Environmental

[Type text] and Social Impact Statement - SEZ – Dedicated Textile and Garment Industry - NDC 2018

CHAPTER EIGHT

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

8.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides a detailed plan to manage the environmental and social impacts and
implement the associated mitigation measures related to the project during its life cycle;
namely the pre-construction, construction, operation and decommissioning phases. The
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) provides a strategy for implementation
of the identified mitigation measures. The NDC shall be responsible for overall
implementation of the ESMP, as summarised in Table . The estimated costs for
implementing the mitigation measures and monitoring shown in Table 8.2 and Table 9.1 are
just indicative. Appropriate bills of quantities should clearly give the actual costs. The
indicative costs provided here were derived through experience and informed judgement.
The key objectives associated with this ESMP are:
 Maximise the positive impacts associated with the project development, specifically
relating to the socio-economic aspects of the area;
 Minimise and manage all negative environmental and socio-economic related
impacts associated with the project on a continual basis; and
 Quantify the impacts associated with the project activities through proper
monitoring of the air quality, water quality and soil quality, as well as the impact of
noise and vibration;

8.2 PERSONNEL RESPONSIBLE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ESMP

8.2.1 The Project Proponent: NDC

Spearheading the implementation of the ESMP is mainly the responsibility of the project
proponent. NDC shall supervise and monitor all components implemented by the
Contractor. NDC shall provide the necessary supervisory oversight to ensure the mitigation
measures are implemented fully. In the implementation and operation of the project, NDC
will apply a systematic approach to optimize the Health, Safety and Environment (HSE)
performance of the project and ensure that its HSE objectives and management standards
and goals are achieved.

a) The Environmental Field Officer (EFO)

NDC shall designate among its staff a full-time NDC representative to serve as the
Environmental Field Officer (EFO) on site to provide day-to-day supervisory role during the
entire construction phase. The EFO will be responsible for ensuring implementation of the
ESMP by ensuring that site rules are developed clearly outlining environmental
responsibilities and accountabilities to all senior positions on site. Similarly, the EFO shall be
capacitated to coordinate the implementation of the various activities in the ESMP and
ensure all NDC’s HSE management requirements are met by all aspects of the project. The

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EFO shall be the main contact person on all environmental and social matters related to the
project; and the EFO shall maintain contacts with Contractors, Local Community leaders
and officials in the various relevant Ministries, Departments and agencies both central and
within Local Government Authorities.

b) The Environmental, Health and Safety (HSE) Manager(s) (EHS Managers)

During operation phase, the NDC will hire an overall Environmental, Health and Safety (HSE)
Manager who will provide technical support and coordinate environmental management
initiatives. The HSE Manager will be supported by Environmental Officers and Technicians
from hiring companies. NDC will be committed to ensuring that the HSE Manager is
appropriately qualified for undertaking his assigned responsibilities effectively. In order to
fulfil the above requirement, NDC shall recruit competent individuals and put in place a
training program.

Typical duties and responsibilities for the HSE manager will include, inter alia the following:
 Ensure that environmental monitoring programs are carried out on schedule and
correctly;
 Collect environmental monitoring data as per the ESMP;
 Review environmental data and recommend appropriate actions;
 Monitor environmental compliance of all project operations;
 Train others in the team and general personnel on industrial environmental issues;
 Establish, train and ensure readiness of the emergency response teams (i.e. spill
related);
 Report on environmental data and incidents of significance as per Tanzanian
environmental regulations;
 Liaise with the appropriate regulatory authorities on environmental issues and
compliance, and any incidences with environmental risks;
 With assistance from Community Affairs personnel, undertake on-going awareness
raising and training with local communities on issues related to the environment,
biodiversity, health and safety;
 Provide technical environmental support to industrial operations;
 Ensure commitments listed in the EIS are met; and
 Review (periodically) the existing monitoring system and design updated systems if
and when required.

8.2.2 Consultant

The Consultant shall ensure that those mitigation measures that are to be incorporated in
the designs are completed before the implementation of the project.

8.2.3 Contractor

The Contractor shall ensure that those mitigation measures that are to be implemented
during mobilisation and construction are attended to. The Contractor shall designate or
appoint among its staff an officer to act as Environmental Liaison Officer (ELO) and he/she

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will be responsible to ensure the environmental and social management mitigation

measures are implemented during the contract period. The ELO will report to the NDC EFO.
The ELO after being provided with the required capacity shall be responsible for:

 Establishing procedures, contracts, memorandum of understanding (MOU), where

applicable, for interaction with authorities and local communities.
 Keeping records of materials and technologies used and actions performed and
reporting on the same (environmental monitoring and reporting).
 Documenting all complaints/conflicts/disagreements with details of the persons
involved and the subject matter.
 Coordinating necessary studies/inspections of environmental performance (self-
audits).

8.2.4 Stakeholders

A number of stakeholders will come into play during implementation of the ESMP. Since
most of the project activities will take place on the TAMCO Industrial Estate, it will be the
responsibility of NDC to coordinate the involvement of relevant government authorities and
service providers particularly in Kibaha and meet related costs. Roles of some of the key
stakeholders are summarized as follows:

Table 8.1: Roles of some of the key stakeholders

Stakeholder Role in ESMP implementation

Kibaha Town Council/ Kibaha - Waste Management issues,
District offices (Land, - Community mobilization and awareness (project
Community Development, installation and operations and related safety hazards,
Environment Management, HIV/AIDS
etc.) - Restoration of affected sites
Tangini Ward / Machinjioni - Involving various local government leaders and
Street (‘mtaa’) Offices committees (e.g. security, etc.)
- Community mobilization, training and awareness
Kibaha Town - Exploitation of construction materials and restoration of
Council/TANROADS sites
DAWASCO - Water supply and other support services
NDC - Land rights issues
(Source: Paulsam Geo-Engineering, 2018)

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8.3 THE ESMP

In consideration of the nature of the area and the general environmental management
requirements associated with the industrial processing activities, this ESMP has been
categorised in the following groups:

 Soils and Land Management and Rehabilitation Plan;

 Surface and Groundwater Management Plan;
 Waste Management Plan;
 Biodiversity Management Plan;
 Air Quality Management Plan;
 Noise and Vibration Management Plan;
 Aesthetics and Visual Impacts Management Plan;
 Health and Safety Management Plan;
 Socio-Economic Management Plan and Recruitment Policy;
 Heritage Management Plan;
 Public Disclosure Plan; and
 Radiation Management Protection Plan;

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Table 8.2: Environmental and Social Management Plan

PROJECT MITIGATION / MANAGEMENT ACTION TARGET RESPONSIBILITY COST

PHASE

ASPECT LEVEL (USD)

/STANDARD

The Contractor shall arrange Environmental Awareness Training All personnel Contractor 10,000
programmes for personnel on site as required by Health and are trained on (NDC )
EMP TRAINING AND ORIENTATION

Safety Good Practice, to the satisfaction of the NDC, and ESMP goals
familiarise the employees with the contents of the ESMP, either and targets
PRE-CONSTRUCTION

in written format or verbally (The training shall be done

immediately before commencement of construction works).
The NDC shall arrange for Community Awareness Raising All members NDC 50,000
programmes for the nearby communities particularly Kibaha of the Street Kibaha Town
Town Council and Machinjioni Mtaa Leaders to familiarise them have Council and
with the various committees with the contents of the ESMP, adequate Machinjioni
either in written format or verbally (The training shall be done awareness on Street (‘Mtaa’)
within the first month of the project). ESMP Council and
Committees -
Health, Security,
and Environment)

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 The NDC (in consultation with Site Engineer, representatives All concerned NDC
of NDC) shall clearly inform the Kibaha Town Council and Stakeholders Contractor
Mtaa/Ward leaders and construction to take place (i.e. are aware of Site Engineer,
roads to be used, construction lay-down areas, material HSE standards LGA’s
storage and delivery requirements, contractors’ offices, representatives
CONTRACT AREAS operational demarcation, workers camp).

 The Contractor shall ensure that the construction work will

be limited to an area which is considered necessary for the
work i.e. unnecessary clearance of land shall be avoided.

 The Contractor shall draw out a material delivery and

storage plan and this plan shall be communicated to the
NDC-EFO, Kibaha Town Council and the Machinjioni ‘Mtaa’
Leadership. (This shall be done prior to mobilisation of
construction materials)

 The Contractor will be required to demonstrate in the BOQ

capability to implement procedures for Good Site Practices.

Construction camp facilities will be established on site (on one To be NDC 100, 000
ESTABLIS
HMENT

of the plots that will not be used immediately. However, the confined Contractor,
SITE

Contractor shall avoid clearing land chunks of land unnecessary. within the
This camp will be constructed prior mobilisation of materials unused plots

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Environmental 2018

Site Plan: before construction can begin, the Contractor, Keep within Contractor, 150,000
Resident Engineer shall submit a site plan to the NDC for the planned Resident
approval including: site Engineer
 Storage areas for all material and equipment (including NDC
storage areas for hazardous substances such as fuel and
chemicals if any).Only designated areas may be used for
the storage of materials, machinery, equipment and site
office. Preferred locations would be disturbed areas.
 Waste management facilities: for solid waste collection
facilities and waste treatment facilities for litter, kitchen
refuse, sanitary and workshop-derived effluents.
 Other aspects of the site plan shall include:
o Site access: both entry and exit points.
o Construction offices and other structures.
o Security requirements (including temporary and
permanent fencing, and lighting) and
accommodation for security staff.
o Vegetation clearance areas and extent.
o Storm water control measures.
o Potable water provisions and temporary ablution
facilities.
 The Contractor shall show all intended mitigation
measures on the plan.
 Change of natural setting Minimum Contractor, 150,000
CONSTRUCTION

ESTABLISHMEN

environmenta Resident
SELECTION
AND SITE

 Change / interference of land use and disruption of human

PHASE

l footprint Engineer
PRE-

SITE

settlement features
T

 Breach or compromised security

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 The Contractor shall minimise the environmental footprint New football NDC
through avoiding the cutting of trees and removing pitch
vegetation unnecessarily; Planting indigenous trees to Minimum or
compensate for those that will be cut; and Landscaping to no security
preserve the natural beauty of the area. threats
 NDC will liaise with Kibaha Town Council to see the possibility All
of relocating the football pitch before construction starts communities
 The Contractor shall hire a security company soon after are aware
moving onto the site
 NDC will also work with Kibaha Town Council, particularly,
the security committee to ensure that the security of the
project properties are safeguarded.
 NDC will disseminate information on the project to
communities leaving close to the plant, prior mobilisation
phase starts.
 The Contractor shall consult DAWASCO to connect water on No dry taps at Contractor, 10,000
site soon after construction a construction camp all times Resident
Engineer
WATER SUPPLY

 The NDC shall explore the possibility of drilling a borehole on No or NDC

site to see if there is a possibility of having a backup water minimum
supply system water
 The Contractor and NDC shall put in place water saving wastage
measures including an Education, Information, and
Communication (EIC) package for workers with “ DO and
DON’T”
 The Contractor shall procure construction material from No or Contractor 20,000
MATERIAL
CONSTRU
CTION

licensed suppliers minimum NDC

S

 The NDC shall ensure that no materials are extracted from disturbances
closed down/ unauthorized areas. of new areas

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Structural failures / financial loss / personnel injuries due to poor

DESIGN ASPECTS
design
 The Project Designer shall be required to use international BS EN 12952, Contractor, 15,000
standards e.g. the British Standards BS 4848 Consultant
 NDC shall employ a Consultant (Consulting Engineer BS 8110 NDC
registered with Engineers Registration Board) to vet the
designs before construction begins.
DESIGN PHASE

Disturbance to people/ construction workers and flight of ≤ 85 dB (WHO Contractor, 10,000

resident fauna standards) Consultant
CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY

 The Project Designer shall ensure that the selected Resident

equipment is based on modern technologies with low noise Engineer
emissions, and this shall be vetted by the Engineer appointed NDC
by NDC to that.
 The Contractor shall ensure that all heavy and portable
equipment with internal combustion engines and other
related equipment are fitted with mufflers.
 Where possible the Contractor shall place generators in
enclosure to mitigate noise pollution

Wastewater and sewage: Prior to mobilisation the Contractor shall All wastes are Contractor 50,000
MANAGEMENT OF WASTE

put in place a sewage management system including constructed of properly NDC - EFO
septic tanks and soak away pits; construct of toilets and connecting managed
DESIGN PHASE

them to the septic tank system. The project Resident Engineer shall
ensure that these facilities are of adequate site to avoid the repeat of
the same exercise after construction.
Solid waste: Prior to moving on site the following:
 The Contractor shall develop a system for segregating waste at
source, by providing waste bins with different colours for

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normal domestic waste; hazardous waste, oil; other non- No waste oils
combustible from combustible general waste on site
 NDC shall liaise with Kibaha Town Council to understand its
waste management system and find out what is needed for
the project to be served by the Council waste management
system.
 NDC shall commission a company to handle waste, and this
will be done before the Contractor moves on site.
 NDC shall survey the recyclers who are ready to take inert
wastes not suitable for incineration, such as metals and scrap
metals, crates, and under what conditions. Furthermore
within few months of operation project will establish the
amount of such waste generated from the site.
 NDC shall develop a system of managing empty containers,
in which case the empty chemical containers will be
punctured immediately after removing its contents to render
them useless. The containers will be triple rinsed with water
immediately before puncturing. The rinsing water will be fed
into the appropriate mixing tank.
Waste oils: Containment and installation of oil traps will be
undertaken, where needed. All project vehicles will be serviced
and maintained at silenced garages in Kibaha or Dar es Salaam to
reduce oil spills and wastes within the project area.
Occupation health and safety hazards Contractor, 20,000
Health

Safety

Resident
and

Public Health and Safety Hazards Engineer

NDC

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 The Project Proponent and the Contractor shall both identify

relevant OSHA Standards to comply with prior to occupying OSHA
the site. These will include type of protective gear and Standards
equipment, reasonable working hours, conditions and
facilities
No or
 The Project Proponent and the Contractor shall develop a minimum
system to minimise sources for health and safety hazards health and
prior to moving onto site. safety hazards 5,500

Noise exposure ≤ 85 dB (WHO

 The Contractor shall ensure that there are specially standards)
HEALTH AND SAFETY

constructed buildings to house machines and equipment

DESIGN PHASE

with elevated noise emissions (e.g. in excess of 85dB(A)) in

noise reduction housings;

1. Throughout the life cycle of the project the Contractor and /

or the Project Developer shall develop a regular No chemical
maintenance schedule (say after every 3 months), including dust
lubrication of machines

2. The Contractor shall endeavour to use low noise equipment

Chemical Dust exposure
 The Design shall include extraction fans in production and
storage buildings.
 The Project Proponent shall develop a human health
monitoring plan (to determine pesticide impacts on
applicators and residents)
 The Project Proponent shall develop an environmental
reporting system for Human Health and Environmental

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Evaluation Report

 Public health hazards

HEALTH AND SAFETY

Increased transmission of communicable diseases (HIV/AIDs): No or Contractor, 10,000

 The Developer will cooperate with and support local Civil minimum NDC
MOBILIZATION AND CONSTRUCTION

Society Organisation (CSOs), public health offices in number of Kibaha Town

undertaking awareness/education programmes for workers new Council
and the public, including developing worker’s health infections Machinjioni
procedures i.e. make free condoms available to workers Street (‘Mtaa’)
Leadership

 Medical personnel will be able to test workers for potential Decreasing District Health 50,000 per
infections and provide treatment to those infected and STD’s Officer year
HEALTH AND SAFETY

monitor and maintain the statistics of infections - where an infections Resident

unusual number of infections occur supplemental STD’s Engineer
programming will be provided. NDC

 With exception of a very small number of people,

construction personnel will not be accommodated on site,
they will be recruited from the nearby communities. The
project will engage the service of a security company.

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 The Contractor shall make the communities living or working All Contractor, 500,000
close the project site aware of the construction activities communities Resident
through road shows or public meetings prior mobilisation are aware Engineer
activities start All visitors NDC
 For residual noise, The Contractor shall provide ear-plugs to wear PPE
TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIALS AND LABOUR reduce noise levels by 15 to 20 dB, particularly to people ≤ 85 dB (WHO
visiting the project construction. standards)
 All heavy and portable equipment with internal combustion All workers
engines and other related equipment will be fitted with wear PPE
mufflers. All instructors
 Generator will be screened in trailers/housing units. are trained
 The Contractor shall provide all workers with Personal Refuelling on
Protective Equipment (PPE) and shall enforce their use. designated
 The Contractor shall undertake training and instruction to site
crew in proper handling and clean-up of contaminating spills.

 To crew in proper handling and clean up of contaminating

spills.
 The Contractor shall limit re-fuelling activities to designated
areas i.e. area with concrete floor and sump to collect spills;
 The Contractor shall maintain machinery and vehicles in
good running conditions e.g. to institute weekly preventive
maintenance to minimize noise and air pollution and
leakages; and

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 No leaking vehicles or equipment to be allowed to operate at No leaking Contractor, 50,000

the construction site. In case a vehicle is found leaking, it will vehicle on site NDC
be sent immediately back to the maintenance yard for repair
and if it cannot be repaired it will be removed from
site/operation.

 Increase in erosion / susceptibility to erosion due to 50,000

inadequacies in backfilling / resurfacing and compaction
 The Contractor shall conserve natural vegetation in the As minimum Contractor,
MOBILIZATION AND CONSTRUCTION

vicinity, where possible, to minimize soil erosion footprint as Resident 50,000

possible Engineer
 The Contractor shall compact all disturbed soils to meet the No loose soils
CONSTRUCTION WORKS

NDC
recommended designs i.e. a vibratory force compactor shall
be used.

 A heavy duty compactor shall be used

 Structural failures / financial loss / personnel injuries due to 10,000
poor workmanship
In order to mitigate the potential structural failures the Project Contractor, 50,000
Proponent: Good Resident
 Shall use Class-A Contractor (Registered with Contractors’ workmanship Engineer
Registration Board) with international competence in the as per the
design and construction of SEZ facilities. design NDC
 Shall employ a Consultant (registered with ERB) with
reputable track record to supervise the construction work on
behalf of the Proponent

 Shall appoint one of its Competent Engineer to serve as a

resident engineer for the project, his sole purpose will be to
ensure that the construction follows acceptable code of

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conduct

 Occupational Health and Safety Hazards

HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES
The Contractor shall comply with relevant Tanzanian (OSHA, Contractor, 50,000
2003) / International Performance Standards on health and OSHA Resident
safety requirements: protective gear and equipment, Engineer
reasonable working hours, conditions and facilities. NDC
No or
 The Contractor shall put in place a system to minimise minimum
sources for health and safety hazards, such as implementing health and
Good Site Practice safety hazards
 The Contractor shall develop in-house manual /guidelines to
be followed by all construction workers

(Source: Paulsam Geo-Engineering, 2018)

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Environmental - SEZ – Dedicated Textile and Garment Industry - NDC 2018

CHAPTER NINE

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN

9.1 INTRODUCTION

Environmental monitoring is intended to provide constant feedback on the effectiveness of

mitigation measures identified in and implemented through the various Environmental
Management Plans detailed in Chapter 8 of this report. The monitoring plans also define the
actions required for continuous tracking of these plans, as well as allowing for the identification
of any problems encountered. If required, they also provide the opportunity for adjusting the
approach to mitigation in a timely manner.

9.2 MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY

Monitoring of the ESMP is the sole responsibility of the project proponent. NDC shall supervise
implementation of the monitoring plan and keep record of monitoring outcomes. NDC has the
ability to provide the necessary supervisory oversight to ensure the mitigation measures are
working, and where they are not, remedial measures are put in place. Table presents a summary
of the Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan.

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Table 9.1: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan

Phase Potential Impact Parameter to be Monitoring Monitoring Measureme Target Responsibilit Estimated
Monitored Frequency area nt unit level/ y Cost per
Standard Annum
(USD)
1) Change of natural settings Impacted Continuous Project site Number of As Contractor 3,000
vegetation throughout mature minimum EFO
the project trees, type impacts
cycle of fauna as
possible
2) Change /interference of Impacted land Once before Project site Number of All NDC 1,000
land use and disruption and starting the human affected EFO
of human settlement socioeconomic project activities human Kibaha Town
features disrupted activities Council
Machinjioni
Mtaa

3) Breach / compromised Reported theft Continuous Project site Number of No or NDC 500
SITE SELECTION

security and vandalism throughout cases minimum

incidences the project number
cycle of
incidence
s
4) Structural failures/ Cracks and signs Continuous Project site Number of No NDC 2,000
financial loss/ human or of structural throughout cracks induced
DESIGN

personnel injuries due to failure operation structural

poor design failure

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Phase Potential Impact Parameter to be Monitoring Monitoring Measureme Target Responsibilit Estimated
Monitored Frequency area nt unit level/ y Cost per
Standard Annum
(USD)

5) Disturbances / public Health and Continuous Project site None No or Contactor 1,000
health and safety hazards safety incidences throughout Minimum NDC
constructio health
n and once and
after every safety
six months incidence
during s
operation
6) Disturbance to people/ Noise levels Continuousl Around dB ≤85dB Contactor 500
construction workers and y during constructio NDC
flight of resident fauna constructio n sites EFO
n
7) Contamination/ impaired Hydrocarbons, Once per Water ppm TBS Contactor 1,000
quality of receiving body – Biochemical week during body g/l, NDC
land, water Oxygen Demand constructio pH
8) Public human health / (BOD) n and once
visual impacts due to Total Suspended per year
improper disposal of Solids (TSS), during
waste Chemical operation
Residuals (pH)

9) Degradation /Depletion at None Once after Point of None Minimum Contactor 500
points of source of constructio extraction degradati NDC
materials and resources n on

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Phase Potential Impact Parameter to be Monitoring Monitoring Measureme Target Responsibilit Estimated
Monitored Frequency area nt unit level/ y Cost per
Standard Annum
(USD)
10) Deterioration of public Coliform Once every Water Counts per TBS Contactor 500
health and sanitary six months body litre NDC
conditions due to EFO
inadequate safe water
supply for project
personnel
11) Impairment of Number of plant Continuousl Project Number of As NDC 500
productivity due to idle times y Area stoppages minimum
inadequate supply of as
potable water possible
12) Enhancement of Number of Once every Machinjion Number None NDC 1,000
employment opportunities employees and year i Mtaa
and income to local training
suppliers programmes

13) Occupation health and Workers health Continuousl Project site Type None NDC 1,000
safety hazards and type of y during
common operation
diseases
14) Public Health and Safety  Number of Once every Machinjion Type of As NDC 500
Hazards HIV/AIDS six months i Mtaa maladies minimum
sufferers as
 Number of possible
people
suffering due
to project

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Phase Potential Impact Parameter to be Monitoring Monitoring Measureme Target Responsibilit Estimated
Monitored Frequency area nt unit level/ y Cost per
Standard Annum
(USD)
activities

15) Increased susceptibility to Impacted area Continuous Project site Erosion As NDC 300
erosion throughout tendencies minimum EFO
the project as
cycle possible
MOBILIZATION & CONSTRUCTION

16) Noise Noise levels Continuousl Around dB ≤85dB Contactor 500

disturbances/nuisance to y during constructio NDC
receptors constructio n sites EFO
n
17) Contamination/impaired Chemicals (acids, Once per Water ppm TBS Contactor 500
quality of receiving body alkalis etc) week during body g/l, NDC
due to Oils constructio pH EFO
accidental/incidental n and every
spillages/leakages of fuel, one year
oils and lubricants during
operation

18) Public health and safety Public health Continuousl Project site Type None NDC 100
hazards and type of y during
common operation
diseases
OPERATION

19) Contamination of the  Hydrocarbons Once per Kibaha ppm TBS Contactor 1,000
water body week during area g/l NDC
TSS, constructio EFO
BOD n and every

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Phase Potential Impact Parameter to be Monitoring Monitoring Measureme Target Responsibilit Estimated
Monitored Frequency area nt unit level/ y Cost per
Standard Annum
(USD)
one year
during
operation

20) Contamination/impaired  Hydrocarbons Once at the Along the ppm TBS Contactor 1,000
quality of receiving body  BoD decommissi SEZ area g/l NDC
 TSS oning stage EFO

21) Loss of aesthetic value Cleanliness Once after Entire Clean None NDC 2,000
DECOMMISSIONING

decommissi project environment EFO

oning area if possible to
original state
22) Loss of income NSSF remittance Once every Personnel Number of All NDC 0
year files employees workers
registered
with NSSF
(Source: Paulsam Geo-Engineering, 2018)

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