CHAPTER 4 : MACROSCOPIC

DISPLACEMENT OF FLUIDS IN
RESERVOIR
Enhanced Oil Recovery (1998)
Don W. Green ; G. Paul Willhite

1
 CHAPTER CONTENT

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Volumetric Displacement Efficiency & Material
Balance
4.3 Volumetric Displacement Efficiency Expressed as
the Product of Areal & Vertical Displacement
Efficiencies
4.4 Definition & Discussion of Mobility Ratio
4.5 Areal Displacement Efficiency
4.6 Vertical Displacement Efficiency
4.7 Volumetric Displacement Efficiency

2
 4.1 Introduction

4 factors govern reservoir contact

during displacement process
PV yet to be
PV affected by
affected by
injected fluid injected fluid

1. Injected fluid 2. Displaced fluid

PV affected by injected fluid properties properties
Volumetric Sweep =
Reservoir PV

E = Ev x E D
Where
E = overall HC displacement efficiency
EV = macroscopic displacement efficiency 3. Reservoir rock 4. Injection geometry
ED = microscopic displacement efficiency properties & production pattern

3
 4.2 VDE & Material Balance

➢ VDE often used to estimate oil recovery by using the material balance concept
Np
Injector Producer Injector Producer
well well well well

Vp Vp

So1 Bo1 So2 Bo2

N1

Before displacement After displacement

Situation 1: Situation 2:
Assuming piston like displacement Waterflood recovery data available & reservoir
producing under solution-gas drive
𝑆𝑜1 𝑆𝑜2
𝑁𝑝 = − 𝑉𝐸 𝑁𝑝 𝐵𝑜
𝐵𝑜1 𝐵𝑜2 𝑝 𝑉 𝑁𝑝 1− 1−
𝐸𝑉 = 𝑁 𝐵𝑜𝑖
𝑆𝑜1 𝑆𝑜2 𝐸𝑉 =
𝑁𝑝 𝑉𝑝 − 𝑆
= 𝐸𝐷 𝐸𝑉 Fractional recovery 𝐵𝑜1 𝐵𝑜2 1 − 𝑜𝑟𝑤
𝑁1 𝑆𝑜𝑖
Due to assumptions made to the above equations, it cannot be
determined if the entire area or only partial area has been
4 swept
 4.3 VDE = Areal x Vertical

Ideal reservoir : Uniform porosity, thickness & HC saturation

Vertical Displacement Areal Displacement
Layer 1 ➢ Independent estimates
Layer 2 of EP (or EA) and EI are
EI EA Layer 2 required.
Layer 3
Layer 4
➢ In practice, EV is
determined by
application of
EV = EA x EI appropriate correlations
or mathematical models
Real reservoir : Vary porosity, thickness & HC saturation based on 3D systems.
Vertical Displacement Areal Displacement
Layer 1
➢ EA & EI are strongly
Layer 2
influenced by mobility
EI EP Layer 2 ratio, M.
Layer 3
Layer 4

Pattern sweep efficiency:

EV = E P x E I Corrected on thickness, porosity & saturation 5
 4.4 Mobility Ratio

Fluid Mobility Mobility Ratio

➢ Defined as its relative ➢ Defined as the mobility of displacing fluid divided by the mobility
permeability divided by its of displaced fluid
viscosity 𝜆𝐷 Displacing fluid mobility
𝑘𝑖 𝑀= =
𝜆𝑖 = 𝜆𝑑 Displaced fluid mobility
𝜇𝑖
➢ Is an important parameter:
➢ Combines rock property, i. Affects both areal & vertical sweep
permeability, fluid property & • M increases, sweep decreases
fluid viscosity ii. Affects stability of displacement process

Areal sweep
M Ratio efficiency (%) at Dominant Fluid
breakthrough
< 70 % Water move
>1 Unfavorable
(Decreases sharply) easier than oil
Oil & water move
=1 Neutral ≈ 70%
equally well
> 70 % Oil move easier
<1 Favorable
(Increases slightly) than water
6
 4.5 Areal Displacement Eff.

➢ Volumetric sweep is expressed as product of areal and vertical sweep.

➢ Areal sweep is dependent of vertical sweep and vice versa.
➢ Areal displacement efficiency, EA = swept area / total area.

7
 4.5 Areal Displacement Eff.

➢ When oil is produced from patterns of injectors and producers, the flow is
such that only part of the area is swept at breakthrough. The expansion of
the water bank (displacing fluid) is initially radial from the injector but
eventually is focused at the producer.

- producer

- injector

Unswept area

Swept area

➢ The pattern is illustrated for a direct line drive at a mobility ratio of unity,
M= 1. At breakthrough, a considerable area of the reservoir is unswept.
8
 4.5 Areal Displacement Eff.

Parameters Affecting Areal

Displacement Efficiency
➢ Injection/production well pattern
➢ Reservoir permeability heterogeneity
➢ Mobility ratio
➢ Gravity & viscous forces

Injection/production well pattern

➢ Five-spot pattern has been the most
commonly used for waterflooding
and EOR process.

9
 4.5 Areal Displacement Eff.

Correlations of Areal Displacement Efficiency Based on Modelling Studies

➢ Physical models widely used to study areal displacement efficiency.
➢ Gravity effects are normally eliminated by using thin models or adjusting the
different densities used.
➢ Lab models are small compared with actual reservoir, thus physical scaling
laws should be used in constructing and operating the model.
➢ Most studies use fluid systems that are completely miscible.
➢ The interface between displaced and displacing fluids are monitored using
dyed fluids that can be photographed or X-ray shadow graph techniques.
➢ The objective of this approach is to monitor the displacement front as a
function of volume of displacing fluid injected.
• 2 primary parameters for the studies are;
1) Injection/production well pattern
2) Mobility Ratio

10
 4.5 Areal Displacement Eff.

Correlations of Areal Displacement Efficiency Based on Modelling Studies

Correlations based on miscible fluids, five-spot pattern
➢ As seen, EA at breakthrough is a strong function of M

11
 4.5 Areal Displacement Eff.

Correlations of Areal Displacement

Efficiency Based on Modelling Studies
Correlations based on miscible fluids,
five-spot pattern (continue)
➢ Habermann also present values EA as a
function of dimensionless pore volumes
injected after breaktrough. Results shown
M=0.216 (favorable) to 71.5
(unfavorable).
➢ It shows flood performance becomes
poorer as M increases.
➢ For unfavorable M, performance is still
poor despite continuous PV injected.
➢ At larger M values, areal sweep will not
approach 100% for reasonable injection
volume, even in idealized lab models. 12
 Example 4.1

Performance Calculations Based on Physical Modelling Results

A waterflood is conducted in a five-spot pattern for which the pattern area is 20 acres. Reservoir
properties are:

h = 20 ft µo = 10 cp krw = 0.27 (at ROS)

Ф = 0.20 µw = 1.0 cp kro = 0.94 (at interstial water saturation)
Soi = 0.80 Bo = 1.0 RB/STB Δp = 1250 psi
Sor = 0.25 k = 50 md rw = 0.5 ft

Use the method of Caudle & Witte to calculate:

1) The barrels of oil recovered at the point in time at which the producing WOR = 20
2) The volume of water injected at the same point
3) The rate of water injection at the same point in time
4) The initial water injection at the start of the waterflood.

13
 Example 4.1

0.94
Solution:

1) Calculate oil recovered:

Mobility Ratio, M = (krw/µw) (µo/kro)

M = (0.27/1.0) (10.0/0.94)
≈ 2.9 ;

fD = 0.95 as given

fD – Fractional flow of the displacing phase,

assume to come entirely from the unswept region
of the pattern

Based on Figure 4.10, areal sweep displacement efficiency, EA = 0.94

14
 Example 4.1

Solution:

Oil recovered, Np = AhФ (Soi - Sor ) x EA x (1/5.615) x (1/Bo)

Np = [(43560 ft2/acre x 20 acre) x 20 ft x 0.20 x (0.80 – 0.25) x 0.94]

(5.615 ft3/bbl x 1.0 RB/STB)

= 320,862 STB .

15
 Example 4.1
Vi /Vpd = 2.5

Solution: 0.94

2) Calculate total water injected:

Displaceable pore volume, Vpd

Vpd = Vp (Soi - Sor )

= AhФ (Soi - Sor ) x (1/5.615)
= [(43560 ft2/acre x 20 acre) x 20 ft x
0.20 x (0.80 – 0.25)] /(5.615 ft3/bbl)
= 341,343 bbl

Injected water volume, Vi

Vi = Vpd x 2.5
= 341,342.8 x 2.5
= 853,358 bbl .
16
 Example 4.1

Solution:

3) Calculate water injection rate, at the same point in time:

Injection rate at the start of a displacement process, i

i = (0.001538 x k x kro x h x Δp ) / µ o [log (d/rw) – 0.2688]
= [(0.001538 x 50 x 0.94 x 20 x 1250) / 2.7
10 [log (660/0.5) – 0.2688]
= 63.4 BPD .
Based on Figure 4.11, conductance ratio, Ƴ = 2.7
Total flow rate at any specific time in the displacement
process, q
q=ixƳ
= 63.4 x 2.7
= 171 BPD .

17
 Example 4.1

Solution:

4) Calculate initial water injection rate

= i = 63.4 BPD . (as calculated in Q3)

18
 Example 4.2

Application of Claridge Correlation to Calculate Areal Displacement Efficiency

A miscible displacement is to be conducted in 20-acre five-spot pattern in a reservoir with the

following properties:

h = 20 ft µo = 2.0 cp
Ф = 0.20 µs = 0.04 cp
Soi = 0.75 Bo = Bs = 1.0 RB/STB (assume for simplicity)

A very large solvent slug is to be injected. Calculate oil recovery out to a solvent injection of 1.0
PV. Compare this to expected recovery if the mobility ratio were unity.

19
 Example 4.2

0.94
Solution:

1) Calculate M for the solvent injection:

Mobility Ratio, M = (µo/µs)

M = (2.0/0.04)
= 50

Fibt = (0.9/M + 1.1) 1/4

= (0.9/50+1.1) 1/2
= 0.133 PV.

Fµ = [0.78 + 0.22(µo / µs) 1/4]4

= [0.78 + 0.22(50) 1/4]4
= 3.47

20
 Example 4.2

Solution:

Vpd = AhФ (Soi) x (1/5.615)

= [(43560 ft2/acre x 20 acre) x 20 ft x 0.75]
5.615

= 4.65 x 105 bbl .

21
 Example 4.2

At M = 1.0, Fibt = 0.655 & Fµ = 1.0

1
Np is calculated for various cases of Fi 0.9

0.8

Recovery, HCPV (Np/Vpd)

M Fibt Fm Fi Np/Vpd Vpd Np
PV bbl/bbl bbl bbl 0.7
BT @ M = 1.0
M=1.0

1 0.655 1 0.655 0.655 465000 304575

1 0.655 1 0.7 0.691409 465000 321505 0.6
1 0.655 1 0.8 0.774148 465000 359979
1 0.655 1 0.9 0.830249 465000 386066 0.5
1 0.655 1 1 0.867308 465000 403298
0.4
M Fibt Fm Fi Np/Vpd Vpd Np
PV bbl/bbl bbl bbl 0.3
50 0.133 3.47 0.133 0.133 465000 61845
50 0.133 3.47 0.2 0.189658 465000 88191 0.2
50 0.133 3.47 0.3 0.254463 465000 118325
50 0.133 3.47 0.4 0.307296 465000 142893 0.1 BT @ M = 50
M=50

50 0.133 3.47 0.5 0.351938 465000 163651

50 0.133 3.47 0.6 0.39043 465000 181550 0
50 0.133 3.47 0.7 0.424096 465000 197205 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
50 0.133 3.47 0.75 0.439421 465000 204331 Injection, (Vi/Vpd)
50 0.133 3.47 0.8 0.453867 465000 211048
50 0.133 3.47 0.9 0.480429 465000 223399 Areal Sweep Chart
50 0.133 3.47 1 0.504306 465000 234502 22
 4.6 Vertical Displacement Eff.

Vertical displacement efficiency relies on the gravity segregation due to the difference in:
➢ Density
➢ Mobility Ratio
➢ Vertical-to-horizontal permeability variation
➢ Capillary forces

ρD < ρd
Displacing Phase Displaced phase

Displaced phase Displacing Phase

ρD > ρd

a. Gravity override: injected fluid less dense
than displaced fluid (e.g. steam
displacement, in-situ combustion, CO2
flooding and solvent flooding)
b. Gravity override: injected fluid denser
than displaced fluid (e.g. waterflooding)
23
 4.6 Vertical Displacement Eff.

GRAVITY SEGREGATION IN HORIZONTAL RESERVIOR

➢ Vertical Sweep, El , at breaktrough is expressed by viscous/gravity ratio

Linear darcy
velocity, B/(D-ft2) Viscosity of displaced
phase, cP

2050𝑢μ𝑑 L Length of system, ft

𝑅 𝑣 /𝑔 =
𝑘 △𝑝 h height of system, ft

Permeability, mD = √KVKH

Density difference between

two phases, g/cm3

𝑅𝑣/𝑔 is small, displaced phase tend to override or underride, depend on the density, leads to early breakthrough

𝑅𝑣/𝑔 is large, El approaches 100%

24
 Example 4.3

A miscible displacement process will be used to displaced oil from a linear reservoir:
L= 300ft Soi= 0.75
h= 10ft Siw= 0.25
Ø= 0.2 ko= 200mD
Determine the effect of gravity segregation on vertical sweep efficiency if
➢ Solvent density is 0.7g/cm3, viscosity is 2.3cP
➢ Oil density is 0.85g/cm3, viscosity is 2.3cP
➢ Frontal advance rate 0.5 ft/D

Solution:
0.075ft/D
u= = 0.0134 B/(D−ft2)
5.615 ft3/B
2050uμd L 2050(0.0134)(2.3)(300)
𝑅𝑣Τ𝑔 = = = 63
k△p h 200(0.85−0.7)(10)
μ 2.3
𝑀= d= = 1.0
μ𝐷 2.3

25
 Example 4.3

El=0.9 (gravity override is not

significant)

26
 4.6 Vertical Displacement Eff.

GRAVITY SEGREGATION IN DIPPING RESERVIOR

➢ Consider a displacement in a downdip

direction in which the reservoir dip is at an
angle Ɵ.

➢ Assume that the interface is sharp with only

the displacing fluid flowing ahead of the front.

➢ This would occur in an immiscible

displacement under the assumption of piston-
like flow or in a miscible displacement under
the assumption of negligible mixing at the
interface.

➢ Consider further that a small perturbation,

finger, or protrusion has formed at the
interface.
27
 4.6 Vertical Displacement Eff.

➢ The critical velocity (maximum) to keep the interface stable (feet/day):

Density of displaced
phase, lb/ft3 Density of displacing
phase, lb/ft3

0.0439 ρd−ρD sinƟ dip angle

uc= μd μD
viscosity of the kd − kD viscosity of the displacing
phase, cp
displaced phase,cp
effective permeability of the
effective permeability of the displacing phase, D
displaced phase, D
μ
➢ Mobility ratio, M= d
μD minimum stable velocity

➢ Dumore ratio ust 1 − 1/𝑀

=
uc 𝐼𝑛 𝑀
28
 Example 4.4

A miscible displacement is to be conducted in a laboratory experiment in which one glycerol/brine solution

is displaced vertically downward by a second solution having a different concentration of glycerol. Liquid
properties are as follows:
Liquid 1: Displacing Liquid Liquid 2
30.00 g NaCVL 20.00 g NaCVL
650 g glycerol/L 700 g glycerol/L
ρD =1.551 g/cm3 at 77degF ρd =1.1609 g/cm3 at 77degF
μD =7.4 cp at 77degF μd =11.3 cp at 77degF

The liquid velocity is to be 0.237 ft/D (Darcy velocity). Porosity of the porous medium is 0.206 and
permeability is 303 md. Determine whether the flow Will be Stable—i.e. , whether viscous fingering will
occur.

Solution:

0.0439 𝜌𝑑 − 𝜌𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0.0439 72.440 − 72.0178 𝑠𝑖𝑛90

𝑢𝑐 = 𝜇𝑑 𝜇𝐷 = = 0.00123 𝑓𝑡Τ𝐷
− 11.3 − 7.4
𝑘𝑑 𝑘𝐷 0.303
Planned velocity is higher than critical, flow will unstable, fingering occur
μ 11.3 ust 1−1/1.527
M= d = = 1.527 = = 0.815
μD 7.4 uc In 1.527 29
 4.6 Vertical Displacement Eff.

EFFECT OF VERTICAL HETEROGENITY AND MOBILITY RATIO ON VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT EFF

➢ Unit-Mobility Ratio Displacement in a Layered Linear Reservoir with no crossflow

k1 , h1

k2 h2

k3 h3

Vertical cross-section with layers of different permeability and thickness

mobility thickness permeability

σn λ h σ n kh σn
k=1 kk
El= k=1 k=1 k k El=
k k
=
λj σn
k=1 h k k j σn h
k=1 k
kj𝑛 number of layer

Layer j has the highest mobility, layer k represent all If all layers are having same thickness
layers 30
 4.6 Vertical Displacement Eff.

EFFECT OF VERTICAL HETEROGENITY AND MOBILITY RATIO ON VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT EFF

➢ Displacement at a Nonunit mobility ratio in a Layered, Linear Reservoir with no crossflow

residual saturation of
the displaced phase

=Displacing phase front residual saturation of

the displacing phase

➢ Length of time of injection

ft
1ൗ
−Ø(1−Sdr−SDr) X f2 2(6.327)(1−M)λrDk△pt 2
𝑡= [MLXf+(1−M) ] −𝑀𝐿 ± [ 𝑀𝐿 2−
6.327λrDk△p 2 Ø(1−Sdr−SDr)
X f=
1−M
day overall pressure drop,psi
cp-1 D
31
 4.6 Vertical Displacement Eff.

EFFECT OF VERTICAL HETEROGENITY AND MOBILITY RATIO ON VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT EFF

Volume of displacing fluid Injection rate after breakthrough

cross sectional of the layer, ft2

𝑉𝑖=𝐴(1−Sdr−SDr) Xf 1
Ø
5.615 krDkA △ 𝑝
𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑡= − 1.127
bbl
μ𝐷 L
B/D

Volume injected after breakthough

𝑉𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑡=𝑉𝑖𝑏𝑡 + 𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑡(𝑡 − 𝑡𝑏𝑡)

32
 Example 4.5

Displacement Performance Calculation in a Linear, Layered Reservoir, M=1.

Consider the reservoir shown in Fig. 4.25. It is a horizontal,

linear system having a width of 100 ft and a length of 350 ft.
The reservoir consists of two layers, each 5.0 ft thick. Layer
1 has a permeability of 20 md, while Layer 2 has a
permeability of 100 md. Porosity is 0.18. There is no cross-
flow between layers.

The reservoir has an initial oil saturation, Soi, of 80% and a

water saturation, Siw of 20%. Water is injected at the end at
X=0, displacing Oil to the production end at X=L(350 ft). A
constant pressure drop of 500 psi is maintained across the
system. In the calculations to be made, it is assumed that the
displacement is by plug or piston-like flow. That is, only oil
flows ahead Of the front (Sw=Siw) and only water flows μw = 1.0 cp at TR
behind the front (So =Sor). Additional data are as follows: μo = 20 cp at TR
Bo = 1.0 RB/STB
Bw = 1.0 RB/STB
krw = 0.27 at Sor=0.25
krt = 0.94 at Siw=0.20
33
 Example 4.5

Calculate the following:

1. Oil recovery (barrels) vs. water injected (barrels), assuming the water mobility is equal to the oil mobility—
i.e. , M = 1.0 (based on oil phase).
2. Oil recovery (barrels) vs. water injected (barrels) at the specified mobility ratio, M=5.74.
3. Oil recovery (barrels) vs. water injected (barrels) assuming the reservoir consists of a single 10-fi-thick
layer and an average permeability of 60 md.
4. Vertical displacement efficiencies at water breakthrough for conditions of parts 2 and 3.
5. For M=5.74, show the relative locations of the water fronts in the two layers for at least three different
points in time.

Solution:
x vi Layer 1 t Layer 2 t
1 ft bbl days days
70 617.0970614 271.8844264 163.1306559
140 1234.194123 1631.306559 326.2613117
210 1851.291184 2446.959838 489.3919676
280 2468.388246 3262.613117 652.5226234
350 3085.485307 4078.266396 815.6532793
15429.58204 4078.266396

34
 Example 4.5

2 x vi Layer 1 t Layer 2 t 3 x vi Layer single Layer single

ft bbl days days ft bbl days days
70 617.0970614 747.6882145 149.5376429 70 617.0970614 249.2294048 249.2294048
140 1234.194123 1360.775512 272.1551025 140 1234.194123 453.5918375 453.5918375
210 1851.291184 1839.261893 367.8523787 210 1851.291184 613.0872978 613.0872978
280 2468.388246 2183.147358 436.6294716 280 2468.388246 727.715786 727.715786
350 3085.485307 2392.431906 478.4863811 350 3085.485307 797.4773019 797.4773019
44685.09128 2392.431906

Case 3 Case 1 Case 2

7000
6000
PRODUCED OIL

5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000
VOLUME INJECTED
35
 Example 4.5

4 Using same thickness formula 5

400

El case 1=(20+100)/(2*100)=0.6 350

El case 2<0.6 as M increase 300

Displace front
250

200
Layer 1
150 Layer 2
100

50

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Days

36
 4.7 VDE

➢ VDE should be determined on the basis of the application of an approach that considers the 3D nature of
the reservoir
➢ Two classifications of estimating the VDE:
i. 3D model : mathematical & functional
ii. Layered-reservoir model

qw Layer 1 qo
qw Layer 2 qo
qw Layer 3 qo
qw Layer 4 qo

Five-spot pattern
➢ VDE as a function of viscous/gravity ratio, Rv/g,5 ➢ Subdivide the reservoir into vertical layers
➢ Volumetric sweep decreases with: ➢ No crossflow & communications between
➢ Increasing M layers
➢ Decreasing ratio of Rv/g,5
➢ Not 100% in absence of gravity forces
37
 Example 4.6

Calculation of Volumetric Sweep Efficiency in a Homogeneous Five-Spot Pattern in

Which Gravity Segregation is Possible
Consider the problem of a waterflood in a five-spot
pattern shown in Fig 4.32, with the following data:

ℎ = 20𝑓𝑡 𝐵𝑜 = 1 𝑅𝐵/𝑆𝑇𝐵
𝜙 = 0.2 𝜌𝑜 = 0.75 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝑆𝑜𝑖 = 0.8 𝜌𝑤 = 1 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝜇𝑜 = 5 𝑐𝑝 𝑘𝑟𝑤 = 0.27 @ 𝑆𝑜𝑟 = 0.25
𝜇𝑤 = 1.0 𝑐𝑝 𝑘𝑟𝑜 = 0.94 @ 𝑆𝑖𝑤 = 0.20
𝑘 = 50𝑚𝑑 𝑖 = 120 𝐵/𝐷

1. Estimate the barrels of oil, 𝑁𝑝 , to be recovered at

water breakthrough assuming that effects of
gravity are negligible

38
 Example 4.6

Solution:

1. Using Fig. 4.4 to calculate M:

M = (𝑘𝑟𝑤 Τ𝑢𝑤 ) (𝑢𝑜 Τ𝑘𝑟𝑜 ) = 0.271/1.0 x 5/0.94 = 1.4

From Fig. 4.4, E𝐴𝑏𝑡 = 0.65

Therefore,

𝑁𝑝 = 𝑉𝑝 𝑆𝑜𝑖 − 𝑆𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝐴𝑏𝑡

1
= 9332ft 2 x 20 ft 0.8 − 0.25 0.65
5.615 ft3 Τ𝑏𝑏𝑙
= 221700 bbl

39
 Example 4.7

Application of Layered Model To Calculate Volumetric Sweep Efficiency at Breakthrough,

Five-Spot Pattern
Consider a 20-acre, five-spot pattern as illustrated in Example 4.5. The reservoir consist 2 non-communicating layers:

Layer 1: Layer 2: 𝑆𝑜𝑖 = 0.75

ℎ1 = 8 ft ℎ2 = 12 ft 𝑘𝑟𝑤 = 0.4 @ 𝑆𝑜𝑟 = 0.3
𝜙 = 0.18 𝜙 = 0.18 𝑘𝑟𝑜 = 0.98 @ 𝑆𝑖𝑤 = 0.25
𝑘1 = 150 𝑚𝑑 𝑘2 = 60 𝑚𝑑 𝜇𝑤 = 1 𝑐𝑝
𝜇𝑜 = 2.5 𝑐𝑝

For piston-like displacement:

𝐌 = (𝒌𝒓𝒘 Τ𝒖𝒘 ) (𝒖𝒐 Τ𝒌𝒓𝒐 ) = 0.41/1.0 x 2.5/0.98 = 1.02

Gravity effects are negligible, constant pressure drop of 500 psi is maintained across the system

1. Calculate volumetric sweep efficiency at water breakthrough based on Caudle and Witte results for 𝐸𝐴 in
five-spot patters (Fig. 4.9 to Fig 4.11)

2. Calculate relative injection rates in the 2 layers. Flow rate in each layer is constant since 𝐌 ≈ 𝟏. Assume
piston-like displacement in each layer
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 Example 4.7

Solution:

The ratio of the injection rates into Layer 1 and 2:

𝑖1 Τ𝑖2 = (𝑘1 Τ𝑘2 ) (ℎ1 Τℎ2 )

= (150 𝑥 8)Τ(60 𝑥 12)
= 1.67

Breakthrough occur in Layer 1. From Fig.4.9,

𝐸𝐴1 = 0.68 (at breakthrough).

Volume injected in Layer 1 at breakthrough can be

calculated from Fig.4.9:

1
𝑉𝑖 1 = 𝐴1 ℎ1 ∅(𝑆𝑜𝑖 − 𝑆𝑜𝑟 ) 𝐸
5.615 𝐴1
1
= 933 ft x 933 ft 8 ft 0.18 0.75 − 0.3 (0.68)
5.615 ft 3 Τbbl
= 68312 bbl

42
 Example 4.7

Solution:

The volume injected in Layer 2 at this same point in time is calculated as:

𝑉𝑖 2 = 𝑉𝑖 1 (𝑖2 Τ𝑖1 )
= 68312 (1Τ1.67)
= 40905 bbl

𝐸𝑉 is determined by the ratio of total volume injected to the total displaceable volume:

𝑉𝑖 1 + 𝑉𝑖 2
𝐸𝑉 =
1
𝐴(ℎ1 + ℎ2 )∅(𝑆𝑜𝑖 − 𝑆𝑜𝑟 )( )
5.615

68312 + 40905
=
1
933 ft x 933 ft 8 ft + 12 ft 0.18 0.75 − 0.3
5.615 ft 3 Τbbl

= 109217Τ251147
= 0.435

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THANK YOU

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