Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 TITLE PAGE
Report Author
2 TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF APPENDICES
3 SUMMARY
Global Gold S.A.C., which is owned 99.5% by Macusani Yellowcake Inc has
undertaken a phase of exploration work aimed at confirming and possibly extending
the Mineral Resources in the Corachapi Mining Concession. The concession was
previously owned by Contact Uranium Peru S.A.C. and was transferred to Global Gold
S.A.C. in June 2009. 219 diamond drilled boreholes have been drilled to evaluate the
surficial uranium mineralisation to a depth of approximately 50m. Of these 219
boreholes, 193 were drilled by Contact Uranium Peru S.A.C. and 26 were drilled by
Global Gold S.A.C. The Mineral Corporation has completed a Mineral Resource
estimate based on those boreholes for which complete analytical data was available, a
total of 210 boreholes.
The mining concessions are located in the Puno District of south east Peru, in the
Altiplano of the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes, the altitude of the concessions being
between 4330m to 4580m above mean sea level. The concessions are only some
14km to the west of the Interoceanico Highway that allows access into western Brazil
from the Pacific Ocean through Peru. A power line also follows this route and passes
close to the east of the concessions.
Exploration work completed by the Instituto Peruano de Energia Nuclear as well as the
United Nation Development Programme/International Atomic Energy Agency in the
mid to late 1970’s identified this part of Peru to be uraniferous. The Corachapi area
was identified as being underlain by suitable host rocks (Tertiary age acid volcanics)
and mining concessions were taken out in July 2005 by S.M.R.L. Corachapi and
subsequently transferred to Global Gold S.A.C on 18 June 2009.
To date the concession has been explored via diamond drilling that has been cut
longitudinally to provide a sample for analysis and one for storage by Contact Uranium
Peru S.A.C. The half core samples have been crushed, pulverized and analysed for
uranium abundance. Contact Uranium Peru S.A.C. employed the ALS Chemex
laboratory in Lima for their samples and the subsequent samples generated by Global
Gold S. A. C. were analysed at the CIMM Lima laboratory in Lima. However, CIMM
erected a sample crushing and pulverizing facility in Juliaca thus reducing the amount
of material that had to be transported to Lima. Global Gold’s practise on their newly
drilled core is to take whole core samples.
The sampling and analytical quality assurance and control results for both laboratories
has been scrutinised and the analytical results to date, may be employed for the
estimation of Mineral Resources.
Verification of the Contact electronic database of the geology, sampling, analyses and
surveying was completed in 2009 by cross-checking a small sample of core logging
and field measurements collected by The Mineral Corporation with Contact’s electronic
database. A small sample of analytical results provided in Excel spreadsheet form from
the ALS Chemex Laboratory, were cross-checked with the Contact electronic database.
Also an independent sample of randomly selected crushed core reject material was
completed to a) ensure the mining concessions are underlain by uraniferous material
and b) to validate to some extent the Contact analytical results.
The concessions are surrounded by other projects and publically disclosed data by
four projects (Solex Resources, Contact Uranium Limited, Vena Resources and Fission
Energy Corp) would indicate that the style, nature and abundance of the uranium
mineralisation identified to date is in accord with these projects. Subtle variations
would appear to exist.
Mineral Resource estimates have been completed via a block model and interpolation
of the uranium abundance by geostatistical methods in the Datamine environment. A
block model of base cell sizes of 25m x 25m x 2m was employed and trimmed by the
surface topography model. Multiple Indicator Kriging was used to estimate the
expected proportion of material above a series of cut-offs, and average grades within
grade groups estimated using classical statistics. Due to the highly skewed nature of
the 2.5m bench composite data and method thereof, the mineral resource estimates
at different uranium cut-offs were checked for material bias by conducting a classical
log normal estimation on 5m composites and a 3D variogram derived block variance.
A good correspondence for tonnage is evident between these two methods, however,
the block model could tend to slightly overestimate the tonnage and uranium grade at
the 75 U ppm cut-off. Classification of the Mineral Resource is based on kriging
efficiency and grade estimation error. The identified Mineral Resources are as follows:
1) Complete in-fill drilling to the north of Taypicorani, south of Corachapi and along
the eastern radiometric anomaly on Taititira (Figure 6);
2) At or around the site of the highest U abundances (boreholes CW-1760-07 and
CW-1520-09), drill vertical holes to 120m to test for depth extension; and
3) Try to locate the regional faults depicted in Figure 3, that should traverse the
eastern corner of Corachapi and conduct ground radiometric surveys and
trenching if appropriate.
4 INTRODUCTION
This report describes the exploration activity and mineral potential of the Corachapi
Mining Concessions (“Corachapi Project”) in the Corani District of Peru owned by
Global Gold S.A.C. (“Global Gold”).
This report has been prepared with the objective that Global Gold can make this
report public with other documentation as per the requirements of National
Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral projects (NI 43-101) as set out
in Form 43-101F1 (October 2005).
Technical information that this report is based upon has been provided by Global Gold
on site at Lima and Isivilla, Peru, as well as a site visit to the Corachapi Project by the
Qualified Person to collect independent data.
This report has been prepared by professional staff based at The Mineral Corporation’s
offices in Randburg (South Africa). A site visit was undertaken by David Young and
Stewart Nupen in July 2009 to Global Gold’s offices in Lima, the Isivilla site office and
the Corachapi Project. These members of staff are specialists in the fields of
exploration, geology and mineral resource estimation and classification and meet the
requirements of the South African Council of Natural Professional Scientists
(“SACNASP”) in order to allow them to act as Qualified Persons (QP) under the
requirements of the SAMREC code as recognised by National Instrument 43-101
(“NI43-101”).
A visit to the currently employed laboratory (CIMM Peru S.A.) was undertaken during
a 2008 visit. This necessitated visits to the Juliaca site where sample acceptance,
crushing and pulverising is completed, to the Lima - Callao site where pulverised
samples undergo acid digestion and the Lima – Miraflores site where the digested
material is analysed for uranium abundance.
Approximately 49% of the sample analysis completed for the Mineral Resource
estimation was conducted by the ALS Chemex laboratory, however this laboratory has
not been visited by the Qualified Person.
Neither The Mineral Corporation nor any of their consultants employed in the
preparation of this report has any beneficial interest in the assets of Global Gold. The
Mineral Corporation has been paid fees and will continue to be paid fees for this work
in accordance with normal professional consulting practices.
The main legislation governing the mining sector is the General Mining Law of Peru
Gazetted in June 1992 with subsequent amendments. Investment promotion laws,
the Peruvian tax regime and environmental framework are other components of the
Peruvian mining landscape. Concessions are granted for exploration, exploitation,
beneficiation, auxiliary services and transportation by the MEM. No concession is
required for reconnaissance, prospecting or trading.
A mining concession grants its holder the right to explore and exploit minerals within
its area and the key characteristics include:
The work programme budget and expenditure defined in the “objective based criteria”
has to be presented in year 7 of the life of the mining concession to the MEM and
penalties are incurred for under expenditure. By year 12 of the life of the mining
concession, it is expected that exploitation should be ongoing, if this is not the case
then justification has be presented to the MEM and an extension of 6 years may be
conferred.
The annual fees payable by Global Gold to the MEM are currently standing at US$3/ha
and of the 7 year work programme budget of US$5m, approximately US$3.8m has
been spent, which equates to 76% of the budget.
The Corachapi Project is made up of three mining concessions as follows (Figure 3):
These mining concessions were granted to S.M.R.L Corachapi, a Contact Uranium Peru
S.A.C. (“Contact”) entity on the 27th July 2005 and subsequently transferred to Global
Gold on 18 June 2009. These mining concessions are valid for all solid minerals.
The Mineral Corporation has restricted their review of the Mineral Rights held by
Global Gold to checking the individual license boundaries on plans to those depicted
on the mining concession outputs from the MEM. No legal review of the validity of the
process Global Gold went through to obtain the mining concessions has been
undertaken, nor has an attempt been made to understand the various “Contact”
company structures and ownerships prior to transfer.
All diagrams employ the UTM Zone 19S projection and the Provisional South American
Datum - 1956 datum.
The closest airport to the Corachapi Project is Juliaca, situated approximately 180km
from the southern boundary of the concessions. This airport is in good condition and
receives numerous daily flights from Lima and Cusco.
The Corachapi Project is situated in the relatively flat Altiplano of the Eastern
Cordillera of the Andes Mountain Range. Elevation ranges from 4 330m to 4 580m
above mean sea level. The surface ownership of the Corachapi Project is held by the
local community.
Precipitation has a marked seasonality. The rainy season is from September but peaks
between January and April. The exposed eastern slopes of the Andes receive more
than 2 500mm of rain annually, but sheltered locations receive much less. May to
August is characterised by very dry conditions and cold nights. Temperatures range
from 19°C in November to -10°C in July. These climatic conditions and altitude
dictate that the Corachapi Project is vegetated by coarse scrub and grasses.
8 HISTORY
These and other discoveries in the Lake Titicaca region, concentrated the
exploration in the general area. A helicopter spectrometric survey of selected areas
was completed in 1980 in Munani, Lagunaillas and Rio Blanco as an IAEA/IPEN
Project and a fixed wing survey was completed in an adjacent area by IPEN.
Numerous uranium anomalies were discovered.
Global Gold elected to embark on a validation drilling campaign, and estimate new
mineral resources in accordance with National Instrument 43-101 (Press Release
dated 6 March 2009).
The Mineral Corporation is not aware of any Mineral Reserves being published for
this concession.
9 GEOLOGICAL SETTING
The geological plan of the area (Figure 3) indicates that the mining concession is
underlain by rocks of the Neogene Period, Quenamari Formation (dated between
22.5Ma to 1.8Ma). Miocene Epoch rocks (Sapanuta and Yapamayo Members)
outcrop over the Corachapi Project.
The known uranium occurrences in the Macusani area identified by IUREP are
associated with Miocene Epoch Quenamari Formation tuffs, ignimbrites and
interbedded sediments in a NW_SE trending graben. Uranium in the form of
pitchblende, uranophane, gummite and meta-autunite occurs predominantly in a
fluvio-lacustrine sediment between two pyro-clastic units. The thickness of the
sedimentary unit varies from less than 1m to over 5m.
50
100
150
1181 Planes Plotted
Within 45 and 90
200
Degrees of Viewing
Face
The main fault strike orientations in order of dominance are 102.5˚, 157.5˚,
072.5˚ and 012.5˚. Based on structural measurements made on mineralised
fractures collected by The Mineral Corporation for this project an analysis of
the fracture orientations was completed. This data is contained in Figure 5
The rocks are noted from the regional plans to dip to the north-east (048˚) by
an average of 6˚.
Fisher
Concentrations
% of total per 1.0 % area
0.00 ~ 2.00 %
2.00 ~ 4.00 %
4.00 ~ 6.00 %
6.00 ~ 8.00 %
8.00 ~ 10.00 %
10.00 ~ 12.00 %
12.00 ~ 14.00 %
W E 14.00 ~ 16.00 %
16.00 ~ 18.00 %
18.00 ~ 20.00 %
No Bias Correction
Max. Conc. = 19.1765%
Equal Angle
Lower Hemisphere
10 Poles
10 Entries
From the above it is clear that most of the fractures are steep. The primary
structural orientations of 155°/77° and 035°/83° (strike orientations of 065˚
and 125°) would appear to correspond to the faulting strike orientations
measured from the geological plans at 072.5˚ and 102.5° respectively.
Based on this structural model the areas with high fracture density are likely to
be better mineralised to those areas with lower fracture densities. There would
appear to be two regionally mapped faults (Figure 3) that pass through the
south eastern portion of the Corachapi Project.
10 DEPOSIT TYPES
The Corachapi Project style of mineralisation within fractured acidic pyroclastics is not
a common form of uranium mineralisation. The main uranium mineral present is
meta-autunite concentrated as disseminations and sometimes massively along
fractures. Hence the exploration is based on ground radiometrics followed by
evaluation drilling over the potential host rocks of the mineralisation. A model of the
mineralisation paragenesis has been erected for the Colibri II and III area (6km
distant) that is considered at this early stage in the understanding for the Corachapi
Project to be appropriate (Young, 2010).
The drilling programme has been designed to pierce the prism shaped pyroclastic host
rocks of dimensions 1900m x 500m x 50m without overall sample orientation biases.
11 MINERALISATION
A total of 62m of half-core material was logged by The Mineral Corporation which was
selected to allow scrutiny of core containing low, medium and high grade uranium
abundances (Section 16.1.1). Only two mineralised fractures were observed in the
core logged, however, disseminated meta-autunite mineralisation and biotite appears
to pervade the core locally; the highest grade borehole only had disseminated meta-
autunite mineralisation present. From this scant information it would appear that the
uranium mineralisation is not concentrated at Corachapi along fracture planes but is
disseminated sporadically throughout the acidic tuff. It is noted from viewing the
sampling data in 3-D that there would appear to be a “stratigraphic” control on the
uranium mineralisation of interest.
The implication for the exploration programme due to this model is that deeper
levels of uranium mineralisation can be expected.
12 EXPLORATION
Uranium anomalies were found near Macusani in Upper Tertiary volcanics and the
Permian Mitu Group, by a long term UNDP/IAEA project. Further detail of previous
work is included in Section 8.2.
On the basis of these known anomalies, Global Gold has obtained prospecting
permits over some 14% of the Macusani Plateau. The general exploration rational
involves the delineation of potential Uranium anomalies through a combination of
regional geological understanding and surface radiometric techniques in order to
delineate targets for further investigation through drilling.
12.2.1 Radiometrics
The Corachapi Concession covers the largest radiometric anomaly that was
outlined by IPEN during its work in the1980s. Global Gold has conducted a
subsequent ground-based radiometric survey to guide the drilling and these
results are depicted in Figure 6.
12.2.2 Drilling
An extensive drilling campaign by Contact included over 193 holes. Further
drilling by Global Gold has brought the current status to 11 818m in 219 holes.
The results of 210 of these holes have been employed in the creation of this
report.
13 DRILLING
Global Gold has drilled an additional 26 boreholes bringing the current status of
drilling to 11 818m from 219 boreholes. Of these holes, 210 have been chemically
analysed, 107 holes were analysed by Contact and 103 holes were analysed by
Global Gold. One hole was analysed by both companies.
Figure 6: Radiometric Survey with current drillholes (source: Global Gold S.A.C.)
The Contact boreholes were drilled on 80m or 160m spaced E-W lines . On each
line, the spacing between drilling locations is 40m where two holes are drilled from
each location, one dipping-50° east, the other -50° west. Global Gold have
continued to drill on this pattern.
Although the structural review did not indicate that a fracture-fill mineralisation
model prevails at the Corachapi Project, the possibility of sampling bias due to
borehole orientation has been analysed. This was completed by scrutiny of down-
the-hole variograms for west oriented holes compared to east oriented holes as
well as scrutiny of the respective raw data uranium abundance distributions and
means. Equal weighting was given for the differently oriented samples.
Another global measure of the sample recovery was provided by the total drilling
metres (11817.88m) and the total metres sampled and un-sampled (10920m +
897.88m = 11817.88m) that yielded a global core recovery of 92.00%.
It was noted that the nature of the mineralisation, particularly near mineralised
fractures, is such that uranium minerals, particularly meta-autunite, are likely to be
washed away while drilling and sawing the core into two halves. An analysis of the
U abundance versus core recovery (Contact data) shows that for a recovery less
than approximately 80% this would appear to be true (Figure 7).
3,000
2,500
2,000
U Abundance (ppm)
1,500
1,000
500
0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%
Core Recovery
• Logging took place on site at a moveable field station which was located
close to the drill rigs and relocated periodically. An initial visual
assessment of the core was made and zones of good and poor
mineralisation were noted.
• Radioactivity was then measured by means of a spectrometer. 4-5
measurements were recorded over each 1.0m length of core. Mineralised
fractures were measured independently. Each of the 4-5 measurements
was stored in the borehole records.
• Sampling intervals at 1.0m were identified.
• Sample intervals were identified with a pre-marked aluminium tag.
• Detailed geological logging was then completed. Notes were made of the
lithology, alteration, mineralisation and general rock description. The rock
description recorded colour and approximate mineral assemblage.
Structural information such as the core axis to fracture angle of
mineralised fractures was also recorded.
Finally, the sample solutions were analysed at a dedicated CIMM ICP-MS facility
in Miraflores, Lima. A detailed review of the procedures within this laboratory
is included in Section 15.2.2.3.
The Mineral Corporation examined the sample receiving facilities at all three
these laboratories and found them to be well organised. It would appear that
the chain of custody of the Global Gold samples from site to final analysis is
reasonably secure.
One certified reference material, one blank sample and two duplicate
samples were incorporated into each batch of 50 samples delivered to
CIMM for laboratory quality control and assurance. These results were
given to Global Gold on the analysis certificates.
The jaw crushers, riffles and ring mills are all cleaned with
compressed air and are located within sub-housings to keep
contamination to a minimum. The reject material is kept on site but
will eventually be transported to the Global Gold warehouse in Lima.
Table 2 contains the overall statistics for the analytical quality assurance and
control samples. 810 such samples for a total of 10 920 core samples were
employed, representing 7.42% of the total. It is the preferred method of The
Mineral Corporation to analyse comparative results by error deviation percentage or
mean deviation percentage charts for standard and duplicate analytical results
respectively, as a sense of proportion is gained from the differences. The
definitions are as follows:
Global Gold only submitted standards and blanks into the sampling stream and
did not submit any duplicates. The CIMM laboratory duplicates were based on
re-analysing the reject material and also a small percentage of the remaining
pulp material. Thus the laboratory duplicate was mainly a measure of the
analytical error with a small proportion being a measure of sampling error.
Apart from poor precision near the detection limits the CIMM results display
good analytical precision. The average mean deviation for CIMM is +0.55%.
Samples which were taken by The Mineral Corporation in 2009 from crushed
core rejects were also inserted as duplicate check samples. In general, the
mean deviation for these duplicates is within 20% (Figure 8), averaging
-1.75%.
50
30
Mean Deviation (%)
10
‐30
‐50
‐70
Duplicate Mean (U ppm)
Figure 8: Mean deviation plot of duplicates of the ALS and CIMM laboratories
Figure 9 shows error deviation for the standards for which the expected values
are known. It can be seen that generally the lower grade standards (<20ppm)
have higher deviations from the expected mean. The error deviation for CIMM
averages -12.65% and for ALS Chemex averages -4.47%.
40
20
Error Deviation (%)
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
‐20
‐40
‐60
Certified Reference Material Value (U ppm)
Figure 9: Error Deviation plot for Standards of the CIMM and ALS Chemex laboratories
Figure 10 shows mean deviation for the standards for which the expected
values are not known.
60
ALS (internal) ALS (Contact)
40
20
Mean Deviation (%)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
‐20
‐40
‐60
Standard Reference Number
Figure 10: Mean Deviation plot for Standards at CIMM and ALS Chemex Laboratory
ALS (internal) ALS (Contact)
40
30
20
10
Mean Deviation (%)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
‐10
‐20
‐30
‐40
Standard Reference Number
From Figure 11 it can be seen that throughout the entire programme the
analyses generally returned results below 3.5 ppm, although there does appear
to be anomalous values between 4 and 8ppm.
16 DATA VERIFICATION
180%
160%
140%
120%
Core Recovery
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Depth Down the Hole (m)
The sampling locations and sample numbers were noted based on the sample
markers left in the core trays. In nearly all cases the marker location and
number corresponded with the Contact electronic database provided by Global
Gold.
The results of the independent sampling of the ALS Chemex samples are
contained in Table 5. The quality control data from CIMM for this batch of data
(3 x duplicates, 1 x blank and 1 x standard) all returned acceptable analytical
precision (0.15%), nil contamination (<0.05 U ppm) and accuracy (1.87%).
The standards introduced by The Mineral Corporation (2 x 101 U ppm and
1 x 1206 U ppm) indicated that the CIMM laboratory had an average error
deviation of 0.94%, i.e. it overstated the uranium abundance by less than 1%.
17 ADJACENT PROPERTIES
Descriptions of uranium mineralisation on adjacent properties are provided by the
qualified Person, but it must be understood that they have not been verified and that
it is not indicative of mineralisation in the Corachapi Project.
Solex owns 50% of the Macusani East Project through a joint venture with
Eldorado Gold Corporation ("Eldorado"). On April 21, 2005, Solex entered into a
joint venture agreement with Frontier Pacific Mining Corporation in which Frontier
had the right to earn a 50% interest in the project by spending US$4 million over
five years as the operator. In June of 2008, Eldorado acquired Frontier and became
the Company's new joint venture partner at Macusani East.
The remaining concessions surrounding the Corachapi Project are either owned by
private companies or no work has been completed on the properties and reported.
700
Half Core Analysis Contact
Half Core Analysis Global Gold
600 Perfect Regression
y = 2.1589x + 0.257
R² = 0.8565
Borehole Average ‐ Global Gold twin U (ppm) 500
400
y = 0.8162x + 83.205
R² = 0.6906
300
200
100
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Borehole Average ‐ Contact Drilling U (ppm)
Figure 16: Comparison of half core from Contact drilling with whole core from
verification drilling
Figure 16 shows two sets of XY comparisons, the blue dots represent the
comparison between the average U (ppm) for the boreholes drilled and sampled by
Contact with their twins, and the red dots represent a comparison between the
average U (ppm) of boreholes drilled by Contact and sampled by Global Gold, with
their twins.
CW 1440 09 original CW 1440 09 twin
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
The Mineral Corporation interprets the results of the verification drilling as follows:
• Comparison between borehole and their twins on a sample for sample basis is
very poor, but this is to be expected in an orebody with an extremely skewed
grade distribution and a very high nugget effect (Section 19.3.2);
• As a result of the high population variance and high nugget effect, it can be
anticipated that the confidence limits around samples drilled very close to each
other would be wide, and in fact 92% of the twinned samples fall within the
lower and upper 90% confidence limit expected;
• High and low grade trends are clearly evident in both original boreholes and
their twins, and provide good global validation of the veracity of the Contact
drilling results;
• There is a reasonable correlation between the average U (ppm) grade of the
borehole drilled and sampled by Contact and their twins;
• However, for the boreholes drilled by Contact and sampled by Global Gold,
there is a tendency for the twin result to be higher than the original.
The Mineral Corporation considers it appropriate to use both the Contact data and
the Global Gold data for the estimation of the Mineral Resources.
19.3.1 Composites
The raw sampling data was typically sampled at 1m intervals (both Contact
and Global Gold). The sampling data was composited into samples of equal
vertical support of 2.5m (i.e. all composites were 2.5m in vertical extent
irrespective of their inclination). As detailed density information was not
available at a borehole scale, these composites were not densometricaly
weighted.
Two boreholes were drilled at each drilling site, generally -50° towards the
west and east. The separation distance of the drilling sites is approximately
40m along the drilling lines and the drilling lines spaced at approximately 80m
intervals. The depths of the holes vary from 26m to 97m, but are generally
50m in depth.
19.3.2 Distribution
Figure 18 shows the U concentration distribution for the 2.5m composites. The
distribution is highly skewed. Figure 18 also contains the descriptive statistics
for the same population.
Figure 19 illustrates that the log transformed data remains positively skewed.
Analysis of the Co-efficient of Variation (CoV) indicates that despite the
apparently high values at the top end of the distribution, the 2.5m composites
fit on a smooth curve and hence no value capping is required. This is shown in
Figure 20.
4.5
3.5
2.5
Ln U (ppm)
1.5
0.5
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
CoV
Figure 21: Low and High Grade sub-populations from the 2.5m Composites
Based on the divisions depicted in Figure 21, 97%% of the 2.5m composites
have U abundances falling above the 11ppm cut-off, 68% have U abundances
above the 20ppm cut-off, 11% above the 93ppm cut-off and 0.3% above the
3619 cut-off.
Figure 22: Anisotropic Indicator Variogram for the 2.5m Composites above 11ppm
Figure 23: Anisotropic Indicator Variogram for the 2.5m Composites above 20ppm
Figure 24: Anisotropic Indicator Variogram for the 2.5m Composites above 93ppm
No variograms were obtained for the highest cut-off (>3619 ppm), however,
this represents only a very small portion (<1%) of the sampling data.
The grade for each grade group was estimated from the 2.5m composite data
within the grade group, as described in Section 19.5.1 and a weighted average
grade for the whole block calculated on the basis of the individual probabilities.
The weighted average grade of the block was calculated using the estimated
means in Table 8. These estimates are the log estimates of the mean and the
upper and lower 90% confidence limits as defined by Rendu (1981).
Table 8: Estimated means, confidence limits and estimation errors for MIK
Grade No. of Lower 90% Upper 90% Log Estimation
Mean
(ppm) samples CL CL Variance Error (%)
0 to 11 91 7 6.7 7.3 0.060 4.4
11 to 20 1065 16 15.9 16.1 0.017 0.7
20 to 93 2028 38 29.5 38.8 0.154 12.2
93 to 3619 372 389 342 453 0.791 14.2
above 3619 10 5311 4762 6351 0.051 15.0
Two search radii were used. Estimation using the more stringent 1st search
radius was used if a minimum number of 14 samples were located within the
range of the variogram. The less stringent 2nd search radius was used if the
criteria for the 1st radius were not met. In this case, estimation was carried out
if a minimum of 14 samples were located within twice the range of the
variogram.
Figure 25 illustrates that at 14 samples, the variance has reached 80% of the
population variance for the three grade groups. It is concluded that a minimum
of 14 samples would provide acceptable unbiased estimates of the kriging error
for these groups.
1.2
0.8
% Variance
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2 12 22 32 42 52 62 72
Number of samples
Figure 25: Average variance as a percentage of the population variance for randomly drawn
sample sets (30 iterations)
Tonnages were calculated utilising the block volume and the density described
in Section 19.8. Figure 26 depicts the blocks estimated at the 4 500m
elevation.
322000 E
322100 E
322200 E
322300 E
322400 E
322500 E
322600 E
322700 E
322800 E
322900 E
323000 E
323100 E
323200 E
323300 E
323400 E
323500 E
323600 E
323700 E
8462750 N 8462750 N
8462500 N 8462500 N
8462250 N 8462250 N
8462000 N 8462000 N
8461750 N 8461750 N
8461500 N 8461500 N
8461250 N 8461250 N
8461000 N 8461000 N
U grade (ppm)
8460750 N 8460750 N
[25,50]
0 100 200 300 400 [50,75]
[75,150]
[150,300]
322000 E
322100 E
322200 E
322300 E
322400 E
322500 E
322600 E
322700 E
322800 E
322900 E
323000 E
323100 E
323200 E
323300 E
323400 E
323500 E
323600 E
323700 E
8460500 N [300,500]
8460500 N
Plan view - U Grade (ppm)
[500,1000]
[1000,CEILING]
Figure 26: Plan View of block model at 4500m showing U abundance (ppm)
Due to the porous and friable nature of the host rock, it was not possible to
perform density determinations on large (>50cm) pieces of core. Rather, small
(5cm) pieces of wax covered core were selected at the end of every 1m length of
core and the relative density (R.D.) was determined by means of measuring the
weight in air and the weight in water using the following formula:
ൌ
ሺ െ ሻ
The average density of these 40 samples is 2.0 kg/m3. This is typical of other
density measurements in similar environments, specifically at Macusani’s Colibri II
and III concessions (Young, 2010).
Density (t/m 3 )
1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
10
20
Depth (m)
30
40
50
60
Figure 27: Density against drillhole depth for all density measurements
Figure 27 illustrates the density determinations for the four holes. It is noted
however that a drop in density is evident at a depth of approximately 50m. As the
majority of the Mineral Resources lie above this level, the mean density of
2.0km/m3 has been applied to the entire Mineral Resource.
െ
ൌ
KV = Kriging variance
BV = Block variance
These errors are provided in Table 8. A weighted average estimation error was
calculated for each block by applying the estimated proportion of material in
each grade group in each block.
322000 E
322100 E
322200 E
322300 E
322400 E
322500 E
322600 E
322700 E
322800 E
322900 E
323000 E
323100 E
323200 E
323300 E
323400 E
323500 E
323600 E
323700 E
323800 E
8462750 N 8462750 N
8462500 N 8462500 N
8462250 N 8462250 N
8462000 N 8462000 N
8461750 N 8461750 N
8461500 N 8461500 N
8461250 N 8461250 N
8461000 N 8461000 N
8460750 N 8460750 N
0 100 200 300 400
Indicated
Inferred
322000 E
322100 E
322200 E
322300 E
322400 E
322500 E
322600 E
322700 E
322800 E
322900 E
323000 E
323100 E
323200 E
323300 E
323400 E
323500 E
323600 E
323700 E
323800 E
8460500
Plan viewN- Mineral Resource Classification 8460500 N
Measured
Figure 28: Plan view of Block Model at 4500m showing Mineral Resource classification
A comparison between the grade / tonnage plot of the results of the classical LN
estimation and the equivalent grade / tonnage plot generated from the block model
for the September 2010 estimates is shown in . It should be noted that the classical
grade / tonnage curve utilises a spherical log variogram of nugget = 0.415, spatial
variance 1 = 0.257, range 1= 36m, spatial variance 2 = 0.226, range 2 = 141m.
Figure 30 shows the variogram of the log transformed data of the 5m bench
composites. This variogram provides a block (25x25x5m) variance of 0.3205, that
can be employed for grade / tonnage estimation.
Grade Tonnage (Tonnes)
700 120.00%
600
100.00%
500
80.00%
Tonnage above Cut‐off
Grade above cut‐off
400
60.00%
300
40.00%
200
20.00%
100
0 0.00%
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500
Cut‐off (U ppm)
Grade above cut off (MIK) Average grade above cut off (LN)
Tonnage above cut off (MIK) Tonnage above cut off (LN)
From Figure 31 it is noted that block model reconciles well with the classical LN
methodology but it would generally return a slightly higher tonnage at a higher
grade than is predicted by the LN methodology at greater than a 50 U ppm cut-off.
22 RECOMMENDATIONS
The Mineral Corporation makes the following recommendations:
4) Complete in-fill drilling to the north of Taypicorani, south of Corachapi and along
the eastern radiometric anomaly on Taititira (Figure 6);
5) At or around the site of the highest U abundances (boreholes CW-1760-07 and
CW-1520-09), drill vertical holes to 120m to test for depth extension; and
6) Try to locate the regional faults depicted in Figure 3, that should traverse the
eastern corner of Corachapi and conduct ground radiometric surveys and
trenching if appropriate.
23 REFERENCES
Clark, I., 1993. Practical Reserve Estimation in a Shear-Hosted Gold Deposit,
Zimbabwe. International Mining Geology Conference, Kalgoorlie WA, 5-8 July 1993,
pp.157-160
Rich, R. A., Holland, H. D. and Petersen, U., 1977. Hydrothermal Uranium Deposits.
Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. New York, 1997.
Young, D. R., 2010. Update to Mineral Resource Estimates for the Colibri Project held
by Global Gold S.A.C. in the Puno District of Peru, Report No. C-MYI-COL-731-637.
The Mineral Corporation, Johannesburg, 2010 (available on SEDAR).
Signed
D. R. YOUNG
Director
CW 0880 05 original CW 0880 05 twin
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CW 1040 06 original CW 1040 06 twin
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CW 1440 09 original CW 1440 09 twin
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CW 1600 01 original CW 1600 01 twin
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CW 1920 03 original CW 1920 03 twin
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Depth (m)
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QC 0320 10 original QC 0320 10 twin
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QC 0400 09 original QC 0400 09 twin
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