P-752 Unit7 PDF

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 1

Topic Overview
• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

• Reference standards
• Requirements by Seismic Design Category
– Moment resisting frames
– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

Topic Overview

– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

Unconfined Concrete Stress-Strain Behavior
20000
4500 psi
18000 8800 psi
16000 13,500 psi
14000 17,500 psi
Stress, psi
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
Strain, in./in.

Confinement by Spirals or Hoops
Asp fyhAsp
ds
fyhAsp
Confinement Forces acting Confinement

from spiral or on 1/2 spiral or from square
circular hoop circular hoop hoop

Confinement
Rectangular hoops Confinement by Confinement by

with cross ties transverse bars longitudinal bars

Confined Concrete
Stress-Strain Behavior
8000 no confinement
4.75 in.
7000 Pitch of
3.5 in.
¼ in. dia.
6000 2.375 in.
spiral
1.75 in.
Stress, psi
5000
4000
3000
Tests of
2000 6 in. x 12 in.
1000 cylinders
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Average strain on 7.9 in. gauge length

Idealized Stress-Strain Behavior of
Confined Concrete
Kent and Park Model
No Hoops
4500 4 in.
4000 6 in.
9 in.
3500
12 in.
3000
Stress, psi
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016
Confined Area 12” x 16” Strain, in./in.

Reinforcing Steel Stress-Strain Behavior
100
Grade 75
80
Stress, ksi
Grade 60
60 rupture~10-12%
Grade 40
40
strain hardening~ 1-3%
E = 29,000 ksi rupture ~18-20%
20
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Microstrain

Reinforced Concrete Behavior
steel
yields failure
Load
cracked-inelastic
cracked-elastic
uncracked
Mid-Point Displacement, ∆

Behavior Up to First Yield of Steel
b
εc fc
c
d φ
As
εs εsEs < fy
Strain Stress

Behavior at Concrete Crushing
b εc,max f'c
c C
d φ jd
As
fy Asfy
εs>εy
Strain Stress Forces
Mn = Asfyjd

Typical Moment Curvature Diagram
700
w/ strain hardening
600 f’c = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
500
M, in-kip
w/o strain hardening

b = 8 in
400 d = 10 in
300 ρ = 0.0125
200
100
0
0 100 200 300
φ x 10-5 in-1
Influence of Reinforcement Ratio
5000
f’c = 4 ksi
4000
fy = 60 ksi
b = 10 in
M, in-kip
3000
d = 18 in
2000
ρ = 2.5%
1000
ρ = 1.5%
ρ = 0.5%
0
0 100 200 300 400
φ x 10-5 in-1

Influence of Compression Reinforcement
1600 Beam ρ ρ'

1 0.0375 0.0250
2 0.0375 0.0125
1 3 0.0375 0
1200 2 4 0.0250 0.0125
3 5 0.0250 0
6 0.0125 0.0125
800 5 4 7 0.0125 0
M 2
lb / in
bd2 6
400 7
0
0 0.008 0.016 0.024
φ
Moment-Curvature
with Confined Concrete
εc,max f'c
c
φ
As
εs>εy fy
Strain Stress

Moment-Curvature with Confined
Concrete
35000
30000
25000
Moment, in-k
20000 Beam - 24 in. x 36 in.

Tension Steel - 12 ea. #10
15000 Compression Steel - 5 ea. #8
Confining Steel - #4 hoops at 4 in. c-c
10000
5000
without confining with confining
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
curvature, microstrain/in.

Plastic Hinging

Strategies to Improve Ductility
• Use low flexural reinforcement ratio

• Add compression reinforcement
• Add confining reinforcement

Other Functions of Confining Steel
• Acts as shear reinforcement

• Prevents buckling of longitudinal
reinforcement
• Prevents bond splitting failures

Structural Behavior
Frames
Story Mechanism Sway Mechanism

Story Mechanism

Structural Behavior - Walls
∆s
H V
N V
H V
V N
V C V
T
Flexural Horizontal Sliding on Sliding on

failure tension flexural cracks construction
joint

Structural Behavior - Columns
Ultimate 14 in square
1000 4-#11 bars
yield f' c = 4 ksi
fy = 45 ksi
800
Axial load, P, kip
600 1.75” bending axis
400
200
0
0 400 800 1200 1600 0.002 0.001 0
Moment, M, in-kip Curvature, φ, rad/in

Influence of Hoops on Axial Strength
Gross column Confined concrete
Area = Ag Area = Acore
Before spalling- After spalling-

P = Agf’c P = Acore(f’c + 4 flat)
After spalling ≥ Before spalling

Column with
Inadequate Ties

Well Confined Column

Hysteretic Behavior of Well Confined
Column
M 1.0
Mu
0.5
-4 4
-0.5 Drift, %
-1.0

Structural Behavior
Columns
∆
M1 M1 V
V
L
V
M2 M2
P
M 1 + M 2 2 M pr
V= =
L L Range
of P
M
Mo Mpr

Column Shear Failure

Structural Behavior
Joints
fc T
ft
h
Cc
Cs
Max. shear force
Vj = T- V

Hysteretic Behavior of Joint with Hoops
1.0
M
Mu
0.5
-1 5 6
Drift, %
-0.5

Hysteretic Behavior of
Joint without Hoops
1.0
M
Mu
0.5
-1 5 6
Drift, %
-0.5

Joint Failure – No Shear Reinforcing

Anchorage Failure in
Column/Footing Joint

Summary of Concrete Behavior
• Compressive Ductility
– Strong in compression but brittle
– Confinement improves ductility by
• Maintaining concrete core integrity
• Preventing longitudinal bar buckling
• Flexural Ductility
– Longitudinal steel provides monotonic ductility at low
reinforcement ratios
– Transverse steel needed to maintain ductility through
reverse cycles and at very high strains (hinge
development)

• Damping
– Well cracked: moderately high damping
– Uncracked (e.g. prestressed): low damping
• Potential Problems
– Shear failures are brittle and abrupt and must be
avoided
– Degrading strength/stiffness with repeat cycles
• Limit degradation through adequate hinge
development

Topic Overview

– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

Reference Standards

Modifications to Reference Standards

Context in NEHRP Recommended
Provisions
Provisions  ASCE 7-05  ACI 318-08
ASCE 7-05 for Concrete

Structural design criteria: Chap. 12
Structural analysis procedures: Chap. 12
Design of concrete structures: Sec. 14.2
Provisions modifications to ASCE 7
ASCE 7 modifications to ACI 318

Reference Standards
ASCE 7:
Defines systems and classifications
Provides design coefficients
ACI 318:
Provides system design and detailing
requirements consistent with ASCE 7
system criteria
Modified by both ASCE 7 and the
Provisions

Seismic-Force-Resisting Systems
Moment Frames
Cast-in-Place
Special
Intermediate
Ordinary
Precast
Special
Shear walls
Cast-in-Place
Special
Ordinary
Detailed plain
Ordinary plain
Precast
Intermediate
Ordinary
Dual Systems

Use of Reference Standards
• ACI 318
– Chapter 21, Earthquake-Resistant Structures
• ASCE 7 Section 14.2
– Modifications to ACI 318
– Detailing requirements for concrete piles
• Provisions Section 14.2
– Validation testing for special precast structural walls
• Provisions supersede ASCE 7 modifications

Detailed Modifications to ACI 318
• Wall piers and wall segments

• Members not designated as part of the LRFS
• Columns supporting discontinuous walls
• Intermediate precast walls
• Plain concrete structures
• Anchoring to concrete
• Foundations
• Acceptance criteria for validation testing of
special precast walls

Topic Overview

– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

Design Coefficients
Moment Resisting Frames
Seismic Force Response Deflection

Resisting Modification Amplification
System Coefficient, R Factor, Cd
Special R/C
8 5.5
Moment Frame
Intermediate R/C
5 4.5
Moment Frame
Ordinary R/C
3 2.5
Moment Frame

Design Coefficients
Shear Walls (Bearing Systems)
Special R/C Shear

5 5
Walls
Ordinary R/C
4 4
Shear Walls
Intermediate Precast 4 4
Shear Walls
Ordinary Precast Walls 3 3

Design Coefficients
Shear Walls (Frame Systems)
Special R/C Shear
6 5
Walls
Ordinary R/C
5 4.5
Shear Walls
Intermediate Precast 5 4.5

Shear Walls

Design Coefficients
Dual Systems with Special Frames

Dual System w/
7 5.5
Special Walls
Dual System w/
6 5
Ordinary Walls

General Requirements
Seismic ACI 318 Description
Design Requirements
Category
B Sec. 21.2 Analysis and proportioning
Sec. 21.1.2 Analysis and proportioning

C
Sec. 21.1.8 Anchoring to concrete
D, E & F
Secs. 21.11-13 Diaphragms, foundations,
& non LRFS members
Moment Frames
Seismic Minimum ACI 318
Design Frame Type Requirements
Category
Chapters 1-18
B Ordinary
Sec. 21.2
C Intermediate Sec. 21.3
D, E and F Special Secs. 21.5-21.8

Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls
Design Wall Requirements
Category Type
B and C Ordinary Chapters 1-18
D, E and F Special Sec. 21.9

Precast Concrete Shear Walls
Design Wall Type Requirements
Category
B Ordinary Chapters 1-18
D, E and F Special Sec. 21.10 (21.9)

Topic Overview

– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

Performance Objectives
• Special Moment Frames
– Strong column
• Avoid story mechanism
– Hinge development
• Confined concrete core
• Prevent rebar buckling
• Prevent shear failure
– Member shear strength
– Joint shear strength
– Rebar development and splices (confined)

• Intermediate Moment Frames
– Avoid shear failures in beams and columns
– Plastic hinge development in beams and columns
– Toughness requirements for two-way slabs without
beams
• Ordinary Moment Frames
– Minimum ductility and toughness
– Continuous top and bottom beam reinforcement
– Minimum column shear failure protection

Special Moment Frames
• General detailing requirements

• Beams
• Joints
• Columns
• Example problem

Frame Mechanisms
“strong column – weak beam”
Story mechanism Sway mechanism

Required Column Strength
∑ Mnc ≥ 1.2∑ Mnb

M nc1
M nb1 M nb2
M nc2

Hinge Development
• Tightly Spaced Hoops

– Provide confinement to increase concrete strength
and usable compressive strain
– Provide lateral support to compression bars to
prevent buckling
– Act as shear reinforcement and preclude shear
failures
– Control splitting cracks from high bar bond stresses

Hinge Development
Before
spalling
After
spalling

Hinge Development
Bidirectional cracking
Spalled cover

ACI 318, Overview of SMF:
Beam Longitudinal Reinforcement
200 ≤ ρ ≤ 0.025
fy
At least 2 bars continuous
top & bottom
Joint face Mn+ not less than 50% Mn-

Min. Mn+ or Mn- not less than
25% max. Mn at joint face
Splice away from hinges and

enclose within hoops or spirals

Beam Transverse Reinforcement
Closed hoops at hinging regions
with “seismic” hook
135º hook, 6dh ≥ 3” extension
Maximum spacing of hoops:

d/4 8db 24dh 12”
Longitudinal bars on perimeter

tied as if column bars
2h
min Stirrups elsewhere, s ≤ d/2

Beam Shear Strength
1.2D + 1.0L + 0.2S
Mpr1 Mpr2
Mpr = Mn with
n fs = 1.25 fy , φ = 1 .0
Ve1 Ve2
Mpr1 + Mpr 2 w u n
Ve = ± ≥ Ve by analysis
n 2
If earthquake-induced > 1 V
e
shear force 2
then Vc = 0
'
A f
and Pu < g c
20
Beam-Column Joint
Vcol
Vj = T + C − Vcol
T C
T = 1.25 fy A s, top
Vj
C = 1.25 fy A s, bottom

Beam-column Joint
20 
 
Vn = 15  f 'c A j
12 
 
• Vn often controls size of columns
• Coefficient depends on joint confinement
• To reduce shear demand, increase beam depth
• Keep column stronger than beam

Column Longitudinal Reinforcement
M nc1
0.01 ≤ ρ ≤ 0.06
M nb1 M nb2
∑ Mnc ≥ 1.2∑ Mnb
(strong column-weak beam)
M nc2
Mnc based on factored axial force,

consistent with direction of lateral forces

Column Transverse Reinforcement at
Potential Hinging Region
Spirals Hoops
 Ag  f 'c  f '  Ag 
ρ s = 0.45 − 1 
Ash ≥ 0.3 sbc c  − 1
 
f yt  Ach 
 Ach  f yt 
and and
f 'c f 'c
ρ s ≥ 0.12 Ash ≥ 0.09 sbc
f yt f yt
Ag = gross area of column
Ach = area confined within the hoops
bc = trans. dimension of column core, center to center of outer legs
s = hoop spacing

hx hx
 14 − h x 
so = 4 +  
 3 
Spacing shall not exceed the smallest of:
b/4 or 6 db or so (4” to 6”)
Distance between legs of hoops or crossties, hx ≤ 14”

Potential Hinge Region
• For columns supporting stiff members such as
walls, hoops are required over full height of column
if
f 'c A g
Pe >
10
• For shear strength- same rules as beams (concrete
shear strength is neglected if axial load is low and
earthquake shear is high)
• Lap splices are not allowed in potential plastic
hinge regions

Splice in Hinge
Region
Terminating
bars

 d 
 
 
 clear height 
o ≥  6 
 
 18" 
 
 

Topic Overview

– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

• Special R/C shear walls
– Resist axial forces, flexure and shear
– Boundary members
• Where compression stress/strain is large, maintain
capacity
– Development of rebar in panel
– Ductile coupling beams
• Ordinary R/C shear walls
– No seismic requirements, Ch. 21 does not apply

Design Philosophy
• Flexural yielding will occur in predetermined

flexural hinging regions
• Brittle failure mechanisms will be precluded
– Diagonal tension
– Sliding hinges
– Local buckling
– Shear failures in coupling beams

ACI 318, Overview of Special Walls:
w
ρt = parallel to shear plane
ρ = perpendicular
hw to shear plane
Shear plane, Acv =

web thickness x
length of wall

• ρ and ρt not less than 0.0025
unless
Vu < Acv f 'c
then per Sec.14.3
• Spacing not to exceed 18 in.
• Reinforcement contributing to Vn
shall be continuous and distributed
across the shear plane

• Two curtains of reinforcing required
if:
Vu > 2 Acv f 'c
• Design shear force determined from
lateral load analysis

• Shear strength:
Vn = Acv α c ( f 'c + ρ t f y )
αc = 3.0 for hw/w≤1.5
αc = 2.0 for hw/w≥2.0
Linear interpolation between
• Walls must have reinforcement in two

orthogonal directions

• For axial load and flexure, design like a
column to determine axial load – moment
interaction P
M

Boundary Elements
For walls with a high
compression demand
at the edges – special
boundary elements
are required
Widened end with confinement
Extra confinement and/or

longitudinal bars at end

ACI 318: Overview of Special Walls
Boundary Elements
Two options for determining need for boundary
elements
• Strain-based: Determined using wall
deflection and associated wall curvature
• Stress-based: Determined using maximum

extreme fiber compressive

Boundary Elements—Strain
• Boundary elements are required if:
w
c≥
δ
600 u 
 hw 
δu = Design displacement
c = Depth to neutral axis from strain
compatibility analysis with loads
causing δu

ACI 318-05, Overview of Walls:
• Where required, boundary elements must
extend up the wall from the critical section a
distance not less than the larger of:
w or Mu/4Vu

ACI 318-05: Overview of Walls
Boundary Elements—Stress
• Boundary elements are required where the
maximum extreme fiber compressive stress
calculated based on factored load effects,
linear elastic concrete behavior and gross
section properties, exceeds 0.2f’c
• Boundary element can be discontinued

where the compressive stress is less than
0.15f’c

Boundary Elements—Detailing
• Boundary elements must extend horizontally
not less than the larger of c/2 or c-0.1w
• In flanged walls, boundary element must
include all of the effective flange width and at
least 12 in. of the web
• Transverse reinforcement must extend into
the foundation

Coupling Beams
Requirements based on aspect ratio and shear demand
n / h ≥ 4 Design as Special
Moment Frame beam
 n / h < 2 and Vu > 4 f 'c Acw Reinforce with 2

intersecting groups of
diagonal bars
Other cases Standard or diagonal

Topic Overview

– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples

Members Not Part of LFRS
• In frame members not designated as part of
the lateral-force-resisting system in regions
of high seismic risk:
– Must be able to support gravity loads while subjected
to the design displacement
– Transverse reinforcement increases depending on:
Forces induced by drift
Axial force in member

Diaphragms
Diaphragm
Shear walls
Collectors, if req’d to transfer force
from diaphragm to shear walls
Load from analysis in accordance
With design load combinations
Check:
• Shear strength and reinforcement (min. slab reinf.)
• Chords (boundary members)
- Force = M/d Reinforced for tension
(Usually don’t require boundary members)

Struts and Trusses:
• All members have axial load (not flexure), so
ductility is more difficult to achieve
• Full length confinement

Precast Concrete:
Field connections Field connections

at points of low must yield
stress
Strong connections Ductile connections

• Configure system so that hinges • Inelastic action at field
occur in factory cast members splice
away from field splices

Quality Assurance:
Rebar Inspection
• Special inspection
– Rebar placement
– Prestressing tendon placement, stressing, grouting
– Concrete placement
• Testing
– Rebar (ratio of yield to ultimate)
– Concrete

Topic Overview

– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples from FEMA P-751

Special Moment Frame Example
• Located in Berkeley, A A’ B C C’ D N
1
California
2
• 12-story concrete
7 @ 30’ = 210’
building 3
• N-S direction: SMF 4
• E-W direction: dual 5

system
6
• Seismic Design 7
Category D
8
• Modal Analysis 5 @ 20’ = 100’
Procedure
Typical Floor Plan
Frame Elevations
A A' B C C' D A A' B C C' D
Story Level 40'-0" 20'-0" 40'-0" 40'-0" 20'-0" 40'-0"
Story Level
R R
12 12
12 12
11 11
11 11
10 10
10 10
9 9
9 9
8 8
11 at 13'-0"
11 at 13'-0"
8 8
7 7
7 7
6 6
6 6
5 5
5 5
4 4
4 4
3 3
3 3
2 2
2 2
18'-0" 15'-0"
18'-0" 15'-0"
1 1
G G
B B
A. Section at Wall B. Section at Frame
Grid Lines 3 to 6 Grid Lines 2 and 7

Story Shears: E-W Loading
frame 1
frame 2
1
frame 3
2
Frame 1, 3
max at L7
Includes shear wall

0
Seismic Analysis: Dual Systems
• For dual systems,

moment frame must be
designed to resist at least
25% of design seismic
forces (ASCE 7, Sec.
12.2.5.1)
100% forces with

shear wall
25% forces w/o
shear wall
Layout of Reinforcement
#4 stirrup
4 #8 bar,
assumed
28.5”
29.5”
32”
24”
30”
Design Strengths
Design Aspect Strength Used
Beam flexure Design strength

Maximum probable
Beam shear
strength
Maximum probable
Beam-column joint
strength
1.2 times nominal
Column flexure
beam strength
Maximum probable
Column shear
strength
Bending Moment Envelopes:
Frame 1 Beams, 7th Floor
A A’ B CL C
282 308 305
Seismic
265 306
50/23
Dead/Live
357 389 388 37/17
Combined:
72
251 274 271
1.42D +0.5L + E
Moments in k-ft
0.68D - E
1.2D + 1.6L
Beam Reinforcement: Longitudinal
Maximum negative moment,

Mu = 389 kip-ft at Column A’
b = 24” d = 29.5” f’c = 4 ksi fy = 60 ksi
Try 4 #8, As = 3.16 in2

ρ = 0.00446, 0.0033 < ρ < 0.025 OK
φMn = 406 kip-ft OK

(continued)
Positive Mu at face of column = 271 kip-ft
b = 44 in. (beam width plus span/12)

Try 3 #8, As = 2.37 in2
ρ = 0.00335, 0.0033 < ρ < 0.025 OK
φMn = 311 kip-ft OK
Since nearly min ρ, 3 #8 are continuous

Check: +Mn > -Mn/2  311 > 406/2 OK
Mn,min > Mn,max /4  311 > 406/4 OK
Beam Reinforcement: Layout
1 1.5" cover
#8 bar
28.5"
29.5"
32"
North-south
spanning beam
#4 hoop
East-west
spanning beam
30"
Determine Beam Design Shear
Assumed
hinging
B C mechanism
587
Probable moment
strength, Mpr (k-ft)
430 Vu,grav = 33.3 k-ft

20’ – 30” = 17’-6”
M pr1 + M pr 2 430 + 587

Ve = + Vu , grav = + 33.3 = 91.4 kips
n 17.5
Loading
Beam Shear
Hinge locations
Force
A A' B C
7,042 7,042 7,042

7,042
(a)
Seismic moment
(tension side)
in.-kips
Beam moments
5,519 5,519 5,519 5,519
210"
15" 240" 15"
58.1 58.1 58.1
(b)
Seismic shear
positive Seismic shear
kips
58.1 58.1 58.1
33.8 33.3 33.3 (c)

Gravity shear
Factored
(1.42D + 0.5L)
32.9 33.3 33.3
kips
positive
gravity shear
91.9 91.4 91.4
25.2 24.8 24.8
(d)
Design shear
seismic + gravity
Design shear
positive
24.3 24.8 24.8
kips
91.0 91.4 91.4
Beam Reinforcement: Transverse
Vseismic > 50% Vu therefore take Vc = 0
Use 4 legged #4 stirrups
φAv f y d 0.75(0.8)(60)(29.5)
smax = = = 11.6 in.
Ve 91.4
At ends of beam s = 7.0 in.

(near midspan, s = 7.0 in. w/ 2 legged stirrup)
• Check maximum spacing of hoops within

plastic hinge length (2h)
– d/4 = 7.4 in.
– 8db = 8.0 in.
– 24dh = 12.0 in.
– 12 in.
Therefore, 7.0 in. spacing at ends is adequate
At beam rebar splices, s = 4.0 in.
Joint Shear Force
Vcol V j = T + C − Vcol
T C
Vj
T = 1.25 f y As , top
C = 1.25 f y As , bottom
But how to compute Vcol?
Joint Shear Force V col
( M pr ,L + M pr ,R ) + (VR + VL ) h2 

=  h
Vcol
lc
At 7th Floor, Column C:
V e,L M pr,R
 30 
 (587 + 430 )12 + (58 . 1 + 58 . 1)
2 
lc
Vcol = = 89.4 kips M pr,L V e,R
156
V col
Joint Shear Force
89.4
237 178
325
T = 1.25 f y As ,top = 237 kips
C = 1.25 f y As ,bot = 178 kips
V j = T + C − Vcol = 325 kips
Vn = 15 f c' A j = 15 5,000 (30) 2 = 955
φVn = 0.85 ⋅ 955 = 811 kips > 325 kips
Frame 1 Column Design
f 'c Ag
Column: Pu > A A' B
10 PL = 78 kips Includes
PD = 367 kips level 7
∑M > 1.2∑ M nb
32"
then: nc
Level 7
13'-0"
30"
32"
Level 6
Design column using

standard P-M
interaction curve 20'-0" 20'-0"
Column Design Moments
Design for strong column based on nominal beam moment strengths
A A' B
451
Beam moments (Level 7)
345
∑ M = 1 .2 ∑ M
nc nb
1.2(345 + 451) = 956 k - ft

478
Column moments (Level 7),
478 assume uniform distribution
top and bottom
Column Transverse Reinforcement
Hoop reinforcement with cross-sectional area:
 f '   Ag  
Ash = 0.3 sbc c    − 1
  
f yt   Ach  

and
f 'c
Ash = 0.09 sbc
f yt
bc = transverse dimension of column core
measured center to center of outer legs
s = hoop spacing
Maximum spacing is smallest of:

h/4 = 30/4 = 6.5 in.
6db = 6*1.0 = 6.0 in. (#8 bars)
so calculated as follows:
14 − h x
so = 4 +
3
for 12 #8 vertical bars and #4 hoops,
hx = 8.33 in. and so = 5.72 in.
Next, check confinement requirements……
Assume 4 in. hoop spacing:
 f 'c   Ag    5  900 

Ash = 0.3 sbc   − 1 = 0 .3 ( 4)( 27 )  − 1 = 0 . 63 in 2
  A   60  729 
 f yt   ch  
and
f 'c  5 
Ash = 0.09 sbc = 0.09(4)(27)  = 0.81 in 2
f yt  60 
Therefore, use #4 bar hoops with 4 legs

Ash = 0.80 in2
Determine Column Shear
Based on probable moment strength of columns
and can be limited by probable moment strength of beams
Mpr,top
Mpr,1 Mpr,2 Vseismic
n
Vseismic
Mpr,3 Mpr,4
Mpr,bottom
Column Shear Design
Based on column moments:
Mpr,col = 1,245 k-ft (12 #8 vert and Pmax)
2(1,245)
Ve = = 241 kips
(13 − 32 / 12)
f 'c Ag 5(30)(3)
For Pmin > = = 225 kips,
20 20
Vc can be included in shear calculation
Column Shear Design
Assume 6 in. max hoop spacing at mid-height of column
Vc = 2 f 'c bd = 2 5,000 (30)(27.5) = 117 kips

Av f y d 0.8(60)(27.5)
Vs = = = 220 kips
s 6
φVn = φ (Vc + Vs ) = 0.75(117 + 220) = 252 kips > 241 kips OK
Hoops: 4 legs #4
s = 6 in. max
Column Reinforcement
A'
• Confinement length, Level 7
lo, greater of:
32"
2"
• h = 30 in.
7 at 4"
• Hc/6 = (156-32)/6 = (12) #8 bars
20.7 in. #4 hoops
30"
7 at 6"
+ +
• 18 in. 30"
2" 7 at 4"
– Therefore, use 30 in. Level 6
7 at 4"
32"
2"
30"
Intermediate Moment Frames
• Beams
• Columns
Shear Frame Example
A A’ B C C’ D N
• Same building as moment 1
frame example
2
• 12-story concrete building
7 @ 30’ = 210’
3
• N-S direction: SMF
4
• E-W direction: dual system
5
• Seismic Design Category D
6
• Modal Analysis Procedure
7
Shear wall @ grid 3-6 5 @ 20’ = 100’

8
Typical Floor Plan

Shear Wall
A A' B C C' D A A' B C C' D
Story Level 40'-0" 20'-0" 40'-0" 40'-0" 20'-0" 40'-0"
Story Level
R R
12 12
12 12
11
11
11
11
17’-6”=210”
10 10
10 10
9 9
9 9
8 8
11 at 13'-0"
11 at 13'-0"
7
8
7
7
8
16”
7
6 6
6 6
5
5
5
5
30” x 30” column
4 4
4 4
3 3
3 3
2
2
2
2 Shear wall cross section
18'-0" 15'-0"
18'-0" 15'-0"
1 1
G G
B B
A. Section at Wall B. Section at Frame

Ag = (16)(210)+2(30)(30) = 5,160 sq in
Acv = 16[(210)+2(30)] = 4,320 sq in
frame 1
frame 2
1
frame 3
2
Includes shear wall
Shear Wall Loading
At ground floor: shear and moment determined

from the lateral analysis and axial load from gravity
load run down.
All are factored forces.
• Vu = 663 kips
• Mu = 30,511 kip-ft
• Pu,max = 5,425 kips
• Pu,min = 2,413 kips
Shear Panel Reinforcement
φVn = φAcv α ( f c' + ρ t f y )

Vu = 663 kips (below level 2) ρl Panel ⊥ to Acv
f’c = 5,000 psi, fy = 60 ksi

α = 2.0 ρt
Acv
φ = 0.6 (per ACI 9.3.4(a))
Req’d ρt = 0.0019
Min ρ (and ρt) = 0.0025
Use #5 @ 15” o.c. each face:

ρt= 0.0026 and φVn = 768 kips
Axial-Flexural Design

load run down.
• Mu = 30,511 kip-ft
Axial and Flexural Design
P-M interaction
Wall reinforcement: #5 @15” o.c.
Boundary reinforcement: 12 #9 each end
30000
Nominal
25000
Factored
Combinations
Axial Load, k
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000
Moment, k-ft
Boundary Element Check
Use stress-based procedure (ACI 21.9.6.3).
Boundary Elements required if max stress > 0.2f’c
Ground level axial load and moment are determined

based on factored forces.
Pu M u 5,425 30,511(12)
+ = + = 2.34ksi = 0.47 f c'
Ag S 5,160 284,444
∴Need confined boundary element
(extend up to below 9th floor where max stress < 0.15f’c)
Boundary Element Length
Length = larger of c/2 or c-0.1Lw
From P-M interaction, max c = 75.3 in.

So, c/2 = 37.7 and c-0.1Lw = 43.8 in
Since length > column dimension, either

• Extend boundary into wall panel
• Increase f’c = reduce boundary element length
For this example, assume f’c = 7,000 psi,

Then req’d boundary element length is 26.9 in.
Boundary Element Confinement
Transverse reinforcement in boundary elements is to be
designed essentially like column transverse reinforcement.
Assume #5 ties and 4 in. spacing
f c'  7 
Ash = 0.09 sbc = 0.09(4)(27)  = 1.13 in
2
fy  60 
#5 with 4 legs, Ash = 1.24 in2
Shear Wall Reinforcement
B C B f 'c= 5.0ksi C B C
#4 at 4" (LW)
R 8 #5 at 15" EF 3 #5 at 15" EF
#5 at 15" EF
(12) #9
Class
(12) #8
B
#5 at 15" EF #5 at 15" EF #5 at 15" EF
#4 at 4" #5 at 4"
12 7 #5 at 15" EF 2
#5 at 15" EF #5 at 15" EF
f 'c =
(12) #8
Class
7.0ksi
B
(NW)
#5 at 15" EF #5 at 15" EF
#4 at 4" #4 at 4" #5 at 15" EF
11 6 #5 at 15" EF
#5 at 15" EF
#5 at 4"
G
Class
(12) #8
#5 at 15" EF
B
#5 at 15" EF #5 at 15" EF (12) #9

#4 at 4" #4 at 4"
10 5 #5 at 15" EF
#5 at 15" EF #5 at 15" EF
(12) #8
#5 at 4"
B
#4 at 12" EF #5 at 15" EF
#4 at 4" #4 at 4"
9 4 #5 at 15" EF
#5 at 15" EF
Class
B
#5 at 15" EF #5 at 15" EF
#4 at 4" #5 at 4"
8 3
ACI 318, Overview of IMF:
Flexural reinforcement per Ch.10

No specific splice req’ts
Closed hoops at beam ends

d/4 8db 24dbh 12”

2h
min Stirrups elsewhere, s ≤ d/2
Beam Shear Strength
Two options:
• Same as Special Moment Frames
• Design load combinations with 2x earthquake

shear
1.2D + 1.0L + 0.2S + 2.0E
V1 V2
Hoops at both ends of column: spacing so over length lo
   hmax 

8db
  
   
 24dbh   clear height 
so ≤   o ≥  6 
 hmin/2   
 "   
 12   18 " 
   
Outside length lo, transverse reinforcement per Ch. 7 & 11

Column shear strength req’ts same as beams
Summary of Seismic Detailing for Frames
Issue Ordinary Intermediate Special

Hinge development and
minor full
confinement
Bar buckling lesser full
Member shear lesser full
Joint shear minor minor full
Strong column full
Rebar development lesser lesser full
Load reversal minor lesser full
Questions
This topic is the seismic design of reinforced concrete structure. During this
presentation you will learn the basics of seismic design of reinforced concrete
buildings.
The examples in this topic draw heavily on the examples in the FEMA P-752 Design
Examples CD.
Reinforced Concrete - 1
This slide provides the outline of this presentation.
The first part addresses general behavior of reinforced concrete both individual
members and systems, in particular as it relates to earthquake loading and ductility.
This section does not directly relate to the Provisions can be shortened or
eliminated based on the length or focus of the presentation.
The second and third parts cover the requirements for concrete structures based on
the Provisions, ASCE 7, and primarily ACI 318-08.
The fourth part covers the requirements for concrete moment frames, especially
Special moment frames, and includes the ACI 318 requirements use the concrete
example problem to illustrate the concepts.
The fifth part covers the requirements for concrete shear walls, in particular special
shear walls. The concrete example problem is again used to illustrate the main
design features.
The final section addresses other design and construction topics including
diaphragms and quality assurance.
design features.
This slide presents stress-strain diagrams for unreinforced, unconfined concrete in
compression. Behavior is relatively linear up to about one-half of the maximum
compressive stress. Concrete exhibits no precise yield point. Strain at maximum
strength is close to 0.002 regardless of maximum stress. Lower strength concrete
can have strains at crushing that exceed 0.004, however a typical design value is
0.003 at crushing. Stronger concretes are more brittle.
Confining reinforcing can improve concrete behavior in two ways. First it can
enhance strength by restraining lateral strains. Second it can increase the usable
concrete compressive strain well beyond the typical value of 0.003.
This slide shows confinement in practical structural sections. Confinement is
typically provided by spirals, circular hoops, or square hoops. The hatched areas in
the figures may spall. Confining steel is in tension (hoop stress effect) because,
due to Poisson’s effect, as the concrete is compressed in one direction, it expands
in the orthogonal directions. This is shown in the center illustration. Note that
hoops are not as efficient as spirals in confining concrete because the sides of the
hoop can flex outward as the confined concrete expands outward. For this reason,
cross ties are usually require at hoops.
This slide shows confinement for a square column, which can be provided by
transverse and longitudinal bars. The hatched areas may spall.
This slide shows the benefits of confinement on concrete behavior. Presented are
stress-strain diagrams for confined concrete in compression. The specimens were
6 in. by 12 in. cylinders. Confinement was provided by spiral reinforcement.
Reducing spiral pitch (or hoop spacing) increases maximum concrete stress and
strain capacity (ductility).
This slide shows the idealized stress-strain behavior of confined concrete proposed
by Kent and Park. Note that the model reflects the additional strain, but not the
additional strength, provided by the confinement. Another model that reflects both
strength and strain gain is Scott, Park, and Priestley. This type of model can be
used with the strain compatability method to predict the behavior of confined
reinforced concrete.
This slide shows typical stress-strain behavior of common grades of reinforcing
steel. The most commonly used is Grade 60 which shows a distinct yield plateau
and strain hardening at between 0.5% and 1% elongation. For common analysis of
reinforced concrete behavior, strain hardening is ignored. For seismic design, it is
important that the actual yield strain of the steel is not significantly higher than the
value used in design.
This slide shows stages of behavior of a reinforced concrete beam. At low loads the
section is uncracked and an analysis using uncracked-transformed section
properties can be used to predict behavior. After the concrete cracks, the concrete
on the tension side of the beam is neglected, and a cracked-transformed section
analysis can be used to predict behavior. However, this method is only valid as long
as both the steel and the concrete stress-strain behaviors are linear. Concrete can
be assumed to have a linear stress-strain behavior up to approximately 50% of
maximum concrete stress (f’c).
After the concrete stress exceeds about 50%f’c, a strain compatibility approach can
be used, using a realistic concrete stress-strain model. After the steel yields, there
is typically an extended plateau in which the displacement increases significantly
with very little increase in applied load. A commonly used indicator of member
ductility is the ratio of the displacement at ultimate to the displacement at first yield.
This is known at the displacement ductility, and for seismic design in particular,
bigger is better.
To characterize section behavior, moment-curvature (M-) diagrams are often
employed. This slide shows the type of strain compatibility approach that would be
used to locate points on the curve up until first yield of the steel. To locate a point,
first a concrete strain is selected. Then an iterative method is used in which the
depth to the neutral axis is assumed and modified until internal equilibrium is
achieved. The tension force is equal to the strain (based on the strain diagram with
the selected concrete strain and neutral axis depth) times the area and the modulus
of elasticity of the steel. The compression force is determined by integrating under
the stress-position curve from the neutral axis to the extreme compression fiber, and
multiplying by the width of the beam. The value of “c” is adjusted until C = T. Then
the curvature is calculated as the concrete strain divided by the neutral axis depth,
and the moment is the force (T or C) times the distance between the forces. This
can be repeated for several selected concrete strains to determine points on the M-
 diagram.
After yield but before the onset of strain hardening, the same method as presented
on the previous slide can be used; however, the force in the steel will be Asfy. This
method can be used for points up to the concrete crushing strain of 0.003. The
Whitney stress block method is a good method to calculate the final point on the
moment curvature diagram, but cannot be used for other points. Typically strain
hardening is not considered in design.
This slide shows moment-curvature diagrams for a rectangular section in flexure.
Strain hardening in the tension steel increases the final strength. A concrete strain
of 0.003 corresponds to maximum strength.
This slide shows moment-curvature diagrams for various amounts of tension
reinforcement. As the steel percentage increases, the moment capacity also
increases, but the curvature at ultimate moment capacity is decreased (less
ductility). Ductile behavior is very desirable in seismic force resisting systems. A
common measure of ductility is the ratio of curvature at first yield to curvature at
ultimate. This is known as curvature ductility.
This slide shows moment-curvature diagrams for various amounts of tension and
compression reinforcement. An increase in the compression reinforcement ratio
only slightly increases moment capacity but significantly increases curvature at
ultimate moment capacity (more ductility). This is because when the tension force
does not change ( is constant) and neither does the compression force. With
larger amounts of compression reinforcement the steel carries more of the
compression, so the concrete carries less. This means the depth to the neutral axis
is more shallow, so the curvature at ultimate (0.003/c) is larger. However, since C
and T do not change and there is only a slight increase in the moment arm, the
moment capacity only increases slightly. (Note: Curve 7 stops at about 0.025; Curve
6 continues off the graph.)
The presence of confining reinforcement can significantly increase the maximum
achievable curvature. After the strain on the compression face exceeds 0.003, the
cover over the confining steel will spall, however the concrete within the core will
remain intact. A model such as the Kent and Park model presented earlier can be
used with the strain compatibility method to calculate moments and corresponding
curvatures.
This slide presents the results of the analysis of a beam, whose dimensions and
reinforcing details are given on the slide. As you can see, the addition of the
confining reinforcing increases the usable curvature from just under 500 microstrain
per inch to just over 1600. The Scott, Park, and Preistley model was used to model
the behavior of the confined concrete. This model accounts for the increase in
concrete compressive strength. In addition the compression steel was able to yield,
and strain hardening was considered in the tension steel. These three factors
combined to result in an increase in moment capacity from the confining steel, even
though the cover concrete was lost.
This slide shows how spreading plasticity can significantly increase plastic rotation
and displacements. The curvature diagram shows a region of very high curvatures
(beyond the yield curvature, y) at maximum moment and elastic response in other
regions. The region of curvatures past yield curvature is known as the plastic hinge
region. The irregular curvature on the “actual” curve is due to cracking.
The plastic rotation and the tip displacement can be calculated from the “actual”
curvature diagram, or from the idealized curvature diagram. The idealized diagram
is based on a bi-linear approximation of the moment-curvature diagram and an
assumed length of the plastic hinge, lp.
The previous discussion presented three strategies for improving ductility. These
are summarized in this slide.
Confining reinforcing also has other useful functions that are presented in this slide.
With an understanding of reinforced concrete member behavior, reinforced concrete
systems can be designed to ensure acceptable behavior in a seismic event. We will
now discuss desirable system behaviors.
The goal in design of structural frames is to size and reinforce members such that
when subjected to large lateral displacements the hinges form in the beams
adjacent to the columns, but the columns remain relatively undamaged. This is
known as the “strong column-weak beam” approach that is illustrated in the right
frame in this slide. A “weak column-strong beam” design can result in the
undesirable story mechanism, also known as a soft story, that is shown in the left
illustration.
This slide illustrates a story mechanism.
This figure shows types of failures in shear walls. The left figure shows a flexural
failure with a plastic hinge zone at the base of the wall. The second figure shows
that severe cracking necessitates that web reinforcement carries the horizontal
shear force. The last two figures show types of sliding failures: sliding along full
depth flexural cracks or along construction joints. The most desirable is the flexural
failure with other modes precluded. With proper detailing, the wall can exhibit good
strength and ductility without excessive drift or collapse.
In strong column-weak beam design, undesirable failures in the columns must be
precluded through proper design and detailing. This slide presents the P-M curve
on the left and the P-curvature curve on the right. Note that the presence of large
axial loads reduces the curvature at ultimate. Axial loads above the balanced point
reduce ductility of beam-columns since the reinforcing steel on the tension side of
the column never yields. Confinement reinforcement improves axial ductility, but
this plot shows curvature ductility, which is more important in frames. The strong
column-weak beam design approach ensures that failure will initiate in ductile
beams rather than in brittle columns.
The strength of an unconfined concrete column is the gross area times the
unconfined compressive strength. After the concrete outside the spiral, hoops or
ties has spalled, the strength of the column is the core area times the enhanced
compressive strength. Work done in the 1920s by Richart et al. indicated that
confined concrete strength is roughly the unconfined strength plus 4 times the
confining pressure, flat. The goal in designing the hoops is to ensure that the
strength after cover spalling is not less than the strength before spalling.
This photo shows a column with inadequate ties which provided almost no
confinement. Olive View Hospital after the 1971 San Fernando earthquake.
This slide shows a column with an adequate amount of spiral confinement. After
the cover spalled, the well confined core remains intact and able to carry axial
loads. Olive View Hospital after the 1971 San Fernando earthquake.
This type of hysteresis loop shows good performance of a column with generous
confinement reinforcement. The preferred type of hysteresis loop shows only small
degradation of moment strength with increased imposed drift. Also the loops remain
“fat” which indicates good energy dissipation.
To ensure strong column-weak beam behavior, shear failures of columns must also
be precluded. Shear is maximum in a column when the moments at each end are
at their maximum, also known as the probable moment. The moment capacity of a
column depends on the magnitude of the axial load. To avoid shear failures, the
design should focus on the axial load that produces the largest moment capacity.
The P-M interaction diagram shows this range of axial loads for an example column.
This photo shows a shear failure of a bridge pier after the 1971 San Fernando
earthquake.
Another location in frames where premature failures must be precluded is the beam-
column joints. This slide shows joint actions. The left figure shows forces
(stresses) imposed on a typical exterior joint, and the right shows cracks. Upon
reversal of direction, perpendicular cracks form. The anchorage of the
reinforcement can be compromised. The important aspects of joint design are
ensuring proper bar development and precluding shear failures in the joint. This
can be accomplished through proper detailing of hoop reinforcement and bar hooks.
This slide shows a typical hysteresis loop for a joint with hoops. The joint shows
good performance under repeated reversed loads.
This slide shows a typical hysteresis loop of a joint without confining hoops. Note
the rapid deterioration of the joint.
This photo is of a joint failure in shear (1971 San Fernando earthquake). Note that
there is NO shear reinforcement in the joint and the joint is too small. The joint can
no longer transmit moments.
Another type of failure which must be prevented in order to ensure ductile frame
behavior is the failure of the joint between the column and the footing. This slide
shows an anchorage failure of a bridge column (1971 San Fernando earthquake).
We will now review reinforced concrete behavior.
Concrete is strong in compression but brittle. Confinement improves compressive
ductility by limiting transverse expansion in the concrete. As the transverse steel
ties take the strain in tension, the concrete core maintains its integrity. Closely
spacing the ties will limit longitudinal bar buckling and thus contribute to improved
compressive ductility. Longitudinal steel provides flexural ductility at low
reinforcement ratios for a single overload. Transverse steel is needed to maintain
integrity of the concrete core (which carries compression and shear), and prevent
longitudinal bar buckling after the cover has spalled and crossing cracks form. A
relative balance of tension and compression steel aids flexural ductility. The amount
of longitudinal tension steel must be limited to insure a tension-type failure mode.
The level of damping in concrete structures depends on the amount of cracking. It
is important to avoid potential problems in concrete structures: Shear failures in
concrete are brittle and abrupt and must be avoided; repeated loadings degrade
strength and stiffness as concrete cracks and steel yields. Degradation can be
limited by assuring adequate hinge development.
design features.
Slide shows photos of the covers of reference standards ASCE 7-05 and ACI 318-
08
Slide shows cover of FEMA P-750 and proposed modifications to ACI 318 Section
14.2.2.
The 2009 NEHRP Recommended Provisions uses ASCE 7-05 as it’s primary
reference standard for seismic loads and design criteria. ASCE 7-05 in turn
references ACI 318-08 for concrete structures. Required strength (demand) is
determined from ASCE 7 Chapter 12, and provided strength (capacity) is calculated
using ASCE 7 Section 14.2 which references ACI 318.
ASCE 7 makes modifications to ACI 318, and the Provisions makes modifications to
ASCE 7 including some of the ASCE 7 modifications to ACI 318. Therefore, the
Provisions and ASCE 7 modifications to ACI 318 need to be considered.
This slide provides summary of the scope of the two main reference standards
The two common seismic-force-resisting systems using reinforced concrete are
moment frames and shear walls. A combination of shear walls and moment frames
can be considered a dual system when certain criteria are met.
ASCE 7 Section 12.2 presents design coefficients and system limitations for various
Seismic Design Categories. Precast walls can be used, however they will not be
addressed in detail in this session.
The system classifications relate to detailing requirements and associated the

ductility of the structural systems. The system ductility relates to the basic
reinforced concrete behavior covered previously.
ACI 318-08 Chapter 21 contains all the design provisions for earthquake-resistant
structures. Provisions and ASCE 7 Section 14.2 presents some modifications to
ACI 318 Chapter 21 as well as some additional reinforced concrete structure
requirements. This presentation will not cover the precast concrete provisions in
any detail.
This list includes the main modifications to ACI 318 that are contained in the
Provisions and ASCE 7. Most of these are not addressed in more detail in this
session.
design features.
This slide presents the design coefficients presented ASCE 7-05 Table 12.2-1.
These tables also present system limitations and height limits by Seismic Design
Category (not shown in slides).
This slide presents the coefficients for shear walls that are part of a bearing wall
system.
This slide presents the coefficients for shear walls that are part of a building frame
system.
This slide presents the coefficients for dual systems that include a special moment
resisting frame.
This slide illustrates some general requirements for concrete buildings based on
Seismic Design Category and independent of specific lateral force resisting system.
Consistent throughout the Provisions the design scope is more detailed for higher
Categories.
The Provisions define three types of frames: ordinary, intermediate, and special.
Ordinary moment frames have very few requirements in ACI 318 Chapter 21. For
the most part, they are designed in accordance with the non-seismic chapters of
ACI 318. Intermediate moment frames must meet requirements of ACI 318 section
21.3 which are more stringent detailing than for ordinary frames but less severe
than for special frames). The overall level of ductility is between Ordinary and
Special.
Special moment frames must meet detailed requirements contained in various
sections of ACI 318, Chapter 21, including detailing to ensure ductility, stability, and
minimum degradation of strength during cyclic loading. A review of ASCE 7 Table
21.2-1 (excerpts shown on the previous slides) shows that the values of R and Cd
reflect the expected behavior of the various types of moment frames. The Seismic
Design Category (SDC) dictates what type of frame may be used. In SDC B,
ordinary frames may be used. Intermediate frames are required (at a minimum) in
SDC C (although a special frame may be more economical because the higher R
will mean lower design forces). For SDCs D, E and F, frames must be special.
There are exceptions to the limitations on type of frame, especially for nonbuilding
structures of limited height.
For reinforced concrete shear walls there are just two main types: Ordinary (not
Chapter 21) and Special (Chapter 21). Plain concrete walls, designed per Chapter
22, are permitted in SDC B for some circumstances.
Precast shear walls are also allowed to be part of the seismic force resisting
system. The intent for special precast walls is that they qualify for the same design
parameters as the special cast-in-place wall. Unlike cast-in-place concrete walls,
there is an Intermediate classification for precast concrete walls.
ACI 318-05 contains a section on special precast walls (Section 21.10); however,
the system is not presented in ASCE 7 Table 12.2-1. There is a large section in
Section 14.2 of the Provisions, that presents acceptance criteria for special precast
structural walls based on validation testing. This presentation does not include
detailed information on precast walls.
design features.
The requirements of Special Moment Frames in ACI 318 Chapter 21 are intended to
ensure the performance objectives listed on this slide. The strong column-weak
beam design avoids forming a mechanism in a single story (the story mechanism
presented earlier). Adequate hinge development is needed for ductility and is
accomplished by the use of transverse reinforcement which confines the concrete
core and prevents rebar buckling. Shear strength must be adequate to avoid abrupt
failures in members and joints. Requirements for rebar anchorage and splicing
(such as 135 degree hooks) are intended to maintain the integrity of the design.
Intermediate frames have less ductility, with detailing requirements to prevent the
most significant types of failures, namely shear failures, and they requirements
provide a moderate level of ductility and toughness.
Ordinary moment frames have very few detailing requirements, only those
associated with minimal ductility.
This slide provides a summary of the design features of Special moment frames
that will be covered in this section.
As discussed previously, strong column-weak beam design is required for special
moment frames. This slide reiterates the advantages. For a system with weak
columns, a mechanism is created when the columns of only one story reach their
flexural capacities (less dissipation of seismic energy prior to collapse). For a
system with strong columns and weak beams, a mechanism is created when ALL
beams on ALL stories yield (much more seismic energy dissipated prior to collapse).
To ensure that the beams develop plastic hinges before the columns, the sum of the
flexural strengths of the columns at a joint must exceed 120% of the sum of the
flexural strengths of the beams. This requirement protects against premature
development of a story mechanism, but due to the realities of dynamic response, it
does not assure a full building mechanism.
It is also important in this type of system to ensure proper hinge development. The
hinges must be able to form and then undergo large rotations and load reversals
without significant reduction in strength. In this way, plasticity and hinging will be
able to spread throughout the frame. Tightly spaced hoops are required to ensure
proper hinge development and behavior. Some of the functions of the hoops are
presented in this slide.
This slide presents some of the mechanics of hinge development. Prior to spalling,
the familiar stress diagram is present, with tension in the bottom steel, compression
in a roughly parabolic distribution in the concrete, and some compressive stress in
the top steel. Upon spalling, the stress distribution changes, The compression
block of the concrete moves lower in the cross section, and the stresses in the
compression steel are greatly increased. To maintain section integrity, material
component failures must be avoided. Concrete crushing and compression bar
buckling can be prevented by transverse reinforcement. Closely spaced hoop steel
limits lateral strain in the concrete and allows greater useful strains in the concrete
and hence improved ductility. Proper spacing of hoops also prevents longitudinal
bar buckling.
Under reverse load applications, hinge development affects both the top and bottom
faces of beams. This leads to bidirectional cracking and spalling of cover on the top
and bottom of the beam.
This slide presents the beam longitudinal reinforcement requirements per ACI 318.
The reinforcement ratio limits insure a tension controlled failure mode in bending
and reduce congestion of reinforcing steel. Continuous bars in the top and bottom
are required due to reversal of seismic motions and variable live load. Splice
locations and transverse reinforcement are specified because lap splices are
unreliable and cover concrete will spall.
This slide shows additional beam longitudinal reinforcement requirements per ACI
318. Seismic hooks have special detailing requirements to ensure that the hoops
do not open after the cover spalls. The maximum hoop spacings ensure adequate
confinement of the concrete core and adequate lateral support of the compression
reinforcing bars. However, maximum spacing may be dictated by shear design. To
prevent longitudinal bar buckling, the requirements for tying compression reinforcing
steel also apply to the bars in the expected plastic hinge region (over a distance
equal to twice the beam depth from the face of the support).
This slide presents the beam shear strength requirements per ACI 318. Shear
demand is based on the maximum probable flexural strength of the beam. The
probable flexural strength is based on the assumption that the flexural reinforcement
will achieve a stress of 1.25 times yield. To determine the expected shear from
seismic effects, the probable moment strength is applied at each end of the beam
and the resulting shear is calculated. This shear demand is added to the demand
from gravity loads. For beams (small axial load), concrete shear strength is
neglected when the earthquake-induced shear force ((Mpr1+Mpr2)/n) represents one-
half or more of the design shear strength of the beam.
The design shear for joints is determined from the maximum probable flexural
capacities of the beams framing into the joint and the shear in the columns. The
column shear is also based on the maximum probable flexural strength of the
beams. In this way, the joint shear is directly related to the amount of reinforcement
in the beams framing into the joints.
Joint shear strength is based on the area of the joint, which is usually the area of
the column. Nominal joint shear stress is a function of confinement. More
confinement implies higher permissible shear stress. The joint shear strength often
controls the sizes of the framing members. If additional joint shear strength is
required, usually the column size is increased. If beam depth is increased to reduce
joint shear, care must be taken to maintain the strong column-weak beam design.
This slide presents the column longitudinal reinforcement requirements per ACI 318.
The limits on reinforcement ratio provide a sizeable difference between cracking
and yielding moments and prevent steel congestion. When fulfilling the strong
column-weak beam rule, recognize that moment capacity varies with axial load.
This slide presents the column transverse reinforcement requirements per ACI 318.
The minima for the area of transverse reinforcement is based on providing adequate
confinement of the core concrete to ensure that the strength of the column after the
cover has spalled equals or exceeds the strength of the column prior to cover loss.
The second equations for the spiral reinforcement ratio or the area of hoops
typically govern for large columns.
Spacing of the transverse reinforcement (so) is limited to prevent longitudinal bar
buckling. The distance between the legs of rectangular hoops (hx) is limited
because the hoops try to become circular (bend outward due to lateral expansion of
confined concrete) after the concrete cover spalls.
This slide presents other requirements for columns per ACI 318. Columns under
discontinued stiff members tend to develop considerable inelastic response (thus
more transverse reinforcement is required). The shear design is similar to that for
beams with the demand calculated based on the maximum probable strengths of
the beams framing into the columns; shear strength of concrete is neglected if axial
load is low and earthquake-induced shear is more than 50% of the maximum
required shear strength within the plastic hinge region.
This slide shows a failure at the base of a column that had splices in the hinge
region. (Building C, Adapazari, Turkey, 1999 Izmit earthquake.)
This slide presents the definition of the potential hinge region, where the highest
level of confinement is required for columns per ACI 318. The hinge region is not to
be assumed less that the largest of the three values.
design features.
Design of shear walls for seismic resistance includes designing to resist axial
forces, flexure, and shear. Special boundary confinement is required at the ends of
walls where the maximum compressive stress associated with flexural and axial
loads are high.
In additional to shear walls, ACI 318 provides detailing requirements for coupling
beams.
Since ACI 318 Chapter 21 does not have any seismic provisions for Ordinary shear
walls, they are not covered in this presentation.
The design philosophy for walls is to ensure a ductile, flexural failure mechanism
and preclude all brittle mechanisms.
This slide presents some of the ACI 318 notation for dimensions and reinforcing
ratios in special shear walls.
This slide presents some of the minimum reinforcing requirements for special shear
walls.
This slide presents more requirements for special shear walls.
The equation for shear strength of walls recognizes the higher shear strength of
walls with high shear-to-moment ratios. For stout walls,  shall not be less than t.
To determine the required longitudinal reinforcement, the wall is treated like a
column. An interaction diagram can be developed for the selected reinforcing
layout, and checked against combinations of axial load and moment as determined
from analysis.
If there is a high compressive strains or stresses at the ends of the shear wall,
special boundary element detailing is required. A boundary element is a portion of
the wall which is well confined. Widening of the wall is not required, though it can
be beneficial, especially in reducing the length of the boundary element or reducing
the vertical extent of the boundary element. More on this later….
This slide presents the two possible methods for checking if boundary elements are
required. There is a strain-based method and a stress-based method. Both are
described in the following slides.
This slide presents one of the two methods ACI 318 presents to check if boundary
elements are required. This method uses strains associated with shear wall
curvature to determine if boundary element confinement is required.
If the strain-based method is used to determine if a boundary element is required,
the method presented on this slide is used to determine at what height up the wall
the boundary element can be terminated.
This slide presents the second possible method for checking if boundary elements
are required—the stress-based method. This method has a different way to
determine at what point on the wall the boundary element can be discontinued.
Regardless of method used to determine where boundary elements are required,
the detailing is the same as indicated on this slide. The factor c is the maximum
depth to the neutral axis using any of the governing load combinations.
This slide illustrates the basic design of coupling beams in accordance with ACI
318. Beams with higher aspect rations can be designed as standard ductile
beams. However, if the aspect ratio is smaller and shear demand high, the beam
must be reinforced with diagonal bars.
design features.
ACI 318 has provisions to ensure that gravity members can accommodate the
expected seismic drift while maintaining their ability to support the design gravity
loads.
This slide shows some aspects of diaphragm design. The slide shows where
collectors might be needed to transfer forces from a long diaphragm into a narrow
shear wall. The design load is to be from seismic analysis in accordance with the
design load combinations. Slab reinforcement is based on shear stress or slab
reinforcement minima (same as for slender structural walls). The chord (boundary
element) of a diaphragm is designed to resist tension and compression of M/d.
Diaphragms rarely require confined chords. There are also special considerations
for topped and untopped precast diaphragms.
Truss systems of reinforced concrete are rarely used. Ductility, usually developed in
flexure, is difficult to achieve. Every member in a truss is axially loaded; therefore,
every member is designed and reinforced as a column. Full height confinement is
used in all members. Anchorage is extremely important to assure adequate post
yield response.
Frames can be based on one of two basic modes of behavior in precast buildings:
• Precast that emulates monolithic construction used for frames (strong
connections). For this type of system, field connections are made at points of low
stress, and the hinges will occur in factory cast members, not field splices.
• Jointed precast with ductile connections. For this type of system, yielding occurs
in the field connections.
In the NEHRP Provisions, acceptance of special precast structural walls is based on
validation testing.
Quality assurance is covered in ASCE 7 Chapter 11A. However, this chapter is
oftne not adopted by the local building code, so the QA requirements are often
those contained in the model building code.
A quality assurance plan is generally required for most seismic force resisting
systems.
This slide contains a general list of the types of testing and inspection required for
concrete buildings.
design features.
We will now work through a design example. This moment frame example is found
in Chapter 7 of the NEHRP Recommended Provisions: Design Examples (FEMA
P-751). In the North-South direction, the seismic force resisting system is a special
moment frame. In the East-West direction, it is a dual system with moment resisting
frames on Column Lines 1, 2, 7, and 8, and shear walls between Column Lines B
and C along Lines 3-6. Note that Column Lines 1 and 8 have 6 columns while
Column Lines 2 and 7 have only 4 columns. The example will focus on beams,
columns and joints in the frame on Column Line 1.
This slide shows the elevation views of the frames on Column Lines 2 and 3. Note
the shear wall on Column Lines 3 to 6.
The concrete used in the majority of the building is normal-weight concrete with f’c =
5,000 psi. To perform the analysis, initial member sizes were estimated then
adjusted as the design process required.
This slide presents the story shears on Frames Lines 1, 2, and 3. All of the shear
wall lines (grid 3-6 are similar to grid 3). Note the locations where story shears are
negative for Frames 2 and 3. Also note that the frame line with the shear wall
attracts the greatest portion of the seismic shear.
Note also that the story shears are the greatest at Frame 1 at Level 7 due to the
interaction between the frames and walls. Therefore, this example focuses on the
elements at Level 7.
ASCE 7 Section 12.2.5.1 requires that for dual systems the moment frame without
walls must be capable of resisting at least 25% of the design forces. The building
was reanalyzed with the walls removed and 25% of the equivalent seismic forces
applied. This slide compares story shears from the original analysis with the 25%
rule. Note that this rule controls the design for the ground level frames.

The typical beams are 24 inches wide by 32 inches deep.
This slide shows the layout of reinforcement for beams intersecting at Column Line
4 for Frame 1. Note the different values of d for beams in each direction.

This slide reviews how strengths are calculated for various aspects of design.
Maximum probable strength is used when a higher strength than the design
strength causes more severe effects. Column strength is modified by the strong
column-weak beam rule.

This slide shows the bending moment envelopes for beams in Frame 1 at Level 7.
The structure and the moment envelopes are symmetric about the centerline.
The combinations are:
1.2D + 1.6L
1.2D + 1.0E + 0.5L
0.9D + 1.0E
With E defined as QE ± 0.2SDSD with SDS=1.1 and =1.0. QE is the effect from
horizontal seismic forces.

First the beam longitudinal (top) reinforcement is calculated. We will provide three
(must be at least two) continuous bars top and bottom. Additional top bars are
provided as necessary for moment capacity. The reinforcement ratio is checked
against the ACI 318 limits for maximum and minimum

Next the reinforcement for positive moment at the face of the column is determined.
Note that the calculated positive moment demand is greater than half of the
negative moment demand. The larger of these two values governs design. For
calculation of positive moment capacity the effective width of the beam, since the
compression block is within the slab, includes one twelfth of the span length. This is
from the effective flange width provisions of ACI 318 Section 8.10.3. In this case
the minimum reinforcement is adequate.

The other beams can be checked in a similar manner.
This slide presents the beam reinforcement layout for Frame 1,

Next we will determine the design shear forces for the beams. These shears are
based on the illustrated hinging mechanism in which the maximum probable
negative moment is developed at one end of the beam and the maximum probable
positive moment is developed at the other end. The shears from the probable
moments are then combined with the gravity shear to determine the total design
shear.

This slide shows the beam shear forces. The design shear is the gravity plus the
seismic shear. Seismic shear is computed based on the flexural strength (Mpr) of
the beams based on an assumed hinging pattern.

This slide presents the calculation of the beam transverse reinforcement. Note that
Vc is taken as 0. #4 hoops are selected for the calculations, then the maximum
spacing of hoops within the potential hinging region is determined as shown.

After calculating the required spacing to provide adequate shear strength, the
spacing is checked against the maximum allowable spacing as shown in this slide.
In this case the required spacing for shear strength governs.

The design shear for joints is determined from the maximum probable flexural
capacities of the beams framing into the joint and the shear in the columns. In this
way, the joint shear is directly related to the amount of reinforcement in the beams
framing into the joints. But how is the column shear computed in this limit state
analysis?

The column shear can be computed using a free-body diagram and the probable
moment strengths of the beams at the face of column.

Once the column shears are determined, the joint shear force and stress can be
calculated as shown in this slide. The joint shear force is based on the same
mechanism and moments shown on the previous slide. The joint area is the same
as the column area (30 in. x 30 in.). The computed joint shear strength is then
compared to the factored shear in the joint. If the joint shear strength were
computed as less than the factored demand, the area of flexural steel, the beam
depth, or the column size can be modified to remedy the problem.

Finally, we will consider the design of a representative column, in this case the
Frame 1 column on grid A’ just below the 7th floor. Recall that ACI considers a
member to be a “column” where the factored axial demand exceeds 0.1Agf’c. The
column design is based on a P-M analysis and the sum of the column moment
capacities must exceed the beam moment capacities at each joint.

This slide shows the calculation of the column design moments from beam flexural
capacities and strong column-weak beam rule. This method assumes an inflection
point at midheight of the column which is reasonable in most cases for regular
frame layouts.

Next the necessary column transverse reinforcement to provide confinement of the
concrete core is calculated. The equation on the slide that results in the larger
amount of confining steel will govern.

This slide presents the rules to calculate maximum hoop spacing within the potential
hinge region.

For most columns in Special moment frames, 4 inch hoop spacing is a reasonable
assumption, so we start there.

The seismic shear in the columns can based on the probable flexural strength of the
columns themselves or by the probably flexural strength of the beams that frame
into the column at the top and the bottom.
Using the column moment strengths is conservative, but if the amount of shear
reinforcement is governed by the confinement requirements, there may be adequate
shear capacity for the conservative but more simple method.
If the probable moments in the beams are used, the column moments above and
below the joint are determined based on their relative flexibilities. Then the shear in
the column is calculated based on the moments at the top and the bottom of the
column and the column clear height.

In this slide the shear demand in the column is calculated based on the column
moment strengths.
Note that since there is significant axial compression in the column, concrete shear
strength may be used.

This slide shows the calculation of the concrete contribution to column shear
strength. Then the required shear strength to be provided by the steel is
determined. The shear strength provided by the hoops spaced at 6 inches in the
middle of the column (4 inch spacing is required spacing for confinement at the
column ends) is shown to be more than adequate. Therefore, the final hoop layout
within the plastic hinge lengths at the tops and bottoms of the columns is set.

This slide shows the final column reinforcing layout. Outside of the plastic hinge
length, the spacing of the hoops can be increased to 6 inches.

Next, the design and detailing requirements for Intermediate moment frames are
covered. While not addressed in this presentation, the Example Problems contains
the detailed design of the example building as an intermediate moment frame as
well as a special moment frame.

The same example problem used to illustrate the moment frame design will now be
used to illustrate the concepts for Special shear walls. Recall that in the east-west
direction, the building is a dual system with special moment frames on grids 1, 2, 7
and 8 and special shear walls on grids 3-6.

We will look at the wall at grid line 3 as shown in the left figure. The right side of the
slide shows the plan section at the shear wall. The columns at the ends of the wall
also serve as part of the north-south moment frame.

This slide shows the story shears for East-West load application. Note that Frame 3
includes the shear wall. Typical for cantilevered shear wall systems, the maximum
shear and moment are at the base of the wall.

This slide provides the design loads at the base of the wall on grid 3 The moment
and shear come from the lateral analysis and gravity load comes from the load run-
down and the worst case load combinations.

First, the vertical and horizontal reinforcement required in the shear panel can be
calculated.. The lower phi factor for shear wall shear is used because we will not
provide enough shear reinforcement to enable the wall to develop it’s full flexural
strength without a shear failure. This is permitted by the Provisions however, it is
often preferable to ensure that the wall is flexure-controlled where practical. In
some cases that is not practical.

The axial and flexural (P-M) analysis is done using the loads provided previously.

With the boundary column reinforcement assumed and the shear panel
reinforcement selected, a column interaction curve can be generated and compared
against the factored combinations of axial load and moment (using appropriate phi
factors). In this case, the wall is more than adequate for the first two levels. The
design could be further optimized to reduce boundary column reinforcing
congestion, except that as noted previously, the column is part of the north-south
moment frames.

We will check whether a boundary member is required based on the stress-based
procedure of ACI 318. The axial load and moment come from the lateral and gravity
load analysis of the building and the worst case load combination. The gross
section properties are calculated, using the cross-section shown previously. Since a
fairly large compressive stress is present, a boundary element is needed up thru the
8th floor.

This slide illustrates the procedure for determining the extent of the boundary
element confinement. Since the length exceeds the column dimension, a higher
strength concrete will be used in order to avoid having to confine the shear wall
panel beyond the column.

The confinement is designed essentially like column confinement. For a hoop
spacing of 4 in., 4 legs of #5 bar are required.

This slide shows a summary of the reinforcement for shear wall boundary members
and panels.

This slide presents the beam longitudinal reinforcement requirements per ACI 318.
Continuous bars in the top and bottom are required due to reversal of seismic
motions and variable live load. Unlike Special moment frames, there are no specific
requirements for reinforcing ratios or for splices.

The hoop requirements for intermediate moment frame beams are similar to those
of special moment frame beams.

For beam shear strength, the method for special moment frames can be used
(shear based on probable moment strength. Or, the design shear can be based on
the analysis using twice the earthquake shear in the load combinations.

The spacing of column hoops at the ends of intermediate frames is similar to that of
special moment frames.
For shear design, columns are treated the same as intermediate moment frame
beams, namely that the design shear can be taken from the analysis using twice the
earthquake shear.

This slide summarizes the differences in detailing requirements for the three types
of moment frames. Special moment frames require special attention to each of the
performance objectives. Intermediate frames have less strict requirements on all
counts. Ordinary frames have very few requirements beyond those of gravity
frames designed using ACI 318. Note that the detailing to avoid rebar congestion is
important in special moment frames (use scaled drawings of joints for this task).

Slide to prompt questions from participants.

Instructional Material Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
7
Reinforced Concrete
By Peter W. Somers, S.E.
Originally developed by Finley A. Charney, PhD, P.E.
Topic Overview

– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples
Topic Overview

– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples
7 - Reinforced Concrete 1
Unconfined Concrete Stress-Strain Behavior

20000
4500 psi
18000 8800 psi
16000 13,500 psi
14000 17,500 psi
Stress, psi
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
Strain, in./in.
Confinement by Spirals or Hoops

Asp
fyhAsp
ds
fyhAsp
Confinement Forces acting Confinement

from spiral or on 1/2 spiral or from square
circular hoop circular hoop hoop
Confinement
Rectangular hoops Confinement by Confinement by

with cross ties transverse bars longitudinal bars
Confined Concrete
Stress-Strain Behavior
8000 no confinement
4.75 in.
7000 Pitch of
3.5 in.
¼ in. dia.
6000 2.375 in.
spiral
1.75 in.
Stress, psi
5000
4000
3000
Tests of
2000 6 in. x 12 in.
1000 cylinders
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Average strain on 7.9 in. gauge length
Idealized Stress-Strain Behavior of

Confined Concrete
Kent and Park Model
No Hoops
4500 4 in.
4000 6 in.
9 in.
3500
12 in.
3000
Stress, psi
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016
Confined Area 12” x 16” Strain, in./in.
Reinforcing Steel Stress-Strain Behavior

100
Grade 75
80
Stress, ksi
Grade 60
60 rupture~10-12%
Grade 40
40
strain hardening~ 1-3%
E = 29,000 ksi rupture ~18-20%
20
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Microstrain
Reinforced Concrete Behavior
steel
yields failure
Load
cracked-inelastic
cracked-elastic
uncracked
Mid-Point Displacement, 
Behavior Up to First Yield of Steel
b
c fc
c
d 
As
s Es < fy
s
Strain Stress
Behavior at Concrete Crushing
b  c,max f'c
c C
d  jd
As
fy Asfy
s >y
Strain Stress Forces
Mn = Asfyjd
Typical Moment Curvature Diagram
700
w/ strain hardening
600 f’c = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
500
M, in-kip
w/o strain hardening

b = 8 in
400 d = 10 in
300  = 0.0125
200
100
0
0 100 200 300
 x 10-5 in-1
Influence of Reinforcement Ratio

5000
f’c = 4 ksi
4000
fy = 60 ksi
b = 10 in
M, in-kip
3000
d = 18 in
2000
 2.5%
1000
1.5%
0.5%
0
0 100 200 300 400
 x 10-5 in-1
Influence of Compression Reinforcement
1600 Beam  '

1 0.0375 0.0250
2 0.0375 0.0125
2 1 3 0.0375 0
1200 4 0.0250 0.0125
3 5 0.0250 0
6 0.0125 0.0125
800 5 4 7 0.0125 0
M
lb / in2
bd2 6
400 7
0
0 0.008 0.016 0.024

Moment-Curvature
with Confined Concrete
 c,max f'c
c

As
fy
s >y
Strain Stress
Moment-Curvature with Confined

Concrete
35000
30000
25000
Moment, in-k
20000 Beam - 24 in. x 36 in.

Tension Steel - 12 ea. #10
15000 Compression Steel - 5 ea. #8
Confining Steel - #4 hoops at 4 in. c-c
10000
5000
without confining with confining
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
curvature, microstrain/in.
Plastic Hinging
l
idealize
M  actual
lp plastic
rotation

u y
Mu u
Strategies to Improve Ductility
• Use low flexural reinforcement ratio

• Add compression reinforcement
• Add confining reinforcement
Other Functions of Confining Steel
• Acts as shear reinforcement

• Prevents buckling of longitudinal
reinforcement
• Prevents bond splitting failures
Structural Behavior
Frames
Story Mechanism Sway Mechanism
Story Mechanism
Structural Behavior - Walls

s
H V
N V
H V
V N
V C V
T
Flexural Horizontal Sliding on Sliding on

failure tension flexural cracks construction
joint
Structural Behavior - Columns
Ultimate 14 in square
1000 4-#11 bars
yield f' c = 4 ksi
fy = 45 ksi
800
Axial load, P, kip
600 1.75” bending axis
400
200
0
0 400 800 1200 1600 0.002 0.001 0
Moment, M, in-kip Curvature, , rad/in
Influence of Hoops on Axial Strength

Gross column Confined concrete
Area = A g Area = A core
Before spalling- After spalling-

P = Agf’c P = Acore(f’c + 4 flat)
After spalling  Before spalling
Column with
Inadequate Ties
Well Confined Column
Hysteretic Behavior of Well Confined

Column
M 1.0
Mu
0.5
-4 4
-0.5 Drift, %
-1.0
Structural Behavior
Columns

M1 M1 V
V
L
V
M2 M2
P
M 1  M 2 2 M pr
V 
L L Range
of P
M
Mo Mpr
Column Shear Failure
Structural Behavior
Joints
fc T
ft
h
Cc
Cs
Max. shear force

Vj = T- V
Hysteretic Behavior of Joint with Hoops
1.0
M
Mu
0.5
-1 5 6
Drift, %
-0.5
Hysteretic Behavior of
Joint without Hoops
1.0
M
Mu
0.5
-1 5 6
Drift, %
-0.5
Joint Failure – No Shear Reinforcing
Anchorage Failure in
Column/Footing Joint

• Compressive Ductility
– Strong in compression but brittle
– Confinement improves ductility by
• Maintaining concrete core integrity
• Preventing longitudinal bar buckling
• Flexural Ductility
– Longitudinal steel provides monotonic ductility at low
reinforcement ratios
– Transverse steel needed to maintain ductility through
reverse cycles and at very high strains (hinge
development)
• Damping
– Well cracked: moderately high damping
– Uncracked (e.g. prestressed): low damping
• Potential Problems
– Shear failures are brittle and abrupt and must be
avoided
– Degrading strength/stiffness with repeat cycles
• Limit degradation through adequate hinge
development
Topic Overview

– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples
Reference Standards
Modifications to Reference Standards
Context in NEHRP Recommended

Provisions
Provisions  ASCE 7-05  ACI 318-08
ASCE 7-05 for Concrete

Structural design criteria: Chap. 12
Structural analysis procedures: Chap. 12
Design of concrete structures: Sec. 14.2
Provisions modifications to ASCE 7
ASCE 7 modifications to ACI 318
Reference Standards
ASCE 7:
Defines systems and classifications
Provides design coefficients
ACI 318:
Provides system design and detailing
requirements consistent with ASCE 7
system criteria
Modified by both ASCE 7 and the
Provisions
Seismic-Force-Resisting Systems
Moment Frames
Cast-in-Place
Special
Intermediate
Ordinary
Precast
Special
Shear walls
Cast-in-Place
Special
Ordinary
Detailed plain
Ordinary plain
Precast
Intermediate
Ordinary
Dual Systems
Use of Reference Standards

• ACI 318
– Chapter 21, Earthquake-Resistant Structures
• ASCE 7 Section 14.2
• Provisions Section 14.2
– Validation testing for special precast structural walls
• Provisions supersede ASCE 7 modifications
Detailed Modifications to ACI 318
• Wall piers and wall segments

• Members not designated as part of the LRFS
• Columns supporting discontinuous walls
• Intermediate precast walls
• Plain concrete structures
• Anchoring to concrete
• Foundations
• Acceptance criteria for validation testing of
special precast walls
Topic Overview

– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples
Design Coefficients
Moment Resisting Frames

Special R/C
8 5.5
Moment Frame
Intermediate R/C
5 4.5
Moment Frame
Ordinary R/C
3 2.5
Moment Frame
Design Coefficients
Shear Walls (Bearing Systems)
Special R/C Shear

5 5
Walls
Ordinary R/C
4 4
Shear Walls
Intermediate Precast 4 4
Shear Walls
Design Coefficients
Shear Walls (Frame Systems)
Special R/C Shear
6 5
Walls
Ordinary R/C
5 4.5
Shear Walls
Intermediate Precast 5 4.5

Shear Walls
Design Coefficients
Dual Systems with Special Frames

Dual System w/
7 5.5
Special Walls
Dual System w/
6 5
Ordinary Walls
Seismic ACI 318 Description
Design Requirements
Category
B Sec. 21.2 Analysis and proportioning

C
D, E & F
Secs. 21.11-13 Diaphragms, foundations,
& non LRFS members
Moment Frames
Design Frame Type Requirements
Category
Chapters 1-18
B Ordinary
Sec. 21.2
D, E and F Special Secs. 21.5-21.8
Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls

Design Wall Requirements
Category Type
B and C Ordinary Chapters 1-18
D, E and F Special Sec. 21.9
Precast Concrete Shear Walls

Design Wall Type Requirements
Category
B Ordinary Chapters 1-18
D, E and F Special Sec. 21.10 (21.9)
Topic Overview

– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples
• Special Moment Frames
– Strong column
• Avoid story mechanism
– Hinge development
• Confined concrete core
• Prevent rebar buckling
• Prevent shear failure
– Member shear strength
– Joint shear strength
– Rebar development and splices (confined)
• Intermediate Moment Frames
– Avoid shear failures in beams and columns
– Plastic hinge development in beams and columns
– Toughness requirements for two-way slabs without
beams
• Ordinary Moment Frames
– Minimum ductility and toughness
– Continuous top and bottom beam reinforcement
– Minimum column shear failure protection
Special Moment Frames
• General detailing requirements

• Beams
• Joints
• Columns
• Example problem
Frame Mechanisms
“strong column – weak beam”
Story mechanism Sway mechanism
Required Column Strength
 Mnc  1.2 Mnb

M nc1
M nb1 M nb2
M nc2
Hinge Development
• Tightly Spaced Hoops

– Provide confinement to increase concrete strength
and usable compressive strain
– Provide lateral support to compression bars to
prevent buckling
– Act as shear reinforcement and preclude shear
failures
– Control splitting cracks from high bar bond stresses
Hinge Development
Before
spalling
After
spalling
Hinge Development
Bidirectional cracking
Spalled cover

200    0.025
fy
At least 2 bars continuous
top & bottom

Splice away from hinges and

enclose within hoops or spirals

Closed hoops at hinging regions
with “seismic” hook
135º hook, 6dh  3” extension

d/4 8db 24dh 12”
2h
min Stirrups elsewhere, s  d/2

Beam Shear Strength
1.2D + 1.0L + 0.2S
Mpr1 Mpr2
Mpr  Mn with
n fs  1.25fy ,   1 .0
Ve1 Ve2
Mpr1  Mpr 2 w u n
Ve    Ve by analysis
n 2
If earthquake-induced  1 V
e
shear force 2
then Vc = 0
A gfc'
and Pu 
20

Beam-Column Joint
Vcol
Vj  T  C  Vcol
T
C
T  1.25fy A s, top
Vj
C  1.25fy A s, bottom

Beam-column Joint
20 
 
Vn  15  f 'c A j
12 
 
• Vn often controls size of columns
• Coefficient depends on joint confinement
• To reduce shear demand, increase beam depth
• Keep column stronger than beam

Column Longitudinal Reinforcement
M nc1
0.01    0.06
M nb1 M nb2
 Mnc  1.2 Mnb
(strong column-weak beam)
M nc2
Mnc based on factored axial force,

consistent with direction of lateral forces

Spirals Hoops
A  f'  f '  Ag 
 s  0.45 g  1 c Ash  0.3 sbc c   1
  A
 Ach  f yt  f yt  ch 
and and
f 'c f'
 s  0.12 Ash  0.09 sbc c
f yt f yt
bc = trans. dimension of column core, center to center of outer legs
s = hoop spacing

hx hx
 14  h x 
so  4   
 3 
Spacing shall not exceed the smallest of:
b/4 or 6 db or so (4” to 6”)
Distance between legs of hoops or crossties, hx  14”

• For columns supporting stiff members such as
walls, hoops are required over full height of column
if
f 'c A g
Pe 
10
• For shear strength- same rules as beams (concrete
shear strength is neglected if axial load is low and
earthquake shear is high)
• Lap splices are not allowed in potential plastic
hinge regions
Splice in Hinge
Region
Terminating
bars

 d 
 
 
 clear height 
o   6 
 
 18" 
 
 
Topic Overview

– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples
• Special R/C shear walls
– Resist axial forces, flexure and shear
– Boundary members
• Where compression stress/strain is large, maintain
capacity
– Development of rebar in panel
– Ductile coupling beams
• Ordinary R/C shear walls
– No seismic requirements, Ch. 21 does not apply
Design Philosophy
• Flexural yielding will occur in predetermined

flexural hinging regions
• Brittle failure mechanisms will be precluded
– Diagonal tension
– Sliding hinges
– Local buckling
– Shear failures in coupling beams

w
t = parallel to shear plane
 = perpendicular
hw to shear plane
Shear plane, Acv =

web thickness x
length of wall

•  and t not less than 0.0025
unless
Vu  Acv f 'c
then per Sec.14.3
• Spacing not to exceed 18 in.
• Reinforcement contributing to Vn
shall be continuous and distributed
across the shear plane

• Two curtains of reinforcing required
if:
Vu  2 Acv f 'c
• Design shear force determined from
lateral load analysis

• Shear strength:
Vn  Acv  c  f 'c   t f y 
c = 3.0 for hw/w1.5
c = 2.0 for hw/w2.0
Linear interpolation between
• Walls must have reinforcement in two

orthogonal directions

• For axial load and flexure, design like a
column to determine axial load – moment
interaction P
M

Boundary Elements
For walls with a high
compression demand
at the edges – special
boundary elements
are required
Widened end with confinement
Extra confinement and/or

longitudinal bars at end
ACI 318: Overview of Special Walls

Boundary Elements
Two options for determining need for boundary
elements
• Strain-based: Determined using wall
deflection and associated wall curvature
• Stress-based: Determined using maximum

extreme fiber compressive

• Boundary elements are required if:
w
c

600 u 

 hw 
u = Design displacement
c = Depth to neutral axis from strain
compatibility analysis with loads
causing u
ACI 318-05, Overview of Walls:

• Where required, boundary elements must
extend up the wall from the critical section a
distance not less than the larger of:
w or Mu/4Vu

Boundary Elements—Stress
• Boundary elements are required where the
maximum extreme fiber compressive stress
calculated based on factored load effects,
linear elastic concrete behavior and gross
section properties, exceeds 0.2f’c
• Boundary element can be discontinued

where the compressive stress is less than
0.15f’c

Boundary Elements—Detailing
• Boundary elements must extend horizontally
not less than the larger of c/2 or c-0.1w
• In flanged walls, boundary element must
include all of the effective flange width and at
least 12 in. of the web
• Transverse reinforcement must extend into
the foundation

Coupling Beams
Requirements based on aspect ratio and shear demand
n / h  4 Design as Special
Moment Frame beam
 n / h  2 and Vu  4 f 'c Acw Reinforce with 2

intersecting groups of
diagonal bars
Other cases Standard or diagonal
Topic Overview

– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples
Members Not Part of LFRS

• In frame members not designated as part of
the lateral-force-resisting system in regions
of high seismic risk:
– Must be able to support gravity loads while subjected
to the design displacement
– Transverse reinforcement increases depending on:
Forces induced by drift
Axial force in member
Diaphragms
Diaphragm
Shear walls
Collectors, if req’d to transfer force
from diaphragm to shear walls
Load from analysis in accordance
With design load combinations
Check:
• Shear strength and reinforcement (min. slab reinf.)
• Chords (boundary members)
- Force = M/d Reinforced for tension
(Usually don’t require boundary members)
Struts and Trusses:

• All members have axial load (not flexure), so
ductility is more difficult to achieve
• Full length confinement
Precast Concrete:
Field connections Field connections

at points of low must yield
stress
Strong connections Ductile connections

• Configure system so that hinges • Inelastic action at field
occur in factory cast members splice
away from field splices
Quality Assurance:
Rebar Inspection
• Special inspection
– Rebar placement
– Prestressing tendon placement, stressing, grouting
– Concrete placement
• Testing
– Rebar (ratio of yield to ultimate)
– Concrete
Topic Overview

– Shear walls
• Other topics
• Design Examples from FEMA P-751
Special Moment Frame Example

• Located in Berkeley, A A’ B C C’ D N
1
California
2
• 12-story concrete
7 @ 30’ = 210’
building 3
• N-S direction: SMF 4
• E-W direction: dual 5

system
6
• Seismic Design 7
Category D
8
• Modal Analysis 5 @ 20’ = 100’
Procedure
Typical Floor Plan
Frame Elevations
Grid Lines 3 to 6 Grid Lines 2 and 7
frame 1
frame 2
1
frame 3
2
Frame 1, 3
max at L7
Includes shear wall

0
Seismic Analysis: Dual Systems
• For dual systems,

moment frame must be
designed to resist at least
25% of design seismic
forces (ASCE 7, Sec.
12.2.5.1)
100% forces with

shear wall
25% forces w/o
shear wall
Layout of Reinforcement
#4 stirrup
4 #8 bar,
assumed
28.5”
29.5”
32”
24”
30”
Design Strengths
Design Aspect Strength Used
Beam flexure Design strength

Maximum probable
Beam shear
strength
Maximum probable
Beam-column joint
strength
1.2 times nominal
Column flexure
beam strength
Maximum probable
Column shear
strength
Bending Moment Envelopes:

Frame 1 Beams, 7th Floor
A A’ B CL C
282 308 305
Seismic
265 306
50/23
Dead/Live
357 389 388 37/17
Combined:
72
251 274 271
1.42D +0.5L + E
Moments in k-ft
0.68D - E
1.2D + 1.6L
Maximum negative moment,

Mu = 389 kip-ft at Column A’
b = 24” d = 29.5” f’c = 4 ksi fy = 60 ksi
Try 4 #8, As = 3.16 in2

ρ = 0.00446, 0.0033 < ρ < 0.025 OK
Mn = 406 kip-ft OK


(continued)
Positive Mu at face of column = 271 kip-ft
b = 44 in. (beam width plus span/12)

Try 3 #8, As = 2.37 in2
ρ = 0.00335, 0.0033 < ρ < 0.025 OK
Mn = 311 kip-ft OK
Since nearly min ρ, 3 #8 are continuous

Check: +Mn > -Mn/2  311 > 406/2 OK
Mn,min > Mn,max /4  311 > 406/4 OK
Beam Reinforcement: Layout
1 1.5" cover
#8 bar
28.5"
29.5"
32"
North-south
spanning beam
#4 hoop
East-west
spanning beam
30"
Determine Beam Design Shear

Assumed
hinging
B C mechanism
587
Probable moment
strength, Mpr (k-ft)
430 Vu,grav = 33.3 k-ft

20’ – 30” = 17’-6”
M pr1  M pr 2 430  587

Ve   Vu , grav   33.3  91.4 kips
n 17.5
Loading
Beam Shear
Hinge locations
Force
A A' B C
7,042 7,042 7,042

7,042
(a)
Seismic moment
(tension side)
in.-kips
Beam moments
5,519 5,519 5,519 5,519
210"
15" 240" 15"
58.1 58.1 58.1
(b)
Seismic shear
positive Seismic shear
kips
58.1 58.1 58.1
33.8 33.3 33.3 (c)

Gravity shear
Factored
(1.42D + 0.5L)
32.9 33.3 33.3
kips
positive
gravity shear
91.9 91.4 91.4
25.2 24.8 24.8
(d)
Design shear
seismic + gravity
Design shear
positive
24.3 24.8 24.8
kips
91.0 91.4 91.4
Vseismic > 50% Vu therefore take Vc = 0
Use 4 legged #4 stirrups
Av f y d 0.75(0.8)(60)(29.5)
smax    11.6 in.
Ve 91.4
At ends of beam s = 7.0 in.

(near midspan, s = 7.0 in. w/ 2 legged stirrup)
• Check maximum spacing of hoops within

plastic hinge length (2h)
– d/4 = 7.4 in.
– 8db = 8.0 in.
– 24dh = 12.0 in.
– 12 in.
Therefore, 7.0 in. spacing at ends is adequate
At beam rebar splices, s = 4.0 in.
Joint Shear Force
Vcol V j  T  C  Vcol
T
C
Vj
T  1.25 f y As , top
C  1.25 f y As , bottom
But how to compute Vcol?
Joint Shear Force V col
M pr , L  M pr , R   VR  VL  2 
 h
h
Vcol 
lc
At 7th Floor, Column C:
V e,L M pr,R
 30 
587  430 12  58.1  58.1 2 
lc
Vcol   89.4 kips V e,R
156 M pr,L
V col
Joint Shear Force

89.4
237 178
325
T  1.25 f y As ,top  237 kips
C  1.25 f y As ,bot  178 kips
V j  T  C  Vcol  325 kips
Vn  15 f c' A j  15 5,000 (30) 2  955
Vn  0.85  955  811 kips  325 kips
Frame 1 Column Design

f 'c Ag
Column: Pu  A A' B
10 PL = 78 kips Includes
PD = 367 kips level 7
 M nc  1.2 M nb
32"
Level 7
then:
13'-0"
30"
32"
Level 6
Design column using

standard P-M
interaction curve 20'-0" 20'-0"
Column Design Moments
Design for strong column based on nominal beam moment strengths
A A' B
451
Beam moments (Level 7)
345
 M  1.2 M
nc nb
1.2345  451  956 k - ft

478
Column moments (Level 7),
478 assume uniform distribution
top and bottom

Hoop reinforcement with cross-sectional area:
 f '   A  
Ash  0.3 sbc c   g   1
 f yt   Ach  

and
f'
Ash  0.09sbc c
f yt
bc = transverse dimension of column core
measured center to center of outer legs
s = hoop spacing
Maximum spacing is smallest of:

h/4 = 30/4 = 6.5 in.
6db = 6*1.0 = 6.0 in. (#8 bars)
so calculated as follows:
14  h x
so  4 
3
for 12 #8 vertical bars and #4 hoops,
hx = 8.33 in. and so = 5.72 in.
Next, check confinement requirements……

Assume 4 in. hoop spacing:
 f '   Ag  
  1  0.3 (4)(27) 
5 900 
Ash  0.3 sbc c    1  0.63 in 2

 f yt   Ach    60  729 
and
f 'c  5 
Ash  0.09sbc  0.09(4)(27)   0.81 in 2
f yt  60 
Therefore, use #4 bar hoops with 4 legs

Ash = 0.80 in2
Determine Column Shear

Based on probable moment strength of columns
and can be limited by probable moment strength of beams
Mpr,top
Mpr,1 Mpr,2 Vseismic
n
Vseismic
Mpr,3 Mpr,4
Mpr,bottom
Column Shear Design

Based on column moments:
Mpr,col = 1,245 k-ft (12 #8 vert and Pmax)
2(1,245)
Ve   241 kips
(13  32 / 12)
f 'c Ag 5(30)(3)
For Pmin    225 kips,
20 20
Vc can be included in shear calculation
Column Shear Design
Assume 6 in. max hoop spacing at mid-height of column
Vc  2 f 'c bd  2 5,000 (30)(27.5)  117 kips

Av f y d0.8(60)(27.5)
Vs    220 kips
s 6
Vn   (Vc  Vs )  0.75(117  220)  252 kips  241 kips OK
Hoops: 4 legs #4
s = 6 in. max
Column Reinforcement
A'
• Confinement length, Level 7
lo, greater of:

32"
2"
• h = 30 in.
7 at 4"
• Hc/6 = (156-32)/6 = (12) #8 bars
#4 hoops
20.7 in.
30"
7 at 6"
+ +
• 18 in. 30"
2" 7 at 4"
– Therefore, use 30 in. Level 6

7 at 4"
32"
2"
30"
Intermediate Moment Frames
• Beams
• Columns
Shear Frame Example

A A’ B C C’ D N
• Same building as moment 1
frame example
2
• 12-story concrete building
7 @ 30’ = 210’
3
• N-S direction: SMF
4
• E-W direction: dual system
5
• Seismic Design Category D
6
• Modal Analysis Procedure
7
Shear wall @ grid 3-6 5 @ 20’ = 100’

8
Typical Floor Plan

Shear Wall
17’-6”=210”
16”
30” x 30” column
Shear wall cross section
Ag = (16)(210)+2(30)(30) = 5,160 sq in
Acv = 16[(210)+2(30)] = 4,320 sq in
frame 1
frame 2
1
frame 3
2
Includes shear wall
Shear Wall Loading

load run down.
• Vu = 663 kips
• Mu = 30,511 kip-ft
Shear Panel Reinforcement

 V n   Acv  f c'   t f y 
Vu = 663 kips (below level 2) l Panel  to Acv
f’c = 5,000 psi, fy = 60 ksi

α = 2.0 t
Acv
 = 0.6 (per ACI 9.3.4(a))
Req’d t = 0.0019
Min  (and t) = 0.0025
Use #5 @ 15” o.c. each face:

t= 0.0026 and Vn = 768 kips
Axial-Flexural Design

load run down.
• Mu = 30,511 kip-ft
Axial and Flexural Design
P-M interaction
Wall reinforcement: #5 @15” o.c.
Boundary reinforcement: 12 #9 each end
30000
Nominal
25000
Factored
Combinations
Axial Load, k
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000
Moment, k-ft
Boundary Element Check

Use stress-based procedure (ACI 21.9.6.3).
Boundary Elements required if max stress > 0.2f’c
Ground level axial load and moment are determined

based on factored forces.
Pu M u 5,425 30,511(12)
    2.34ksi  0.47 f c'
Ag S 5,160 284,444
Need confined boundary element
(extend up to below 9th floor where max stress < 0.15f’c)
Boundary Element Length
Length = larger of c/2 or c-0.1Lw
From P-M interaction, max c = 75.3 in.

So, c/2 = 37.7 and c-0.1Lw = 43.8 in
Since length > column dimension, either

• Extend boundary into wall panel
• Increase f’c = reduce boundary element length
For this example, assume f’c = 7,000 psi,

Then req’d boundary element length is 26.9 in.
Boundary Element Confinement

Transverse reinforcement in boundary elements is to be
designed essentially like column transverse reinforcement.
Assume #5 ties and 4 in. spacing
f c'  7 
Ash  0 . 09 sb c  0 . 09 ( 4 )( 27 )    1 . 13 in
2
fy  60 
#5 with 4 legs, Ash = 1.24 in2
Shear Wall Reinforcement

B C B f ' c= 5.0ksi C B C
#4 at 4" (LW)
R 8 #5 at 15" EF 3 #5 at 15" EF
#5 at 15" EF
(12) #8 (12) #9
Class
B
#5 at 15" EF #5 at 15" EF #5 at 15" EF

#4 at 4" #5 at 4"
12 7 #5 at 15" EF 2
#5 at 15" EF
#5 at 15" EF
f 'c =
(12) #8
Class
7.0ksi
B
(NW)
#5 at 15" EF #5 at 15" EF
#4 at 4" #4 at 4" #5 at 15" EF
11 6 #5 at 15" EF
#5 at 15" EF
#5 at 4"
(12) #8 G
Class
#5 at 15" EF
B
#5 at 15" EF #5 at 15" EF (12) #9

#4 at 4" #4 at 4"
10 5
#5 at 15" EF #5 at 15" EF #5 at 15" EF
(12) #8
#5 at 4"
B
#4 at 12" EF #5 at 15" EF
#4 at 4" #4 at 4"
9 4 #5 at 15" EF
#5 at 15" EF
Class
B
#5 at 15" EF #5 at 15" EF
#4 at 4" #5 at 4"
8 3

Flexural reinforcement per Ch.10

No specific splice req’ts

Closed hoops at beam ends

d/4 8db 24dbh 12”

2h
min Stirrups elsewhere, s  d/2

Beam Shear Strength
Two options:
• Same as Special Moment Frames
• Design load combinations with 2x earthquake

shear
1.2D + 1.0L + 0.2S + 2.0E
V1 V2

Hoops at both ends of column: spacing so over length lo
   hmax 
8db  
 
   
 24dbh   clear height 
so    o   6 
 hmin/2   
 "   
   18" 
12
   
Outside length lo, transverse reinforcement per Ch. 7 & 11
Column shear strength req’ts same as beams
Summary of Seismic Detailing for Frames
Issue Ordinary Intermediate Special

Hinge development and
minor full
confinement
Bar buckling lesser full
Member shear lesser full
Joint shear minor minor full
Strong column full
Rebar development lesser lesser full
Load reversal minor lesser full
Questions

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REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 1

• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 2

• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 3

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 4

Confinement Forces acting Confinement

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 5

Rectangular hoops Confinement by Confinement by

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 6

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 7

Confined Area 12” x 16” Strain, in./in.

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 8

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 9

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 10

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 11

Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA P-751, Design Examples Reinforced Concrete - 12

w/o strain hardening

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1600 Beam ρ ρ'

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20000 Beam - 24 in. x 36 in.

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• Use low flexural reinforcement ratio

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• Acts as shear reinforcement

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Story Mechanism Sway Mechanism

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Flexural Horizontal Sliding on Sliding on

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600 1.75” bending axis

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Before spalling- After spalling-

After spalling ≥ Before spalling

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• Concrete and reinforcement behavior

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ASCE 7-05 for Concrete

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• Wall piers and wall segments

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