata benda stumps adalah plural.

17. Jawab : (B) The more

 reading comprehension,
Keyword : the planet Mars
Pembahasan : the more -> more
Pola comparative: more ___
than ___
Maka seharusnya tidak
perlu definite article “the” tapi cukup “more” saja.

18. Jawab : (B) visible remains

Keyword : the sun
Pembahasan : visible remains -> remains
visible
Kata the sun dalam anak
kalimat di atas memerlukan predicate bukan noun
phrase (visible remains). Tes TOEFL
Yang tepat seharusnya bagian Reading Comprehension Section bertujuan
remains visible. untuk menguji kemampuan Anda dalam
memahami, menginterprestasikan, dan
19. Jawab : (D) farmer menganalisa teks atau bacaan mengenai berbagai
Keyword : and macam topik. Bagian ini terdiri dari empat sampai
Pembahasan : farmer -> farming enam teks/bacaan kira-kira 200 - 450 kata. Setiap
Konjungsi and digunakan teks biasanya diikuti oleh 7-12 pertanyaan. Jumlah
untuk menghubungkan kelas kata yang sederajat. soal untuk Reading Comprehension adalah 50 soal.
Karena sebelum “and” bentuk Topik bacaan biasanya berkaitan dengan masalah-
katanya adalah gerund maka masalah akademik, terutama textbook mengenai
kata farmer seharusnya diubah dalam bentuk Biologi, Fisika, Geografi, Sejarah Amerika, Biografi,
gerund juga yaitu farming. Ekonomi, Ilmu-ilmu Sosial, dan Seni.
Jenis Pertanyaan
Untuk menjawab pertanyaan bagian Reading
Comprehension ini, memahami jenis pertanyaan
sebagai persiapan menghadapi tes
TOEFL sangatlah penting. Berikut ini berbagai tipe
pertanyaan yang sering muncul dalam tes TOEFL.
1. Pertanyaan tentang topik atau tema.
2. Topik utama merupakan subjek utama bacaan,
tentang apa bacaan itu.
3. Topik atau tema bisa berupa: inti isi tulisan (the
text is about) atau judul tulisan (title).
Contoh Soal Tes TOEFL Bagian Reading
Comprehension
Reading Comprehension
Time: Approximately 55 Minutes
50 Questions
DIRECTIONS
In this section you will read several passages.
Each one is followed by several questions about it.
For questions 1-50, you are to choose the one best
answer, (A), (B), (C), or (D), to each question.
Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of
the question and fill in the space that corresponds
to the letter of the answer you have chosen.
Answer all questions following a passage on the
basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.
READ THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE:
The railroad was not the first institution to impose
regularity on society, or to draw attention to the
importance of precise timekeeping. For as long as
merchants have set out their wares at daybreak
and communal festivities have been celebrated,
people have been in rough agreement with their
neighbors as to the time of day. The value of this
tradition is today more apparent than ever. Were it
not for public acceptance of a single yardstick of
time, social life would be unbearably chaotic: the
massive daily transfers of goods, services, and
information would proceed in fits and starts; the
very fabric of modem society would begin to
unravel.
Example I
What is the main idea of the passage?
(A) In modem society we must make more time
for our neighbors.
(B) The traditions of society are timeless.
(C) An accepted way of measuring time is essential
for the smooth functioning of society.
(D) Society judges people by the times at which
they conduct certain activities.
The main idea of the passage is that societies
need to agree about how time is to be measured
in order to function smoothly. Therefore, you
should choose (C).
Example II
In line 4, the phrase “this tradition” refers to....
(A) the practice of starting the business day at
dawn
(B) friendly relations between neighbors
(C) the railroad’s reliance on time schedules
(D) people’s agreement on the measurement of
time
The phrase “this tradition” refers to the preceding
clause, “people have been in rough agreement
with their neighbors as to the time of day.”
Therefore, you should choose (D).
Now begin work on the questions.
Questions 1-5
A distinctively American architecture began with
Frank Lloyd Wright, who had taken to heart the
admonition that form should follow function and
who thought of buildings not as separate
architectural entities but as parts of an organic
whole that included the land, the community, and
the society. In a very real way the houses of
colonial New England and some of the southern
plantations had been functional, but Wright was
the first architect to make functionalism the
authoritative principle for public as well as for
domestic buildings. As early as 1906 he built the
Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, the first of those
churches that did so much to revolutionize
ecclesiastical architecture in the United States.
Thereafter he turned his genius to such
miscellaneous structures as houses, schools, office
buildings, and factories, among them the famous
Larkin Building in Buffalo, New York, and the
Johnson Wax Company building in Racine,
Wisconsin.
1. The phrase “taken to heart” in line 1 is closest
in meaning to which of the following?
(A) Taken seriously
(B) Criticized
(C) Memorized
(D) Taken offence
2. In what way did Wright’s public buildings differ
from most of those built by earlier architects?
(A) They were built on a larger scale.
(B) Their materials came from the southern
United States.
(C) They looked more like private homes.
(D) Their designs were based on how they would
be used.
3. The author mentions the Unity Temple because,
it
(A) was Wright’s first building
(B) influenced the architecture of subsequent
churches
(C) demonstrated traditional ecclesiastical
architecture
(D) was the largest church Wright ever designed
4. The passage mentions that all of the following
structures were built by Wright EXCEPT
(A) factories
(B) public buildings
(C) offices
(D) southern plantations
5. Which of the following statements best reflects
one of Frank Lloyd Wright’s architectural
principles?
(A) Beautiful design is more important than utility.
(B) Ecclesiastical architecture should be derived
from traditional designs.
(C) A building should fit into its surroundings.
(D) The architecture of public buildings does not
need to be revolutionary
Questions 6-16
There are two basic types of glaciers, those that
flow outward in all directions with little regard for
any underlying terrain and those that are confined
by terrain to a particular path.
The first category of glaciers includes those
massive blankets that cover whole continents,
appropriately called ice sheets. There must be over
50,000 square kilometers of land covered with ice
for the glacier to qualify as an ice sheet. When
portions of an ice sheet spread out over the ocean,
they form ice shelves.
About 20,000 years ago the Cordilleran Ice Sheet
covered nearly all the mountains in southern
Alaska, western Canada, and the western United
States. It was about 3 kilometers deep at its
thickest point in northern Alberta. Now there are
only two sheets left on Earth, those covering
Greenland and Antarctica.
Any domelike body of ice that also flows out in all
directions but covers less than 50,000 square
kilometers is called an ice cap. Although ice caps
are rare nowadays, there are a number in
northeastern Canada, on Baffin Island, and on the
Queen Elizabeth Islands.
The second category of glaciers includes those of a
variety of shapes and sizes generally called
mountain or alpine glaciers. Mountain glaciers are
typically identified by the landform that controls
their flow. One form of mountain glacier that
resembles an ice cap in that it flows outward in
several directions is called an ice field. The
difference between an ice field and an ice cap is
subtle. Essentially, the flow of an ice field is
somewhat controlled by surrounding terrain and
thus does not have the domelike shape of a cap.
There are several ice fields in the Wrangell. St.
Elias, and Chugach mountains of Alaska and
northern British Columbia.
Less spectacular than large ice fields are the most
common types of mountain glaciers: the cirque
and valley glaciers. Cirque glaciers are found in
depressions in the surface of the land and have a
characteristic circular shape. The ice of valley
glaciers, bound by terrain, flows down valleys,
curves around their corners, and falls over cliffs.
6. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Where major glaciers are located
(B) How glaciers shape the land
(C) How glaciers are formed
(D) The different kinds of glaciers
7. The word “massive” in line 3 is closest in
meaning to
(A) huge
(B) strange
(C) cold (C) important
(D) recent (D) measurable

8. It can be inferred that ice sheets are so named
for which of the following reasons?
(A) They are confined to mountain valleys.
(B) They cover large areas of land.
(C) They are thicker in some areas than in others.
(D) They have a characteristic circular shape.
9. According to the passage, ice shelves can be
found
(A) covering an entire continent
(B) buried within the mountains
(C) spreading into the ocean
(D) filling deep valleys
15. All of the following are alpine glaciers EXCEPT
(A) cirque glaciers
(B) ice caps
(C) valley glaciers
(D) ice fields
16. Which of the following types of glaciers does
the author use to illustrate the two basic types of
glaciers mentioned in line 1?
(A) Ice fields and cirques
(B) Cirques and alpine glaciers
(C) Ice sheets and ice shelves
(D) Ice sheets and mountain glaciers

10. According to the passage, where was the Susah cari metode belajar TOEFL yang
Cordilleran Ice Sheet thickest? Efektif?... Susah cari downloadannya?
(A) Alaska
Sudah kami sediakan superlengkap!
(B) Greenland
(C) Alberta Klik Selengkapnya
(D) Antarctica Questions 17-26
Tools and hand bones excavated from the
11. The word “rare” in line 12 is closest in meaning Swartkrans cave complex in South Africa suggest
to that a close relative of early humans known as
(A) small Australopithecus robustus may have made and
(B) unusual used primitive tools long before the species
(C) valuable became extinct I million Line years ago. It may
(D) widespread even have made and used primitive tools long
before humanity’s direct ancestor, Homo habilis, or
12. According to the passage (paragraph 5), ice “handy man,” began doing so. Homo habilis and
fields resemble ice caps in which of the following its successor, Homo erectus, coexisted with
ways? Australopithecus robustus on the plains of South
(A) Their shape Africa for more than a million years.
(B) Their flow The Swartkrans cave in South Africa has been
(C) Their texture under excavation since the 1940’s. The earliest
(D) Their location fossil-containing layers of sedimentary rock in the
cave date from about 1.9 million years ago and
13. The word “it” in line 16 refers to contain extensive remains of animals, primitive
(A) glacier tools, and two or more species of apelike
(B) cap hominids. The key recent discovery involved bones
(C) difference from the hand of Australopithecus robustus, the
(D) terrain first time such bones have been found.
The most important feature of the
14. The word “subtle” in line 17 is closest in Australopithecus robustus hand was the pollical
meaning to distal thumb tip, the last bone in the thumb. The
(A) slight bone had an attachment point for a “uniquely
(B) common human” muscle, the flexor pollicis longus, that had
previously been found only in more recent
ancestors. That muscle gave Australopithecus (A) Features of Australopithecus robustus’ hand
robustutJ an opposable thumb, a feature that (B) Purposes for which hominids used tools
would allow them to grip objects, including tools. (C) Methods used to determine the age of fossils
The researchers also found primitive bone and (D) Significant plant fossils found in layers of
stone implements, especially digging tools, in the sediment
same layers of sediments.
Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built- 21. It can be inferred from the description in the
more “robust” in anthropological terms-than their last paragraph that Australopithecus robustus was
successors. They had broad faces, heavy jaws, so named because of the species’
and massive crushing and grinding teeth that were (A) ancestors
used for eating hard fruits, seeds, and fibrous (B) thumb
underground plant parts. They walked upright, (C) build
which would have allowed them to carry and use (D) diet
tools. Most experts had previously believed that
Homo habilis were able to supplant 22. The word “supplant” in line 22 is closest in
Australopithecus robustus because the former’s meaning to
ability to use tools gave them an innate (A) exploit
superiority. The discovery that Australopithecus (B) displace
robustus also used tools means that researchers (C) understand
will have to seek other explanations for their (D) imitate
extinction. Perhaps their reliance on naturally
occurring plants led to their downfall as the 23. The word “them” in line 23 refers to
climate became drier and cooler, or perhaps Homo (A) tools
habilis, with their bigger brains, were simply able (B) Homo habilis
tomake more sophisticated tools. (C) Australopithecus robustus
17. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that (D) experts
all of the following may have made and used tools
EXCEPT. 24. What does the author suggest is unclear about
(A) Australopithecus robustus Australopithecus robustus?
(B) Homo erectus (A) Whether they used tools
(C) Homo habilis (B) What they most likely ate
(D) Australopithecus robustus’ ancestors (C) Whether they are closely related to humans
(D) Why they became extinct
18. The word “extensive” in line 9 is closest in
meaning to 25. The phrase “reliance on” in line 24 is closest in
(A) numerous meaning to
(B) exposed (A) impact on
(C) ancient (B) dependence on
(D) valuable (C) tolerance of
(D) discovery of
19. Which of the following does the author
mention as the most important recent discovery 26. Where in the passage does the author mention
made in the Swartkrans cave? the materials from which tools were made?
(A) Tools (A) Lines 7-9
(B) Teeth (B) Lines 12-13
(C) Plant fossils (C) Lines 15-17
(D) Hand bones (D) Lines 21-23

20. What does the third paragraph ‘mainly Questions 27-38

discuss? The first two decades of this century were
dominated by the microbe hunters. These hunters (C) The progress of modem medical research
had tracked down one after another of the (D) The discovery of enzymes
microbes responsible for the most dreaded
scourges of many centuries: tuberculosis, cholera, 28. The word “which” in line 4 refers to
diphtheria. But there, remained some terrible (A) diseases
diseases for which no microbe could be (B) microbe
incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, rickets, beriberi. (C) cholera
Then it was discovered that these diseases were (D) diphtheria
caused by the lack of vitamins, a trace substance
in the diet. The diseases could be prevented or 29. The word “incriminated” in line 4 is closest in
cured by consuming foods that contained the meaning to
vitamins. And so in the decades of the 1920’s and (A) investigated
1930’s, nutrition became a science and the vitamin (B) blamed
hunters replaced the microbe hunters. (C) eliminated
In the 1940’s and 1950’s, biochemists strived to (D) produced
learn why each of the vitamins was essential for
health. They discovered that key enzymes in 30. Which of the following can be cured by a
metabolism depend on one or another of the change in diet?
vitamins as coenzymes to perform the chemistry (A) Tuberculosis
that provides cells with energy for growth and (B) Cholera
function. Now, these enzyme hunters occupied (C) Cystic fibrosis
center stage. (D) Pellagra
You are aware that the enzyme hunters have been
replaced by a new breed of hunters who are 31. The word “strived” in line 9 is closest in
tracking genes-the blueprints for each of the meaning to
enzymes-and are discovering the defective genes (A) failed
that cause inherited diseases-diabetes, cystic (B) tried
fibrosis. These gene hunters, or genetic engineers, (C) experimented
use recombinant DNA technology to identify and (D) studied
clone genes and introduce them into bacterial cells
and plants to create factories for the massive 32. How do vitamins influence health?
production of hormones and vaccines for medicine (A) They are necessary for some enzymes to
and for better crops for agriculture. Biotechnology function.
has become a multibillion-dollar industry. (B) They protect the body from microbes.
In view of the inexorable progress in science, we (C) They keep food from spoiling.
can expect that the gene hunters will be replaced (D) They are broken down by cells to produce
in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind energy.
of hunter will dominate the scene in the last
decade of our waning century and in the early 33. In the third paragraph, the author compares
decades of the next? I wonder whether the cells that have been genetically altered by
hunters who will occupy the spotlight will be biotechnicians to
neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the (A) gardens
enzyme and gene hunters to the functions of the (B) factories
brain: What to call them? The head hunters. I will (C) hunters
return to them later. (D) spotlights

27. What is the main topic of the passage? 34. The word “them” in line 16 refers to
(A) The microbe hunters (A) cells and plants
(B) The potential of genetic engineering (B) hormones
(C) genes
(D) gene hunters or genetic engineers
35. The phrase “occupy the spotlight” in line 22 is
closest in meaning to
(A) receive the most attention
(B) go the furthest
(C) conquer territory
(D) lighten the load
36. The author implies that the most important
medical research topic of the future will be
(A) the functions of the brain
(B) inherited diseases
(C) the operation of vitamins
(D) the structure of genes
37. Which of the following best describes the
author’stone in the last paragraph of the passage?
(A) Critical
(B) Speculative
(C) Appreciative
(D) Emotional
38. With which of the following statements would
the author be most likely to agree?
(A) The focus of medical research will change in
the next two decades.
(B) Medical breakthroughs often depend on luck.
(C) Medical research throughout the twentieth
century has been dominated by microbe hunters.
(D) Most diseases are caused by defective genes.
Questions 39-50
In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States
had tremendous natural resources that could be
exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most
of the raw materials that are valuable in the
manufacture of machinery, transportation facilities,
and consumer goods lay ready to be worked into
wealth. Iron, coal, and oil-the basic ingredients of
industrial growth-were plentiful and needed only
the application of technical expertise,
organizational skill, and labor.
One crucial development in this movement toward
industrialization was the growth of the railroads.
The railway network expanded rapidly until the
railroad map of the United States looked like a
spider’s web, with the steel filaments connecting
all important sources of raw materials, their places
of manufacture, and their centers of distribution.
The railroads contributed to the industrial growth
not only by connecting these major centers, but
also by themselves consuming enormous amounts
of fuel, iron, and coal.
Many factors influenced emerging modes of
production. For example, machine tools, the tools
used to make goods, were steadily improved in the
latter part of the nineteenth century-always with
an eye to speedier production and lower unit
costs. The products of the factories were rapidly
absorbed by the growing cities that sheltered the
workers and the distributors. The increased urban
population was nourished by the increased farm
production that, in turn, was made more
productive by the use of the new farm machinery.
American agricultural production kept up with the
urban demand and still had surpluses for sale to
the industrial centers of Europe.
The labor that ran the factories and built the
railways was recruited in part from American farm
areas where people were being displaced by farm
machinery, in part from Asia, and in part from
Europe. Europe now began to send tides of
immigrants from eastern and southern Europe-
most of whom were originally poor farmers but
who settled in American industrial cities. The
money to finance this tremendous expansion of
the American economy still came from European
financiers for the most part, but the Americans
were approaching the day when their expansion
could be financed in their own “money market.”
39. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The history of railroads in the United States
(B) The major United States industrial centers
(C) Factors that affected industrialization in the
United States
(D) The role of agriculture in the nineteenth
century
40. The word “ingredients” in line 4 is closest in
meaning to
(A) minerals
(B) products
(C) methods
(D) components
41.Why does the author mention “a spider’s web” 47. Which of the following is NOT true of United
in line 8? States farmers in the nineteenth century?
(A) To emphasize the railroad’s consumption of oil (A) They lost some jobs because of
and coal mechanization.
(B) To describe the complex structure of the (B) They were unable to produce sufficient food
railway system for urban areas.
(C) To explain the problems brought on by railway (C) They raised their productivity by using new
expansion machinery.
(D) To describe the difficulties involved in the (D) They sold food to European countries.
distribution of raw materials
48. According to the passage, what did the United
42. The word “themselves” in line 10 refers to States supply to European cities?
(A) sources (A) Machine tools
(B) centers (B) Money
(C) railroads (C) Raw materials
(D) places (D) Agricultural produce

43. According to the passage, all of the following 49. The word “ran” in line 19 is closest in meaning
were true of railroads in the United States in the to
nineteenth century EXCEPT that (A) operated
(A) they connected important industrial cities (B) hurried
(B) they were necessary to the industrialization (C) constructed
process (D) owned
(C) they were expanded in a short time
(D) they used relatively small quantities of natural 50. Where in the passage does the author mention
resources the financial aspect of industrial expansion?
(A) Lines 1-2
44. According to the passage, what was one effect (B) Lines 9-11
of the improvement of machine tools? (C) Lines 17-18
(A) Lower manufacturing costs (D) Lines 22-25
(B) Better distribution of goods
(C) More efficient transportation of natural Gak punya waktu cukup untuk menguasai
resources materi TOEFL yang banyak?
(D) A reduction in industrial jobs Kami punya solusinya dengan
kehebatan Genius TOEFL
45. According to the passage, who were the
Klik Selengkapnya
biggest consumers of manufactured products?
(A) Railway workers
(B) Farmers Pembahasan Soal Jawaban Reading
(C) City dwellers Comprehension
(D) Europeans
Questions 1-5
A distinctively American architecture began with
46. The word “nourished” in line 16 is closest in
Frank Lloyd Wright, who had taken to heart the
meaning to
admonition that form should follow function and
(A) protected
who thought of buildings not as separate
(B) fed
architectural entities but as parts of an organic
(C) housed
whole that included the land, the community, and
(D) paid
the society. In a very real way the houses of
colonial New England and some of the southern
plantations had been functional, but Wright was
the first architect to make functionalism the
authoritative principle for public as well as for
domestic buildings. As early as 1906 he built the
Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, the first of those
churches that did so much to revolutionize
ecclesiastical architecture in the United States.
Thereafter he turned his genius to such
miscellaneous structures as houses, schools, office
buildings, and factories, among them the famous
Larkin Building in Buffalo, New York, and the
Johnson Wax Company building in Racine,
Wisconsin.
Terjemahan
Arsitektur khas Amerika dimulai oleh Frank Lloyd
Wright, yang telah dikenal bahwa bentuk harus
mengikuti fungsi dan siapa yang berpikir bangunan
tidak dipisahkan oleh arsitektur tetapi sebagai
bagian keseluruhan organik yang termasuk tanah,
masyarakat, dan kumpulan masyarakat. Dalam
cara yang sangat nyata ,rumah-rumah kolonial
New England dan beberapa perkebunan Selatan
telah berfungsi, tetapi Wright adalah arsitek
pertama yang membuat fungsionalisme prinsip
otoritatif untuk umum juga domestik. Sejak 1906,
ia membangun Persatuan Candi di Oak Park,
Illinois, gereja-Gereja yang pertama dari yang
melakukan begitu banyak merevolusi arsitektur
gereja di Amerika Serikat. Kemudian
menggunakan kejeniusannya untuk struktur yang
berbeda-bedaseperti rumah, sekolah, bangunan
perkantoran dan pabrik-pabrik, di antaranya
Gedung Larkin terkenal di Buffalo, New York, dan
perusahaan bangunan Johnson Wax di Racine,
Wisconsin.
1. The phrase “taken to heart” in line 1 is closest
in meaning to which of the following?
Jawab : A → Taken seriously
Pembahasan : Frasa taken to heart adalah
bentuk ungkapan idiomatik dan memiliki arti
“melakukan dengan sepenuh hati/serius”.
2. In what way did Wright’s public buildings differ
from most of those built by earlier architects?
Jawab : D → Their designs were based on how
they would be used.
Pembahasan : Pada kalimat “…that form should
follow function…” menunjukkan bahwa desain
seharusnya berdasarkan pada fungsinya, untuk
apa nantinya bangunan itu digunakan dan
jawaban yang demikian ditemukan di pilihan D.
3. The author mentions the Unity Temple because,
it
Jawab : B → influenced the architecture of
subsequent churches
Pembahasan : Pada kalimat “…the first of those
churches that did so much to revolutionize
ecclesiastical architecture in the United States”
menyatakan bahwa bangunan itu sangat
mempengaruhi desain bangunan-bangunan
selanjutnya. Jawaban yang mengandung ide
serupa ada pada pilihan B.
4. The passage mentions that all of the following
structures were built by Wright EXCEPT
Jawab : D → southern plantations
Pembahasan : Pada kalimat terakhir jelas bahwa
offices, factories dan public building, termasuk
churches adalah karyanya. Sedangkan South
Plantations bukanlah hasil karyanya karena sudah
didesain oleh orang terdahulu seperti yang
disebutkan dalam bacaan.
5. Which of the following statements best reflects
one of Frank Lloyd Wright’s architectural
principles?
Jawab : C → A building should fit into its
surroundings.
Pembahasan : Kalimat “…as parts of an organic
whole that included the land, the community, and
the society” menyatakan bahwa bangunan
seharusnya dianggap sebagai bagian dari
keseluruhan lingkungan dan masyarakat sekitarnya
sehingga dengan kata lain bangunan tersebut
harus sesuai dengan lingkungannya.
Questions 6-16
There are two basic types of glaciers, those that
flow outward in all directions with little regard for
any underlying terrain and those that are confined
by terrain to a particular path.
The first category of glaciers includes those
massive blankets that cover whole continents,
appropriately called ice sheets. There must be over
50,000 square kilometers of land covered with ice
for the glacier to qualify as an ice sheet. When
portions of an ice sheet spread out over the ocean,
they form ice shelves.
About 20,000 years ago the Cordilleran Ice Sheet
covered nearly all the mountains in southern
Alaska, western Canada, and the western United
States. It was about 3 kilometers deep at its
thickest point in northern Alberta. Now there are
only two sheets left on Earth, those covering
Greenland and Antarctica.
Any domelike body of ice that also flows out in all
directions but covers less than 50,000 square
kilometers is called an ice cap. Although ice caps
are rare nowadays, there are a number in
northeastern Canada, on Baffin Island, and on the
Queen Elizabeth Islands.
The second category of glaciers includes those of a
variety of shapes and sizes generally called
mountain or alpine glaciers. Mountain glaciers are
typically identified by the landform that controls
their flow. One form of mountain glacier that
resembles an ice cap in that it flows outward in
several directions is called an ice field. The
difference between an ice field and an ice cap is
subtle. Essentially, the flow of an ice field is
somewhat controlled by surrounding terrain and
thus does not have the domelike shape of a cap.
There are several ice fields in the Wrangell. St.
Elias, and Chugach mountains of Alaska and
northern British Columbia.
Less spectacular than large ice fields are the most
common types of mountain glaciers: the cirque
and valley glaciers. Cirque glaciers are found in
depressions in the surface of the land and have a
characteristic circular shape. The ice of valley
glaciers, bound by terrain, flows down valleys,
curves around their corners, and falls over cliffs.
Terjemahan
Ada dua jenis dasar gletser, yang mengalir ke luar
dalam semua arah dengan kurang memperhatikan
setiap daerah yang mendasari dan orang-orang
yang dibatasi oleh medan untuk suatu jalan
tertentu.
Kategori pertama gletser mencakup selimut yang
besar yang mencakup seluruh benua, tepat
disebut lembaran es. Harus ada lebih dari 50.000
kilometer persegi tanah yang ditutupi dengan es
untuk gletser untuk memenuhi syarat sebagai
lembar es.
Ketika bagian dari lembaran es menyebar
samudera, mereka membentuk es rak. Sekitar
20.000 tahun yang lalu Cordilleran es lembar
meliputi hampir semua pegunungan di Alaska
Selatan, Kanada Barat dan barat Amerika Serikat.
Itu adalah sekitar 3 kilometer yang mendalam
pada titik tertebal di northern Alberta. Sekarang
yang ada hanya dua lembar yang tersisa di dunia,
orang-orang yang meliputi Greenland dan
Antartika.
Badan domelike es yang juga mengalir keluar di
segala penjuru tetapi mencakup kurang dari
50.000 kilometer persegi yang disebut topi es.
Meskipun ice caps langka saat ini, ada beberapa di
timur laut Kanada, Baffin Island, dan di Kepulauan
Ratu Elizabeth.
Kategori kedua gletser termasuk orang-orang dari
berbagai bentuk dan ukuran yang umumnya
disebut gunung atau alpine gletser. Gunung
gletser biasanya diidentifikasi dengan bentang
alam yang mengendalikan aliran mereka. Salah
satu bentuk gunung gletser yang menyerupai topi
es yang mengalir ke luar dalam beberapa arah
disebut medan es. Perbedaan antara medan es
dan topi es halus. Pada dasarnya, arus medan es
agak dikendalikan oleh daerah sekitarnya dan
dengan demikian tidak memiliki bentuk seperti
topi. Ada beberapa bidang es di Wrangell. St Elias,
dan pegunungan Chugach di Alaska dan British
Columbia Utara.
Kurang spektakuler daripada besar es bidang yang
paling umum jenis gunung gletser: cirque dan
lembah gletser. Cirque gletser ditemukan dalam
depresi di permukaan tanah dan memiliki bentuk
melingkar yang khas. Es lembah gletser, terikat
oleh daerah, mengalir ke lembah, kurva yang
disudut-sudut mereka dan jatuh diatas tebing.
6. What does the passage mainly discuss?
Jawab : D → The different kinds of glaciers
Pembahasan : Ide pokok teks di atas dapat
ditemukan pada paragraf pertama kalimat pertama
yang menjelaskan dua jenis gletser yang berbeda
dan selanjutnya masing-masing dijelaskan lebih
lanjut pada paragraf berikutnya.
7. The word “massive” in line 3 is closest in
meaning to
Jawab : A → huge
Pembahasan : Padanan kata massive adalah
huge (sangat besar).
8. It can be inferred that ice sheets are so named
for which of the following reasons?
Jawab : B → They cover large areas of land.
Pembahasan : Frasa whole continents pada
kalimat those massive blankets that cover whole
continents appropriately called ice sheet
menunjukkan bahwa daratan yang tertutup gletser
mencakup wilayah yang sangat luas, hampir
keseluruhan daratan.
9. According to the passage, ice shelves can be
found
Jawab : C → spreading into the ocean
Pembahasan : Jawaban dapat ditemukan pada
kalimat terakhir paragraf kedua bahwa jika ice
sheet tersebar (spread out) di lautan akan
terbentuk ice shelves.
10. According to the passage, where was the
Cordilleran Ice Sheet thickest?
Jawab : C → Alberta
Pembahasan : Jawaban dapat ditemukan pada
baris ke-8: it was about 3 kilometers deep at its
thickest point in northern Alberta.
11. The word “rare” in line 11 is closest in meaning
to
Jawab : B → unusual
Pembahasan : Rare berarti jarang atau tidak
biasa ditemukan sehingga jawaban yang paling
mendekati arti dari rare adalah unusual.
12. According to the passage (paragraph 5), ice
fields resemble ice caps in which of the following
ways?
Jawab : B → Their flow
Pembahasan : Kalimat Mountain glaciers are
typically identified by the landform that controls
their flow dan dijelaskan lebih lanjut pada kalimat
One form of mountain glacier that resembles an
ice cap in that it flows outward in several
directions is called an ice field menunjukkan
bahwa pembentukan ice caps dipengaruhi oleh
alirannya (their flow).
13. The word “it” in line 15 refers to
Jawab : A → glacier
Pembahasan : It pada kalimat di atas merujuk
pada mountain glacier atau gletser.
14. The word ”subtle” in line 16 is closest in
meaning to
Jawab : A → slight
Pembahasan : Padanan kata subtle adalah slight
yang keduanya memiliki arti “tipis, halus, atau
sedikit”.
15. All of the following are alpine glaciers EXCEPT
Jawab : B → ice caps
Pembahasan : Jenis alpine/mountain glacier
adalah ice fields, cirque glaciers dan valley glaciers
yang semuanya dipengaruhi oleh aliran dan tidak
memiliki domelike cap seperti ice caps.
16. Which of the following types of glaciers does
the author use to illustrate the two basic types of
glaciers mentioned in line 1?
Jawab : D → Ice sheets and mountain glaciers
Pembahasan : Ada dua jenis gletser yaitu ice
sheet yang mengalir keluar ke segala arah dan
mountain glacier yang arah alirannya terbatas
hanya di aliran tertentu.
Questions 17-26
Tools and hand bones excavated from the
Swartkrans cave complex in South Africa suggest
that a close relative of early humans known as
Australopithecus robustus may have made and
used primitive tools long before the species
became extinct 1 million Line years ago. It may
even have made and used primitive tools long
before humanity’s direct ancestor, Homo habilis, or
“handy man,” began doing so. Homo habilis and
its successor, Homo erectus, coexisted with
Australopithecus robustus on the plains of South
Africa for more than a million years.
The Swartkrans cave in South Africa has been
under excavation since the 1940’s. The earliest
fossil-containing layers of sedimentary rock in the
cave date from about 1.9 million years ago and
contain extensive remains of animals, primitive
tools, and two or more species of apelike
hominids. The key recent discovery involved bones
from the hand of Australopithecus robustus, the
first time such bones have been found.
The most important feature of the
Australopithecus robustus hand was the pollical
distal thumb tip, the last bone in the thumb. The
bone had an attachment point for a “uniquely
human” muscle, the flexor pollicis longus, that had
previously been found only in more recent
ancestors. That muscle gave Australopithecus
robustutJ an opposable thumb, a feature that
would allow them to grip objects, including tools.
The researchers also found primitive bone and
stone implements, especially digging tools, in the
same layers of sediments.
Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built-
more “robust” in anthropological terms-than their
successors. They had broad faces, heavy jaws,
and massive crushing and grinding teeth that were
used for eating hard fruits, seeds, and fibrous
underground plant parts. They walked upright,
which would have allowed them to carry and use
tools. Most experts had previously believed that
Homo habilis were able to supplant
Australopithecus robustus because the former’s
ability to use tools gave them an innate
superiority. The discovery that Australopithecus
robustus also used tools means that researchers
will have to seek other explanations for their
extinction. Perhaps their reliance on naturally
occurring plants led to their downfall as the
climate became drier and cooler, or perhaps Homo
habilis, with their bigger brains, were simply able
tomake more sophisticated tools.
Terjemahan
Alat dan tulang tangan yang digali dari kompleks
gua Swartkrans di Afrika Selatan telah menjadi
informasi bahwa kerabat dekat awal manusia yang
dikenal sebagai Australopithecus robustus telah
dibuat dan alat primitif telah digunakan jauh
sebelum spesies punah 1 juta tahun lalu. Bahkan
mungkin alat primitif telah dibuat dan digunakan
jauh sebelum leluhur manusia langsung, Homo
habilis atau ‘manusia pembantu’ mulai
melakukannya. Homo habilis dan penerusnya,
Homo erectus berdampingan dengan
Australopithecus robustus di dataran Afrika Selatan
selama lebih dari satu juta tahun.
Gua Swartkrans di Afrika Selatan telah di bawah
penggalian sejak tahun 1940-an. Fosil pertama
yang mengandung lapisan batuan sedimen di gua
berasal dari sekitar 1,9 juta tahun yang lalu dan
berisi bangkai binatang, alat-alat primitif, dan dua
atau lebih spesies hominid yang seprti kera.
Penemuan baru-baru ini menemukan tulang dari
tangan Australopithecus robustus, pertama kalinya
seperti tulang telah ditemukan sebelumnya.
Fitur yang paling penting dari tangan
Australopithecus robustus adalah ujung jari distal
pollical, tulang di jempol. Tulang itu memiliki titik
lanjutan untuk otot ’manusia unik ’, otot flexor
pollicis longus, yang sebelumnya telah ditemukan
hanya di jaman nenek-moyang yang terdahulu.
Otot yang memberikan Australopithecus robustut
jempol, bengkak fitur yang akan memungkinkan
mereka untuk mencengkeram objek, termasuk
alat. Para peneliti juga menemukan tulang primitif
dan alat-alat batu, terutama menggali alat-alat,
pada lapisan sedimen yang sama.
Australopithecus robustus yang lebih berat
dibangun-lebih ’kuat’ dalam antropologi-daripada
penerus mereka. Mereka memiliki wajah yang
lebar, jaws berat, dan dapat penghancur besar
dan penggilingan gigi yang digunakan untuk
makan buah-buahan yang keras, benih, dan
bagian berserat bawah tanah tanaman. Mereka
berjalan tegak, yang akan memungkinkan mereka
untuk membawa dan menggunakan alat-alat.
Kebanyakan ahli sebelumnya telah percaya bahwa
Homo habilis mampu menggantikan
Australopithecus robustus karena lebih dahulu
mampu untuk menggunakan alat-alat memberi
mereka keunggulan bawaan. Penemuan bahwa
Australopithecus robustus juga menggunakan alat
berarti bahwa para peneliti harus mencari
penjelasan lain untuk kepunahan mereka. Mungkin
mereka ketergantungan pada tanaman alami yang
menyebabkan kejatuhan mereka sebagai iklim
menjadi pengering dan pendingin, atau mungkin
Homo habilis, dengan otak mereka yang lebih
besar, yang hanya dapat membuat alat-alat yang
lebih canggih.
17. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that
all of the following may have made and used tools
EXCEPT
Jawab : D → Australopithecus robustus’
ancestors
Pembahasan : Paragraf di atas menjelaskan
bahwa alat-alat primitif itu mulai digunakan oleh
Australophitecus robustus bersama-sama dengan
Homo Habilis dan penerusnya, Homo erectus.
Berarti yang bukan adalah nenek moyang
Australophitecus robustus.
18. The word “extensive” in line 9 is
Jawab : A → numerous
Pembahasan : Extensive memiliki arti luas atau
dalam jumlah besar sehingga kata yang paling
dekat artinya dengan kata tersebut adalah
numerous.
19. Which of the following does the author
mention as the most important recent discovery
made in the Swartkrans cave?
Jawab : D → Hand bones
Pembahasan : Jawaban tersebut bisa dilihat pada
paragraf 2 kalimat The key recent discovery
involved bones from the hand of Australopithecus
robustus, the first time such bones have been
found yang menyatakan bahwa penemuan yang
paling penting adalah hand bones.
20. What does the third paragraph ‘mainly
discuss?
Jawab : A → Features of Australopithecus
robustus’ hand
Pembahasan : Jawaban sangat jelas ditemukan
pada kalimat pertama paragraf tersebut yaitu
membahas tentang ciri (feature) dari
Australopithecus robustus.
21. It can be inferred from the description in the
last paragraph that Australopithecus robustus was
so named because of the species’
Jawab : C → build
Pembahasan : Paragraf 4 kalimat pertama,
Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built-
more “robust” in anthropological terms-than their
successors menjelaskan bahwa kata robustus
berasal dari robust, istilah antropologi yang
merujuk pada perawakan atau bentuk fisik (build)
dengan ciri-ciri yang dijelaskan pada kalimat
selanjutnya.
22. The word “supplant” in line 22 is closest in
meaning to
Jawab : B → displace
Pembahasan : Kata supplant memiliki arti
“menggantikan” sehingga kata yang paling dekat
artinya dengan kata tersebut pada pilihan yang
tersedia adalah displace (menggantikan).
23. The word “them” in line 23 refers to
Jawab : B → Homo habilis
Pembahasan : Them pada kalimat tersebut
merujuk pada subjek yang disebutkan sebelumnya
yaitu Homo habilis.
24. What does the author suggest is unclear about
Australopithecus robustus?
Jawab : D → Why they became extinct
Pembahasan : Jawaban tersebut bisa ditemukan
pada paragraf terakhir kalimat The discovery that
Australopithecus robustus also used tools means
that researchers will have to seek other
explanations for their extinction yang
menyarankan kepada para peneliti untuk mencari
sebab-sebab lain kepunahan jenis manusia primitif
tersebut.
25. The phrase “reliance on” in line 24 is closest in
meaning to
Jawab : B → dependence on
Pembahasan : Reliance on memiliki arti
kebergantungan yang bersesuaian dengan kata
dependence on (ketergantungan).
26. Where in the passage does the author mention
the materials from which tools were made?
Jawab : C → Lines 15-17
Pembahasan : Penulis menyebutkan beberapa alat
serta asal bahannya pada baris 15-17: “…an
opposable thumb, a feature that would allow them
to grip objects, including tools. The researchers
also found primitive bone and stone implements,
especially digging tools, in the same layers of
sediments.” Yaitu bentuk tulang yang
memungkinkan mereka mencengkeram alat dan
alat dari batu untuk peralatan menggali.
Questions 27-38
The first two decades of this century were
dominated by the microbe hunters. These hunters
had tracked down one after another of the
microbes responsible for the most dreaded
scourges of many centuries: tuberculosis, cholera,
diphtheria. But there, remained some terrible
diseases for which no microbe could be
incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, rickets, beriberi.
Then it was discovered that these diseases were
caused by the lack of vitamins, a trace substance
in the diet. The diseases could be prevented or
cured by consuming foods that contained the
vitamins. And so in the decades of the 1920’s and
1930’s, nutrition became a science and the vitamin
hunters replaced the microbe hunters.
In the 1940’s and 1950’s, biochemists strived to
learn why each of the vitamins was essential for
health. They discovered that key enzymes in
metabolism depend on one or another of the
vitamins as coenzymes to perform the chemistry
that provides cells with energy for growth and
function. Now, these enzyme hunters occupied
center stage.
You are aware that the enzyme hunters have been
replaced by a new breed of hunters who are
tracking genes-the blueprints for each of the
enzymes-and are discovering the defective genes
that cause inherited diseases-diabetes, cystic
fibrosis. These gene hunters, or genetic engineers,
use recombinant DNA technology to identify and
clone genes and introduce them into bacterial cells
and plants to create factories for the massive
production of hormones and vaccines for medicine
and for better crops for agriculture. Biotechnology
has become a multibillion-dollar industry.
In view of the inexorable progress in science, we
can expect that the gene hunters will be replaced
in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind
of hunter will dominate the scene in the last
decade of our waning century and in the early
decades of the next? I wonder whether the
hunters who will occupy the spotlight will be
neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the
enzyme and gene hunters to the functions of the
brain: What to call them? The head hunters. I will
return to them later.
Terjemahan
Dua dekade pertama di abad ini didominasi oleh
pemburu mikroba. Pemburu ini telah melacak satu
demi satu mikroba yang bertanggung jawab untuk
penyakit paling ditakuti selama berabad-abad:
tuberkulosis, kolera, difteri. Tapi masih ada
beberapa penyakit mengerikan yang mikroba tidak
bisa menyerang: penyakit kudis, pellagra, rickets,
beri-beri. Kemudian ditemukan bahwa penyakit ini
disebabkan oleh kekurangan vitamin, bahan
makanan untuk diet. Penyakit ini dapat dicegah
atau disembuhkan dengan mengkonsumsi
makanan yang mengandung vitamin. Jadi pada
dekade tahun 1920-an dan tahun 1930-an, gizi
menjadi sebuah ilmu dan pemburu vitamin
digantikan pemburu mikroba.
Di tahun 1940-an dan 1950-an, ilmuwan berusaha
untuk mempelajari mengapa setiap vitamin sangat
penting untuk kesehatan. Mereka menemukan
bahwa kunci enzim dalam metabolisme tergantung
pada satu sama lain dari vitamin sebagai koenzim
untuk menghasilkan kimia yang menyediakan sel
dengan energi untuk pertumbuhan dan fungsinya.
Sekarang, pemburu enzim ini menduduki peringkat
atas.
Kalian menyadari bahwa pemburu enzim
digantikan oleh generasi baru para pemburu yang
melacak gen- biru untuk masing-masing enzim-
dan menemukan kecacatan gen penyebab
penyakit-diabetes, cystic fibrosis. Pemburu gen ini,
atau genetik insinyur, menggunakan teknologi
kombinasi DNA untuk mengidentifikasi dan
mengkloning gen dalam sel bakteri dan tanaman
untuk membuat pabrik-pabrik untuk produksi
besar-besaran hormon dan vaksin untuk obat dan
untuk tanaman yang lebih baik untuk pertanian.
Bioteknologi telah menjadi multibillion-dolar
industri.
Dari pandangan yang tak terelakkan tentang
kemajuan di bidang ilmu pengetahuan ini, kita
berharap gen pemburu akan diganti secepatnya.
Kapan dan oleh siapa? Jenis hunter yang mana
yang akan mendominasi dalam dekade terakhir
abad ini dan pada awal dekade berikutnya? Aku
bertanya-tanya apakah para pemburu yang akan
menempati sorotan akan neurobiologists yang
menerapkan teknik enzim dan gen pemburu fungsi
otak: Disebut apa mereka itu? Kepala pemburu.
Aku akan kembali kepada mereka nanti.
27. What is the main topic of the passage?
Jawab : C → The progress of modem medical
research
Pembahasan : Ide pokok bacaan di atas adalah
perkembangan penelitian medis modern, mulai
dari microbe hunters, enzyme hunters hingga gene
hunters yang masing-masing selanjutnya
dijelaskan dengan lebih detil.
28. The word “which” in line 3 refers to
Jawab : A → diseases
Pembahasan : Which pada kalimat tersebut
merujuk pada penyakit-penyakit serius (terrible
diseases) yang tidak bisa dilawan oleh mikroba.
29. The word “incriminated” in line 4 is closest in
meaning to
Jawab : B → blamed
Pembahasan : Incriminate memiliki arti
“menyalahkan” sehingga yang paling tepat di
antara pilihan tersebut adalah blamed yang
memiliki makna yang sama.
30. Which of the following can be cured by a
change in diet?
Jawab : D → Pellagra
Pembahasan : Berdasarkan paragraf pertama baris
4, beberapa penyakit yang dapat disembuhkan
melalui perubahan pola makan yang lebih sehat,
yaitu makanan yang banyak mengandung vitamin
seperti scurvy, pellagra, rickets dan beriberi.
31. The word “strived” in line 8 is closest in
meaning to
Jawab : B → tried
Pembahasan : Strived memiliki kesamaan arti
dengan attempt, try, dan make effort yang
semuanya berarti berusaha atau berjuang.
32. How do vitamins influence health?
Jawab : A → They are necessary for some
enzymes to function.
Pembahasan : Fungsi vitamin terhadap kesehatan
tubuh adalah untuk membantu enzim (sebagai
coenzyme) untuk menghasilkan kimia yang
meyediakan sel dengan energi untuk pertumbuhan
dan fungsinya. Penjelasan ini dapat dilihat pada
baris ke 9-11.
33. In the third paragraph, the author compares
cells that have been genetically altered by
biotechnicians to
Jawab : B → factories
Pembahasan : Jawaban bisa ditemukan pada
baris 14-17 yang membandingkan sel-sel yang
dihasilkan oleh ahli biologi melalui recombinant
DNA dengan sel-sel bakteri dan tanaman yang
menciptakan pabrik-pabrik untuk memproduksi
hormon dan vaksin.
34. The word “them” in line 15 refers to
Jawab : C → genes
Pembahasan : Them pada kalimat tersebut
mengacu pada gen yang diidentifikasi dan
dikloning melalui rekombinan DNA.
35. The phrase “occupy the spotlight” in line 21 is
closest in meaning to
Jawab : A → receive the most attention
Pembahasan : Occupy the spotlight memiliki arti
“mendapatkan tempat yang dapat menarik
perhatian banyak orang” sehingga ungkapan yang
paling dekat untuk menggantikan frasa tersebut
adalah receive the most attention.
36. The author implies that the most important
medical research topic of the future will be
Jawab : A → the functions of the brain
Pembahasan : Jawaban dapat ditemukan pada
paragraf terkahir yang menyatakan bahwa penulis
berasumsi pada masa yang akan datang, yang
menjadi sorotan utama adalah mereka yang
menerapkan teknik pemburu-pemburu sebelumnya
dengan fungsi otak sehingga fungsi otak
diramalkan mejadi isu utama nantinya.
37. Which of the following best describes the
author’stone in the last paragraph of the passage?
Jawab : B → Speculative
Pembahasan : Nada yang tersirat dari
pernyataan-pernyataannya adalah spekulatif. Ini
jelas terlihat dari pernyataannya pada paragraf
terakhir di empat baris terakhir bahwa ia pun ingin
tahu mana nantinya yang akan menguasai isu
penelitian medis. Di sini ia memprediksi bahwa
mereka yang mampu menggabungkan temuan
yang sudah ada dan mengaitkannya dengan otak
manusia. Namun ia belum bisa mengambil
kesimpulan dengan pasti karena belum terjadi.
38.With which of the following statements would
the author be most likely to agree?
Jawab : A → The focus of medical research will
change in the next two decades.
Pembahasan : Pernyataan penulis pada kalimat
Which kind of hunter will dominate the scene in
the last decade of our waning century and in the
early decades of the next? menyiratkan bahwa ia
berpendapat bahwa akan terjadi perubahan fokus
penelitian medis pada dua dekade mendatang
yang akan mendominasi ranah penelitian.
Questions 39-50
In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States
had tremendous natural resources that could be
exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most
of the raw materials that are valuable in the
manufacture of machinery, transportation facilities,
and consumer goods lay ready to be worked into
wealth. Iron, coal, and oil-the basic ingredients of
industrial growth-were plentiful and needed only
the application of technical expertise,
organizational skill, and labor.
One crucial development in this movement toward
industrialization was the growth of the railroads.
The railway network expanded rapidly until the
railroad map of the United States looked like a
spider’s web, with the steel filaments connecting
all important sources of raw materials, their places
of manufacture, and their centers of distribution.
The railroads contributed to the industrial growth
not only by connecting these major centers, but
also by themselves consuming enormous amounts
of fuel, iron, and coal.
Many factors influenced emerging modes of
production. For example, machine tools, the tools
used to make goods, were steadily improved in the
latter part of the nineteenth century-always with
an eye to speedier production and lower unit
costs. The products of the factories were rapidly
absorbed by the growing cities that sheltered the
workers and the distributors. The increased urban
population was nourished by the increased farm
production that, in turn, was made more
productive by the use of the new farm machinery.
American agricultural production kept up with the
urban demand and still had surpluses for sale to
the industrial centers of Europe.
The labor that ran the factories and built the
railways was recruited in part from American farm
areas where people were being displaced by farm
machinery, in part from Asia, and in part from
Europe. Europe now began to send tides of
immigrants from eastern and southern Europe-
most of whom were originally poor farmers but
who settled in American industrial cities. The
money to finance this tremendous expansion of
the American economy still came from European
financiers for the most part, but the Americans
were approaching the day when their expansion
could be financed in their own “money market.”
Terjemahan
Pada pertengahan abad kesembilan belas, Amerika
Serikat memiliki sumber daya alam besar yang
dapat dieksploitasi untuk mengembangkan industri
berat. Sebagian besar bahan baku yang berharga
dalam pembuatan mesin, fasilitas transportasi, dan
barang-barang konsumen siap untuk bekerja. Besi,
batubara dan minyak- bahan dasar pertumbuhan
industri-yang berlimpah dan diperlukan hanya oleh
keahlian teknis, keterampilan organisasi dan
tenaga kerja.
Salah satu perkembangan penting dalam gerakan
menuju industrialisasi adalah pembuatan rel kereta
api. Jaringan kereta api berkembang pesat sampai
peta kereta api Amerika Serikat tampak seperti
seekor jaring laba-laba, dengan filamen baja yang
menghubungkan semua sumber bahan baku
penting, tempat pembuatan dan pusat-pusat
distribusi. Rel kereta api memberikan kontribusi
terhadap pertumbuhan industri yang tidak hanya
dengan menghubungkan pusat-pusat utama ini,
tetapi juga dengan mengkonsumsi jumlah besar
bahan bakar, besi, dan batu bara.
Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi munculnya
modus produksi. Sebagai contoh, mesin perkakas,
alat-alat yang digunakan untuk membuat barang-
barang, terus ditingkatkan di bagian terakhir abad
ke-19 dengan pandangan untuk memproduksi
yang lebih cepat dan biaya unit yang lebih rendah.
Produk-produk dari pabrik dengan cepat diserap
oleh kota-kota berkembang yang lebih
banyak pekerja dan distributor. Peningkatan
populasi urban dipelihara oleh peningkatan
produksi pertanian yang, pada gilirannya, dibuat
lebih produktif dengan menggunakan mesin
pertanian baru. Produksi pertanian Amerika terus
meningkatkan permintaan perkotaan dan masih
memiliki surplus dijual ke pusat-pusat industri
Eropa.
Tenaga kerja yang mengendalikan pabrik dan
membangun jalur kereta api direkrut sebagian dari
daerah pertanian Amerika di mana orang-orang
yang digantikan oleh mesin pertanian, sebagian
dari Asia, dan sebagian dari Eropa. Eropa sekarang
dimulai untuk mengirim gelombang imigran dari
Timur dan Eropa Selatan -sebagian besar adalah
petani yang awalnya miskin tapi yang menetap di
kota-kota industri Amerika. Uang untuk membiayai
ekspansi ini luar biasa, ekonomi Amerika masih
berasal dari dana Eropa untuk sebagian besar, tapi
Amerika yang mendekati hari ketika perluasan bisa
dibiayai dengan ‘uang pasar sendiri.
39. What does the passage mainly discuss?
Jawab : C → Factors that affected industrialization
in the United States
Pembahasan : Bacaan tersebut terutama
membahas faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi
industrialisasi di AS yang antara lain mencakup
perkemabangan rel kereta api, peralatan mesin
dan tenaga kerja.
40. The word “ingredients” in line 4 is closest in
meaning to
Jawab : D → components
Pembahasan : Kata ingredients mempunyai arti
bahan, unsur, komponen, atau elemen yang
membentuk sesuatu. Maka jawaban yang paling
tepat adalah components.
41. Why does the author mention “a spider’s web”
in line 8?
Jawab : B → To describe the complex structure of
the railway system
Pembahasan : Istilah spider’s web
menggambarkan rumitnya susunan sistem rel
kereta api pada waktu itu seperti jaring laba-laba.
42. The word “themselves” in line 10 refers to
Jawab : C → railroads
Pembahasan : Them pada kalimat tersebut
mengacu pada jalan kereta api itu sendiri yang
berkontribusi tidak hanya dalam menghubungkan
kota-kota penting tetapi juga karena kereta itu
sendiri mengonsumsi bahan bakar.
43. According to the passage, all of the following
were true of railroads in the United States in the
nineteenth century EXCEPT that
Jawab : D → they used relatively small quantities
of natural resources.
Pembahasan : Berdasarkan informasi pada
paragraf 2, jalur kereta api berkembang sangat
cepat hingga menyerupai jaring laba-laba,
menghubungkan pusat-pusat kota industri di
negara itu serta berkontribusi besar dalam
pertumbuhan industri. Oleh karena itu jawaban
yang tidak benar adalah pilihan D karena
berlawanan dengan fakta yang ada.
44. According to the passage, what was one effect
of the improvement of machine tools?
Jawab : A → Lower manufacturing costs
Pembahasan : Karena perkembangan peralatan
mesin yang mulai menggantikan tenaga manusia
menjadikan biaya produksi mejadi lebih rendah.
45. According to the passage, who were the
biggest consumers of manufactured products?
Jawab : C → City dwellers
Pembahasan : Kalimat The increased urban
population was nourished by the increased farm
production that, in turn, was made more
productive by the use of the new farm machinery
menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara pesatnya
pertumbuhan penduduk perkotaan dan produksi
peralatan yang dibutuhkan oleh penduduk
tersebut. Dengan kata lain permintaan terbesar
berasal dari penduduk kota yang terus
berkembang.
46. The word “nourished” in line 16 is closest in
meaning to
Jawab : B → fed
Pembahasan : Kata nourished memiliki
kesamaan arti dengan fed yang bermakna disuplai,
disediakan atau dipenuhi.
47. Which of the following is NOT true of United
States farmers in the nineteenth century?
Jawab : B → They were unable to produce
sufficient food for urban areas
Pembahasan : Pengaruh dari industrialisasi
adalah peningkatan produksi karena
perkembangan peralatan yang ada hingga bisa
menjualnya ke daratan Eropa. Namun hal ini juga
berdampak pada pengurangan tenaga kerja yang
telah digantikan oleh mesin dengan perbandingan
biaya produksi yang jauh lebih rendah. Oleh
karena itu jawaban yang tidak sesuai dengan
kenyataan di atas adalah jawaban B.
48. According to the passage, what did the United
States supply to European cities?
Jawab : D → Agricultural produce
Pembahasan : Jawaban dapat ditemukan di
kalimat terakhir paragraf 3 bahwa American
agricultural production kept up with the urban
demand and still had surpluses for sale to the
industrial centers of Europe.
49. The word “ran” in line 19 is closest in meaning
to
Jawab : A → operated
Pembahasan : Run mempunyai arti menjalankan
atau mengoperasikan sehingga jawaban yang
paling tepat adalah operated.

50. Where in the passage does the author mention

the financial aspect of industrial expansion?
Jawab : D → Lines 22-25
Pembahasan : Pada baris 22-25 dijelaskan
bahwa perkembangan industri telah merambah
sampai daratan Eropa dengan adanya arus migrasi
di daratan itu dan berkontribusi besar dalam
menyokong pembiayaan perkembangan industri di
Amerika karena sebagai konsumen mayoritas bagi
negara itu.