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 THE
KASHI SANSKRIT SKRIES
154
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J. _L

THE

Kasyapa Samhita
( or Vrddhajivakiya Tantra
*
)
By

Vrddha Jivaka
REVISED BY

VATSYA
WITH SANSKRIT INTRODUCTION
BY

Pandit Hemaraja S'arma

WITH

THE VIDYOTINf HINDI COMMENTARY

AND
HINDI TR NSLATION OF S NSKRIT INTRODUCTION
BY
AYUBVEDALANKAR

S'HI SATYAPALA BHIS'AGACHAKYA

Professor, Ayurvedic College* Gurukul
1953
PUCED ON THE SHELF
Dat* 2r.'

PUBLISHED BY

Jaya Krishna Das Eari Das Gupta

The Ghowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office
P, 0. Box 8, Banaras-1.

1953,
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3. History of Sanskrit Literature 0. V.
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Astronomy S, B. Dikshit.
*i. Eigveda Brahmanas Translated by. Keith p. 42
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swal p, 15.
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willow etc. were abundant and
these trees are as
has been pointed out
found, by
various in the
scholars, only region from East Pru-
ssia to the Pamirs. The
Aryanam Vaejo ( the home
Jfe^r (
B 0. ^oo ) land of the Aryas of the Iranian tradition also
),
may
(Theophrastus) rfi^ be modern
Ajarbaizan, one of the states in the Cau-
srfht^r, casus.

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gods like Mitra, Nasatya, Indra, Yar-
una etc. have been discovered in the
inscriptions of
the and other traces of the
Mittanians, presence of
the Aryans between 18 00-1400 B.C. have been
1
discovered in Asia Minor. These land-marks show
5RRTTO II
that various branches of the
Aryans were on the
move in this period, in search of new lands and it
was probably in this period that the Indo -Iranians
I ^fcf
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<SRT:
on the confines of India and Iran- A schism soon
,
took place amongst the Indo-Iranians and the that
t It is now established that ancient Indo-
Ary- branch whom we call the
lido-Aryan migrated
an, Greek, Iranian. Slavonic, Teutonic, Italo Celtic,
further to the East towards India.
Tokharian languages descended from a parent stock
Proma comparative study of the literature and
of languagewhich we may call strictly Indo-Europ.
religion of the Iranians and the Judo-Aryans (viz.
ean or loosely Aryan, The language and
along with the Gathas of the Avesta and the Athrvaveda it
)
it certain elements of a very developed culture were
is clear that common
abundantly they inherited
disseminated in Asia and Europe by the speakers and
religious literary traditions. The religion was
of the common Aryan of
Indo-European language and there
entirely ritualistic is no doubt that this
most probably the beginning of the second millen- had
religion its
origin in a still earlier period ..amo-
ium B.C. The speakers of the common Aryan lang- common Aryan
ngst the speakers of the language
uage either in the plains of Hungary in the valley because elements of this ritualism are found also
of the Danube as Giles maintains in the
Cambridge amongst other branches of the Aryan speaking peo-
of India or in Southern Russia near about seems to be very
History ple. Literary tradition also if
old,
the Caspian Sea as Carnoy and other scholars have we are from the common parentage of the
to judge
maintained. In any way there is no doubt that they metres used in the Homeric epics, those used nl the
lived in a which such
geographical area in trees as Avestan Gathas and those used in the Yedas,
 \

f TOTT

-f Kassites B. 0. 1760 )

( Oappadoda
Hittites V Mittani

(B.C. 1360)

( BoghaK Keui B. 0. 1400 )

EVIDENCB OP THE PRESENCE OF THE

ABYANS IN ASIA MINOE.
1 The Kassites who established a dynasty at

Babylon in 1760 B. C. In the names of their princes

we elements-S'urias :
SRT^T
get the following ( Surya ),

Indas^ (
Icdra ),
Matuttas^ (
Marutah ) aBd-bugas
(

Iranian baga-god). They introduced also the use

(

of horse for the first time. (

2 A treaty signed
by the tings of Mittani, sett- ?. Greater India by Kalidasnag M. A. '
D Litt-

led in the upper Euphrates Valley, and the kings

No T, P. 5

of the Hittites in 1360 B. O we get the names of t

Aryan gods-In-da-ra, U-ru-v-naj Mi-i-tra, and

Na-sa-at-ti-i-ia. Some of the Mittani kings had

Aryan names-Sutarna, Dusratta, Artatama.

3 The Boghaz keui Inscription ( about 1 400
B. 0. )
of the Mittanians, contains Aryan numerals-
aika, teras, panza, satta,
nav* Mann' s Land and Trade laws by B* S. Vaid-
4 The Hittites of Cappadocia probably spoke an yanath Aiyer.
Aryan language in the 16th and 15th centuries B. ( L. A. Waddell )

0. Of. the Pronouns-kuis, kuits the Verb esmi, and

the formation of the present stems in-numi ( Skt,-

nomi )
etc.
s^
5 From old documents discovered at Tell-el-

Amarna we get names of some princes of Syria and

Palestine and these also look like Aryan names-of, q- Makers of Civilisation in race and
K

a, Yasdata, Artamanya, ; ;.
 ( Palestine )

: !

( Mathi Gods )

H^
i[fcr ^
Minoan

c^

gTcf*-

.*
$* ( Celtic )

( Druid )-^rTcf^rRf ^n
Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society Ban-
galore.

tM i ^^w i *T

( Quarterly Journal of Mythic Socie-

Yol XXI,No3,P.
ty 250), %mt^ 3T.
(Eigvedic India Vol 1, P, 245,

n^^

^Kcft^TT
xtsrmftr n ^fcf
( ^)
(Etruscan")
 t I

SJFIa

srarw,

(B.C. 217
( Tsin Shih Huanutiati )

,
"R. 0. 900 ??rrn^rt Changl-in

( Priest Doctor

I!

2TOFT

Hemmurabri)
. C. 700

(Arda-nana)

Herbert Loewe j

Ebers

^^

Greater India
( P. 22 ) by Kalidas Nag. E. B. B. Vol 4 P. 746 by E, C. Thompson,
 (J. Jolly)

f^f^snfiro^r
:
gdf|mfM
George Faucet ftjfrf^^rft I
I B. C. 400

Oi Berthelot

(
Etruscan ) ^fi^ s TO

. 0. 200

. Barns

(
Teuton 3n& 5T
0. 900
)

Mersseburg ) ^rff^jpftftor ( Charms )

Adalbert "K.uhn)
(

^ t*fft

K. Sadhoff J. Jolly

(Cherokees)
RT

KB k E, Voll P. 749.

Qf. Berthelot 'Les origines de i' olehienie

P, 81-83.

The charms of the Atharvaveda h&ve been

v K B. E. Vol 4 P. 747.
^

Rdhn fitly compared with the sacred formulae of the Che*

4 A. Zeitschrift far verglei Cheade Spra-
rokees and other spells current among the Indians
cltfossChung XIII P. 49-74 & 113-157.
of North America* E. B. E. Vol 4 P. 754
^ The cure of wounds and fractures is aflected
J. Joliy*
by incantations which have been compared by A. by
Euhn with the Mersseburg charm of German an-
v

tiquity;
J* Jolly, K B, L Vol 4 P, 754 India and China No 2. P, 24
 I I

Achaemenians
( Darius I. B. 0. 521 ) Demo-
(

( Ctesias
5*1
^( Apollonides )

R
A. 0.

tf s

^sy (
A. B. Keith )

B, 0. 479

(
Pehlavi )

( Baeshaza,
Beshaj ), fafir^ ( Bejishka ),

(
Armeniaa )

T ( Bahishk, Bzhsbkel )

girt
^ Euoyclopaedia of Keligion and Ethics Vol 4,
P 759 by L. 0. Oasartelli
*tt ^ Spiegal thinks it probable that in populona
cities foreign physicians often competed with native
ones* Under the Sassanians, too, we find Greek

physicians at the royal court, and Spiegal is of opi-

nion that Indian physicians anade their way there

also. ( Bran Alterth. ) 1. B. Vol IV P. 759* K
^ Greater India by Kalidas Nag M. A. D. Liti
No. I,
P. 15.

$ The commonest teym to indicate indifferently

Medicine', 'healing*, 'medicaments', or 'physician?

is Baeshaga, corresponding to Sanskrit Bhishaj,

Bheshaja* In Pehlavi we find this

word as Beshsj,

but more commonly under th$ curiously inverted

from bejishak as in modern Persian and Armenian
Iiincrmost A^ia ol II P. 568-,572 P, 1028. words Bezhishk and c
Bezhshkel
'physician*
. A/8, 1925, R 623 By L, Oasartelli, E B* E Vol 4, P, 757*
 fr?fi?Rpg[ s

B. B. ii
T

^ There is no question of a Greek influence either

on the medical knowledge current in ancient Iran.
The Iranians use in the A^esta the word B^aesaj,
the character of these contributions, we are not yet
which was certainly derived either from Indian
in a position to speak with definiteness,
BAesaj, B^aisajya found both in the Bk and Atharv-

avedas, both of which are more ancient than the

Gathasi The word is not of Indo-*European origin
and the Greeks do not use it. The persistence of
this word in Iranian shows that the Iranians had
most probably preserved medical tradition not of
Greek origin but most probably of Indian origin. ^ I,

Even admiting that the Atharvaveda is of the same ^H^iiT ^ft ^Olff 2f ^^r

age as that of the Avesta there is no doubt that

Bgveda is older than both and the word is found II, ftrTTO^r ^fPt tiff
it too.
[in
R. Persian and Indian sources contributed some-

thing to Greek Midioiner As to the amount and

 ^f ftrot fora?: n
5[?S|T

( -I-SOH )

( ^-i-^ )

s ski :

Antiquity of Hindu Medicine by IX 0. Muthu

A* D, E 21, 52,
( ?- ^^ i IH?
) '^jrrer:' ( )

) I
 s I

0. 600 )

t WTOlf ( Physician
and surgeon )

f^riig

I ^7 3J3 *T STT^TcT .
*? )

f^ftfir ^^T^t^r i

I ^f^^^TFSTHf If.

^fer ( ?. <w ) i

( *. ^^ ),

%f^'<RT

( ST. i^ )

(ftr.r. ,

Tibetan Talcs P. 98. .

 fli^T

f^-

S
f^rff

^ d TKM M

1 ^f 3 : I

^^ ^f^fa^TWjfiro

d t^i *H *

3
 ( Herodotus B. 0. 484-
425 )

(Herzog)

SJVTTTOT II

, 0. 427 B. 0. 400

Galen 130-200 A. D.)

( 0.

,
B. 0. 430 S?H^| 420 tp
Littre

B. 0. 300
^q. 5j-|f ^f^( Cos
I
) t
B^T
I- B. C. 460 irawrbr

? Herodicus (E.Thra-mer)
1. Herzog's untiring researches in Cos have not

yielded a single fact regarding him ( Hippocrates )

B. B, E. Vol. VI P. 544. E. Thramer.

Pbaedrus 2. The style of a treatise is sometimes a sure._

tagoras
test and sometimes not. Sophistic rhetoric of such
( Plato B. 0. 428-348 ) * is

Timaeus a marked character in its most pronounced form that

tcTRf^r I flft^r ( )
a treatise showing it is not likely to be much earlier,

Aristotle B. C. than 427 B. C. nor much later than 400 B. 0.

( 384-322) }

when sophistic extravagances began to be modified

under the influence of the Attic orators. Hippocrates
Yol. I,
Introduction P. XXXII.
1. Among the Indian officers are appointed even
3. All this evidence tends to fix the date as
for foreigners,whose duty is to see that no foreigner
approximately 430-420 B. 0., and to suggest as
is wronged, Should any of them lose his
health, they
the writer either Hippocrates or a very capable sup-
send physicians to attend him, and take care of him
'

porter of
the medical school of which Hippocrates
otherwise. P. 42 M/Orindle's Megasthenes and
was a contemporary member.
Arrian,
Hippocrates Yol. I, P. Y,
2. From the ancient biographies of Hippocrates 4. In some respects grammar and diction are
by Suidas, by Tzetzes and by Soranus, we gather the surest tests of all. If the negative Un' markedly
that Hippocrates was born in Cos in 4(30 B. 0.
of Post Alexandrine the
ousting ov' it is sure sign (
Hippocrates Yol. I P. XLIT. hers of which was Alexander the date,
Great)
The former passage ( Protagoras ) tells us
3.
about
There is also a subtle quality writings later
that Hippocrates was a Ooan and an Asclepiad and
than 300 B. C, an unnatural verbosity and tortuous-
a professional trainer of medical students. This pass-
ness of expression, a suspicion of *the baboo' that
in Protagoras us except that Hippo- impalpable. A
age tells little
( ) is as unmistakable as it is few of the
crates took pupils for a fee. Plato's Protagoras
Hippocratic treatises display this characteristic.
311 B, C. Hippocrates Vol; I P. XXXIII. Hippocrates Yol I, Introduction P. XXXII.
: See also Plato*s Phaedrus. 5. The Corpus Hippokr. contains over seventy
: ,..
Ibid Vol. I P. XLIII treatises but none of them can be with absolute con-
4. From Aristotle we learn that Hippocrates fidence ascribed to the master ( Hippocrates ), i^
was already knqwn as 'the great Hippocrates/
many are not the^products of his school.
Bi B, 1. Yol. YI P. 543 E, Thramer.
 : I

(
Wilamowitz ) SRP3; I Cor-

f*W ( Draper ) frgftPta;

p - pus )

srfes Poiybus )

T f
ff
5RJT
f^TcTT

tf sr^f 55fRifcr i

?^ I A. D.

, D.

E. B.

1. Of the works attributed to Hippocrates, many

are doubtless the production o his family, his descen-

dants, or his pupils.

Draper-P. 0, Kay History of Hindu Chemistry

Yol. I P. XVIII.
B. 0.
2. But he (
Demokedes )
can hardly have lived
(
Eudoxas )*fT^T
to see the birth of Hippocrates, in whose time the
most important of the treatises here translated were

composed. Hippocrates Vol. Ill P. XVI.

3. Hippocrates Vol. I P. XXVIII, L no quotation from any treatise in the
There is

4. To the question 'Which of these works is of Corpus before Aristotle and he assigns as the author
;
no definite answer can be given, not as Hippocrates but Poiybus, In fact the conne-
Hippocrates ?

There is no work which we can state with confidence xion between the great physician and the collection
of writing which bears his name cannot with any
to be by Father of Medicine. The books of the
collection, of which there are about 100, are by a confidence be carried further back than Ctesias the
number and Menon. Ctesias
of authors of different
schools, holding Cnidian, Diocles of Carystus
various and often contradictory and Diocles belong to the earlier half of the 4th
views, living in
widely separate parts of the Greek world and writing centusy and Menon a disciple of Aristotle,
P. XLI V.
at dates separated, in extreme
cases, by perhaps five Hippocrates Vol. I, Introduction
or six centuries. E. B. Vol. XV P. 198, 2. (a) But dubious in its origin as was the collec-

5. Of later works, some of the more da- tion it had not remained intact even between the
recent,
ting from the time of the
Empire, were probably time when put together and the time of Galen.
first
B. B, Vol. XI P. 584.
mostly written in Borne and may be as late as 300 Of these the collection ) the
(b) ( Hippocratio
A, D. B. B. Vol. XI P. 58 4
very earliest,,. come from the shores of Asia
6. Such is the ancient account of
Hippocrates, a
Minor,1 one or two possibly from Sicily*
without writings as "Wilamowitz E. B. Vol. XI P. 584.
says.

ffipoorates y$, J 3. E. B B. Vol. yi P, 541 E, Thramer,

 : S

iftd

S srflrqn^rfNr i

B. 0. Aodreas
B. c.

( -5^5 )>
( Asclepiades )

of
1. Our earliest manuscript of a translation is

r
the 7th Century A. D., and is a Latin version of the

obviously spurious Dynarnidi%. E.B.

Yol XI P, 584.
2. The striking similarty in many points between

the Greek and the Indian medical systems has long

been well known. We find in both such things as

the doctrine of humours, whose derangement expla^

ins the three stages of fever and other disor-
disease,
1. (a) It would thus seem certain that he (Hippo
ders which correspond to the Greek triad of aveyia
crates) left
the island for ever at an early age. The
ne yes and kpiois; the division of means of healing
;

Yita gives three distinct reasons for this: (1) an in-

into hot and cold, or dry and oily; the healing of
junction intimated in
a dream (Soranos); (2) his
de-

medical knowledge;
disease by remedies of opposing character; the insis-
sire to widen the horizon of his
tence in tht manner of Hippocrates on prognosis;
(3)
his being accused oi burning the Onidian library.
the oath exacted from doctors and the rules of etiqu-
K B. E, Yol. YI P. 544, B. Thramer.
to be incum-
etteand professional conduct declared
(b)
The ancient biographies of Hippocrates rela-
bent on healers. There are also many detailed corre-
te a fable that he destroyed the library of the Temple
the influence of
to another
spondences; both systems emphasize
Of Health at Onidos ( or, according
the seasons on health, and contray to Indian feeling
form of the fable, at Cos) in order to enjoy the mo-
we have in some cases insistence on the use of strong
nopoly of the knowledge it contained.
XXIX, drink as a remedy. Quotidian tertian, and quartan-
Hippocrates Yol. I P.
3

2. Hippocrates Yol. I P. XXYIII. fevers are noted, consumption prominently dealt

is

were Anrdeas of Cary- with while account comparatively is taken

3. Among his detractors little

of affections of the heart, There are also

similarities
stus,
who practised in Egypt at the end of the 3rd
simul-
Cen. B. C., and Asclepiades of Bithynia, who practi- in regard to embryology; the doctrine of the

sed in Rome in 1st Cen. B. C. The works of neither taneous development of the members is held, the

of them have survived. E. B, Yol. XI P* 584, connexion of the male sex wrfch right side is noted^

XXYIII-XXIX, and a like cause is jiven for the production of twins-j

4. Hippocrates Yol. I Pp.
 0,

( Asdepios )-

)3

the viability o! an eighth month foetus is asse-

rted, that of a seventh-month is denied; there is

similarity in regard to the removal o a dead foetus.

In surgery there is similarity in the operation for

stone, in modes of dealing with haemorrhoids, in I The doctrine of three humours which at first

blood-letting in the use of leeches, including

j
accor- sight might be held definitely to be Greek.

ding to Sus' ruta those from Greece, cauteries, many Hist, of Sans. Lit. by Keith P. 513.

surgical instruments, and the use of the left hand 2. The Egyptian doctrine of Metu survives in

to deal with the right eye in ophthalmology. It the Greek theory of humours.

must however be confessed that it is

very difficult E. E. E. Vol. VI P. 541.
to determinehow much is due to Greek influence
and how much is merely parallel development. The
doctrine of the three humours' which at first
sight
might be held to be definitely Greek, is in close

connexion with the Samkhya system of the three

Gunas or constituents, moreover, one of the humours,
wind, is
already known in the Atharvaveda, and the
Kaus'i ksutra is
alleged by the comment, perhaps
with justification, to have recognized the doctrine of

three, wind, bile, and phlegm

History of Sanskrit Literature P. 513 by A. B. Keith. 4. History of Sanskrit Literature P. 514 Keith.
1. E. R. E. Vol. VI P. 542 B. Thramer.

2. The Roman Celsus in his preface

( Hippocra-
asserts that
tes) Hippocrates separated medicine
from Philosophy. humours ) are Vnyu, nerve force;
6, They{

Hippocrates Vol. I P. XV-'B. B.Vol XI P. 584,

Pitta, metabolism and heat production j and Kapha
 wet

J. J.

: I

( Bmpedocles 495-435 B, 0. )

presides over
heat regulation, and Mucuous
and Glandular Secretions.
The Antiquity of Hindu Medicine David C.
Muthu P. 21.
qf%-

Bile is the Pitta of the Old

3Tt^% Pituita ( Bile ) ^ fq^
2. This pituita, i. e.
3

Now it is a well-known fact that

Indian Medicine.
^
1

the Indian Medicine is woven round the theory of firf^s

the three humours of the body viz., Yayu, Pitta and Indian Medicament

K&pha; and that this theory was borrowed by

of Western Medicine, 1. History of Hindu Chemistry.
Hippocrates, the originator
Vol. I P. 22-by P. 0. Ray.
for his explanation of diseases.

Fourth All-Indian Oriental Conference.

Vol. II P. 428.

3. Some of them say that a man is

blood, others
that he is bile, a few that he is
phlegm. Physicians
IV P. like the metaphysicians, all add the same appendix.
4. Hippocrates Yol. 3.

forward a theory of Por they say that a man is a unity giving it the
,
Empedocles brought
5J
elements fire, water, air
: and earth. name that severally they wish to give it*

A Hippocrates Vol. IV P. 5,
History of Religions-Penis Stuart P. 140*
 : I

STO . *. M. &. S, } L.

D. S, (Eng. ) ? ! I B. 0.

( Theophrastus
inserter wr- Fious Indioa )

ft% $ffcn
( srawfaft ),'

( ftasft ) 5 ( fo fen
( f ), suiter

%o Is Ayurveda a quackery

( Hippocras )

f^ffff T: I

1. De Morbis Mulierum lib. II P. 666.

2. History of Dentistry by Dr Qerini P. 50 and

Fourth Oriental Conference Proceedings.

W. II, P. 427.
WT,
3. (a) Soine five centuries before Christ, Hippo-
^rfir
crates in bis Materia Medica recommends several
Indian plants mentioned in Sanskrit works of much
anterior date, as for instance, Sesamncn indicum

(
tila ), Nardostachys Jatamansi (
Jatamansi ),
Bos-

wellia thurifera (
kundaru ), Zingiber officinale

( Shringavera ), Piper Nigrum (

Marichi }, etc.,
In

the first century of the Christian Era, Dioscorides,

a Greek physician 9 thoroughly investigated the medi-
cinal virtues of many Indian plants which were

then taken to the market of -Europe, and incorpo-

rated in bis extant book on Materia Medica, which
for many ages was received as a standard work.

A Short History of Aryan Medical Science P, 123

by H, H. Bhagvatsinhajee,
( b There is similarity in the names of Greek ( Empe-
)

and Indian medicine:-Gk, Pepero, Pepercosriza, 1, India in Greece by Pococke. P, 363.

Costus, Ziggiberis India n-Pippali, Pippalimula,

Kus- 2* The virtues of the Indian drugs were known
tbftj Srngavcra Gk. Kardamomos, Hakoros,
Bdellion not only in the country of their birth, but in other

Sakkaron, Ind, Kardama, Yaca, Guggulu, countries as well.

S'arkara. History of Aryan Medical Science, ( Gondal ).

Hellenism in Ancient India 3?, 203 J. Jolly 3. History of Sanscrit Literature P, 421 by A.

Medicine. A, MacdonclL

Hippocras, an old medicinal drink or cordial,

3. 4 According to Greek tradition, Thales, Empe-
made of wine mixed with spices such as cinnamon, docles, Anaxagoras, Bemocritus and others under-
ginger and sugar. E. B* Vol. XI P. 584. took journeys to oriental countries in order to stuby
 doeles )

( B. o. 521 )

ffft-
i I
f?^"
( Artaxerexes
Memnon B.C. 404-359 ) B.
(
Prenotions of Cos )

. 0.
( First; Prerrehetic

T ( Empedocles

(
Cnidos )

Democedes

1. E. B, VoL VI P. 832.

2. The Surgical Instruments of the Hindus.

VoL I P. 344. by G. N. Mukhopadhyay.
q 3. The Prenotions of Cos and the First Prorrhe-
Hence there is at least the historical tio the latter being the earlier, although both are
philosophy. (

possibility of the Greeks having been influenced by supposed to be earlier than Hippocrates )
show that
Indian thought through Persia. in the medical school of Cos great attention was

History of Hindu Chemistry Vol. 1. P. 22. paid to the natural history of diseases, especially to

by Dr. P. 0. Boy. the probability of a fatal or not fatal issue.

1. In the opinion of some writers, Hippocrates Hippocrates VoL I P. XIII

acquired his knowledge of medicine in India.

4. Empedocles who flourished somewhat earlier

Short History of Aryan Medical Science P. 190. than Philolaus, was a 'medicine- man' rather~than

by H. H. Bhagvatsinhajee. a physician, though he is called by Galen the foun-

2. It is said and it is likely that Hippocrates der of the Italian school of medicine* The medical
travelled widely, E. B. Vol. XI P. 584 was partly magic and quackery.
side of his teaching

3. History of Greece VoL 17 Grotes P. 181 f. The work on humours may be taken to be typical
Hippocrates VoL III P. XVI of the Italian-Sicilian school of medicine, in which
4. The
Surgical Instruments of the Hindus by a priori assumptions of the 'Philosophic* type were
G. N. Mukhopadhyay Vol. I P, 344 freely admitted, Hippocrates VoL I, Imtra

History of Sanskrit Literature P. 514-A. B, P.XH-XIII.

Keith. 5. Besides these two schools there was also &
5. Ibid VoL I P, 344, by G. N, Mukhopadhyay. famous one at Cnidos, the doctrines of which ^rc
 I
te,

\ '*Ni f B. 0,
lr 3jj", (
Osier )

I SNfo

j: 11

( Odyssey

, ( Iliad )

f|qHfer: ^TT^TT T^ft ^S^t-

( Thramer )

1. 'Scientific medicine, the product of a union of

religion with philosophy, had its

origin in a rema-
rkable conjunction of gifts and conditions among
the Greeks in the sixth centuries* Osier. Vide <The
the Hippocratio treatise in Hindus* Vol. I P, 329
Surgical Instruments of the
criticised in Regimen
Aoute diseases. by G. H. Mukhopadhyay.
Hippocrates 'Vol. I. Introduction P. XIII. 2. Alike in the Nile valley and in Mesopotamia,

1. History of Greece Vol. IV Grote3 P. 180, 327. therefore, the healing art was a combination of the

2. E. R Vol XI P. 584, occult and the rational, and this peculiar system of

3. History of Greece by Grotes Vol. IV medicine exercised an influence on the Greeks

P. 181-182. at a very early age. E. E. E. Vol. VI P. 541 by

4. So rapid was his success even in the first E. Tbrlmer,

3. ( a From Egypt came many drugs used by
though very imperfectly equipped with instru-
f
)
year-
and the Greek physicians. The basis of the Greek medi-
ments apparatus'that the citizen of the
island made a contract with him to remain there cal ethics can be traced to Egypt.

for one year at a salary of one talent (

about 383 I (
b )
Persian and Indian sources contributed

sterling, an ABginaean talent ). something to Greek medicine. E. B, Vol. XV P. 198.

History of Greece Vol. IV P. 180-181, Grotes. 4. In the Odyssey likewise the illness of indivi-

5. The medical art in at the .time when duals is regarded as sent by Gods (V. 396, IX.
Egypt
countryj was 411 and from the Gods alone the remedy to be
Pythagoras visited that sufficiently far )9

advanced to excite the attention, of an inquisitive procured ( V. 397 ).

The prevalence of the theurgic
traveller the branches of it
minutely subdivided medicine in the Homeric age must thus be recogni-
and strict rules laid down for practices ( Herodotus sed aa a fact beyond question. E. B. E, Vol.
H. 84) History of Greece VoL IV P. 32S-by VIP. 540.

Grates, IP, 540, . .

 Dorothea Chaplin
- Minoan

Classical History)

(
wise )

SIFT:

fir

Our medical system came originally from the

1.

Hindus through Arabia. The Hindu medical works

contain on names that denote a foreign origin.,,...

to the seventeenth century

European medicine ,^own
was practically based upon that of the Hindu
Let us take a glance at the similarity of
names used
nomenclature
in Hindu anatomy with the modern
The division of the brain into
of the West.

Shirobrahm and Shirobiloma.

Shirobrahm, cf. Cerebrum.
Shirobiloma, ot Cerebellum.
Hrid or hrith, cf. heart.

(Maha s magna),
cf.
Mahaphala magnavelo.

Thus may we see that the Hindu system is nei-

1. B. B. B. Vol. YI P. 541. the most anci-

ther crude nor quackish, but perhaps
2. Homer tribute to Egypt for her of all treatments, still
pctys ent and the most scientific
TatroE-god imparts to 'all the Pharian race his as regards
containingenough fresh information,
arts'. The Surgical Instruments of the Hin- fortune of some
Europe, to make
healing the enterprising
bus Yo1 % I P. 340. G. N. Mukhopadhyay. doctor.
So Wise remarks as Tacts regard- Some Aspects of Hindu Medical Treatment
3. follows:
7-8.
have been sought by Dorothea Chaplin pp.
ing the ancient history of medicine
Minoan origin (b) Mesopotamia, (c) Egypt,
for only in the classical authors of Greece and Rome 2. (a)

are the sources of Greek medicine. Persian and Indi-

and have been arranged to suit a traditional theory

which repudiated all systems which did not proceed an sources contributed something to Greek
from a Greecian source.' As to the amount and the character of these
The Hindus Vol. I butions we are not yet in a position to speak
Surgical Instruments of the
"KB, Vol. 15. p. 198.
B 330 by G, R Mukhopadhyay, definiteness,
 I

Sfa (
Hera-
'cleitus ) B. 0. B.G.
1

( Pythagoras )

t^lf ( Pococke ) qra

( Schroeder )

, 1. Hippocrates Vol. IV P. 452,

^TcTI
2. (a) Dr. Enfield saysj 'We find that in ( India )

was visited for the purpose of acquiring knowledge Pococke Colebrooke

( ) ( )

by Pythagoras, Anaxarches. Pyrrho and others wbo

afterwards beoame eminent philosophers in Greece.
Hindu Superiority P. 233, 234, 235; by H. B. Sarda.

(b) Certain it is
s
that he ( Pythagoras )
visited not have derived from Bgypb, as it was not known
it

India which I trust I shall make self-evident. to the ancient Egyptians. In spite however, of the

India in Greece, Pococke P. 353. seems impossible that Pythagoras

later tradition } it

(o)
The Greek philosopher ( Pythagoras )
owed should have made his way to India at so early a date,
his inspiration in India. but he could quite well have met Indians in Persia*

Y. Schroeder-Pythagoras and die Inder Pp. 44-59,

History of Hindu Chemistry Tol I, P. 22-23
(d) Discussing the question as to what constitutes by Dr. P. 0. Boy.
human nature according to the Hindus^ the Swedish 1, In Western Greece the Pythagorean brother-
CJount says* 'Pythagoras^and Plato hold the same b.ood was founded in the latter part of the 6th cen-
doctrine, that of Pythagoras, being probably derived tury B. C.
from India, whither he travelled to complete his
Hippocrates VoL IV P. 452.

philosophical studies.* 2, The first philosophers to take a serious interest

Theogony of the Hindoos-P. 77. in medicine were the Alomaeon a

Pythagoreans. (

Schlegel says: "The doctrine of the transmigra-

(e) young man in the old age of Pythagoras who was
tion of souls was indigenous to India and was brou- more interested in medicine than in philosophy )

ght into Greece by Pythagoras.' of Oroton, although perhaps not strictly a Pythago-

History of Literature P. 109. rean was closely connected with the sect and appears

(f)
Mr. Princep says: 'The fact, however, that he to have exercised considerable influence upon the
derived big doctrines from an Indian
( Pythagoras ) Hippocratic school.
"source is very generally admitted. Under the name Hippocrates Vol. I Intro. P. XIIL
of Mythraic, the f aith of Buddha had also a wide 3. Introduction to Susruta Samhita. Vol. I P. IX.
extension' Indian Wisdom P. 68* by 1L L. Bhisagratna.
Whatever may be the truth in the case just 4. Pythagoras has been identified with Buddha-
(g)

mentioned, the dependence of Pythagoras on Indian goorus as held by Colebrooke :

Buddhagoorus-Sari-

philosophy and science certainly seems to have a skrit ; Putha-goras-Greek Pythagoras-English.

;

high degree of probablity. Almost all the doctrines India in Greece-Pococke 364. E
ascribed to him, religious, philosophical, mathematical 5. Cantor, the historian of Mathematics, was so

were known in India in sixth century B. 0. The coin- much struck with the resemblance between Greek
.
cadences are so numerous that their cumulative force Geometry and the S'ulva Sfttras that he, as is natu-

.becomes considerable. The doctrine of ral to the European, concluded that the latter was
metempsy-
chosis in the case of Pythagoras appears without
influenced by the Alexandrian school of Hero (215
any connection or explanatory background and was B. C. ).
The S'ulva Sfttrag, however, date about the
*
jegaxdipdby ths Gwks as of foreign origin,.fife ogqld 8th Oen. B, 0-, *nd Dr, Thibaut has shown that the
 H^TRTR Alcmaeon

(Bedroe)
K. L.
G. N.

geometrical theorem of the 47th proposition, Bk. 1,

which tradition ascribes to Pythagoras, was solved

by the Hindoos at least two centuries earlier. Thus

confirming the conclusion of V. Schroeder that the
Greek philosopher owed his inspiration to India.

History of Hindu Chemistry

by Dr. P. 0. Roy. P. XL!
1. Jour. Asiatic Society Bengal 1875 P. 227.

2. Science of the S'ulba-Bibhuti Bhushan Dutta

P. 101
3. The great philosopher ( Pythagoras ) imbibed B. o. *

his mysteries and metaphysics from the Brahmans

of India. Mr. Pococke in his India in Greece'
identifies him with Booddhagurus or Buddha and it
L The first., philosophers to take a serious inte-
is but an easy inference to
suppose that he carried rest in medicine were the Alcmaeon
Pythagoreans.
many and aphorisms of his Master's
recipes a young man
Ayur- ( in the old age of
veda with him. Pythagoras ) .of

The Origin and Growth of Croton, although perhaps not strictly a Pythagorean
Healing Art-Bedroe
was closely connected with the sect and
P. 162. appears to
4- Introduction to Su&uta Samhita Vol. I P. VIII have exercised considerable influence the Hi* upon
by K. L, Bhisagratna. ppocratic School. Hippocrates Vol. L P. XL
, 5, The teaching of Pythagoras B. 0. 582 the We hear of his
( ), 2, ( Pythagoras ) memorial disci-
founder of the Healing Art
among the Greeks, is
pline, his monastic
self-scrutiny, his employment
essentially Indian. He is said to have
acquired his of music to soothe his
disorderly passions,
knowledge from the Egyptians, who, as will be shown knowledge physiognomy which enabled him to
of"

further on, had borrowed their art from the Indians. detect even without
trial, unworthy subjects, his
Bnfield in his History of Philosophy, says that Py- peculiar diet, and his rigid care for
sobriety as well
thagoras learnt his doctrine from oriental philoso- as for bodily He is also said to have
vigour. incul-
phers, His Philosophy bears
meaning the Hindoos. cated abstinence from animal
food, a feeling so
such a resemblance to that of Buddha, that Mr.
naturally connected with the doctrine of metempsy
Pococke, in his India in Greece, identifies him with we may
chosiSj that well believe him to have enter-
'Buddhagurus' or Buddha. If he borrowed philoso- tained it,
as Bmpedocles also did after him.

phy from India, he may easily have borrowed the History of Greece Vol. IV f. 322 by Gfrotei
science of medicine from the same source. 3. Yet on the other hand, it seems equally certaM
1

Short History of Aryan Medical Science P. 190- that the members of the order cannot have b&ri
!

191. by H. H. Bhagvatsiuhajee. subjected to the same or training, or studies.

diet, .".*

6* The Surgical* Instruments of the Hindus Vol. History of Greece Vol. IV. P. 322-Grot^s*
I, by P. 344. by G. N. Mukhopadhyay. i. History of Greece Vol. IV, P. 325-Grotea^
 R *& Sift*, SW&TO Vlft-
s

( Eveperus )

T^
I

1. That a select body of these adherents (of B. 0. 330

three hundred in number, bound them- Aristoxenus
Jythagoras )
selves by a sort o vow both to Pythagoras and to
each other, adopting a peculiar diet, ritual and obser-
0.469-399)
fances, as a token of union.

History of Greece Vol. IV E 329-Grotes. Eusebius

2. The medical art in Egypt, at the time when B. 0.

visited the country, was sufficiently far H, Q. Kawlinson

Pythagoras
advanced to excite the attention of an inquisitive
traveUer-the branches of it minutely subdivided and
EC. Bay. VoL
strict rules laid down for practice. Herodotus II. 84; 1. History of Hindu Chemistry by

Aristotle Politics III, 10, i. I E 22. Amrit Bazar Fatrika, 1936*

History of Greece Vol. IV E 325-Grotes, has repeatedly been drawn, by Garbe

2. Attention

3. The medical or surgical celebrity

of Demokedes and others, to the striking resemblances between
whom Indian and Greek The parallels between
^
Son-in-law of the Pythagorean Milo )f
to philosophy.

allusion has been made in a former chapter (

E 180 the Ileatic and Sankhya schools,
and between
exact. B*J.
of
Orphism and Buddhism, are
:

ff VoL IV), is contemporaneous with the presence curiously

'The Message of Plato'

Pythagoras
at Kroton* Urwick, in a recent work,
VoL IV E 327*Grotes. has pointed out that similar resemblances abo-
History of Greece
 I sift 3

*TRcfW

The
ctrine of metempsychosis came from Egypt, and that
nnd in Plato, especially in the 'Republic'. doctri-

Yedanta pure and and contemporary proof of any of connection between cul-
ne of the Ideas is % simple,
tured Greeks and Indians has hitherto been wanting*
the Yision Er the Pamphylian at the end of Book
oic
The 'argumentum ex silentio', however, is always a
X, has a typically Indian ring. The three classes
in
weak one, and I recently came across a remarkable
the 'Republic'jGuardian, Auxiliaries and Producers,
passage in Euseleius,
which has apparently been over
are the three Varnas of the Indian law books. This
looked by J. A.M'Crindle the author of chapter XYI,
was noticed by Megasthenes, the Greek envoy to the
of Book I of the Cambridge History of India and
court Chandragupta Maurya in 302 B. 0. 'In
of
other authorities, It runs as follows.
many points', he says, 'the teaching of the Brahmans
( 'Aristoxenus, the musician, tells the following
of the Greeks, for instance that the
agrees with that
story about the Indians. One of these men met So-
world has a beginning and an end in time, and that
crates at Athens, and asked him what was the scope
its shape i$ spherical; that the Deity who is its Go-

vernor and Maker, that the of his philosophy. *An enquiry into the human, phe-
interprets the whole;
first principles in the universe are different, but
that nomena,' replied Socrates. At this the Indian burst
water is the principle from which the order of the out laughing. 'How can a man enquire into human
world has come to be that besides the four elements phenomena; he exclaimed,' when he is
ignorant of;
;

there is a fifth substance from which the heavens divine ones V )

and stars are made that the earth is established in The interest of this statement is obvious, Eusebi*
;

the centre of the universe. About generation and us gives his authority for it
Aristoxenus, the musi-

the soul their teaching shows parallels to the Greek cian,the pupil of Aristotle and a well-known writer

and on many other matters* Like Plato, on harmonics. His date is 330 B. G. So we have con-
doctrines,
in Athens, at
too, they
interweave fables about the immortality temporary evidence of the presence
of the soul and the judgments inflicted in the other early as the fourth century,
of an Indian who kaeb*

world.' These resemblances have been hitherto dismi- Greek and actually discussed philosophy wftb.<9em^'

ssed as coincidences or instances of parallel but inde- tes. This must modify our views of the interaeiatida*

ship of Hellenic and Hindu culture,

pendent development of thought, in view of the fact
that Herodotus explicitly states that the Greek do- Amrit Bazar Patrika 1936
 I

(
Will Durant ) TTOWT ( Rapson
Arriaa

(
Arrian

1. Cambridge History of India Vol. I

by E. J. Rapson P. 359; 38L

in any
"They do not pursue accurate knowledge line,
2. Maxmullcr's History of Sans. Lit.
except that of
medicine it 3<wfT I
*

P. 15 (P.O. Ed.)
3. The science continued to flourish down to the
advent of the Greeks in India (327 B. C. ), Arrian,

the Greek historian, in describing the condition of

but the
India at the time of the invasion of Alexander the
: sp5?ncrr-(Plutareh reprodaoes asSpbines
Great, refers to a curious fact, which reflects no
Greeks Called him Kalanos)
small credit on the Hindu physicians of the day,
Alexander had in his train several proficient Greek
physicians, but these had to confess their inability
to deal with cases of common in
snake-bite, very
the Punjab* Alexander was therefore obliged to
o the two thousand cities of consult Indian Vaidyas, who
1. (a) Tlie oldest successfully treated
these cases. The Macedonian
northern India in Chandragapta's tioae was Taxila... king was so struck
as 'a large and with their skill
according to Nearchus he
...... Arrian describes it prosperous that, t

city'* Strabo says,

'it is
large and has most exce- employed some good Vaidyas in camp, and his

was both a military and university

It desired his followers to coasult these Indian
llent laws.' physici-

t^tt ...... and containing the most famous of the ans in cases of snalje-bite and other ail-
dangerous
several universities possessed by India at that time, ments. In face of the facts that the
European texico-

Students flooke to Taxila as in the Middle Ages logists are still in search of a specific for snake-poison
there all the arts and sciences the Indian physicians who ome 2200
they flocked to Paris; liveds years
could be studied under eminent professors, and the ago might well be proud of their skill. It is very
medical school especially was held in highr epute likely that on
homeward march Alexander, or
his

throughout the Oriental World. Pp. 441-442. Sikander as he is called in India, took with him a
at the time of Alexander'^ invasion,
few professors of Hindoo medicine. This supposition
(b) Taxila,
was known to all Asia as tha leading seat of Hindu receives some support from the early history of
scholarship, renowned above all for its medical Greek medicine,
school. Story of Civilization-Will Durant P. 557. Short History of Aryan Medical Science
2 'The inhabitants were believed to attain the Pp. 189-190;
age of a hundred and thirty year$,
their longevity by EL H. Bhagvatsinhajee.
secured by tempe- 4. E, J. Rapson f^rflrl Cambridge History ol
being the result of good health
rance in diet? India Vol. I P. 406 5T?% 'There was really indeed
3

Early History of India V. Smith P. 105 very little for a doctor to do in India except to cure
3. ( Strabo X .V. 0. 701 )-~ Cambridge History snake-bites, since diseases were so rare among Indi-
of Ancient" India .Vol. I, P* A18 by E. JV Rapson,
;
ana r so? at least, as we shall see, the Greeks believed*
 TTFT ^at

(
Antiochos The.os B. C.
26 1-246 King of Syria), arfir i ^^r
(
Ptolemaeos Philadelphos, King
of Egypt 285-247 B, 0. ), srf^sit-

( Antigonos Gonates of
Macedonia ) 278-239

B. C. JTO^T of Gyrene to the West of

), ( Magas e

Egypt died 258 B. 0. ), a^^^p^BT ( ^35%^-

(
Alexander of Epirus 272-258 B. C,

Alexander of Corinth 252-244 B. C. )

Nearchus Frags ^(

. Arrian's Indica 5f?q",

'And Nearchua adds this, that

Alexander had all the most skilful of the Indians

in the healing art collected around him, and had
caused proclamation to be made throughout the

.camp that if
anyone were bitten he should repair to

the royal tent, but ithese very same men were able

to cure other diseases and pains also." P. 223,

,
^ft 5 ^

but these very same men were able to ?

% .

,cure other diseases and pains also.'

1. (a) Asoka. V. A, Smith P. 188;

(b) Asoka. Radhakumud Mukerji R 166;

(c) Asoka. D. R. Bhandarkar P. 45-46.

fcfT ^
2, Inscriptions of Aloka by Hultzseh. P. 51, 66.
 f rom the Earliest Time to 18 00 ?

,
seems to belittle

the influence of the Old Indian Medicine on the Old

Greek Medicine, tbe progenitor of the Present
Western medicine. But probing the history further
he has to modify his opinion and say 'that it is
reasonable to suppose, although directly confirmatory
evidence has not yet been discovered, that thro-

ugh the channels o trade between the two

countries, some knowledge o the doings o the

physicians of India must have reached the ears

of their Greek brethren. On the other hand at a

later period of history (
after the invasion of Alexa-

nder the Great )

the relations between the two
countries became quite close and were kept up with-
out a break for several hundred years. During the
earlier part of this period, as appears from the

writings of Hippocrates, Dioscorides and Galen,

various drugs and methods of treatment employed
by the physicians of India were adopted by the
7
practitioners of Greece.
Fourth Oriental Conference Vol. II Pp. 425-426.

Neuberger says; *The similarity

1 $ between
Indian and Greek medicine of the period is in its

outline and in certain details so striking that it is

hardly surprising that the originality of the former

has frequently been questioned or even denied. The
more so is this true since the dates of the more

important Indian works are fixed with the greatest

difficulty^
and before the discovery of the most

ff^ ^ ( Buck ) qRlJT^Rft

recent manuscripts they quite indefinite,

In consideration of the outstanding independent

achievements of the Indians In most branches of
scien&e and art,
and of their aversion from foreign,

3 influences, the trend of opinion to-day, informed by

recent discoveries is in favoar of the originality of
of Pp. HiediciBe in its most salient features,'
to Grwth' 'of Meriioine Histoty of Mdicim Vol, I P, 45*
 ( Neuberger ) gpfaft II

( A. B. 700 )

rfter^fr bours. The Greeks were the only people from whom
the immeasu-
they would have borrowed it; but besides
rable distance and absence of frequent communication

( Boyle ) qJ8ro: between the two countries in such remote times, the
i sn^fNB Hindoos were naturally so averse to travelling and
so little desirous of intercourse with foreigners, that

the hypothesis of their having borrowed the

r 11 medical literature seems to stand on an exceedingly
slender basis.'
1. Ncuberger says. 'The medicine of the Indi-
Hellenism in Ancient India. P. 191 G. Banwjee,
the best achievements of
ans, if it does not equal
1. In Europe the antiquity of Hindu medicine
their race, at least nearly approaches them, and
is not yet generally known and recognised, and the
of
owing to its wealth of knowledge, depth specu-
culture to
habit of tracing the origin of all Aryan
lation and systematic consideration takes an outsta-
5 the Greek style impedes an impartial inquiry. An
of oriental medicine.
nding position in the history
Dr. Wise justly remarks, 'Facts regarding the anci-
History of Medicine, Trans,
Neuberger.
ent history of medicine have been sought for only
by Playfair Vo], I P. 437
in the classical authors of Greece and Borne,
2. Pliny, the Roman contemporary of Diosco-
and have been arranged to suit traditional theory
rides had also mentioned Indian medicinal plants
which all systems which did not
repudiated
and drugs. *Hindu achievements in exact sciences'
proceed from a Greoian source.
We are familiar
B, K. Sarkar P. 50-51* See also Intercourse between and love to
from our youth with classical history,
India and the Western World P. 102 by H. G.
Bawlinson. by the torch of genius and
recall events illustrated

depicted in
our memories; and it requires a thorough
3. The smoking of dhattura leaves in asthma...

are modern in Europe, but have come down in India examination of a subject, a careful weighing of new
and a degree of ingeniousness not always
since very old times ( Boyle ) Vide-Hindu Achie- evidence,

vements in exact Sciences by B. K Sarkar P, 49. to be fonnd, to alter early impressions. candour Still

Hindu Medicine. and truth require us to examine the value of new

Antiquity of
When we remember also that facts in history as they are discovered, so as to arrive
4. Pythagoras
introduced Brahmanical system"-* 'that there was at just conclusions.'

some Indian influence on the medicine of ancient The Greeks themselves did not lay claim to the
honour which is now after claimed for them by
Greece. The analogy between Hindu and Greek (

modern writers of originating ancient culture gene-

system of medicine is certainly much
too close to be )

or the science of medicine in

the result of accident.' ( W. Hamilton, History of rally partioular,

Medicine Vol. I P. 43 Hellenism in Ancient Nearchus ( apud

Arrian ) informs of that 'the
)

India P. 196 by G. N. Banerji. Grecian physicians found no remedy against Ihe

bite of snakes, but the Indians cured those who
5. *Nor do the Hindoos appear to have derived
Arrian himself
their knowledge of Medicine from any of their neigh- happened to incur that xnisfprtuOf ,'
 fT

tells us that the Greeks, Svhen indisposed applied

to their sophists
( Brahmans
), who, by wonderful,
and even more than human means, cured whatever
would admit o cure.' Diosorides who lived in the
first Century A. D., is the most copious author on
the Materia Medica of the ancients, and Dr. Royle i
q?,

has in an exhaustive inquiry shown how much o

his Materia Medica was taken from the more anci-

ent Materia Medica of the Hindus. The samJS'emark

holds good with regard to Theophrastus, who lived
in the third Century B. C., while even the physician 1. The Hindoos were the first to cultivate Astro-
Classias, who lived in the fifth Century B. C; 3 wrote nomical Science All modern astrono-
( Jyotisha ),
an account of India, which Dr. H. EL Wilson has mers admit the great antiquity of their observa-
shown, contains notices of the natural products of tions* Cassini, Bailiy and Playfair have stated that
India. But the chain of evidence is
complete when observations taken byHindoo Astronomers upwards
Hippocrates is called the 'Father of Medicine. ?
of 3000 years before Christ are still extant, and
"because he first cultivated the supjeot as science in
prove a considerable degree of progress already
Europe., is shown to have borrowed his Materia made at that period. The ancient Hindoos fixed the
Medica from the Hindus. We refer our reeders for
calendar, observed and predicted the eclipstl,
and
evidence to Dr. Boyle's excellent e^say, It is to were acquainted with the phases of the moon and
the Hindus/ says Dr. Wise, 'We owe the first the motions of the several planets. According to
system
of medicine/
Oolebrooke, they were more correct than Ptolemy
i Civilisation in India Vol. II P.
,

in their notions regarding the precession of the

equinoxes.
,
.1. Ancient and Mediaeval India. Short History of the Aryan Medical Science

Pp. 13*14; by H. H. Bhagvatsinhajce. ;

 (
Littre )

ftnfir

&R& 5%

^m

f^fifi

1 Littre History o Greede by Grotes.

Vol. IV P. 325.
2. There arc sevaral treatises in the collection,
of which the earliest, On Wounds of the Head, dates
fir \ from the early part of the 4th Cen. B. 0. It has"
affinities with certain Egyptian papyri and part of
it may be of Egyptian origin. E, B. Vol. XI P. 585.
3. The definite evidence of relation ( bet. India
and Greece ) is rendered almost impacticable of
B. c. attainment by absence of any early Greek lists of

bones of the human body as reckoned in the Greek

B. 0, surgery. History of Sans. Lit A, B. Keith P. 51 4.

I
4. No summary of Osteological doctrines, such

\ 0. N. as we find in the writings of Oharaka and Sus'ruta,

appears to exist in any of the known works of the

i; History of Sans. Lit. A. B. Keith P. 5H. earlier Greek medical works.
2. Either in his ( Hippocrates
7
)
time nor for Hellenism in Ancient India by G. N. Banerji P. 19 4,
two centuries later, is there any distinct record of

human dissection being practised hy the Greeks.

Hellenism in Ancient IndiaG. N. Banerji P. 191.

 Brasistratus
( Herophilas ) ^Tf^?OT ( )

frf, ^A

far

r. N.

i it w^^
1. ( a It is not until after the death of Alexa-
)

nder the Great, and the institution of the Museam

at Alexandria 304 B. C. ),
that the great anato-
(

mists Erasistratns and Herophilus recorded their

discoveries. In the time of Galen none of their works
remained extant. Hellenism in Ancient India
P. 192 G, N. Banerji

(
b )
Whatever was the case with Hippocrates,
there is no doubt of the prevalence of dissection of

the human body in the Alexandrian schools of Hero-

philms and Erasistratos in the third Century B, 0, 1, *Nrada, Dhanvantari, Angiras and Kapila...
,.,all these teachers knowing thoroughly
and
History of Sanskrit Litrature P, 5 14- A. B. Keith. , f ..

2. Surgical Instruments of the Hindus, of themselves and without any omission, the rise
Vol. I P. 342-343 by G. N. Mukhopadhyay, of disease and its cause and nature and progress

3 f Medicine of Anoient India Yol. I by Hoernle and cure and treatment and 'management-each of
 (
Diaz ), ^T32*fdk*f (
^r Hirsohbe-

( Dr. Huillet ), ^TTOC SHfH ( Dr.

Wise ), ( Whitney )
fe^ft
it

3ffprf

B. 0. $00
5??<r-

early age
- probably the sixth century before Chri-

st and their peculiar methods of definition.

Medicine of Ancient India P. III. Vol. I

,by Hoernle^
ernle
1. Professor Diaz of the Konigsberg university
'
them composed his treatise in bloc .........
clearly detects the principles of Indian medicine in
Questions of King Milinda T. W. Khys Davids
the Greek system.
Vol. XXXVI Dr. Hirsohberg of Berlin says
f
The whole plas.
1. Suppose, in treating a wound... ,...,. an able
tic
surgery in Europe had taken its new light when
surgeon were to with a
physician and
anoint it
these cunning devices of Indian workmen became
bitter stinging ointment to the
end
rough, sharp, known to us. The transplanting of sensible skin
that the inflammation had gone down ...............
flaps is also an entirely Indian method.' The same
cut into it with a lancet
suppose he were then to
writer also gives credit to the Indians for discove-
and burn it with caustic. And when he had causte-
'which was entirely
ring the art of cataract couching,
rised suppose he were to prescribe an alkaline
it, unknown to the Greeks, the Egyptians, or any other
wash, and anoint it with some drug to the end
nation.'
that the wound might heal up and the sick man He also adds in a learned paper, with regards
recover his health. Now, tell me King, 'would to certain surgical 'Operations, that, 'the Indians
it be out of cruelty that the surgeon thus smeared knew and practised ingenious operations, which
with ointment and cut with the lancet and causte*
always remained unknown to the Greeks, and which
rised with the smell of caustic and administered a eveu we Europeans only learnt from them with
?

salty wash ? in the of this

surprise beginning century.
The questions of King Milinda (translated by )
Pp. 178, 193.
T. W. Rhys Davids Vol. XXXV. Dr. Huillet;, laic of Pondicherry, assures us th&t

2. Considering that we have no direct evidence 'Vaccination was known to a physician Dhanvan-
of the practice of human dissection in the Hippo- tari, who flourished before Hippocrates,' P. 179.

cratic school, but know of the visit, about 400 B. The Hindoos knew human anatomy and some-
'The Hindoo Philosophers,'
C., of Ktesias to India, the alternative conclusion thing of physiology/
of a dependence of Greek anatomy on that of India, says Dr. Wise, 'undoubtedly deserve the credit of
cannot be simply put aside. P, IV. having, though opposed by strong prejudice, enterta*

Probably it will come as a surprise to many f as ined sound and philosophical views respecting uses

it did to myself, to discover the amount of anatomi- of the dead to living* and were the first scientific

disclosed in .the works of and succesful cultivators of the most important and
cal knowledge which is

the earliest medical works of India. Its extent and essential of all the departments of medical know*

accuracy are surprising, when we allow for their ledge prftctical anatomy.' P. 179*
 1

5TO': B. 0. 1850 ,

wwrite T JTRs B. 0. 1600

^T 5HT: B. 0.

(127 3-233)

(
B. Q 323 ) ^iH*f^ngf?

( Ptolemy Philadelphos )

( Epiphanius )

:
(
B. 0. 479 )

( Spoons ),

( Will Durant )

( Hammurabi B,

0- B. 0, 2500)

(
Ebers Papyrus )

The ophthalDaic
and obstetric and other operati-

ons have been practised for ages in India and 'our

ififodern surgeons
have been able to borrow from

them Hindoos )
the operation of rhinoplasty7
(

.Whitney says: 'The medical science, although L The Story of Civilization P. 1 82-83 j by Will
its beginning goes back even to the Veda, in the use
Durant.
2. The Story of Civilization R 183- by Will
of medicinal plants with accompanying incantations,
Durant,
is of little account, and its proper literature by no 8.E.B.E.Vol.VIP. 541.
'
means ancient,
1
4. E. B. B. Vol. IV R 750.
Introduction to "Whitneys Sanskrit Grammar
BXXJT.
1. Aaoka-by P. B. Bhandarkar P. 158. SWT
2. (a) History of Greece VoL V P. 20j by Grotes.

(b) Greater India by Kalidas Nag No, 1,,.R 15,

 sfer i

S^TO^ I $fi

: SI

f*

fir

^r^n: ^3fT ^TT^*ft Wf5f: HH^^TT^^^rT f^T^5%li

*

1 . Gatha by J. M. &
Chatterji
1. History of Assyria
by Olmstead P. 492. by L.Mills^ra'
2.B. E. E. Vol. TIP. 541.
3. (a) The Modern Review, June 1910
P. 530-533.

(b) Bgvedic India by A.- 0. Das P. 228-2*33";";

261-265; 178-180. ^r^ ^ ( ^.

4. (a) The Modern Review- June 1910 1, The Zendayeata VoL I S. B. B. Vol. IV )
'
(
P. 530-533.
% .
,
.. .,,
(b) The Edinburgh Review (See Ibid ) 2. Essay OB the Religion of tiie Parals

(c) Phallism; London ( 1889 \ P. 54. ., by M. Haug^P.

 (
Sir William Jones ),

0. 2597 )
( Major Wilford), ^^ ^I^feaft^ ( Loais
Jacolliot )

qiaron ^^T SFRF&

t felt

1. Sir William Jones, in the report of the Royal

Asiatic Society is led to believe that Egypt must

have been in remote ages colonised by the Indian

:
^ ( ^, Aryans,and writers like Major Wilford conpider
the 'Mishrasthana' of the Purans to be no other
than *Mishra, the ancient name of Egypt. There

13^
on the other hand, no record of the Egyptians

having ever migrated into India, Such circumstancial

evidence has led some European writers Louis

Jacolliot others to affirm that if

Egypt gave
among
civilization to Greece and the latter bequeathed it

to Rome, Egypt herself received her laws, arts and

sciences from India. There is nothing in the Egyp*
tian medicine which is not in the Indian system,
and there is much in the elaborate Indian system

that is wanting in the medical science of Egypt.

Short History of Aryan Medical Science
Pp. 194-195,
2, It seems a half-hearted admission of the
influence of the Indian Medicine on the Greek

Medicine, and in making this admission ,..,. t but

he seems to forget India's indirect influece on Greek

Medicine exerted through Egypt, Persia and Arabia.
Now it has been proved that Greek Medicine to a
( A. D. 100 )
considerable extent owed knowledge to these
its

countries*. .; owe their medical knowledge to

The Hindus- India. Referring India's indirect influence on Greek
1. Surgical Instruments of the
R 341 medicine practised by Hippocrates & Pythagoras. f
Toll, ;

by G. N. Mulhopadhyayt midicine, Dr. Wise in his book 'Hindu

,,,... western
C
of Medicine' A11 these midical sys-
2. (a) History of Tndisn Shipping *nd Maritime System says:

activity
from the earliest times B. K, Mukarji tems have a common source. . f fThe Greecian

(b)
InteroociTse between Indian and the Wes- philosophers were assisted by the Egyptian sages
tern World EL a Eawlison. who appear to have obtained much of their know-
(c)
Lassen's History of Indian Commerce. ledge from some mysterious nation of the East/
3* The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea P. 3, Fourth Indian Oriental Conference Vol II P. 426,
 ^c. ,
Tg
(M.Monier Williams)
1

ftrerofir n

srromr-

sritart oft

franr

ffe

1, (a) More than this the Hindus had made con-

siderable advances in astronomy, algebra, arithme-

tic, botany
and medioine, not to mention their supe-
h B. 0. 2500
some of these sci-
riority in ^grammar, long before
ences were cultivated by the most ancient nations of
B, 0. 1850-2900
Europe.
Vide-Sans. Bng. Dictionary, M, Monier Williams
P. XXI
(b)
Is not the case that the earliest elements

of Civilizationand enlightenment have always ori-

and spread from the East to the
ginated in the East,
West not from the West to the East.
IbidRXXIIL

A. 0. Das P. 198-208.
3. Rgvedic India by
4. Intercourse between India and the Western

World by H. G, Bawlinson P. 1 Writing about practical anatomy, Le.

f

Susruta, that famous Indian surgeon,

action,
B. a 1500
1200
B. 0. (
B. 0. 301 )

2500, WRBPW B. C. 2200, srwra^r B. C. 2000, , ?r^r:

srroifc B. o. 1900, w^r B. c. isoo, qgrer B. a

1800, VRR& B. 0.1600, ^wM^t^TWPT B.C.
B. C. 1400, 1500
1500, <?RS^asferat:
5
S 3TR t
F- B. Keay
B. 0. isoo
B. c. 500
' 0-

i ^
: sfrn

and father of Indian surgery, who^flourisbed in about

15th century B, has said.. .......

: 35%
C.,

P. I. 0, 0. Vol. II P. 415-16.

1. Dhanvantari, the founder of Hindu Medical

science, declared } about
a dozen centuries before

Hippocrates, that 'Health is positive- disease is nega-

tive, and how to turn
'
the negative into positive was ^^
the Problem he set himself to solve.
Some Aspects of Hindu Medical Treatment
P. 11; by Dorothea Chaplin.
2, The Hindu History by Akshyakumar Mazum-
dftrP.
474-76,791.
3.Medicine also received an early
development
iu India as well as law.

Ancient Indian Education P. 42; by P. E. Keay,

4, In fact between the years 1500 and 500 B. G*
f

the people of India were so far advanced in

religion
metaphysics, philosophy, science, artt music; and

medicine, that on other nation could stand as iheir

rival, or compete with them in any of these branches

of knowledge.
J f 0, Ghatterji. The Wisdom of the Hindus ed.

by Brian Bjrow, ?. XZV f

 SIRStt 28% |

5rf^rifar i

^W^^
sg

2. Sanskrit- Wortlbuch Vol. I, P. 112;

1. Yis^u Parana ( Bk. IV. Ch. 4 ) trans. by 0. Bohtlingk & E, Both.

by H. H, Wilson Vol. Ill, 319. R 3.
(a) Essays on the Eeligion of the Parsis
2. Chs, 101, 114, Lassen-
Eamayaoar-uttara, by M. Hang P. 208.
J, A. S.B. 1840, P. 476.
(b) Zendavesta Part I ( 8. B. E. Vol. IV )
3. Penkalaltis Pukkalaoli-Pali ; Pukalavati
Skt, which
(
P. LXX by J. Darinesteter,
) is also of great size and not far from
the Indus. 4 Zendavesta Part I ( 8. B. E. Vol. IV )

M'crindle's-Megasthenes & Arrian P. 184. P. 226-27, J. Darmesteter.

 wit

), ), aratfcr ( tf-

srotf srf^rar

1( ?- R^ )

I.

2. B. R, B. Vol. IV P. 758 by L. O t Casartclli.

3. Ibid Vol. IV P. 758 by K 0. Casartelli.

4c.
(a)
Zendavesta Part I ( S. B. E. Vol, IV )t

P. 227,

(b) B. B. E. Vol, IV P. 758 by L.Q Casartelli

5. It is carious to remark that Hindu medical 1. (a) As Khhathravairya presides our metals
"
science also distinguished the four feet ( P&da )
of it was a knife he received, *o! which the point and
medicine, which, however ? were reckoned as the the base were set in gold'. He waa therefore the first
physiciattj disease, medicine,
the nurse; while Hippo- who healed with knife, 9,9 well as the first "who-

crates has a threefold division, (de morb, VulgiJ,) healed with herbs.

B. B. B. Voi IV P. 759 by L. 0. OasartellL Zendavesta Part I (S. B. B. Vol. IV), P. 227.

(b) B. It B. Vol. IV, P. 758.

2. Essays on the Religion of the Parsis

by M. Hang. P. 277-78.

v.
 ;FnfgfJf ( Martin ) 33*31%,
fggqT
FT <cf ^p

11

t ^

B. 0. 3000

(
Ur Nammu B. C, 2300-2200 )

(
Bursin )

( Bejishke ) %q^f ( Beshaj )

( Bzhishk )

( ? * )

I, Essays on the Religion of the Parsis

bj H. Hang. E 277-78.
1. Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and
3. Babylonian Life and History P. 221-23 Mediaeval India, by Nnndo Lai Bay, P. 33,
byE, A. Wallis Budge.
2. Indo -Samerian Seals deciphered. Makers of
3. Bigvedio India by A, 0. Das P, 2l6-19 f civilization in Race and History, by L. A. Waddell,
^gjfcW ^ ^fifRWfer- S

*
S

*rrofir

: S

q- %?rfif w
.

f^ii
: i w%
(
Kalanos )
^,

(Armenia )

1. D&s'eraka Malwft, Geographical Dictionary

of Ancient <fe Mediacxal India, P, 54;
by Nundo Lai day*
R. ^RWff^r u. U^-?? i
scNrftor u. ^-^ n

3. (a) Kamanlyaka A pleonastic form of Bama- S JT^FPIT

is Armenia ( Mbb. Adi. Ch 26. P. 166.
Dlya, tbat
t
)

The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient &

Medieval India, by Nundo Lai Day.

(b) Baemana Mount (going forwards the East)

'
' '

P. 2'88. i ( 1. ^""^ )
Zendavesta Part II ( 8, B. R Vol. XXIII )

-J/ Darnaesteter.

'India in Greece' by Pococke.

 1

^ 3T? TrB I TORT

'
i

wfrrfhr

fir*?: ST

STf^T

1 5?

f *rr
- vs.

2. The interest of the Yedic Indians seems early

to have been attracted to the considerations o ques-
tions connected with the anatomy of the body. Thus
a hymn of the Atharva Yeda ( X. 2 ) enumerates
many Parts of the body with some approach to
accuracy and orderly arrangement.'
F. I. O. 0. Prceedings Vol. II. P. 415.

W&
: TOT

4. The Mysrious Kundalini Vasant G. Kele,

v. The Vedic Gods as figures of Biology -**-'

Yasant G,
5ft. ^ (V.G. Relc)

SRJT^T

ftffwfer

Mr, Colcbrookc
'The Hindoos were teachers and not learners'
not the case that the earliest
^elements
o! civilization and
enlightenment have always origi-
nated in the East, and spread from the East to the
West not from the West to the East,'

IK

srw

Maxmuller )

1.

V.

4. A History of Attdent S^naknt literature 1. Tiecea of a coal-black substance, have been

F. Maxmulicr P, to. ( P. 0, W. ) found In the DK Area and VS Areas and have long
 ft

: S

iwfljj^^r^TT ^E-
i

1w^'wvi<$wfl ^rofi^f SIT-

f^rf^n

been a puzzle ...... Mr, Sanaullah^ the Archaeological

Chemist In India has now succeeded in identifying
this substance. It is not an ink, but an ancient f^f w wrg; i fife

medicine called S'ilajit,

which is very largely used
at the present day in India as a cure for various fS
ills. It is said to be a specific for dyspepsia, diabetes,

diseases of the liver and spleen, to regulate the

action of the heart and as a good respiratory stimu-
lant and expectorant.
The analysis of this substance made by Dr.
Hamid is
given in
Appendix the black
I. ..... It is i

S'ilajit which excludes from the rooks that have

been found at Mohenjodaro. The localities in which ^t^s?^

it occurs are the lower, central and upper ranges of I

the Himalayas ...... '

Mohenjodaro & the Indus Civilization Vol. II- Ht^^J I ^fj^" 59^[

by John Marshall,
,

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t ^ * 3*T % ^ft ^ ftt^Tft

( Physicians )

( Surgeons )
;

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Ifft

CH ( flrafl ^ fe^ ) %
srthr ftt 1 1 f
1 1

*rfi[5r ^^ ^tg^^ft^fw ^RJ %r^ (Ancient

geography of India ), ft rn^si^ q^s^ ( Geographi-
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cal dictionary )
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^ E. J. Rapson ( Ancient India

Cambridge (History of India voll) nft ^r

fr
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t I

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( t. ij. v^o) ft;<rrffeH (Hippocrates)

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Theoplirastas
TO
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cT^TT

ftcir I f%
srrRr

fif

tt
it
r ( ^ ) firw ^ swt i
ft^cft ft \

?r c^t 3TR ^f^T ^r Caucasus )

(

SRSJPT
t gra[ ^ft ^T.TRT I TTRT *TT fef^t (
Mitta-
( Ajarbaizan )

( North-pole nians )

^JT
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WT ft? .
^r^ t ^

15
cf^TT ^R t TO I't ^ I

f*r-n*it % ^rrft^r ^rr

.
Oitos ^r swfr S 5
^ Cambridge

History of India tf^sTT t ^^F Oarnoy^rT3T^r ftSRt

wr

t
* ^r t ^t% 1 1

land of the Ary as)

(Aryanam vaejo-the home
 (Kassites fo

%, l<fTtf^FT ( Cappadocia )

(Hittites)^r pRTPft Mittani

ft % TO^ ^ % cfp=e % ( B, c. 1360
( )

fan? $ wr .^T^T $ fire, ft ft

Boghaz
keni . i. ft

ft *fr f i

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^^ ^naff % ft ft fira ^^T % WR" t
urias ( Surya-^4 } Indas ( ^ Maruttas
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Bugas ( Iranian baga- God % ft

)

^tt c^r ^ft ft fir^t it

ft ^rr^

t Upper Euphrates
valley ft ^T-

ft In^da^ra ( ^ ), U-rn-v-na (
f%

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tine)^^ ^Jpf?
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),

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m e^R
)?

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Cappadocia ft ft^t it

<rpn"

f Tell-el-Amarca L. A. Waddell
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daswa, Suwardata, yasdata

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Delicate ) ) ^i f -T

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Matki Gods )

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Minoan
firsr
Oybele
1
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t 5fiT ^FTT TO ^Jt

% ^Rf-

(
Celtic )
I
TO f^T t ^fr
(
Druid ) f^nrr
( Quarterly Journal of Mythic Society Yol
XXI No. 3, P. 250 ) ^rr ^fN^TRT^C ^ ( Eigvedic
India Vol I P. 245 t *33 f ^ f^T I
) I

^t cKf ^TT33T^; % ^T^T ^17^ % f^fT ft" T&

t
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t *ft

1
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^r^ t^TR^% ufng^rr
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f ffar,
t 3ft ^T^TT, fi^TT ^t 5JC

rm olt

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i 1 1

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if '.'*ft fw^TT t {% ^t
TOT
I 5ft
^ HE (
Priest Doctor )

( *rf?3Fc ) ^t f^ft^rr^r ft% ^ i

1 1 I f%
% f^ ^ClMr *fit

% f%

( Arda-nana ) *frTHf t^T

 K Sodhof! ^rr J. J<%
IT

fa tr (
Hemmurabri )

fa f^nffa

( Surgeons ) ^ % wft

ft I ^Nt (
J.

(^)Herbert Loewe

(
"Vaccination )
(^)( George fanoart )

( History o Medicine )
yft % l
(?) ( Of. Berthelot )

t ^ ra^ %
<t srm f^ri ^

%-ifl ^CR ^^ ^ ^i TOR

% f
( T. barns )(t,) ftsrr I fa
^wsr
(Teuton)
(Msseburg)% spftit (Charms

ft^sgra? ^rs fent

(Adalbart Euhn) xwrtt %
( B.
B. B. Vol 4 E 754 by J. Jolly )

^-^ ^ * ^ft- ?
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% ^q
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rr

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ft f^rit I^TT 1 1
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3TPTT rr i

PR 5KR ^ri% ^rrofrr

^ q^fjj^-g. ^ Achacmenians )

5WT SPW %ftTO (Darius f.<j.

ft%i%^ (
Demokedes
(
Ctesias ) ^r arqt^Wt^ (Apolloni-
des ) 5TT?rcfi jftf lr ^ i TO^T cr^T acft^r ^
^t f^fwr
3KR ^r ^t f^fem t
% TO(?)
t ^ft^ U^STT $ ?n5T3f^ f
1

1
TOi l^r

( 5j^ ) I OTPS t r
^(t ^ i

I f% TO tfl ) S
^
t
fipft^f
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(ftroi?)
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(WOT).
( ^Tglg^TRt )

\sH f iw% | ^r ^1 w Cr $F?Ri t

I
(
Eran Alterth ) E.R. E, Yol 4* P. 759.
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1

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3TT343C % ^f^ cf^TT

fent left I t
(
Direct or Indirect )

ft WT f^TT STTW I
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t HHt
1
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teft ifcrr ^r sfta

I ftf SRiK I-^T t f^wr ft

^T

Ct

ftcfT I 1 f U^T ( PeUavi )

Baeshaza, Beshaj
ftrSs en?ri cm ^^TT JERT
1 1

Armenian t f^ ^^f % ^fq^T

H^T sft^j t^fr % e*q^ 1
( ) ^rrWT ^ft ft
( Bzhishk, Bzhshkel
f^r % OT^T & ^r t ^r *ft

ft fes; ften 1 1
gra[

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% ff ft? SRR cf

5TT H^OT I I
1 1

^c ^
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fm
cWT 3RPT t
ft % ^TS JPTO" ff fen I I

^r^- f

aftar, f^cnw ( ,
lr

ft 1 1
3

% ftRsR: <R:
( |?T ) ^fej (

1 By1 L. 0. Oasartelli,K B. E. VoH, P. 757.

t ft

( Bhaesaj ) | ^t f% cf^TT ST^cT ^ 1%%^^ ^ ^T^ ^ ct 1 1

OTT W ft 3TT^ ^F ^ERTR ft^ %

% fe^T f3TT SRfhf ftffT I I
t

ft
ftm 1 1

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^ft
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: firrit fT *rr ^^?TT I 1%

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.^TfafisOT (Medicine)

55?

srr ^fft SH ft 1^ I, if 'ft %^ ^T f^R" 1

%
ft%

fe
1

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% cf^T
IT i

TOT

% srfeft-f^ ^r t
^ % srfirM^r ^T t f^rar

t f mm

^t
%
fffe
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^ ^^^
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^ ^n^
^ ( v-^-^ot, )

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( v-v-^ )

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1 1

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( V ) V-H
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^RT

% ^rw *ff 3H5% f^rr ^T SP^TR,

Her fftft t ! ^n W)
TO? % *ft f $ ftTO ft 3"?T f^ fWT I i

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f^r^fr m ( Can-

t f5r?s% % cT terisation ft i%f t

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i t STT^ Q:

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T

vft f^f ^T % fwft ft

ft 1 1
5 -3[ .

t
ft TW3fr (
Tibetan Tales P. 94 ) ft ftrafa
TCT

rr ft

f% ^ HffcTT ( Physician and Surgeons )

I I ^
clt^f t \
w^ ft

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t
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1 1
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ir

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r at fcFT sr(%3; w$fa&i ?

ft ^rff fferr i
w SRJPC ^. ffcft I I ft KT
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^R^T:

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ferr

srl%fe

PPTT^T)
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^ %
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i
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ft,

ft aavre^r tor JT^T ftcir 1 1

^^rf% fwf r ^ft ft i

it
(Misrole)

t ^farfar

i w frst

tfe,

%.
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t ^Tf T? s^i^f ftcTT
I
( f? * f
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tft rft^j l^rt CT^ ?wr

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iw, ftj f^RTR %

9T I 3J1 1=!%? *TT S

5ft ^
f I
( COS )
i
asyftr^r

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Heraclides ) ^7 ( Herodicus )
ft? ^ET ^*R- 5ffe ^t^r ft
t ?ft 3
an% % crTT ^
sir zwiw f^ri rr i *r
1
Jc %t ( Plato f o

f *ft
iftr Mir ^^r rftepftw ( Protagorus }

ftf ( Phaedrus )

(
Timaeus )

I )

(Aristotle fo tjo
f^mf fwfr^t
r ^ PT^T ft ^T I ^fr^Ji t i

^fr srrcit ft

ft

I i

(
M'crindlis Megasthenes and Arrian P. 42 )

Tzetzes Wf
1

t Snidas, (^RT), ( sffesrg ) Soranua

i
cf^ftrw % ) ^w ^RT ffefecr fffrfesH % srrN

^
;

% ^^"K EfJF pT^^T I I

^" ITcT ftcTT t 1% ff'frffe^f 5fj|^f ( cos )

J }

3Tfefcf ^ftl ( Hippocrates Vol I P. XLTI )

I
TO t 3T^ % OT^ ( t^ft 5F*T ( Protagorus ) ^ ^t Wf ftcTT |
(Cos) ^ 35T ^f^" 3WT ^ (Asclepiad) qj ^W

I I
*Tfe Sffe Isf} fiT
f^TT ft ( Protagorus
ft ft ^
(Hippocrates) *IT (
Plato's Protagoras 311 B. 0. )

ft I
cT^IT Hippocrates Vol I P. XXXIII )
(

i
(
See also Plato's Pbaedrus. Ibid Vol I P. XUII)
srftETs^ 3> sMt % ft ^rm ft?rr I ft? flffl^r

ft TTfRC f^itftSW (
The Great Hippocretes )

3ft ^T % I 1 (Ibid Vol I P. XMf)

 {% % -OT 5r?r

Tff sSfT 3fT ^RcTT 1

( Draper )

I i
sffe *lcrcRr *ft H
{ Herodotus fo ijo vc*-y^ ) 5RT
EfJT 35?Nr fer 3TFT <K:
<ft. ^ft. ferret

srffcfe ^Cf 4 1 STRR t %

Herzog f an 1 1

fr

Galent(0. f sr?r
voo S 5rprmr..ajT .1 ^T^T
5WT LittreJ srr *ft

r%qr ft
C^ f
^t f^fcTF fjf j^ ( E. Thramcr )

( Cos
) t fe% ift Herozog

% f^r t few cT^r qjT ITR ^ff fmr 1 1

^ft

(-B. ^. B. Vol VI P. 544 E. Thramer.

)

.(
B. B, E. Vol VI P. 543. E. Thramer )
ireft

\9 o

fo t^ I
t %
( Draper-P, 0. Ray. History of Hindu Chemistry
( Hippocrates Vol I Introduction P XXXII )
Vol IP, XVIII)
f*T^f SOTO}}- % ^jqjf eR|^ V^o-v^o fo ij

I ^. ^ $3% "ClcfT | fe %^j err

( School ) cf

ft ift aigqi^ fer TPTT- rr i

so^ n i

( Hippocrates Vol I P. V. )
(Bippocrates Vol III P. XVI )
I, W TOT ER

Hn sq^if .% ^'
ftrftier

'fMTR % ftrai ( Father of medicine ) ff qtfsfisg"

1 ^B
1

^ETf 3ft 3^ '

flRcfff ^f[ ^oo % Stf-RTT |,

I i
CT*IT sft

% f^lf
( Hippocrates Vol I Introduction P. 32. )

f Corpus Hippokr ( E. B. Vol XV P. 198 )

 f^rr I ,1% OTtsr f seita ^ft flcTT ^t 5RT
fefr f&I 5 $raf' 5F*Ii 3tf

t I
ff "ftffe^ Hfit iffi^ 3RT ^ f^II cf^rr after

rt (Wilamowitz) ^mf fis f^Rl f^ f

T STR S^f*yfl f I
ff qtffeEfNr [?2If f^few
rj t r%<3T I fe -srftEiOT & ^ % wfc (Corpus) ft

ff fTreOT % % % ^ ftclT

% ^nr "

srf^s: ar ? *?r

ff fife^r ^d I srfa 3 trrfcTO ( Potybus ) 13 (

Eudoxas )

sro*

SRI
sfi^r
'

(
Galen ) ( Cnidos )

% f^ (Cos)
tfr ft 'Tt
% ft

ir^r ften 1

FCT (%% 5
slt^r t SRI ^ft % gTRr % ft
1

ft ?fr
( B. B. Vol XI P. 584 )
after-
1% frrr %w % ft 5rfH^;
cf^TF fT^g" t fefr
ff r m^t ^r f^rcq firercrr 1 1

( Asclepiades )
( Hippocrates Vol I P. XLIV )
*
g- (Corpus) (a)

% i
srqvfr 5n t ft

*ER5T %^^ ft 'ftf^^f ERT ^Tff ^TpT 3

( finfrf^ET ) cWT

Cnidia $ Ctesias, Carystus % Diocles ^JT Menon (

Cnidia )

i Ctesias ^jarr Diocles ^g4 ^^[^t (

E. B. E, Vol VI P. 54 K thramer. )

Menon 3?Rg[s^ ^T ftpzr rn ffqtft^r % sqfr ftw WRT t

(b)
(Hippocrates Yol I Introduction P. XLIV ) I i% ^H^i
t
-^foster % wt^w^: % ^^ 3?^

(
a ) tRT ^5ff W^ ^ tffer f ft, (
Cos ) % 'arrcl^mf^ % s^ar^T
^ qj^Tf % [2recff ^q* t ^njft^ i^r ^r TO
1
( E. B. Vol XI P. 584 )

(
b) ( Hippocrates Vol I P. XXIX )

(E.B.VblXlP.584)
 SOTT *fr * OT 1

( Hippocrates Vol Pp. XXVIII XXIX )

t ift

% {

softer fmr I ) wr

t Sfiwt wn t ^ft ft% I ( B. B. E. Vol VI P. 542. E. Thramar )

(Catystus) % sf&?W (Andreas)

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1
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ferr WT 1 1
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(E/B. Vol XI P. 584)

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la, Neyes, Kpiois,

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428.)

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by Dr P.C.Roy)

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P. XLI )
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Short History of Aryan Medical Science.

E 105. P. 189-190. by H. H Bhagvatsinhajee.

Early History of India-V. Smilt
4
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( Hellenism
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(Translated by T. W.Rhy& Davids Vol.

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XXXV.)
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( Short History of Aryan Medical Science

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to,
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Some Aspects of Hindu Medical Treatment
P. 11 by^Borothea Chaplin )

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is the proper fraction o an adult

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( SpfSpT f5 ^ W f )

if

TO,
f H

( f?^i% ) i

??at

% An injection of placental extract increases

the secretion of milk, so does pituitary extract. The
secretion of milk is also influenced by various other
factors and reflexes. It is possible that the nerve

supply of the mammary is different from other

^ W*nf ( Spirit
glands

distilled from sugar cane juice ) $ glands. Thus pilocarpin, which increases the secreti-

on of other glands, has no effect on the secretion of

milk. Prolactin preparations have been used to incr-

ease secretion of milk, Urea is

supposed to be a true
galactagog. qi^M f%%^TI fsf^R ^ Placente ex-

tract, Pituitary extract ^fS|T Urea

(Factor)
 3if TTW
n sfsr *rrarT sta ( foreign body

5RTf
inamuoary ducts ) ^ q^=gr
^I^fT f 1

T^^R?^ %
s
wife;

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f ftcft d

si
gar

I)

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T ^T^ ( Veinulas

^^ Pain
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Tenderness ) gn ?Tf ( Burning sensation
)
^T 3TI H^^Tl f%HR
Abscess
( ^r^l^i%-Maoiniary
( 5^1 ) w (

( mm ), ^ ?

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d
 Mammary Abscess
) ^fbf ffr

RT

fif^R
Abscess xibscess oi the Breast
Mammary ?|T

dancer SfST ^Ff

ftwt ^r CT srro
-

t
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5TR-

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ft
TOFT

i
)

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^
1

1
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( wri> )

( Open or Incision
) i? %
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( TOT^rT ) ^ TOT ^
1

Incisers ) fti
( Lateral If, sfh; %*$>
Canine ?n Eye teeth)

) ^r
if
i^ )
Bicuspids or molars )
t,

SRRcT
^fft

3FTT %J O WI^TI^STT ( Infancy )

Set ) sgt "fjsr

EIT
(
(Childhood) $!
% 3fo" ( Milk
^teeth m Pri-
(
uiary Dentition ) ^
Secondary Dentition

:, ?rargt
^% 33$ TOT <jf (Germs)

Teething
cft^f

Birch c^t Management and medical treatment o

clildren in India

^1, mr* The germs of the first

( milk
or temporary
) set

have existed within the jaw for Several months befo-

re birth, but they are atno time covered -with true
bone. As ossification advances, the tooth rises and
causes absorption of its capsule
pressing upwards
and the gum, till by their removal the tooth makes
( ^) in its later sta-
its appearance. This upward progress,
aes is what we mean when we talk of "teething". .

it I

( fep^- ) ( Lower central Incisers

)

fa fiwa* ft ( upper central & lateral In-

cisers
) i
)
5RT
Incisers ) Incisers

ffar %, 1st molars

( )

( Canine n
Eye teeth
)

( 2nd mokrs )
-

S[RT

act 5fKf ^ teeth,

I '
 335 SfSCTf ^^ ( Primary
Dentition )

( Hereditary )
1
?*fi* 3T3 ^Mt $T f^
Seeonda^ Dentition ) STOP*

Sf
1

Dr. Donald Paterson $m$t g^fSf; Sick

children" % 3* WW fS ^RT 3 I%^1 I%

--
Strange as it may appear, the "Many abnormalities in the appearance o teeth and
in the jaw before to be hereditary and
germs of the second set also existed the type teeth cut will appear
more deeply seated than those of the milk
birth, there can be no doubt that good teeth run in families"
teeth.

aw
1, 1 st. molars )-
(

Ceptral Incisers )
(
( Lateral
Inoisers
) ^ l

1 st. Bicuspids - <

( )

2 nd. Bicuspids )
^TT %3j^(

or Eye teeth )
( Canines
u ^ n

2 nd. molars ^ ^TcT Ri

( )

rd. molars or wisdom teeth)

Inoisers ^^r ^1%^ ),
Sca-
(3
ttered

T
JT

5T35R
^?^ "*ft

^TH ?^ ( Wisdom
3
^fl?
1
8 I

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( ^ )

3$ \
ft
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) ^ 1

( 5^fera ) f IS ^f ^ I

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!

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advanced. ithat there 'are myriads of diseases

( )
and upsets definitly due to cutting the teeth. ( 2
)
ft Wf^K p" ^ ^tcf
that teething is for
responsible nothing but the
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Giddiness )
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3. Tlt^RT^ (
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glands
frs^
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and sequala

ii H ii

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) ^q, flf^fw,
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rf

<JPT 1 II ^? II

II ^ II

srff^r iter | ^?
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physiology if 3&fT f-Liver cells take certain materials

from plasma and eleborate the constitaants of j

the bile- Bile pigments are formed from pigments o i

:-
II ^ I!

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(
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and of
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Testicles
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(Abdo-
men -
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is the index of mind,

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if f^HslT % The new born baby has such an intense

instinctive urge to breathe through the nose (Fro-

sni % ftro *fi I wfa, '^rora bably because brea&t feeding can only be accomplished
iithe nose is used for breathing ) that it will go
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lathar than breath easily through the
(
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( ^35 )

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33? $ *t*ft *fta ^t

s ift fsrfsFc? w^ ft

*
u

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( Temperature).^

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) $

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fe^f

t
n 3 ^fp g^-*
II ^t^:

^
11 3J?T,

: i iranTi
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( flfeqi
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TH ( 3(Z ) *T WHT
i
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(
Heart disease )
shsr,
JRT,- fw 1 5(^, 3$ ? SR^T, ^f^ i

Psoriasis STT^T ^H^ ^fI

*TRI I ), TO ( <ft*n )

II ^ i!

: qrsr I

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I

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ft

I) ^^ I)

), mw (
), 5PTOT ( TORft^T ),

fall fro sr%<?

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( Hygiene )

5 I

5f5
;

: (I
^t awjt

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(Palpitation

of heart ^HRtTi rf%dn> 3 ^15? ( ^CTT ),

),

Oonual-Sions ),

^f fen
rt firfr ^ Sft
ni n

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afi! g-^r: nJ 11

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 *o1
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SPSS?,
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1

II

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%
r
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( fumigation )

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^^ ),
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 I! ]

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( ^5 *i^ ), ) crm 3^ snf|

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s? srawi f^f ^r^r !

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f^tr f^f^ri? ?t w I

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( STf I^ ),

'
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: j fejt^r

^t )
( $TO?
g^r

off

: 11
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gtorfirif

) *nsn i r u

315

( ?fllT )
t ^f TOT ^

i%iw
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^I

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(f*ri) ^r^

:
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( s^ft ),
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), f ferr,
TOT

( TO* ), artsteiTO, *rara[ ( sraraisft )

553 TC3$ tmq^i Sllf?)

T, ^T^^^T,
TOT

wifg; ill fto

 ft*n$f

WRT
f

^ fffcT

if

if

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1

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i sirar

( Spleen )

(Entargement)l

: I

ftraR^^
qftsft

U ^ II

Marsilea-Iara-
), gf^^^ ( ^NfcfaT
drifolia ),
 <4 ( 8PT
), TOT ( fiRTT ), ),

^? (
, cfTT ^fl^fl^l ( 5?! if

Colic) 5HT^iift
3^T? l^s ^f^j ^^ ( ^f^ ) tf^l ^? if

f i
(f25ff^ l^i )
^iif| g^rn^ % ^^w ill 1 1

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^ SR i5i qi^ wrfgt i^, 133!, ^Tf, sTRij 1 * s

TOT % '^pi d^ t *W5 i feo

Jf % f%^ ^^^ %% 1 ^

? n

( *w gsrr

( firro ^STH ),
I

srrrft ^ft SBT

( ar )

|air
wftarnft

wfsnsrs^w^r^rg^
PSM^W^
% ftt 1 1
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OTR

irt

> IS? >

lance
),
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 : 9

Suppositor ft
( S^wfi^i
fifrw d *A * TOT
ies
) gift feftrar
i

it

. ^
sit

( w%^ ), straps ( ^^ ),
TOT r feror TOT

ff^-Powdered varley,
boiled in warm water and then made into
cakes is called kulmasha ), sr^jj? ( HW&1 ), argsn,
ft

WTf ^ ( q^B ),
n
) ^'^T ( firw ), ^4^T
H2^
a*
( ),

i ftrosr,

),

: 11

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(^r) TOT
ft

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II J(. II

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asm it

15 ^ *fr* ^ ^ *^ ^

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if eft,

( ?pn* ^ )
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: I
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1 1
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** %*
 J 9 ] 99.9

ft- fq-g- ^
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99

in

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II & II

9? foiH 153
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( Mild Lexative )

% fifrw wft wn
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fl* s
)

*
II ^? II

fifl

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ft ^gi|
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ft

^
( Rwifite),

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ft

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.

ftj foargwft ^

fe^f
: ii wif 5L

-snraij^^ ^f
d A ft^nj $ ^
ft W
 : 9 ]

ifor ^ I
srf? fteft WOT ^ 3^ $ ^ ! ^ ^ ^ ^ T?t
'

)
i^ ^rinc^ ft. ^RTI ^ifg % i ^T^ it

J^ ^ fir^SFcf^ II 3FH JPW ^t ftf^^^f ^^p ft. $?.

\ n
sit sTRif <mr flsNr ft 8" ft ^t (
FH ^ift^ I
^m *fst )
sic&g^ w
i
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c

ft..|. HS P5T
fircar* %

:
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fesr
s ^R^r ^rfr i%

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ftfe&r ^R*t ), )

ft ^IT^ i 303 %I Tm I ! . ST. H

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% f$ %

fi-

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i
awf^ w ^Ttft ft

STCTT3M eft? ^^ srforar ft 5^ ^f^sft ft Ptyriasls Tersioolor *n Ptyrlasia

1

f?% 1 *w ft.
cloasma ^ ft* Sf.
1 sr. ft 3551 1 S

5? % I ft% c^f^
n ft ftr^ii 1 1

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^rcf
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* l?5TfI fit ft %T
*

1 1

, f^srar

)
i ( Pemphigus ) ^5% !

%
?rf flw n?iT 1 1
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H
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f^r. r-

(
Bcaema )

*r 11 11 ^ ^I^
)
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Bingworm ) ^ff

ft. ^r. ft S
PIT I

: I
( f^SPf ft gaw ft.' WH
a
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?BrOT
ft ft
 3T

31$ ft&th
2 * d sntt I fit * 3
wiH%
Scar ) $ sW?sf S

1%. sr. fir. ST. ^ 8 ^ ^fT I '

(
Psoriasis ) $g& f I
1

I fit t
^ H TOR!
fir^
2|5i

psrstn
snit

w
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"
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fir. r.

f^^^ 355! H I

^ f^tt-

( Erysipelas)
1 sr fir. r.

nm 1
snf&rs 51% ^ i if ftn f

fir. r.

derma

( Pantapetes Phoenicea ) ^^ \ \
Sjo \9

i tr. fir. ^ ^IT

1 fif^TW

sft^RTOT^^^
TO ^ftfq gnr^^

ft,

) ^W WlfT % 3^1 SET

I,
 if^ ^ WT5R5 gt sn&lf I

-Txfi

!^ I
^ Bapia $f$ t[ I

gcj
TOR, (

I '31$ fao Sfo \9 5f

i
^f

$$?

sro

I
^1 fT^t I it
Zeroderma
ral treatment ) Local

application ) *ft I

( Hcraper )

(Scrape) g
l
^ 5wri gfs ft ^ri^ %

1, ft ^
^ it ^PfT % firft^ ^Tf i 1

ft it ^i

Ehagades
 5 3ft $51 1
^-?f^ 5^T%T%f?^'ffT^TIWt I

r
Jt^fir it

ass

"3

srrarfh

sratfttf
(Bladder )

J II

gitgji WIT ^tf T ^ sfrai I, *

i win ) wf^ ^q^ ( S^OT ) $& 1 r

% ^^rorr

nrar 1 1

C^TT^) itm I
 II

s If ell's

( ) i %
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fel W ura^ II
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?,

), 3RQ& ( ),

( )

I IS

J II

fiRtw?r:
( ^1?T ),
( Astringent )

( W )

5 ^ff
f : n
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r fti

5Pf 3T ),
( Bile )
 3T

ft ip: $ ( Sand.) sndt i g

i HTT I 1R? *TOT 5TKIT 3TT ^J (
Bladder ) ^ f f| ^t SITg ft^ft

srrar %-rft
(
Sand ) $? I ft TO
(
Stones ) I <g?$ ft. T. s

wa ft. ST. i snwft

f^f TO?? 3Rcft %
( ^IJ ) ^ Zp
1

n wi^^r
ft *ft f*ra TOT? f5 is

( Precipitate ) 5TOT ft SfRTT I 8TRT,

1 1
^r ftw ft

Urates, oxalate, plaospha f^forerc qjf

ft ^?<M 1^1 1
ijjiw sretoro i
ftiT SWOT it snm 1 fh[ i
1^1 5f ar
Crystals % ^:g ft 9% ^f g^f ft

^1 TO *T i 8Wif qf qjft

1 3f f? ?p ^t STfeftqi (
Eeaction )

ftfft A (
Uric acid ) sflf TO% ^^oj fJff%^ f|it

( Phosphate ) Sffl^T

(
Nucleus )

^t fWfr 1 1 ^R
^f fcTl cT

wft
^ ft it I it ^f^r snf? i
Phosphatic calculus I
^5 (
Lithotrite )

I Uric acid
calculus
if?
Oxalate calculus
ft *it ^t

( wn: ) I

: tl

^
 ^Hl ? ]

: II ni ( far
, fi{,
) TOT W* 1^ WBi ?

iif? CT? t i
f^
nr f* r
4i ^ i^t
i

sfe %

TOW
i
g^fto
! mi-

i wcr Wteswwi

^fxf: ^ swlsrjf 5Hftrrft: s

^^ er ^ % a

I
si
II ^ II

55:

3^ST5f 5
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: II st H

11 ^ II ),

( ST^ slCTTtf )

1 cPT

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sfsi? ST. ST.

I
g?3 ft- T. 1 H ^ % ^o
I ^WT
fwrau
f c[TR
mr:

qtafa^i<prfir

r.
r-" ^OT ttftf if of
T

: 1 f ret
: II SfBTff^flf 53.

n 1 1% c

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),

) sn$ gw^r ft.

i r.

^ II

RT

i *IOT 'ft
: |

si ^ n

( Drainage ),

Incision ), ^^f
( Suturing-stiching ), ^cq (
Probing-Exploring )

-?Ui

WfT ),
 s 7

tai % wih* SHOT?

i rir:

(Bleeding) ft ^ref fasti

1
1

ST3WP ft Sracfi ^e
qrws
u ** H
qr^t^
^

TO q^ wt f^
I
)

?sr ( qi^ft ) I smr fqxf

ST.
f%. 9ff 1 Jf SP^T %

f%.

ft,
), If ( Hfn ) TOT
ft
^f % f
if

^^5
r. r. s 1 1
T. if
^ SPIRT

araf

ft,

if ft
^ft ^f? %
%
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I I

_ Bj 3% j

fif^fif q}^i *Tn ^1^ ^

^
t, <jrt? ( 4!"5i ) ,'
If cft^T
1

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fi^ jf ^
nr ft ?ef % 5ft ftcft I ^
HTT
rftsr ^^^ gi^l ftr ^w T S ^fl ^^ % i

H^fJF ^| ^|^| ^ ^f f ftraff % si^q

\ dt ^ fqs^T R :

4? ^RgTfs afqf
1 ^" Eczema of the

: r. i i ^T %fqesFT ?rftTg?fr fsr^iraT Sculp H^^^II ^iff % I

. ar. ? i |i
^ fftsj ^
^i
^?iS O SfO
( f^S^f^^I^T
I
$ft?f, ), Wjpf
t ^ii

1
I i
TOT
gt?f f % I WcT Pfo Sfo
fHrFF ^25cft qJ^F ^^ ^>^ 1

efts*

ft
mm ft aft

=3 s
SRI
tf

*f ( <=raT V
S% H
Abscess

snf|

; ||

ai^froi ( Eczema of the

OTI
 I
t 1

err ( ^) *R:
SIT** f^lf

TOT % i

gof grar SOT ( srmf g^r ), snft ( sn^ra )

f , 3135
ft

$ft St^

5RT ^^T TOT ( Canterisation

)
gram
1

5??T r
( )
?IT

SHI 5|>T2 w grar

3* gm
i

<?Rt ft

SW qsp)
|j[

ft steT ft I
 : ? ]

I srar: ^ ;*&
if ft $f $FH | 1 *

t fqfs

V
) sfh (

^ rr ^n? t

WWT- ^cf ( Inqury ) ^

r: u
( ^1"? ^^f-^^fl )

w^ % fet
^H i
%^i soft

I Ttf^T^T ( Bleeding )

f^ri nm s

*
ll

( Cauter-

isation ) 15^ ^R <$$ ; ti

wr

TOR ^fHI ^fiH ^t 51 Fl 3fMI | II

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:
i f% ( nt<? ) H
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ft siT^T% n %
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f, g^r ^^^f dft

ft OTT vsrar
KltSR
Tf (
Cauterisation )

ST. 35T fiffR ^ H

i ^4 Terr
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fen i
f%. ST.

: n

gpsr

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( 91 *f

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r

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(wrra

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(
Cavities )
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Wftnim (
Consolidation ) ^t ^flt | II

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% ^?
$ fq?f

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ft
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ft% ^ Sf^?gf ^toi ft ^TTtll % II

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i
>
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i ^ \

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t f fsrar srart 35

OTT ^sfy?rf nfi[

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il ^ ii

ii i-* ii

) d

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II ?o

) $lr msr ft

( t it *

qRRf
( fsf-l
IU
ft ) ( Prolapse of vagina or uterus )

t *nco| i
( TO %
erfenaT set qraftsra s&? 1 1
) ( fJJsT
511^ ) t, (ft %
TO

fieri WoTW^ II $ II

u R u

( ^R5T )
^T
(ta ^t I ^w f%. sr-

),

cf[

i
wrfq;

f5Jl| f% "The question whether al-

odial is a food has been much discussed, and the

chief point is whether it can be regarded as a pro-
3T3ffaf t
tain sparer. It possesses the power of lessening nitro-

genous waste, though inferior to carbohydrate and

fat It is chemically allied to sugar and undergoes
combustion in the body, therefore, furnishes some
ft
energy to the organism and the chief claim of al-
cohal as a food is due to the fact that it will help

to support life if
given along with other food,

......

s
u
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f, ^'^ ^I^ ltai ^| ^1 | %n^f

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>

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q|s
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Deli- FT
,

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% $*r TO* qsy % *rs
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