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HyPR.CALC
November-December 2007
HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
What is HYDRAULICS?
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
WHY EFFECTIVE HYDRAULICS?
Hole Cleaning
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
The FLUID RHEOLOGY
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
Defining some Terms
Rheology
Viscosity
Shear Stress
Shear Rate
Newtonian Fluids
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Rheological Models
Flow Regimes
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
What is RHEOLOGY?
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
What is VISCOSITY?
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HyPR-CALC
Viscosity -
F= (F1/A)
((V2-V1)/D)
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
The importance of VISCOSITY!
Hole Cleaning
Barite Suspension
Drilling Rate
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
What is SHEAR STRESS?
Shear Stress is defined as the force required to overcome a fluid’s
resistance to flow, divided by the area that force is working on.
Measured in dynes/cm2.
Shear Stress = F / A
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
What is SHEAR RATE?
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HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
HyPR-CALC
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
NEWTONIAN Fluids
Sir Isaac Newton stated that “For every action, there is an equal and
opposite re-action.”
Most naturally occurring fluids act just that way. They are known as
NEWTONIAN Fluids.
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
40
30
20
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200
Shear Rate, 1/sec
600 RPM Reading = 40
300 RPM Reading = 20
PV = 20; YP = 0
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
NON-NEWTONIAN Fluids
Typical examples are paint, cream, printing ink and virtually all
Drilling Fluids.
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
NON-NEWTONIAN Fluids!
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
The RHEOLOGICAL MODELS!
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
The BINGHAM PLASTIC Model!
Expressed as:
t = YP + PV (g)
Where:
– YP = yield point, lb/100 ft2
– PV = plastic viscosity, cp (centipoise)
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
The BINGHAM PLASTIC Model!
By multiplying the shear rate in rpm by 1.702, you can derive the
shear rate in reciprocal seconds (sec-1).
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
The POWER LAW Model!
The POWER LAW model describes a fluid in which the
shear stress/shear rate relationship is a straight line when
plotted on log-log graph paper.
Where:
– K = The consistency index, (lb-secn/100 ft2)
– n = The power law exponent (dimensionless)
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
The concept of “n” and “K”
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
The “n” Value
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
We use the 3 rpm and 100 rpm readings for the low shear rate.
We use the 300 rpm and 600 rpm readings for the high shear rate.
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
Calculating “n”!
log ( t 2 / t 1 )
n = -----------------
log ( g 2 / g 1 )
(q600)
n = 3.32log --------------
(q300)
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
"n" Value Relationships
Low n values:
– Promote laminar flow
– Increase carrying capacity
As n decreases flow profile flattens
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
“n” Power Law Exponent Definition
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
Calculating “K”!
2
K = -------
( 2 )n
Using the 600 and 300 rpm dial readings, the equation
simplifies to:
(300)
K = ----------
511 n
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
"K" value Relationships
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
Power Law Model - API Method
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
Fluid Velocities (in feet per second) are calculated for each
hydraulic diameter in the pipe or annulus.
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
Viscosity Profiles of Fluid Models
Viscosity, cP
10,000
5,000
2,000
Newtonian
1,000
Power Law
500
Actual
200
Bingham
100
50
20
10
1 3 10 30 100 300 1,000 3,000
Shear Rate, 1/sec
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
Graph of Actual Readings vs. Bingham and Power Law
Models
30
20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200
Shear Rate, 1/sec
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
OTHER Models!
HERSCHEL-BUCKLEY (Modified Power Law)
CASSON
– Very accurate at low shear rates, but complicated and difficult to
use.
ROBERTSON-STIFF
The best model for HPHT Wells
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
The Yz Factor
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
What is PLUG FLOW?
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
What is TURBULENT FLOW?
Characterised by chaotic, random flow patterns.
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
What is TRANSITIONAL FLOW?
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
Example Flow Profiles
Maximum velocity
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
What is the CRITICAL VELOCITY?
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
What is the REYNOLDS NUMBER?
Nre = ( Dfc * Va * Dm ) / Fv
Fv = Fluid viscosity
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
CIRCULATING PRESSURE LOSSES!
Surface Equipment:
– From Mud Pump to Top of Drillpipe
– Varies from Rig to Rig - typically 100 psi
Drillstring:
Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA):
– MWD tools
– Downhole Motors
Drill Bit:
– Nozzle number and size
Annulus:
– Open hole
– Casing
– Tool Joints
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
CIRCULATING SYSTEM - Shear Rate Ranges!
Annulus Bit
H.C.*
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
Primary Design Criteria
Pore Pressure < Hydrostatic Pressure/ECD < Fracture Pressure
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
Hydraulics Design Criteria
BHA Design
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
Key Variables in Hydraulics
Pump Rate
– High
Good Hole Cleaning
– Too High
Excessive Pump Pressure, High ECD, Annular Turbulence
Density
– High
Wellbore Stability and Control
– Too high
Low ROP, Lost Circulation, Differential Sticking
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
Key Variables in Hydraulics
Rheology
– High
Good hole Cleaning, No Barite Sag
– Too High
Low ROP, High ECD, High Pump Pressure, Inefficient Solids
Removal
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
Design
Mud Selection
– Environment
– Lithology
– Cost
– Geometry
Tools
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HyPR-CALC HYDRAULICS & RHEOLOGY
The Steps!
Draw the wellbore geometry.
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HyPR-CALC - SOFTWARE
INPUT
Project Info
Formation/Survey Details
Fluid Parameters
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HyPR-CALC - SOFTWARE
OUTPUT INFORMATION
Circulation Hydraulics
Hydrostatic Pressure
Fluid Displacement
Surge/Swab
Under Reaming
Q Design – Version 3
Sensitivity Analysis
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FORGET IT
HyPR-CALC
???????
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