Introduc*on  to  Fluid  Power  Conduits  

At  the  end  of  this  video,  you  should  be  able  to:  
•  Recognize  the  various  types  of  fluid  power  conduits  
•  Describe  the  basic  anatomy  of  a  conduit  
•  Describe  the  effect  of  fluid  resistance  in  a  conduit  

 
 
In-­‐studio:  cylinder  props  on  the  table  
    

Fluid  Viscosity  
At  the  end  of  this  video,  you  should  be  able  to:  
•  Explain  the  concept  of  viscosity  using  a  fundamental  equaDon  
•  Explain  how  viscosity  is  measured  
•  Explain  how  viscosity  affects  the  efficiency  of  a  hydraulic  system  
Viscosity  
Force  

shear stress 𝜏=𝜇​𝜕𝑢/𝜕𝑦    velocity gradient

viscosity
Viscosity  Units   SI Unit

Pascal  second  [Pa  s]  

Common Unit

CenDpoise  [cP]  =  1  milliPascal  s  

Jean  Poiseuille  
1797  -­‐  1869  
Viscosity in cP at 20 deg C
Water 1
SAE 30 motor oil 200
Honey 10,000
 Kinema*c  Viscosity    
Absolute
Viscosity
𝜇

Kinematic
Viscosity

𝜐=​𝜇/𝜌   
SI Unit
density

 
​𝑚↑2 /𝑠

Common Unit

​𝑚↑2 /𝑠  
CenDstoke  [cSt]  =  10-­‐6    
Saybolt  Viscosimeter  
Ideal  Viscosity  is  a  Trade-­‐Off  

y
ri c efficienc
et
Volum
Efficiency

Mech
anica
l effic
iency
Overa
ll effi
cienc
y

Viscosity
Viscosity  Changes  with  Temperature  

High  VI  
Viscosity

Low  VI  
“Viscosity  Index”  

Temperature
    

Pressure  Drop  in  Pipes  

At  the  end  of  this  video,  you  should  be  able  to:  
•  Explain  why  a  pressure  drop  is  required  for  flow  
•  Calculate  the  pressure  drop  for  any  length  pipe  

 
 
Flow  Requires  a  Pressure  Difference  

​𝑃↓1    ​𝑃↓2   

𝑄  
Resistance  Depends  on  Type  of  Flow  
Laminar  

Turbulent  
Reynolds  Number  

Inertial forces
Re=​𝜌𝑉​𝐷↓ℎ /𝜇 =​𝑉​𝐷↓ℎ /𝜈   

Viscous forces

𝑅𝑒<2300
𝑅𝑒>4000   Laminar  
Turbulent  
Pressure  Drop  in  Pipes  
Δ𝑃=𝑓​𝜌𝐿/2𝐷 ​𝑉↑2   

Δ𝑃=𝑓​8𝜌𝐿/​​𝜋↑2 𝐷↑5  ​𝑄↑2   

Friction
factor
Pressure  Drop  in  Pipes,  Laminar  
𝑓=​64/𝑅𝑒   

Δ𝑃=​128𝜇𝐿/​𝜋𝐷↑4  𝑄  
3  MW  Wind  Turbine  
Hydraulic Fluid: ISO 46
–  𝜐 = 46 cSt
–  ρ = 870 kg/m3
Pipe: 100 m long, 20 cm diameter, perfectly smooth
Turbine output pressure = 35 MPa

1.  Determine the flow rate and average fluid velocity.

2.  Calculate the Reynolds number.
3.  Is the flow laminar or turbulent?
4.  Find the friction factor.
5.  Calculate the viscous pressure drop.
6.  How does this compare to the pressure difference
Generator
due to gravity?
    

Pressure  Drop  in  FiLngs  

At  the  end  of  this  video,  you  should  be  able  to:  
•  Explain  why  a  fi\ng  causes  a  pressure  drop  
•  Calculate  the  pressure  drop  for  standard  fi\ngs  

 
 
Hydraulic  FiLngs   SAE  90  deg  
elbow  

Loss
coefficient

Δ𝑃=𝐾​𝜌/2 ​𝑉↑2 =𝐾​𝜌/2​𝐴↑2  ​𝑄↑2   

Fitting K
90 deg elbow 0.2
Tee 0.9