MEM 341: FLUID POWER TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 2: Principle of Hydraulics

2.0 Principle of Hydraulics
2.1 Fluid Properties
2.2 Applications of Pascal Law & Continuity Equation
2.3 Hydraulics Circuit Analysis using Bernoullis Equation
2.4 Frictional losses through pipes & fittings

HYDRAULICS FLUID
Hydraulic fluid (HF) are the medium by which
power is transferred in hydraulics machinery.
Lubricating medium to reduce
friction between moving part
Seal clearance between mating part
Dissipate heat

FLUID PROPERTIES
PARAMETER

LIQUID

GAS

VOLUME

Has its own volume Volume is

determine by
container

SHAPE

Takes shape of
container by only
to its volume

Expands to
completely fill and
take shape of the
container

COMPRESSIBILITY

Incompressible for
most engineering
application

Readily
compressible

FLUID PROPERTIES
1. SPECIFIC WEIGHT ,
2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY, (SG)
3. DENSITY,
4. HEAD
5. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

6. GAGE AND ABSOLUTE PRESSURE

7. BULK MODULUS,
8. VISCOSITY (ABSOLUTE AND KINEMATIC)

REFER TO MEC 241

HYDRAULICS FLUID
Common hydraulic fluids are based on waste,
mineral oil or water.

Examples of equipment that might use

hydraulic fluids include excavators and
backhoes, hydraulic brakes, power
steering systems, transmissions,
garbage trucks, aircraft flight control
systems, lifts, and industrial machinery

TYPES OF HYDRAULICS FLUID

1. PETROLEUM BASE

These fluids contain additives to protect the fluid

from oxidation (antioxidant),
to protect system metals from corrosion (anticorrosion),

to reduce tendency of the fluid to

foam (foam suppressant),and
to improve viscosity.

TYPES OF HYDRAULICS FLUID

2. SYNTHETIC FIRE-RESISTANT FLUID
Nonflammable synthetic liquids have been developed for use in hydraulic
systems where fire hazards exist

TYPES OF HYDRAULICS FLUID

3. WATER-BASED FIRE-RESISTANT
The most widely used water-based hydraulic fluids may be classified as waterglycol mixtures and water-synthetic base mixtures.
The water-glycol mixture contains additives to protect it from
oxidation, corrosion, and biological growth and
to enhance its load-carrying capacity.

HYRAULICS FLUID PROPERTIES

Compressible
High fire point
Inhibit corrosion
Foam resistance
Nontoxicity
Low density

Low viscosity
Chemical stability
High flash point
High fire point

MAJOR CHARACTERISTIC

GAS:
Fire resistance
It is not messy
It can be exhausted back to the
atmosphere.

DISADVANTAGES OF GAS:
Corrosive; contain oxygen and
water
Compressible; tend to be
sluggish
A lubricant must be added to
air to lubricate valve and
actuators.

HANDLING HYDRAULICS FLUIDS

Do not mixed the fluids

Do not expose fluids to high heat
Avoid contact with eyes or skin
Wear protective glove and face shield

REVIEW OF MECHANICS
LINEAR MOTION: Linear motion (also called rectilinear motion) is a motion
along a straight line,

s
u=
t
F = ma
W = FD
FD
power =
= Fv
t
Horsepower: The conversion
from watts to horsepower is
745.7 watts = 1 hp.

Example
A person exert a 14 kg
force to move a hand
truck 30 m in 60 s
a. How much work is
done?
b. What is the power
delivered by the person

Ans: 1.36N.m, 0.091 HP

REVIEW OF MECHANICS
ANGULAR MOTION: also called rotational velocity, is a quantitative expression of the
amount of rotation that a spinning object undergoes per unit time

T= FR
R= moment arm
T=torque
HP= TN/63000
N= rotational speed
(rpm)
Effieciency, h =

output power
input power

Example
How much torque is delivered by a 2- HP, 1800-rpm
hydraulic motor?
Ans: 8 N.m

Example
An elevator raises a 1361 kg
load through a distance 15.24
m in 10 s. If the efficiency of
the entire system is 80%,
how much horsepower is
required by the elevator hoist
motor?
Ans: 34.1 HP

Pascals Law
Pascal's law is the basis of
hydraulic drive systems. As
the pressure in the system
is the same, the force that
the fluid gives to the
surroundings is therefore
equal to pressure area. In
such a way, a small piston
feels a small force and a
large piston feels a large
force - wikipedia

Pascal's law states that when there is an increase in pressure at any point in a
confined fluid, there is an equal increase at every other point in the container.
.

1 POUND (LB) = 0.4536 KG

1 INCH = 2.54 CM

The formulas that relate to this are shown below:

P1 = P2 (since the pressures are equal throughout).
F1/A1 = F2/A2
F2/F1 = A2/A1
(i)
It can be shown by substitution that the values shown above are correct,
1 pound / 1 square inches = 10 pounds / 10 square inches
Because the volume of fluid pushed down on the left side equals the volume of
fluid that is lifted up on the right side, the following formula is also true.
V1 = V2
A1 D1 = A2 D2

(ii)
(iii)

A = cross sectional area

D = the distance moved

Mechanical Advantage(IMA) = D1/D2 = A2/A1 (iv)

For the sample problem above, the IMA would be 10:1 (10 inches/ 1 inch or 10
square inches / 1 square inch).

From eq (i) and iv):

F2/F1 = D2/D1
Hence, the work energy:

F2D2=F1S1

Example
A hydraulic car lift has a pump
piston with radius r1 = 0.0120 m,
the resultant piston has a radius
of r2 = 0.150 m. The total weight
of the car and plunger is F2 =
2500 kg. If the bottom ends of
the piston and plunger are at the
same height, what input force is
required to stabilize the car and
the output plunger?
Ans: 157 N

Example

Ans: F2 = 800 N, S2= 0.25 cm, 200 Nm, 200 Nm.

Example

Ans: 1000 N

HYDRAULIC POWER
A hydraulic power network is a
system of interconnected pipes

carrying pressurized liquid used

to transmit mechanical power
from a power source, like a
pump, to hydraulic equipment
like lifts or motors.

HYDRAULIC POWER

How do we determine how large a piston diameter is

required for the cylinder?

pA = F
A= F/P

HYDRAULIC POWER
What is the pump flow rate required to drive the cylinder through its stroke in a
specific time?
V = A (m2) x D (m)
Q = V/s (m3/s)
How much hydraulic horsepower does the fluid deliver to the cylinder?

Energy = F x D = (p A) D
Power = energy/time = (pA) D/s= p (Ac)
Q=Ac
Hydraulic power = p x Q
1 HP= 745.7 W
Hydraulic power (HHP) = pQ/745.7

HYDRAULIC POWER
Conversion of power from input electrical to
mechanical to hydraulic to output mechanical in a
hydraulic system

Electric
motor

VxI
Voltage x
electric
current

Hydraulic
Pump

Tx
Torque x
angular
velocity

Hydraulic
cylinder or
motor

pxQ
pressure x
volume flow
rate

Fxc
Force x linear
velocity(hydraulic
cylinder)

External
load

Tx
Torque x
angular
velocity
(hydraulic
motor)

Example
A hydraulic cylinder is to compress a car body down to bale size in 10 s. The
operation require a 3.08 m stroke and 35.6 kN force. If a 6.9 MPa pump has been
selected, and assuming the cylinder is 100% efficient, find:
a. The required piston area

b. The necessary pump flow rate

c. The hydraulic horsepower delivered to the cylinder
d. The output horsepower delivered by the cylinder to the load
Ans:

Bernoullis Equation
Energy per unit volume before = Energy per unit volume after

1 2
1 2
p1 + rC1 + r gz1 = p2 + rC2 + r gz2
2
2

Energy Equation
If the frictional losses (hL), pump power (hp), and/or turbine power (hT) is taking
into a consideration, the the Bernoullis equation can be re-written as:

C
C
p1 + + z1 + hp = p2 + + z2 + hT + hL,total
2
2
2
1

2
2

The pump head (hp) can be calculated using:

hp= Wp/gQ

Example

Ans = 1818.5 kPa

ENERGY, POWER AND FLOW RATE

ENERGY (J) = F (N) X D (m)

POWER (W) = WORK (N.m)/time (s)

HYDRAULIC POWER (W) = P (Nm-2) x Q (m3/s)
PUMP HEAD, HP = pump hydraulic power (W)/Q
The mechanical output power (brake power or torque
power:
POWER (kW) = T x /1000
(N.m) (rad/s)
= T x N/9550
(N.m) (rpm)
FLOW RATE, Q = A (m3/s)

FRICTIONAL LOSSES THROUGH PIPES

AND FITTINGS

END