Q1:

What are the functions of each of the following instruments:

 Pyranometer: measures global or diffused radiation.

- The black surface heats up by solar radiation its temp.

Increases until its rate equals its rate of heat loss by
convection, conduction & radiation.
- The hot junction of the thermopile is attached to the black
surface while cold junction is located in such a way that it
doesn’t receive any radiation , as a result an emf is generated,
it’s usually in the range 0 10 mV can be read, recorded or
integrated over a period of time & a measure of global
radiation.
- An accuracy of ±2% is obtained with this
instrument.
- Pyrometer can also be used for measurement of
diffused radiation by mounting a shading ring.
  Pyroheliometer: measures beam radiation.

- The black disc is located at the base of tube whose axes is

aligned with direction of the sun’s rays ( beam radiation ) thus ,
the diffuse radiation is blocked from the sensor surface.
  A sunshine recorder: measures duration of bright sunshine.

- The sun rays are focused by a glass bowl (sphere) to a point on

a card strip hole in a groove in a spherical bowl mounted
concentrically with the sphere through the day the sun moves
across the sky & the image moves along the strip, thus the
length is proportional to the duration of sun shine obtained on
the strip.
Q2: Define the following terms:
 Beam Radiation: Radiation received from the sun without
any scattering by the atmosphere.
 Diffused Radiation: Radiation whose direction is changed by
scattering by atmosphere.
 Global Radiation: Sum of beam and diffused radiation on a
surface.
 Irradiance: Rate at which radiant energy is radiant on a
surface per unit area.
 Irradiation (radiant exposure): Incident energy per unit area,
found by integration of irradiance by time. Usually hour or
day.
 Radiosity (radiant existence): Rate at which radiant energy
leaves a surface per unit area by emission, reflection and
transmission.
 Emissive power (radiant self-existence): Rate at which radiant
energy leaves a surface per unit area by emission only.
Q3:Define the following terms:
 Zenith angle: Angle between a vertical line to zenith and the
line of sight of sun.

 Air mass: Ratio between optical thicknesses of atmosphere

through a beam to thickness if the sun is at zenith.

 Solar time: It’s a time based on the apparent motion of the

sun across the sky, with solar noon at the time sun crosses
meridian of the observer.
± ( )
Question 4
At Madison where the long and the Central standard time
meidian is W , what is the solar time corresponding to 10:30
AM central time ( standard time) on February 2?
± ( )

( )

( )

( ) ( )
Question 5
Determine the local apparent time (LAT) , Solar time
corresponding to 14:30 H (IST) at Bombay ( 2 ) on
July 1.
± ( )

2 , 2 2

( )
2

( 2 )

( 2 2 ) ( )
2
Question 6
Calculate the angle made by beam radiation with the normal to
the flat plate collector on December 1 at 09:00 H ( solar time or
LAT ), the collector is located new Delhi ( 2 2 2 ) , is
tilted at an angle of with the horizontal and is pointing due
south.
2 2

2
2 ( ) 22

( 2 )

( )

( ) ( ) 2
Question 7
Calculate the day length on a horizontal surface at New Delhi on
December 1 for problem 6.

2 ( ) 2 (( 2 )( 22 ))

2
Question 8
Calculate the angle of incidence of beam radiation on a flate plate collector
for the following situation: location, Nagpur ( 2 ) Slope of
collector 31 , LST = 72.12 , surface azimuth angle 15 , date December 1
1979 , and time 09:00 ( IST ) .
2 2
2 2

± ( )
2
( ) ( )
2 2

( 2 2 ) ( ) 2
2

2 2
When Flat plate
2
2 ( ) 22
Question 9
Calculate the day length on May 1 & December 1 for a south
facing surface tilted at an angle of 40 and located at New Delhi (
2 2 )

2 2

2
2 2 ( )

2
2 2 ( ) 22

2 ( ( ) )

2 (( (2 )) ( ))

2 ( ( ) )

2 (( (2 )) ( 22 ))

2 2 2
Question 10
Calculate the angle of incidence of beam radiation on a surface
located at Madison at 10:30 ( Solar time ) on February 13 if the
surface is tilted 45 from the horizontal and is pointed 15 west of
south ( for Madison ).

2
2 ( )

( 2 ) 22

2
Question 11
Calculate the zenith angle at Madison at 9:30 on Feburary 13

2
2 ( )

( 2 )