University of California, Berkeley Department of Mechanical Engineering

HOMEWORK 7 (DUE MONDAY, MARCH 26 AT 11:59PM)

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PROBLEMS
7-123, 7-127, 7-131, 7-153, 7-161 from the book Thermodynamics: An Engineering
Approach, Y.A. Cengel and M. A. Boles, McGraw Hill, 7-th edition. You can find these
problems in the next pages.

ME40 Spring 2018

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of water droplets with turbine blades is a concern, experi 7-128 Steam at 4 MPa and 350°C is expanded in an adia
ence with steam turbines indicates that they can cope with batic turbine to 120 kPa. What is the isentropic efficiency of
water droplet concentrations of up to 14 percent. Assuming this turbine if the steam is exhausted as a saturated vapor?
air is compressed isentropically at a rate of 2 kg/s from
300 K and 100 kPa to 1200 kPa and the water is injected at
a temperature of 20°C at a rate of 0.2 kg/s, determine the 4 MPa
reduction in the exit temperature of the compressed air and 350°C
the compressor power saved. Assume the water vaporizes
completely before leaving the compressor, and assume an
average mass flow rate of 2.1 kg/s throughout the compressor.
7-118 Reconsider Prob. 7-117. The water-injected com
pressor is used in a gas turbine power plant. It is claimed that
the power output of a gas turbine will increase because of the
increase in the mass flow rate of the gas (air + water vapor)
through the turbine. Do you agree?

Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow Devices I

7-119C Describe the ideal process for an (a) adiabatic tur 120 kPa
bine, (b) adiabatic compressor, and (c) adiabatic nozzle, and sat. vapor

define the isentropic efficiency for each device.

7-120C Is the isentropic process a suitable model for com
pressors that are cooled intentionally? Explain.
7-121C On a T-s diagram, does the actual exit state (state 2)
of an adiabatic turbine have to be on the right-hand side of
the isentropic exit state (state 2s)? Why?
7-122E Steam at 100 psia and 650°F is expanded adiabati
cally in a closed system to 10 psia. Determine the work pro
duced, in Btu/lbm, and the final temperature of steam for
an isentropic expansion efficiency of 80 percent. Answers:
132 B tu/lbm , 275°F
FIGURE P 7 -1 2 8
7-129 Air is expanded from 2 MPa and 327°C to 100 kPa
in an adiabatic turbine. Determine the isentropic efficiency of
this turbine if the air is exhausted at 0°C.
7-130 A refrigeration unit compresses saturated R-134a
vapor at 20°C to 1000 kPa. How much power is required to
compress 0.5 kg/s of R-134a with a compressor efficiency of
85 percent? Answer: 6 .7 8 kW

7-123 Steam at 3 MPa and 400°C is expanded to 30 kPa in 7-131 / !►i Refrigerant-134a enters an adiabatic com-
an adiabatic turbine with an isentropic efficiency of 92 per pressor as saturated vapor at 100 kPa at a rate
cent. Determine the power produced by this turbine, in kW, of 0.7 tn Vmin and exits at 1-MPa pressure. If the isentropic
when the mass flow rate is 2 kg/s. efficiency of the compressor is 87 percent, determine
(a) the temperature of the refrigerant at the exit of the com
7-124 Repeat Prob. 7-123 for a turbine efficiency of pressor and (b) the power input, in kW. Also, show
85 percent. the process on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation
7-125 Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 7 MPa, 600°C, lines.
and 80 m/s and leaves at 50 kPa, 150°C, and 140 m/s. If the
power output of the turbine is 6 MW, determine (a) the mass
flow rate of the steam flowing through the turbine and (b) the 1 M Pa
isentropic efficiency of the turbine. Answers: (a) 6 .9 5 kg/s,
(£>) 7 3 .4 percent
7-126E Combustion gases enter an adiabatic gas turbine at
1540°F and 120 psia and leave at 60 psia with a low velocity.
Treating the combustion gases as air and assuming an isen
tropic efficiency of 82 percent, determine the work output of
the turbine. Answer: 7 1 .7 Btu/lbm
7-127 Air at 100 kPa and 20°C is compressed to 700 kPa
t
lOOkPa
steadily and adiabatically at a rate of 2 kg/s. Determine the sat. vapor
power required to compress this air if the isentropic compres
sion efficiency is 95 percent. FIGURE P 7-131
7-152 Stainless-steel ball bearings (p = 8085 kg/m3 and cp =
0.480 kJ/kg °C) having a diameter of 1.8 cm are to be quenched
in water at a rate of 1100 per minute. The balls leave the oven
at a uniform temperature of 900°C and are exposed to air at
20°C for a while before they are dropped into the water. If the
temperature of the balls drops to 850°C prior to quenching,
determine (a) the rate of heat transfer from the balls to the air
and (b) the rate of entropy generation due to heat loss from the
balls to the air.
7-153 An ordinary egg can be approximated as a 5.5-cm-
diameter sphere. The egg is initially at a uniform tempera
ture of 8°C and is dropped into boiling water at 97°C.
Taking the properties of the egg to be p = 1020 kg/m3 and
cp = 3.32 kJ/kg-°C, determine (a) how much heat is trans
ferred to the egg by the time the average temperature of the
egg rises to 70°C and (b) the amount of entropy generation
associated with this heat transfer process.
Egg
Boiling y _ g °c
water '/
x t — / N
r ' 97°C
FIGURE P 7 -1 5 3
7-154 Long cylindrical steel rods (p = 7833 kg/m3 and cp
= 0.465 kJ/kg-°C) of 10-cm diameter are heat treated by
drawing them at a velocity of 3 m/min through a 7-m-long
oven maintained at 900°C. If the rods enter the oven at
30°C and leave at 700°C, determine (a) the rate of heat
transfer to the rods in the oven and (b) the rate of entropy
generation associated with this heat transfer process.
3 m/min
y ......... ......a
/ n n
/• 7m
Stainless
steel, 30°C
FIGURE P 7 -1 5 4
7-155 The inner and outer surfaces of a 3-m X 8-m brick
wall of thickness 20 cm are maintained at temperatures of
20°C and 2°C, respectively. If the rate of heat transfer
through the wall is 1550 W, determine the rate of entropy
generation within the wall.
7-156 For heat transfer purposes, a standing man can be
modeled as a 30-cm-diameter, 170-cm-long vertical cylinder
with both the top and bottom surfaces insulated and with the
side surface at an average temperature of 34°C. If the rate of
heat loss from this man to the environment at 20°C is 336 W,
determine the rate of entropy transfer from the body of this
person accompanying heat transfer, in W/K.
7-157 A 1000-W iron is left on the ironing board with its
base exposed to the air at 20°C. If the surface temperature is
400°C, determine the rate of entropy generation during this
process in steady operation. How much of this entropy gener
ation occurs within the iron?
7-158E A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains satu
rated liquid water at 40-psia pressure. Now 600 Btu of heat is
transferred to water from a source at 1000°F, and part of the
liquid vaporizes at constant pressure. Determine the total
entropy generated during this process, in Btu/R.
7-159E Steam enters a diffuser at 20 psia and 240°F with a
velocity of 900 ft/s and exits as saturated vapor at 240°F and
100 ft/s. The exit area of the diffuser is 1 ft2. Determine
(a) the mass flow rate of the steam and (b) the rate of
entropy generation during this process. Assume an ambient
temperature of 77°F.
7-160 Steam enters an adiabatic nozzle at 2.5 MPa and
450°C with a velocity of 55 m/s and exits at 1 MPa and 390 m/s.
If the nozzle has an inlet area of 6 cm2, determine (a) the exit
temperature and (b) the rate of entropy generation for this
process. Answers: (a) 406°C , (b) 0 .0 7 8 3 kW/K
7-161 Steam expands in a turbine steadily at a rate of
40,000 kg/h, entering at 8 MPa and 500°C and leaving at
40 kPa as saturated vapor. If the power generated by the tur
bine is 8.2 MW, determine the rate of entropy generation for
this process. Assume the surrounding medium is at 25°C.
Answer: 1 1 .4 kW/K
8MPa
500°C
-
I
40 kPa
sat. vapor
FIGURE P 7-161