11.

0: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1.4: HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

ENABLING OBJECTIVES:

1. Explain heat and temperature.

1.1 Differentiate between heat and temperature.
1.2 Describe Celsius and Kelvin scales of temperature on Kelvin scale and vice versa.
2. Describe sensible heat.
2.1 Explain sensible heat.
2.2 Define specific heat capacity.
3. Describe latent heat.
3.1 Explain latent heat.
3.2 Define specific latent heat of fusion and specific latent heat of vaporization.
3.3 Solve simple problems related to specific latent heat.

4. Explain the cooling and heating curve of a substance.

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21.0: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1.4: HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

Heat & Temperature.

• Heat: A measure of the change in the total internal energy of a body.

• Unit: Joule (J).

• Temperature: A measure of the degree of hotness and coldness of a body.

• Unit: Celsius or Centigrade ( C ).

Differences between heat & temperature.

HEAT TEMPERATURE
Unit: Joules (J) Unit: Kelvin (K), Celsius ( C ) & Fahrenheit
(F)
Measures kinetic energy (KE) & potential Measures kinetic energy (KE) only
energy

Differences between Celsius & Kelvin Scales.

SCALES CELSIUS KELVIN

INVENTORS Anders Celsius William Thomson
DATE OF INVENTION 1741 1848
DEGREE UNIT ᵒC K
ABSOLUTE ZERO -273 ᵒC 0K
BOILING POINT 100 ᵒC 373 K
MELTING / FREEZING POINT 0 ᵒC 273 K

Conversion of temperature on Celsius scale to Kelvin scale & vice versa

• All temperature in degree Celsius can be easily expressed in Kelvin by adding 273.

• Melting point (0 C ) becomes 0 + 273 = 273 K.

• Boiling point (100 C ) becomes 100 + 273 = 373 K.

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31.0: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1.4: HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

Sensible Heat & Specific Heat Capacity

Sensible Heat.

• Sensible heat: The amount of heat gained or lost by a body resulting in a change in
temperature.



Where Q is the amount of sensible heat gained or lost by the body

m is the mass of the body

c is the specific capacity of the material

is the temperature change

Specific Heat Capacity.

• Specific heat capacity, c: The amount of thermal energy required to raise the
temperature of one unit mass of the material by 1 K or 1 C .

• Unit: Jkg 1 K 1 or Jkg 1 C 1

where c is the specific heat capacity of the material

Q
c Q is the thermal energy
m
m is the mass of the material

 is the temperature change

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41.0: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1.4: HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

Latent Heat

• Latent Heat: The amount of heat absorbed (gained) or released (lost) by a substance
undergoing a change of state, at constant temperature and pressure.

• A typical example is a change of state of matter; phase transition such as the melting
of ice or the boiling of water.

• 2 types of latent heat: Latent Heat of Fusion (melting or freezing) and Latent Heat of
Vaporisation (boiling or condensing).

• Point A: The material is in its solid phase.

• Between point A & B: The substance is in its solid phase. Heating it increases its
temperature to its melting point.

• Point B: Transformation of solid phase to liquid phase starts (melting point).

• Between point B & C: The material is in both solid and liquid phases. Continuous
heating causes the heat to be absorbed and thus, breaking the intermolecular forces
holding the atoms in place.

• Point C: The material is already in its liquid phase.

• Between point C & D: As heating continues, the heat energy is being absorbed
(breaking the intermolecular forces), resulting in the increase in temperature.

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 51.0: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1.4: HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
• Point D: Boiling point has been reached but the material is still in its liquid phase.

• Between point D & E: The material is in both liquid and gas phases. More heat energy
is being absorbed to overcome the intermolecular forces of atoms in the liquid
phase.

• Beyond point E: Further heating can raise the temperature and the material is now in
its gas phase.

Specific Latent Heat of Fusion, Lf.

• Specific Latent Heat of Fusion, Lf : The amount of heat energy needed to change one
unit mass of the substance from solid to liquid without any change of temperature.

• Unit: Jkg-1

where Lf is the specific latent heat of fusion

Q
Lf  Q is the thermal energy needed
m

m is the mass of the substance

Specific Latent Heat of Vaporisation, Lv.

• Specific Latent Heat of Vaporisation, Lv : The amount of heat energy needed to

change one unit mass of the substance from liquid to gas without any change of
temperature.

• Unit: Jkg-1

where Lv is the specific latent heat of vaporisation

Q
Lv  Q is the thermal energy needed
m

m is the mass of the substance

Useful data for Thermal energy calculations:

Specific heat capacity of ice = 2100 Jkg 1 C 1 (= 2.1Jg 1 C 1 )

 

Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 Jkg 1 C 1 (=



4.2 Jg 1 C 1 )


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Specific latent heat of ice = 336000 Jkg 1 (= 336 Jg 1 )

Specific latent heat of steam = 2260000 Jkg 1 (= 2260 Jg 1 )

61.0: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1.4: HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

Cooling Curve & Heating Curve of a substance

Cooling Curve.

• The cooling curve of naphthalene is shown below.

• As the liquid naphthalene cools, it loses its energy to the surroundings and its
temperature falls (curve AB), until it reaches 80 ᵒC.

• At point B, the naphthalene begins to solidify. Although it is still losing energy to the
surroundings, its temperature remains constant (straight line BC), until all the
naphthalene has solidified. This temperature is the freezing point of naphthalene.

• When naphthalene melts, it takes in energy from the boiling water but its
temperature remains constant at the melting point, until all of it has melted.

• The energy that is absorbed without any change in temperature is called the latent
heat of fusion.

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71.0: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1.4: HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

Heating Curve.

• Water is being heated in a boiling tube at room temperature until it boils.

• The heating curve for water is shown below.

• The graph shows the temperature becomes constant when water boils and this is the
boiling point of water.

• The energy gained without any rise in temperature is called the latent heat of
vaporisation of water.

• When steam condenses, it releases its latent heat of vaporisation.

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81.0: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1.4: HEAT AND TEMPERATURE