LESSON 1: SELF UNDERSTANDING ➢ First ejaculation or nocturnal emission (wet

dreams)
Self Understanding ➢ 2 to 3 years later
➢ Santrock Pituitary Gland
○ Individual’s cognitive representation of the ➢ Master endocrine gland
self ➢ Controls growth
➢ Consists of substance and content of self- ➢ Regulates functions of all other endocrine gland
conceptions Gonads
➢ Development of self understanding in ➢ Ovaries for girls and testes for boys
adolescence ➢ Sex glands
○ Simple to perplex Hormones
○ Involves number of aspects of self ➢ Chemical substances secreted by the gonads
Growing Up ➢ Distributed by the blood stream throughout the
➢ Parents body
○ Ready to LISTEN and provide SUPPORT Estrogen
➢ Physical Self ➢ For girls
○ Obvious change in teenagers ➢ Promote physical changes
○ Concrete aspect of person ➢ Increase in height, widening of hips and increase
○ Directly observed and examined in fatty tissues in the breast
➢ Physical Characteristics Androgen and Testosterone
○ Features of person’s body ➢ Boy’s growth of facial and body hair, muscles
○ Easily distinguished with naked eye and changes in the voice
➢ Eric Erickson Primary Sexual Changes
○ Believe in importance of the body ➢ Changes in the reproductive organs
○ Physical and intellectual skills ➢ Prepare both boys and girls for procreation
■ Basis to whether a person has Secondary Sexual Changes
achieved a sense of competence ➢ Rapid changes
■ Able to manage and face demands of ➢ Physical changes that distinguish boys from
life complexifies girls
➢ William James Human Development
○ Body as initial source of sensation ➢ Progressive process
○ Necessary for the origin and maintenance ➢ Variation occurs because of individual
of personality differences
➢ Adolescence ➢ Factors:
○ Self identity is formed ○ Health
○ Period of sexual exploration and ○ Nurture
experimentation ○ Heredity
○ Include sexual fantasies and realities Body Image
➢ Adolescent Bracket ➢ The way you sees yourself or the way you
○ 10 to 12 yrs. Old imagines how you looks
■ Puberty begins ➢ Positive body images
■ Adolescent period ○ Engaged in health enhancing behaviour
1. Santrock- 18 to 22 years ○ Eating balanced diet and exercising
2. World Health Organization- 10 to 19 years regularly
3. Health Children.org ○ Girls are less happy with their body images
a. Early Adolescence- 11 to 14 years ➢ Poor body images
b. Middle Adolescence- 15 to 17 years ○ Negative thoughts and feelings about their
c. Late Adolescence- 18 to 21 years appearance
4. Youth in Nation-Building Act (1994) Santrock
➢ 15 to 30 years ➢ Psychological aspect of physical change in
➢ RA 8044 puberty
➢ Created by National Youth Commission ○ Adolescents become preoccupied with their
Puberty: Period of Rapid Physical Changes bodies
Santrock ○ Develop images of what their bodies are
➢ Puberty like.
○ Not the same as adolescence Imaginary Audience
○ Ends prior to the end of adolescent period ➢ Egocentric state
○ Most essential marker of the beginning of ➢ Individual imagines and believes that many
adolescence people are actively listening to or watching him
○ Brain-neuroendocrine Spotlight Effect
■ Process occuring primarily in early ➢ Phenomenon in social psychology
adolescence ➢ Others are paying more attention to the person’s
■ Triggers the rapid physical changes appearance and behaviour than they really are
Menarche Factors that Affect Perception of the Physical Self
➢ First menstrual flow 1. Personal Factors
➢ Girls reached puberty earlier than boys a. Introspection and Self-reflection
Spermarche or Semenarche ➢ Looking inward
 ○ one of the simplest way to achieve self-
knowledge
➢ Introspection
○ Process by which one observes and
examines one’s internal state (mental
and emotional) -(Hewstone et al.)
○ Limited
■ People have a low self-insight on
the aspects about the self
b. Self-Perception Theory
➢ One’s internal state is difficult to interpret,
people can infer their inner states by observing
their own behaviour -(Hewstone)
➢ Outside observer
➢ Physical Perception
○ All aspects of a person’s perception of
his physical self
c. Self-Concept
➢ Cognitive representation of self-knowledge
➢ Sum total of all beliefs that people have about
themselves
➢ Collection of all individual experiences; one’s
characteristics, social roles, values, goals and
fears
➢ Pertains to all characteristics the person
enumerates when asked to describe who he is
➢ Physical self-concept
○ Individual’s perception of his physical
self
d. Personal Identity
➢ Concept a person has about himself
➢ Family, nationality, gender, physical traits
2. Social Factors
a. Attachment Process and Social
Appraisal
➢ People learn about their value and lovability
when they experiences how their mothers or
caregivers care for them and respond for their
needs. -(Bowlby)
➢ Caregiving
○ Positive self concept- consistent and
appropriately responds to the infants
needs
○ Negative self concept- neglectful and
unresponsive
b. Maintaining, Regulating and Expanding
the Self in Interpersonal Realtionships
➢ Sense of self is continuously shaped through
social interaction
➢ Act as private audiences with whom people
carry an internal dialogue
c. The Looking-glass Self Theory
➢ Person’s self grows out of society’s
interpersonal interactions and perception of
others -(Charles Horton Cooley)
➢ View of oneself comes from a compilation of
personal qualities and impressions of how others
perceive the individual
➢ Self-image is shape and reflected from the social
world
➢ People’s reaction serve as a mirror that people
see themselves
➢ Reflected appraisal
○ Inferences regarding other’s appraisal of
a person
○ Gained by observing how people react
towards the individual
○ Internalized and become part of self-
concept
d. Social Comparison
➢ Hewstone et al cited the work of Leon
Festinger in 1954
○ Another way of understanding oneself
○ Comparing one’s traits, abilities or
opinions to that of others
➢ Comparing oneself with others to evaluate one’s
own abilities and opinions
○ 2 Types
1. Upward Social Comparison
● Individual compares himself to others who
are better than him
● Negative- individual compares himself
with someone better than him, he
experience inferiority, envy and frustration
2. Downward Social Comparison
● Individual compares himself to someone
who is in a worse situation tha he is
especally when he is feeling so low
● Makes himself feel better that he is more
fortunate
e. Social Identity Theory
➢ Tajfel and Turner (1979)
○ Provides a framework about how people
achieve understanding about themselves by
being a member of their group
➢ Self
○ Entire person of the individual
○ Total characteristics, qualities both known
and unknown to others but known to
oneself
○ Individual level analysis
○ Self-esteem, self states, self0-efficacy
➢ Identity
○ Synthesis and integration of self-
understanding
○ Way of making sense of some aspect or part
of self-concept
○ Societal or cultural level analysis
○ Cultural concept of oneself
○ Cultural make up which makes a person
who he is
○ Not the stable markers of what people
expect to be
○ Dynamically created
○ Social milieu
■ Crucial in developing the individual
self-knowledge
■ Interpretation of how others see them
and group identification
The Impact of Culture on Body Image and Self
Esteem: Importance of Beauty
Culture milieu
➢ Strongly impacts the perception
Culture
➢ Social system characterized by the shared
meanings attributed to peole and events by its
member
Beauty
➢ Merriam and Webster
○ Quality of being physically attractive
○ Qualities in person or thing that give
pleasure to senses and mind
➢ Beauty lies in the eye of the beholder
The Filipino Concept of Beauty
Eurocentrism
➢ A tendency to interpret the world in terms of
European or Anglo-American values and
experiences
Colorism
➢ Prejudicial or preferential treatment of some-
race people based solely on the color of their
skin
Skin Color
➢ Presently determines one’s level
attractiveness
Self-Esteem and the Ideal Body Image
Self-Esteem
➢ Overall evaluation that a person has of himself
➢ Measure of the person’s self-worth
➢ Global evaluative dimension of the self
➢ How valuable to himself and others the person
perceives himself to be
Adolescent’s body image:
1. Perception of their physical self when they look
in the mirror
2. Feelings of like or dislikes about physical self
that they see
3. Their thoughts and how they relate to their
physical self
4. Perception of how other people view them
physically.
Status quo
➢ Standard of the society
➢ Adolescent may resort to extreme negative
behaviours to meet this.
Aspects in culture that may hve led to the
aforementioned misconceptions:
1. Society’s ideals of the perfect physical form
● For women-white skin, small waistline,
big breast, long straight hair, slender and
tall
● For men- tall. Tanned skin., musculine,
6-pack abs
2. Images of perfection adolescents see in all types
of media
● Mass Media- powerful tool that
reinforces cultural beliefs and values
3. Any characteristics that does not conform to the
standard is labelled as ugly
LESSON 2: THE SEXUAL SELF
Perspective of Human Sexuality
Sexual selfhood
➢ How one thinks about himself as a sexual
individual
Human Sexuality
➢ Just like beauty, it is culturally diverse
1. Historical
a. Ancient Greece
➢ Male- dominant role
○ Penis- symbol for male and fertility
➢ Wives- objects to be possessed like property
○ Forbidden to own property, no legal and
political rights
○ Greek word gyne means bearer of
children (only function of women)
b. The Middle Ages
➢ Strong influence of church
➢ All sexual acts that do not lead to procreaton
were considered evil
➢ Women were labelled either as temptress (Eve)
or woman virtue(Virgin Mary)
c. Protestant Reformation of 16th century
➢ Martin Luther, John Calvin and other Protestant
leaders fight against corruption of Roman
Catholic
➢ Protestantism
of ○ Sexuality is natural part of life
○ Priests should be able to marry and have
families
➢ Martin Luther and John Calvin
○ Sexual intimacy- to strengthen physical and
emotional bond of couple and not just for
procreation
d. 17th and 18th century
➢ Puritans
○ Group of people who were disconnected with
the church of England
○ Had positive view on marital sex
○ Did not condone sex outside of marriage
○ Premarital sex was considered immoral
e. Victorian Era
➢ Homosexuality and prostitution were rampant
and considered to be threats to social order
➢ Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud
became popular
➢ Not comfortable in dicussing breat/buttocks.
They call it meat or dark meat
➢ Sex for women
○ marital duty
○ assumed they were pure and asexual
○ Should not enjoy sex, if they did, there was
something wrong with her
➢ Ejaculating more than once a month would
greatly weaken a man
➢ Masturbation leads to blindness, insanity and
death
f. 20th century
➢ Interest in sexuality became more evident and
accepted in society
➢ Pregnancy can be controlled by natural and
artificial contraception
➢ Increased incidence of sexually transmitted
infections
➢ Rise in feminism
➢ Cultural diversity and social norms offered
varied view on sexually normal
2. Biological
➢ Knowing structures and functions of
reproductive system
➢ Nervous System
○ Brain- initiates and organizes sexual
behaviour
 ➢ Reproductive System
○ Ovaries- producing egg cells (ova)
○ Testicles- producing live sperm cells
(spermatozoa)
○ Gestation period- pregnancy
■ First week- internal and external genital
structures of all human fetus are the
same
■ Gender- 16th to 18th week of
pregnancy
○ Chromosomes
■ Threadlike structure found in nucleus of
each cell
■ Composed of genes- basic unit of
heridity
■ Sequence of DNA
■ Gives instructions how body will be
structured and how it will function
■ 23 pairs (46) chromosomes
■ Autosomes- first 22 pairs
■ Sex chromosomes- 23rd pair (XX or
XY)
3. Sociobiological or Evolutionary
➢ How evolutionary forces affect sexual
behaviour
➢ Sociobiological Theory
○ Natural selection- process by which
organisms that are best suited to their
environment are most likely to survive
○ Basis of human sexual behaviour begins
with physical attraction
➢ Beauty
○ More than just cultural standard
○ Primarily an evolutionary standard for
attracting the best male or female
➢ Sexual preference
○ Instinctively more for genetic survival tha
for pleasure or social status
4. Psychological
➢ Rosenthal
○ Sexuality is not a mere physical response
○ Involves emotions, thought and beliefs
➢ Sigmund Freud
○ Human beings are faced with 2 forces
1. Death or aggressive instinct
● Harm toward oneself or others
2. Sex instinct or libido
● Not only pertain to sexual act
● Anything that give pleasure to the person
● Human behaviour is geared towards
satisfying the sext instinct and death instinct
● Libido or sexual energy is located in an area
of the body at different psychosexual stages
Erogenous Zones
➢ Areas of pleasure
➢ Mouth, anus and genitals
➢ Five stages in Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of
Development
a. Oral Stage
➢ Child erogenous zone is mouth
➢ Receives gratification throught eating and
sucking
b. Anal Stage
➢ Anus
➢ Derived from defecation
c. Phalic Stage
➢ Genitals
➢ Child experiences sexual attraction towards
opposite sex parent
➢ Oedipus complex- boy toward mother
➢ Electra complex- girl toward father
d. Latency Stage
➢ Sexual impulses lie dormant as the child is
occupied by social activities
e. Genital Stage
➢ Genitals
➢ Sexual attraction is directed towards others
3 Structure of Personality by Freud:
A. Id
➢ Pleasure and aggression
➢ Pleasure principle
➢ It wants the person attains gratification
immediately
B. Superego
➢ Sense of morality
➢ Moral principle
➢ Restrict the demands of the Id
C. Ego
➢ Analytical principle
➢ Analyses the need of Id and its consequences as
dictated by the superego
➢ Thinks of ways to satisfy the need in an
acceptable manner
Social Learning Theories
➢ Sexuality develops from the behaviour learned
in childhood
➢ Reward to punishment; imitation and
identification; thoughts and perception
5. Religious
a. Judaism
➢ Positive and natural outlook toward marital sex
➢ Considered as blessed by God
➢ Pleasurable for both man and woman
b. Islam
➢ Family is considered of utmost importance
➢ Celibacy within marriage is prohibited
➢ Men- 4 wives; Women- only one husband
➢ Sex is permitted only within marriage
➢ Extramarital sex is penalized
c. Taoism
➢ Originated in China
➢ Sex is not only natural and healthy
➢ Sacred union
➢ Sexual union- way to balance male and female
energy
d. Hinduism
➢ Sexuality seen as spiritual force
➢ Act of ritual lovemaking means both celebrating
and transcending the physical
e. Roman Catholic Church
➢ Marriage is purely for intercourse and
procreation
➢ Pope John Paul II- married couples should
engage in intercourse only for the procreation
➢ Homosexual acts are immoral and sinful
 ➢ Used of birth control is trongly opposed 1. Excitement
➢ Agreed to natural family planning and prohibit ➢ Body’s initial physical response to sexual
abortion arrousal
➢ Increase in heart rate, blood pressure and
Clarifying Sexual Terminologies heightened muscle tone
Sex 2. Plateau
➢ Latin word secare means to divide ➢ Sexual excitement prior to orgasm
Sexuality ➢ Intensification of the changes begun during the
➢ To unite excitement phase
3. Orgasm
Shirley Feldman ➢ Waves of intense pleasure
➢ Contemporary psychologist ➢ Climax
➢ Standford University ➢ Vaginal contraction and ejaculation
➢ Sexual arousal- new phenomenon in 4. Resolution
adolescence ➢ Body returns to non-excited state
➢ Sexuality viewed as a normal aspect of
adolescent development Sexual response
➢ Person to person
Santrock ➢ Sexual fulfilment
➢ Sexuality is normal part of the period of Rosenthal
adolescence Include:
➢ Sexuality can be incorporated into the identity ➢ Desire
➢ Gender ○ Prior to excitement
○ Characteristics of people as males or ○ Motivation to seek out sexual activities
females
➢ Gender role Triaphasic Model of Sexual Response
○ Set of expectations that prescribes how ➢ Helen Singer Kaplan
females and males should think, act and ➢ Sexual desire, excitement and orgasm
fell
Adolescent’s sexual identity Erotic Stimulus Pathway
➢ Sexual orientation ➢ David Reed
➢ Ability to manage sexual feelings ➢ Focuses on psychosocial aspects of sexual
➢ Capacity to regulate his sexual behaviour to response
avoid undesirable consequences ➢ 4 Stages
1. Seduction
DSM V ➢ Enhance attractiveness
➢ Sex and sexual 2. Sensation
○ Biological indicators of male and female ➢ Sound, touch and smell
○ Having the capacity to reproduce 3. Surrender
➢ orgasm
Gender Assignment 4. Reflection
➢ Natal gender ➢ Positive or negative sexual experience
➢ Initial assignment as male or females usually
occurs at birth The Chemistry of Lust, Love and Attachment
Gender Reassignment Attraction
➢ Official and legal change of gender ➢ Characteristics that causes pleasure or interest
Gender Identity ➢ Human society greatly value physical beauty
➢ Category of social identity ➢ A desire for beauty lies within the brain
➢ Individual’s identification as male, female or ➢ Images of beauty are rocessed automatically in
other category the brain
Masculine ➢ Criteria of beauty are subjective
➢ Qualities and behaviours judged by a particular
culture Love: Emotion or Drive?
➢ Men and boys Robert Palmer
Feminine ➢ Loves is an addiction
➢ Women and girls fMRI
Androgyny ➢ Functional magnetic resonance imaging
➢ Both masculine and feminine ➢ Measures the neural activity of the brain
Asexuals Dopamine System in the brain
➢ Person who do not experience sexual drives or ➢ Same system involved in pleasure and assiction
attraction to either sex Fisher et al.
Hypersexual ➢ Being in love is a strong motivation
➢ Person with an excessive interest in sex ➢ Addictive craving to be with the other person
➢ Can cause problem in one’s life Passionate love
➢ Not an emotion in adn of itself
The Phases of Human Sexual Response ➢ Motivation or goal oriented state that leads to
4 Stages of Human Sexual Response Cycle (HSRC)- various specific emotions such as euphoria or
Masters and Johnson anxiety
Three Phases of Romantic Love- Helen Fisher and ➢ Psychologist
colleagues ➢ Love is made up of 3 coomponents:
1. Lust phase 1. Intimacy
➢ Intense craving for sexual contract ➢ Desire to give and receive emotional closeness,
➢ Androgen, estrogen, pheromores and senses support, caring and sharing
2. Attraction phase 2. Passion
➢ Infatuated and pursue relationship ➢ Hot component of love
➢ High dopamine and norepinephrine; low ➢ Intensely romantic
serotonin ➢ Sexual desire for another person
3. Attachment phase ➢ Physical attraction and physiological arousal
➢ Long-term bond 3. Commitment
➢ Security, comfort and emotional union ➢ Cold component of love
➢ oxytocin , vasopressin ➢ Decision to maintain the relationship through
good and bad times
Love
➢ Characterized by concern for other’s well-being Several Types of Love based on abouve components:
➢ Desire for physical presence and emotional 1. Liking
support ➢ Intimacy
Tennov 1979 ➢ Emotional intimacy
➢ Sex is important component of romantic loce ➢ No passionate intention for long-term
➢ 95% women and 91% man disagree about the commitment
best thing about love is sex ➢ Friendly reationship
2. Infatuation
John Lee’s Love Styles ➢ High degree of physiological arousal
1. Eros ➢ Passion
➢ Love is based on strong sexual and emotional ➢ Love at first sight
component ➢ May fade quickly
➢ Creates initial excitement 3. Empty Love
➢ Romantic and passionate love emphasizes ➢ Only commitment
physical attraction and sexual desire ➢ Relationship with no intimacy and passion
➢ Ideal characteristics of a partner 4. Romantic Love
➢ Love at first sight ➢ Both passion and intimacy
➢ Seldom last forever ➢ Emotional intensity and sexual excitement
➢ Easy to fall in or out of love 5. Companionate love
➢ Both intimacy and commitment
2. Agape ➢ Experienced in long deeply commited
➢ Altruistic and selfless love friendship or marriage
➢ Shows love without expecting to receive the 6. Fatuous love
same in return ➢ Passion and commitment
➢ More acceptable to women than men ➢ Short time in courtship and get married
7. Consummate love
3. Storge ➢ Passion, intimacy and commitment
➢ Love-related friendship ➢ Ideal for each other
➢ Based on nonsexual affection
➢ Love as gradual and slow process Chemistry of Love
➢ Commitment, stability and comfort are their ➢ There is part of brain that is active when people
goals are truly, deeply and madly in love
Oxytocin
4. Ludus ➢ Uterine contraction, love and bonding function
➢ Love is just a game, fun or entertainment Vasopressin
➢ Do not experience jealousy ➢ Water levels in body, bonding and parentung
➢ Don’t value commitment or intimacy behaviour
➢ Manipulate their partners ➢ Hormones affect bonding
➢ Cheating and deceiving Physiological Reaction
➢ People are in love
5. Mania ➢ Not giving attention to other people
➢ Intense feeling
➢ Pbsessive and possessive love Chemistry Substances in the body
➢ Easily get jealous 1. Dopamine (DA) and Norepinephrine (NE)
➢ Easily taken advantage of by ludic lovers ➢ Neurotransmitters
➢ Involved in mood, motivation, attention and
6. Pragma excitement
➢ Practical and business-like love
➢ Love is based on what is appropriate 2. Serotonin
➢ Not intense nor out of control ➢ Neurotransmitter
➢ Mood, obsession, sex and sleep
The Triangular Theory of Love ➢ Level of serotonin decreases during infatuation
Robert Stenberg
 ➢ Passionate romantic love generally lasts within ➢ Humans are constantly exposed to sexual
6-18 months stimuli
★ Necessary task of growing up is learning to cope
3. Phenylethylamine (PEA) with one’s sexual arousal
➢ Neurochemical
➢ Increase levels of DA and NE Balance between when and where to properly
➢ Pathways involving mood and pleasure express and supress it:
➢ Love drug 1. Sociosexual behaviour
➢ Associated with love and orgasm ➢ Sexual behaviour involving more than one
➢ People who are happy with their relationship person
➢ Chocolates have high levels of PEA ➢ Heterosexual- male to female
➢ Amphetamine-like PEA ➢ Homosexual- male with male/ female with
○ Responsible for euphoria (excessive female
happiness) and exhilaration 2. Solitary behaviour
experienced during infatuation ➢ Self-masturbation or self-stimulation with the
intention of causing sexual arousal
4. Oxytocin and Vasopressin ➢ Feeling of pleasure and often results in orgasm
➢ Neuropeptides ➢ Involves only one individual
➢ Released from pituitary gland ➢ Done in private at the beginiing of adolescent
➢ Labor and breastfeeding period
➢ Promotes positive judgments Therapeutic benefits to health in self-stimulation:
➢ Orgasms increase levels of oxytocin 1. Sexual pleasure
➢ Vasopressin is important in pair bonding 2. Relieve stress
3. Lower blood pressure
5.Endorphins 4. Improves ma’s fertility
➢ Endogenous morphine 5. Lowers a man’s chance to get prostate cancer
➢ Body’s natural opiates General Jocelyn Elders
➢ Similar to man-made drugs morphine or heroin ➢ Former US surgeon
➢ Infatuation ends and long term relationship is ➢ Masturbation is safe and healthy, it should be
continuous, endorphin levels increase mentioned in school curricula
➢ Gives feeling of security, euphoria and peace ➢ President Clinton fied er in 1994 because of it
Erotic dreams
Psychological Theories ➢ Involuntary images
1. Behavioral Reinforcement Theory ➢ Occur when people are asleep
➢ Someone receives reward ➢ These images can result in vaginal lubrication
➢ The better the feeling the more the behaviour to and penile erection and orgasm
be repeated ➢ Male- nocturnal emission or wet dreams
➢ Not all erotic dreams are wet dreams
2. Physiological Arousal Theory ➢ Not all wet dreams are erotic
➢ Most acceptable theories about emotions ➢ Occur during teenage and early adult yrs
➢ Bodies experience physiological change first ➢ Less often a man masturbates, the more
➢ People assign an emotion to physical sensation nocturnal emissions he will have
➢ Based on interpretation of brain Sexual orientation
➢ Brain interpret emotion ➢ Person’s predisposition
➢ Inclination regarding sexual-behaviour,
emotional attachment or physical attraction to
3. Evolutionary Theories one or both sexes
➢ Love arose due to some sociobiological need ➢ Sexual orientation than sexual preference
➢ Implies conscious or deliberate choice of sexual
Social psychological data partner
➢ Factors that determine with whom people fall in ➢ Types of sexual orientation:
love are 1. Homosexual
1. Physical attractiveness ➢ Toward another same sex
2. Reciprocity a. Lesbian
➢ Like individual who also like them ➢ Woman whose sexual and romantic
3. Proximity attraction is toward women
➢ Being around anytime physically or virtually b. Gay
4. Similarities ➢ Man whose sexual and romantic attraction
is toward men
Diversity of Sexual Behavior 2. Heterosexual
Adolescence ➢ Toward others of the opposite sex
➢ Period of increased sexual behaviour 3. Bisexual
Human Sexual Behaviour ➢ Both men and women
➢ Activity, solitarity, by pair or group which 4. Pansexual
induces sexual arousal ➢ New sexual orientation
➢ Not all sexual arousal could lead to sexual ➢ Regardless of the sex or gender identity
activity ➢ Greek word pan means all or every
➢ Called gender blind
 ➢ Gender and sex are not determining factors for ➢ Thrives in the moist mucous membranes lining
getting sexually attracted to other of the mouth, throat, vagina, cervix, urethra nad
➢ More fluid anal tract
5. Transgender ➢ Symptoms:
➢ Broad spectrum of individuals who transiently ○ Male- discharge from penis and burning
or persistently identity with a gender different sensation during urination
from their natal gender ○ Female- irritating vaginal discharge
➢ Transexual ➢ Complication:
○ Seeks or has undergone social transition ○ Male- prostate, bladder and kidney
by genital surgery problems, sterility
➢ Gender dysphoria ○ Female- infertility
○ Distress that may accompany the 5. Syphillis
incongruence between one’s expressed ➢ Bacterium Treponema pallidum, a spirochete
gender or gender identity and one’s ➢ Untreated, syphilis
assigned gender ➢ Progress through 4 phases
○ Primary- chancre sores appear
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) ○ Secondary- general skin rashes occur
Sexually Transmitted Infections ○ Latent- last for several years with no
➢ Disease that are contracted primarily through overt symptoms
sexual contact with an infected individual ○ Tertiary- cardiovascular disease,
blindness, paralysis, skin ulcers, liver
1. HIV / AIDS damage, mental problem and death
HIV 6. Chlamydia
➢ Human Immunodeficiency Virus ➢ Most common
➢ Virus ➢ Chlamydia trachomatis
➢ Can lead to infections ➢ Organism that spreads through sexual contact
➢ Attack and destroy the CD4 (Tcells) of the ➢ Infects genital organs of both sexes
immune system ➢ Female with chlamydia are asymptomatic
○ Body’s natural defense agains such ➢ Can occur without sexual contact, urinary tract
illnesses or bladder infection and vaginal yeast infection
➢ HIV without treatment can lead to AIDS Modes of Contraception (Artificial and Natural)
➢ No effective cure Angelican Church
➢ Philippines has the highest HIV infection ➢ 1930
growth in Asia-Pacific ➢ First mainstream Christian sect
AIDS ➢ Officially permitted certain forms of birth
➢ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome control
➢ Condition or syndrome
➢ Diagnosed by number of CD4 cell count
➢ <200 cell/mm3 in the blood Contraceptives
➢ Healthy individual has 500-1600 cells/mm3 ➢ Medicines and other devices that are used to
➢ First case in the Philippines was 1984 prevent unwanted pregnancy
➢ Highest record was May 2017- 1098 HIV-AIDS
➢ Males represent the majority 1. Hormonal Method of Contraception
ART ➢ Prevents release of egg or ovulation
➢ Antiretroviral therapy a. Oral Contraceptives
➢ Combination of medications ➢ Daily oral contraceptives
➢ Used to prevent HIV from replicating to protect ➢ Some contain estrogen and progestogen; others
the body against the virus and infection progestogen only
➢ Not a cure ➢ 99% effective
➢ Helps HIV positive to live longer and happier b. Patch
➢ Lower the risk to lead to AIDS ➢ Small patch stick on the skin
Modes of Transition ➢ Releases estrogen and progestogen
➢ MSM ➢ Stops ovulation
○ Males sex with males ➢ 99% effective
➢ IDU c. Ring
○ Injecting drug users ➢ Vaginal ring
➢ Child transmission ➢ Small plastic ring a woman inserts into her
vagina every month
2. Genital Herpes ➢ Releases hormones to stop ovulation
➢ Caused by large family of viruses of different ➢ 99% effective
strains d. Implants
➢ Produce other non-std ➢ Small flexible rod place under the skin of the
3. Genital Warts upper arm
➢ Human papillomavirus ➢ Releases progestogen to stop ovulation
➢ Very contagious e. Injectable
➢ Most commonly acquired STI in US ➢ Long acting reversible contraception
4. Gonorrhea ➢ 99% effective
➢ Bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae
 2. Barrier Methods
➢ Physically or chemically block sperm from
reaching an egg
➢ Provide a barrier between direct skin to skin
contact
a. Diaphragm
➢ Soft dome made of latex or silicone
➢ Used with spermicide
➢ Vagina to cover the cervix
➢ 92 to 96% effective
b. Cervical Caps
➢ Similar to diaphragm
➢ Generally always made of silicone
➢ 92 to 96% effective
c. Male and Female Condoms or
Spermicides
➢ Male condom
○ Thin latex put over the penis to stop the
sperm from entering vagina
○ 98% effective
➢ Female condom
○ Thin polyurethane
○ Loosely lines the vagina
○ Stops sperm from entering
○ 95% effective
3. Behavioral Methods
a. Rhythm or Calendar Method
➢ Determine a woman’s most fertile and infertile
times
➢ Charting the menstrual cycle
➢ Natural family planning or fertility
awareness
b. Abstinence or Celibacy
➢ Avoidance of sexual intercourse
c. Outercourse
➢ Does not include the nsertion of the penis into
the vagina
d. Withdrawal
➢ Coitus interruptus (Latin)
➢ Man removes his penis from the vagina
➢ Ejaculates outside of the woman’s body
4. Sterilization
➢ Permanently incapable of conceiving
fertilizing a partner
a. Tubal Ligation/ Sterilizaton
➢ Fallopian tubes are ties
➢ Prevent eggs from travelling to the uterus
b. Vasectomy
➢ Small cut in the upper part of the scrotum
➢ Ties or blocks the vas deferens
➢ Men can still have orgasm or ejaculation
5. Intrauterine Device (IUD)
➢ Small device
➢ Placed in the uterus
6. Emergency Contraception (EC)
➢ Protects against pregnancy after unprotected sex
has already occured
➢ Through IUD or higher dosage of pills
LESSON 3: THE MATERIAL/ECONOMIC SELF
Material Self Presentation and Identity
John Heskett
➢ Bristish writer and lecturer
➢ Economic, political, cultural and human value
of industrial design
➢ Professor at Institute of Design at Illinois
Institute of TEchnology
➢ Taught design history and design thinking
➢ Design
○ Combines need and desire
○ In form of practical object
○ Reflect the user’s identity and
aspirations through its form and
decoration
○ Really matters from the smallest things
➢ There is a significance and function behind
everyday things
➢ There is a subconcious effect of design in
everyday life
➢ Reflects the personal identity wherever the
person is
Roland Barthes
➢ French critical theorist
➢ One of the first to observe relationships that
people have with objects and in particular
looked at objects as signs or things
➢ In 1950, popularized :thr field of Semiology
○ Study of objects as signs
➢ Sign
○ Anything that conveys meaning
○ People increasingly produce
○ Diffentiate one person or group from
others
➢ Semiotic Analysis
○ Objects functions as signifiers in
production of meaning
➢ All things, verbal or visual could be viewed as a
kind of speech or language
Semiotic
➢ Study of signs
➢ Sign has 2 elements:
1. Signfier- physical form
2. Signified- mental concepts
Objects
➢ Reflections of the wider lives of communication
and individuals
or ➢ Act as a complex systems of signs
➢ Allow one to read meaning into people, places
and purpose
★ Things that surround people are inseparable from
who they are
Theory of the meaning of material possessions
➢ Material goods can fulfill a range of
instrumental, social, symbolic and affective
functions
1. Instrumental functions
➢ Functional properties of a product
2. Social symbolic functions
➢ Signify personal qualities, social standing,
group affiliation and gender role
3. Categorical functions
➢ Material possessions may be used to
communicate group membership and status
4. Self-expressive functions
➢ Person’s unique qualities, values or attitudes
➢ Through collections
★ Material things fulfil symbolic and affective rather
than instrumental functions

Economic Self Presentation and Identity
Economics
➢ Study of things that a person is lacking
➢ How people make use of things that they have
➢ Making the right-decisions
➢ Condition of person, group or region as regards
to material prosperity
Economic self-sufficiency
➢ Ability of individuals and families to
consistently meet their need
Economic consciousness
➢ Result of socialization, and professionalization
➢ Acquires a particular significance in human
affairs
Economic Identity
➢ Psychological phenomenon
➢ Results from social categorization
Factors that affect the economic identity
1. Professional development
2. Self-determination
3. Motivational
4. Value sphere of his personality
Symbolic Motives
1. Status
➢ People believe they can derive a sense of
recognition
➢ Materialism
○ Importance ascribed to the ownership
and acquisition of material goods in
achieving major life goals
➢ Increasing consumption of goods is
economically desirable
➢ By CHOICE or COMPULSION people
respond to goods and services based on people’s
assumptons that is associated to their social
identities
Behavioral Finance
➢ Combines behavioral and cognitive
psychological theory with conventional
economics and finance
➢ Provide explanations for why people make
irrational financial decisions
➢ Provide answers to these interesting facets of
consumer behaviour
LESSON 4: THE SPIRITUAL SELF
The Practice of Religion: Belief in Supernatural
Being and Power
Belief
➢ Basic characteristics of religion
➢ Supernatural being
➢ Being that is better
➢ More powerful than any creatures in natural
world
Supernatural or above natural
➢ All that cannot be explained by the laws of
nature
➢ Things characteristic of or relating to ghosts,
gods or other types of spirits and other non-
material beings or beyond nature

2. Affective Motive Religiousness

➢ Concept used in Environmental Psychology
➢ Basis of the buying behaviour
○ People think they need it but more
because of happiness(affect)
➢ Affect
○ Emotions
○ Motivator of pro-environmental
behavior
➢ Anticipated affect
○ Person is expecting to feel good or guilty
when doing something
○ 1. Anticipated positive affect-
excitement, ride, happiness
2. Anticipated negative affect- anger,
sadness and frustration
■ Important predictors of whether
to buy or not to buy the product
○ Strong motivator or barrier for the
buying behaviour
The Role of Consumer Culture on the Sense of Self
and Identity
Consumer Identity
➢ Pattern of consumption
➢ Describes the consumer
Consumption
➢ Increasingly more meaning-based
➢ Brands- used as symbolic resources
➢ Brands and products- used by many
consumers to express their identities
Consumerism
➢ Preoccupation with and an inclination towards
the buying of consumer goods
➢ Declined in US- adolescents 14 to 20 yrs old
➢ Measuredby the frequency of prayer, discussing
religious teachings ad deciding moral actions
➢ Overall importance of religion
➢ Girls are more religious than boys
➢ Students were less likely engaged in religious
activities
The Concept of Dungan (Spirit or Soul)
Animism
➢ Oldest beliefs
➢ Latin word anima means breath/soul
➢ Everything in nature have their own spirit or
divinity
Soul in different regions
1. Tagalog- Kaluluwa
2. Bagobos- Gimokud
3. Bukidnon- Makatu
4. Ilonggos- Dungan (live)
- Kalag(dead)
5. Ibanags- Ikaruruwa
6. Ilokanos- Kadkadduwa (soul is in physical
body adn seen as constant comapnion)
- Karuruwa (departs)
Soul
➢ Kaluluwa, ikaruruwa or kararuwa
➢ Root word duwa means two
➢ 2 parts
○ Physical part- connected to body and its
life
○ Spiritual- exists on its own
Ibanags
➢ Soul is the principle of life in man
 ➢ Body is the matter
➢ Soul is the form
➢ Body and soul are one unit, man is alive
➢ Soul is the oposite of body
➢ Death
○ Separation of soul from the body
○ Body can’t stay alive without soul
○ Soul can live without body
Ilonggos
➢ Dungan cannot be seen by human eye
➢ May show itslef in form of insects
➢ May leave the body voluntarily while person is
asleep
➢ When person is asleep, he should not be
awakened quickly to give ample time for the
dungan to return to the body
➢ Whatever happens to the dungan happens to the
physical body as well
➢ Voluntary withdrawal of soul is when body is
maltreated
➢ Soul is not located in any specific part
➢ It grow proportionality with the person’s body
➢ Weak at birth
➢ Usug- unintentional transfer of disturbing
vapors of a strong body to a weak one
➢ Soul Nature- performance of age-old spirit
rituals
➢ Bisayang dungan has a secondary meaning of
willpower
○ Strong dungan
■ Intellectual and psychological
capacity to dominate one’s way
of thinking.
■ Person with lot of willpower
Rituals and Ceremonies
Ritual
➢ Religious or solemn ceremony
➢ Series of actions performed according to
prescribed order.
➢ Sequence of activities involving gestures, words
and objects, performed in a specific place
➢ Formalized behaviors
➢ Allow communities to explore their religious
and cultural worlds through action
➢ Rites
○ Spoken word
○ Convey meaning and value
○ Evoke an image through the use of
metaphor, elicit commitment, set of
beliefs
➢ Both sacred and secular
➢ Inevitable components of culture
➢ Functions of rituals
1. A symbolic expression of actual social
relations, roles of individuals in a society
2. A trancendent, numinous (spiritual)
reality that shows the ultimate values of a
community
3. A set of behaviours and beliefs that are
symbolic of social, psychological or
numinous realities (non-rational function)
Ceremony
➢ Movements or gestures expressing feelings or
beliefs beyond the limitations of speech
➢ elaborate or simple, formal or intimate
➢ Set of formal actions performed
➢ Prescribed by ritual or custom such as wedding
ceremony
➢ Conventional social gesture
➢ Act of courtesy
➢ Strict observance of formalities or etiquette
Religion, Spirituality and Identity
Religion
➢ Organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals and
symbols that increases and individual’s
connection to a sacred or trancendent other
➢ Organized system of beliefs, ceremonies and
rules used to worship God
➢ interest , belief or activity deemed to be of
utmost importance to a person or group
➢ William James
○ Feelings, acts and experiences of
individual men in their solitude
Religiousness
➢ One is affiliated with an organized religion
Spirituality
➢ Experiencing something beyond oneself in a
transcendent manner
➢ Living in a way that benefits others and society
➢ Search for the sacred
➢ Sacred
○ Signify a person that trancends the self
○ Divine being/ holy/beyond ordinary
Spiritual Identity
➢ Persistent sense of self
➢ Addresses ultimate questions about nature,
purose and meaning of life
➢ Focuses on individual’s construction of a
relationship to the sacred and ultimate meaning
➢ High level of spirituality leads to higher level of
self-efficacy
Magic and Witchcraft
Magic
➢ Power of apparently influencing the course of
events
➢ Ability to use supernatural forces to make
impossible things to happen
Magician
➢ The one who performs the magic
➢ Casting spells and summoning spirits
➢ Derived from word magiciien (Old French)
means magician or sorcerer and;
➢ Magikos or magos (Greek) means magical
Sorcerer
➢ Derived from Greek word pharmakos
➢ Carries the idea of medicine, magic potions and
poison
Wizard
➢ Acquainted with the secrets of the nonmaterial or
unseen world
Necromancer
➢ The one who is seeking unto the dead
➢ A term that includes all forms of attempt to make
contact with departed spirits
Barang
➢ Filipino term for sorcerer
➢ Used to described malignant sorcery or familiar
spirits
➢ Small invisible insects residing in bamboos that
enter the body through open space causing the
 intestine, stomach, lungs and liver to swell during
high tides and shrink during low tides.
➢ Mambabarang
○ Person who practices this specific type of
sorcery or withchcraft
➢ Binarang
○ The target of the sorcery or witchcraft
Kulam
➢ Tagalog word for voodoo or witchcraft
➢ Most well-known aspects of Philippine folklore
➢ Has an effect on how a person conducts himself
in the community and on how people treat each
other.
➢ Mangkukulam
○ Person who uses black magic or spells on
a victim
Albulario/Mananambal
➢ Medicine man who is also capable of performing
sorcery
➢ Filipino witchdoctor, folk healer or medicine man
Folklores
➢ Begin when a person who is said to have
experience an encounter with any mythical
creatures and share his scare experiences to
family then passed to relatives, to community and
to generations.
➢ Mythical Creatures
○ Inhabit dark forest and unexplored
regions of barrios in the provinces
○ Aswang, Manananggal, Kapre, Dwende,
Sirena, Engkanto, Sigbin, Tikbalang,
Tianak and many others
Finding and Creating Meaning in Life
Logotherapy
➢ Term coined by Victor Franki (existential
philosoper)
➢ Aims to help the person search for the meaning of
his existence
➢ Logotherapist
○ Assist and guide the client in finding
meaning to his life
Three Basic Principles on Discovering Meaning in
Life
1. Meaning in Life
➢ Man should see existence as experiencing life’s
ups and downs
➢ In spite of the person’s wealth, status or gender,
he should discover meaning in life events and
circumstances.
➢ Sufferings are a part of life
2. Will to Meaning
➢ One attaches to experience is not obvious.
➢ Challeging to discover what the experience
means to be fulfilled
3. Freedom to Will
➢ People are given the freedom to make life choices
which includes how they respond to life events
➢ People can dicover meaning through the values
that they attach to things connected with their
lives
a. Values
➢ Creative, artistic expression or by creating a work
doing a deed
b. Experiential
➢ Interacting with social environment or by
experiencing something or encountering
someone
c. Attitudinal
➢ Attitude people take toward unavoidable
suffering
LESSON 5: THE POLITICAL SELF
The Meaning of Politics
Politics
➢ Greek word politika
➢ Affairs of the cities
➢ Process of making decisions
➢ Applies to all members of a group
➢ Ability to govern
➢ Control over a group of people in community,
state or nation
➢ Ability to influenced others by making decision
for them
Deutsch and Gerard
➢ Motives of social influence
➢ 2 Types of Social Influence
1. Normative Influence
➢ Conforming to the positive expectations of
others
➢ Avoid social punishment or disapproval
2. Informational Influence
➢ Accepting the information obtained from others
as evidence of reality
Important Aspect of Politics
➢ Capacity to influence
➢ Lead a group of people
Leadership
➢ Ceratin group members motivate and guide the
group
Leader
➢ Always at frontline, responsible for the
functions and operations of organization
➢ Have the authority and capability to monitor
➢ Guide the members to achieve the goals towards
vision and mission of organization
➢ Has the power to make decisions
➢ Formally appointed or elected
➢ Effective leaders consistently stick to their goals
➢ Self-confident charisma- influences their
followers
➢ Ability to communicate in clear and simple
language
➢ Have enough optimism and faith in their group
to inspire them to followPolitical Psyche
➢ Human psyche
➢ Leads to interdependent and interactive
nature of one’s psyche
➢ Political behaviour is not something separate
from other forms of human relationship
Leadership style
➢ Pattern of leadership behaviour
➢ Repeatedly shown as evident across a variety of
situations
1. Autocratic leadership
➢ directive, non-participative and domineering
2. Democratic leadership
➢ Participative,, communicative and egalitarian
3. Laissez-faire leadership
➢ Hands-off leadership, few attempts made to
influence others
Leaders’ Description
 1. Transactional leaders
➢ Focus on the proper exchange of resources
➢ Give followers something in exchange for
something the leaders want
2. Transformational (charismatic leaders)
➢ Aligning the organizational goals with the
followers’ need
➢ Aspirations by developing an appealing vision
3. Laissez-faire leaders
➢ Non-leadership
➢ Avoid making decisions
➢ Hesitate in taking action
➢ Often absent when needed
Open Space Technology (OST)
➢ Approach to purpose-driven leadership
➢ No formal agenda
➢ Leads to important purpose or task
➢ Applied in hosting meetings, conflict minded
peace building conferences, corporate-style
retreats, symposiums and community summit
events
➢ Influencing others through techniques of
persuasion
Principles of OST
1. Whoever comes are the right people
2. Whatever happens is the only thing that could
have happened
3. Whenever it starts is the right time
4. When it’s over, it’s over
The Law of Two Feet
“When you find yourself neither learning nor
contributing, use your two feet and go to some more
productive places.”
➢ Bumble bees- cross-pollinate ideas from one
discussion group to another
➢ Butterflies- do nothing but be beautiful. Attract
others to start new ideas and discussion
Developing a Filipino Identity: Values, Traits,
Community and Institutional Factors
Pakikipagkapwa-tao
➢ Shared sense of identity
➢ Consciousness of the other
➢ Treating others with respect and dignity as an
equal not someone that is beneath the individual
Family Orientation
➢ Expected to care for their old family members
➢ When turned 18 yrs old, they are not expected to
move out of their parents’ home
Ability to find joy and humour
➢ Optimistic and always positive
➢ Laughter and humour as a coping technique
Diskarte
➢ Flexibility, adaptability and creativity
➢ Aversive to standard rules
➢ Present oriented
➢ They only attend to task rquirement at the time
it is needed
Hardworking, industrious and resourceful
➢ Experiences with different life challenges
➢ Resilient and acquired a good ability to survive
➢ Very determined and persevering
Three Main Traits
1. Pakikipagkapwa-tao
➢ Smooth interpersonal relationship
2. Family-oriented
3. Mapagmahal
➢ Loving and caring
Natural Traits
1. Bayanihan- spirit of cooperation/ damayan
2. Kinship/ camaraderie- extending a helping
hand without expecting remuneration or
something in return
Unique Filipino value
1. They always have something to be happy about
or reason to celebrate
2. Hospitable- do anything just to have something
for their visitors
Being onion-skinned or balat sibuyas
➢ Easily affected by slight insult
➢ Correcting other in public or being corrected is
not considered acceptable behaviour for
Filipinos
➢ Use of euphemism, mild or indirect words to
substitute for unpleasent words to avoid being
harsh
Family meal
➢ Invited to join meal, it has to be refused
➢ Offered second time, it is permissible to accept
Time Management
➢ Not time-conscious
➢ Poor time management
Po and opo
➢ Sign of respect
➢ 13 indigenous dialect spoken in Philippines
Establishing a Democratic Culture
Culture
➢ Behaviour, patterns, beliefs and all other
products of a particular group of people that are
passed on from generation to generation
➢ Powerful impact on people’s lives
Filipino Culture
➢ Unique
➢ Due to influences of colonization
➢ Spaniards
○ pagiging madasalin
○ Introduced Christianity
○ Colonized Phil for 300 yrs
➢ Very hardworking
➢ Strive to make life better
Democracy and Cultural Expression
➢ True democracy cannot be achieved without
balance in economic and social structure
➢ Voice of Philippine democracy lies within
middle class
➢ There is much room for the promotion of true
democracy through cultural expression
Cultural expression
➢ Use of all media
➢ Whatever can influence the Filipino mind to
forge and sustain a set of core values, of national
interests
➢ Social value and political mission of art
➢ Establishing, affirming and promoting certain
commonalities of thought and feeling
Democracy
➢ Process rather than a product
➢ Lead to shape the national identity
➢ Bring to the fore what it really means to be a
Filipino
LESSON 6: THE DIGITAL SELF
What Statistics Say
Medinilla
 ➢ Philippines is the fastest-growing market of ➢ Social media allows people to adopt identities
smartphones in ASEAN independent of the bodies and the markers it
contain
➢ 3.5 million smartphones were shipped during first ➢ People can be whoever they want to be
quarter of 2016 ➢ What goes online stays online
➢ Last three years, more than doubled ➢ Permanent digital footprints
➢ Currently, 30% of Filipinos are smartphone users Used ID
➢ Associate a persistent ID for a single user
Self and Other in Cyberspace Username
Digital Literacy ➢ Unique sequence of characters used to identify a
➢ Living, learning and working in a digital society user and allow access to a computer system
Cyberspace Dissociative Imagination
➢ People are more willing to speak out and ➢ Identity online is just a game
misbehave without fear of disapproval and ➢ Fantasy game is not always how people act in a
punishment from authority figures real world
➢ Authority is minimized
Behaviour of people in virtual Solipsistic Introjection
➢ Feel more relaxed, less restrained ➢ Notion that it’s only in their heads
➢ Tend to express themselves more openly ➢ People tend to assign traits to imaginary
➢ Online disinhibition interaction with the introjected character
Online Disinhibition Dissociative Anonymity
➢ Lack of restraint one feels ➢ Person can have no name or at least not the real
➢ Positive- exhibit extraordinary acts of kindness name
or charity ➢ People can hide some or all of their identities
➢ Anonymity ➢ Separate the in-person and virtual-identity
○ allow users to communicate more Self-Presentation Strategies and Impression
objectionable needs Management
○ Many are deceived Self-Presentation
Two Categories of Online Disinhibition ➢ Range of strategies that people adopt to shape
1. Benign Disinhibition what others think of them
➢ Carthatic experience 1. Self-promotion
➢ Opportunity to reveal secret emotions, fears and ➢ Trying to show that he/she is competent,
wishes effective or a winner
➢ Disinhibition indicates an attempt to understand 2. Ingratiation
and explore oneself to work through problems ➢ Presenting neself to others has a desire to be
and find new ways of being likeable
➢ Combat loneliness and depression ➢ Expect affection
➢ Online disinhibition ➢ Takes an interest in one’s personal lives to show
○ Enhance self-esteem and self- them that they are friendly
confidence ➢ Uses flattery and favours to make others like
2. Toxic Disinhibition them
➢ Rude language, harsh criticism, anger, hatres, 3. Exemplification
even threats online ➢ Intention to achieve worth from others
➢ Tend to go to virtual spaces which they are not ➢ Expect others to feel guilty by their actions
supposed to explore ➢ Hard-working dedicated employee to make
other feel less worthy than they are
Cyberbullying 4. Intimidation
➢ Bullying that takes place using electronic ➢ Tries to appear dangerous or ruthless
technology ➢ Expects othersto be afraid of them
Cyber Harassment 5. Supplication
➢ Use of Informatin and Communication ➢ Appear helpless
Technology to harass, control and manipulate ➢ Aims to achieve nurturance from others
others ➢ Acts as if they know less than others so people
➢ Adult form of cyberbullying will help them out
I, Me, Myself and My User ID Online Identity
Digital Identity Self-Enhancement
➢ Describes a persona an individual presents ➢ Tendency to think of oneself in a favourable
across all digital spaces that he/she represented light
in Impression Management
Symbolic Markers ➢ Deliberate attempt to distort one’s responses to
➢ One’s identity to others create a favourable impression with others
➢ Helps them make sense of it themselves
➢ Signals Impact of Online Interactions on the Self
Internet Disembodiment ➢ Development of the person’s social aspects
➢ Identity, soul or spirit separate from physical greatly influenced by technology due to an
body insufficient amount of real life social encounters
 ➢ Others on the internet constitte a distinctive ➢ Users present themselves in a less gender
looking glass that produces a digital self that stereotypical way online
differs from the self formed offline Gender Identity and Language Use in Teenage Blogs
➢ Abuse of technology ➢ Huffaker and Calvert
○ Leads to negative consequences ➢ Male and female teenagers presented
○ Responsibility of the users to be cautious themselves similarly in their blogs
on what they post on social media Hannesy
➢ Adolescents liek to watch television programs
Boundaries of the Self Online with sexual content
Personal boundaries Ward
➢ Set of guidelines, rules or limits ➢ Watching television sex can influence
➢ Permissible ways for people to behave towards adolescents’ sexual attitude and behaviour
other
Asynchonicity ➢ Exposure to sexual content is related to more
➢ Not having to cope with someone’s immediate permissive studies about premarital and recreational
reaction disinhibits people sex
➢ Allows person to think more carefully about
what he/she would like to say before posting Sexting
➢ Sending, receiving or forwarding sexually
Private vs. Public explicit messages, images, primarily between
Invisibility mobile phones
➢ Nobody can judge the statements and images
➢ Gauge to misinterpret oneself
➢ Man may represent himself as a woman or vice
cersa
Public mode
➢ Treated as an open book
Security
➢ Many users are using private mode
Virtual Interactions
➢ People cannot always be sure when/shere
someone is present
Personal/Individual vs. Social Identity Online
Identity
➢ Both personal identity and social identity
➢ Modern era (enlightenment through 20th
century)
○ Fixed, stable adn unitary
➢ Post modern period (now)
○ Fluid, multiple and socially constructed
Social Identity
➢ Group affiliation
Sherry Turkle
➢ People have different roles in different settings
➢ Different contexts make different aspects of
one’s identity more salient
Sociology
➢ Identity theory
○ Individuals have role identities
➢ Role Identities
○ Character and role an individual devises
as an occupant of a particular social
position
➢ Self
○ Hierarchical ordering of identities by
salience
○ Greater the commitment on an identity,
the greater the salience of identity
➢ Salience of identity
○ Influences behavioural choices in
situation
Gender and Sexuality Online
Gender intensification hypothesis
➢ Psychological and behavioural differences
between boys and girls become greater during
early adolescence
Gender Stereotyoe