Cambridge International A Level Chemistry Answers to self-assessment questions

Answers to SAQs
Chapter 21 the same as the concentration of sodium
hydroxide – 5.00 × 10–3 mol dm–3
1 a pH 3.5 (using pH = –log[H+]) Using Kw = [H+] [OH–] = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6
K 1.00 × 10
–14
b pH 2.0 [H+] = [OHw–] = –3
5.00 × 10
c pH 7.4 [H+] = 2.00 × 10–12 mol dm–3
d pH 11.3 pH = 11.7
e pH 9.1 +
[H (aq)] [C6H5COO (aq)]
–
4 a i Ka =
[C6H5COOH(aq)]
2 a 1.26 × 10–3 mol dm–3 (using [H+] = 10–pH) + 2–
[H (aq)] [CO3 (aq)]
ii Ka = –
b 2.00 × 10–4 mol dm–3 [HCO3 (aq)]
+
[H (aq)] [NH3(aq)]
c 6.31 × 10–12 mol dm–3 iii
Ka = +
[NH4 (aq)]
d 3.98 × 10–6 mol dm–3 b i acid = [Fe(H2O)6]3+ base = [Fe(H2O)5OH]2+
e 1.26 × 10–13 mol dm–3 ii acid = HNO2 base = NO2–
3 a pH = 0 (the acid is completely ionised so iii acid = CO2 + H2O base = HCO3–
[HNO3] = [H+]) iv acid = HSiO3– base = SiO32–
b pH = 0.32 (the acid is completely ionised) (a hydrogen ion has been removed to form
c The aqueous solution contains 3.00 g of the base, which is conjugate to the acid)
hydrogen chloride per dm3. To find the pH 5 a
In each case we first find the hydrogen
we need the hydrogen ion concentration in ion concentration, then use the general
mol dm–3. The relative formula mass of HCl is equilibrium expression
36.5 (1.0 + 35.5). +
[H ] [A ]
–

So concentration of hydrogen ions = 3.00 Ka = [HA]

36.5
= 0.0822 mol dm–3 and since [H+] = [A–] we can write this as
HCl is completely ionised so + 2
[H ]
[H+] = 0.0822 mol dm–3 Ka = [HA]
pH = –log[H+] = –log10 (0.0822) = 1.09 i [H+] = 5.01 × 10–5 mol dm–3
–5 2
d KOH dissociates completely in solution. So so Ka = (5.01 × 10 )
0.02
0.00100 mol of KOH produces 0.00100 mol of
= 1.26 × 10–7 mol dm–3
OH– ions.
Using Kw = [H+] [OH–] = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6 ii [H+] = 7.94 × 10–4 mol dm–3
–4 2
K –14 Haysodo = (7.94 × 10
Ka my do jee )gym jet vvbjf chic
[H+] = [OHw–] = 1.00 × 10
0.00100
0.05
= 1.26 × 10–5 mol dm–3
[H ] = 1.00 × 10  mol dm–3
+ –11
iii [H+] = 7.94 × 10–5 mol dm–3
pH = 11.0 –4 2
so Ka = (7.94 × 10
0.100
)
e We first have to convert grams of NaOH to
moles dm–3 of NaOH. Mr [NaOH] = 40.0 = 6.31 × 10  mol dm–3
–8

so moles NaOH = 0.200 b In each case pKa = –log10 Ka

40
= 5.00 × 10–3 mol dm–3 i –log10 1.26 × 10–7 = 6.90
As NaOH dissociates completely in solution ii –log10 1.26 × 10–5 = 4.90
the concentration of hydroxide ions is iii –log10 6.31 × 10–8 = 7.20

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 Cambridge International A Level Chemistry
+ 2
[H ]
6 a
Ka = [benzoic acid]
so [H+]2 = Ka × [benzoic acid]
= (6.3 × 10–5) × (0.020)
so [H+] = (6.3 × 10–5) × (0.020)
= 1.22 × 10–3 mol dm–3
pH = –log10 (1.22 × 10–3) = 2.95
+ 2
[H ]
b Ka = 3+
[Al(H2O)6 (aq)]
so [H+]2 = Ka × [Al(H2O)63+(aq)]
= (1.0 × 10–5) × (0.010)
+ –5
so [H ] = (1.0 × 10 ) × (0.010)
–4
= 3.16 × 10  mol dm –3
pH = –log10 (3.16 × 10–4) = 3.5
+ 2
[H ]
c Ka = [methanoic acid]
so [H+]2 = Ka × [methanoic acid]
= (1.6 × 10–4) × (0.10)
so [H+] = (1.6 × 10–4) × (0.10)
= 4.0 × 10–3 mol dm–3
Drive shark
pH = –log10 (4.0 × 10–3) = 2.4 brig Bc Dufy additional H+ ions combine with the OH–
was the time ions in the equilibrium mixture (forming
7 a The slope of the graph is steep between
to be the
pH 3.5 and 10.5. Any indicator with a colour
best app for
change range between these values is
the iPhone
suitable: bromocresyl green, methyl red,
bromothymol blue or phenylphthalein.
Methyl yellow, methyl orange and
bromophenol blue would not be first choice
indicators. Although the mid-point of their
colour range is just within the range of the
steep slope, their full range is outside the
lower limit of 3.5.
b Methyl violet, methyl yellow and alizarin
yellow have mid-points in their colour ranges
at pH values that do not correspond with the
steepest point of the pH/volume curve.
8 a i Nitric acid is a strong acid and aqueous
ammonia is a weak base. The steepest part
of the pH curve is in the region of 7.5 to 3.5.
So any indicator that has its colour change
range within this region would be suitable,
e.g. methyl red or bromothymol blue.
ii Sulfuric acid is a strong acid and sodium
hydroxide is a strong base. The steepest
Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry © Cambridge University Press 2014
Answers to self-assessment questions
part of the pH curve is in the region of 10.5
to 3.5. So any indicator that has its colour
change range within this region would be
suitable, e.g. methyl red, bromothymol
blue, phenolphthalein.
iii Butanoic acid is a weak acid and
potassium hydroxide is a strong base.
The steepest part of the pH curve is in
the region of 11 to 7.5. So any indicator
that has its colour change range within
this region would be suitable, e.g.
phenolphthalein. Ffyytyyyu was a great
night
b The titration of a strong acid with out with
a weak base my
has a steep pH change only in acidic regions at work
friends today
today so
and not alkaline regions, for example, I’m gonna
between
you have
pH 3 and pH 9. Phenolphthalein has a mid- to come
point in its colour range abovehome nextis day
pH 9. This a or tmw
pH value that does not correspond with the I wanna
was the night
gocurve.
ahead I was gonna
steepest part of the pH–volume
I wanna play it is a
9 a The equilibrium mixture is: very nice app to use it
NH3(aq) + H2O ∏ NH4+(aq) + OH is–(aq)
so hard omg was
the
i When hydrochloric acid is added, the
first day
water). The position of equilibrium shifts to
the right. Because there are relatively high
concentrations of ammonia (base) and
ammonium ions (conjugate acid) present
compared with the concentration of added
H+ ions, the pH does not change very
much.
ii When sodium hydroxide is added, the
additional OH– ions shift the position of
equilibrium to the left. More ammonia
and water are formed. Because there are
relatively high concentrations of ammonia
and ammonium ions present compared
with the concentration of added OH– ions,
the pH does not change very much.
b Ammonia is a weak base. The equilibrium
lies well over to the left. So there are not
enough NH4+ ions in the equilibrium mixture
to remove added OH– ions.
10
a i The equilibrium expression for this weak
acid in the presence of its conjugate base is:
+ –
[H ] [HCOO ]
K = a [HCOOH]
 Cambridge International A Level Chemistry Answers to self-assessment questions

Rearrange the equilibrium expression to ii (mol dm–3)2 × (mol dm–3)3 = mol5 dm–15

make [H+] the subject: mol dm–3 × (mol dm–3)3 = mol4 dm–12
iii
[HCOOH]
[H+] = Ka ×  [HCOO–]
13
a i The concentrations of Cd2+ and S2– ions are

+ –4 (0.0500)
[H ] = 1.6 × 10  ×  (0.100) both 1.46 × 10–11 mol dm–3
= 8.00 × 10–5 mol dm–3 Ksp = [Cd2+] [S2–]
pH = –log10 [H+] Inserting the values:
–5
= –log10 (8.00 × 10 ) = 4.10 Ksp = (1.46 × 10–11) × (1.46 × 10–11)
ii Using the same method as in part i: = 2.13 × 10–22 mol2 dm–6
(0.0100)
[H+] = 6.3 × 10–5 × (0.0400) ii We first have to calculate the concentration
of the ions in mol dm–3.
= 1.58 × 10–5 mol dm–3 Mr (CaF2) = 40.1 + (2 × 19.0) = 78.1
pH = –log10 [H+] concentration in mol dm–3 = 0.0168
–5 78.1
= –log10 (1.58 × 10 ) = 4.80 = 2.15 × 10–4 mol dm–3
b Here we have to rearrange the equilibrium For every formula unit CaF2 that dissolves,
expression to make the conjugate base 1 Ca2+ ion and 2 F– ions are formed.
(sodium ethanoate) the subject. So [Ca2+] = 2.15 × 10–4 mol dm–3
+ –
[H ] [CH3COO ] [F–] = 2 × (2.15 × 10–4) mol dm–3
Ka = [CH Ttyyyyyy
3COOH] was a great night out with you today I wanna –4 is your–3time to
= 4.30 × 10  mol dm
[CH COOH]
do 3do+ 2+ – 2
[CH3COO–] = Ka ×  [H ] K sp = [Ca ] [F ]
pH = 4.90 = –log10 [H+] Inserting the values:
so [H+] = 1.26 × 10–5 mol dm–3 Ksp = (2.15 × 10–4) × (4.30 × 10–4)2
Inserting the values: = 3.98 × 10–11 mol3 dm–9
[CH3COO–] = 1.74 × 10–5 ×  0.100
–5
b Ksp = [Zn2+] [S2–]
1.26 × 10 As the concentration of Zn2+ and S2– ions
[CH3COO–] = 0.138 mol dm–3 are the same, we can write the equilibrium
number of moles = concentration × volume expression:
in dm3 Ksp = [Zn2+]2
= 0.138 × 1.00 = 0.138 mol
1.6 × 10–23 = [Zn2+]2
11

a i The acid will have one more proton than so [Zn2+] = 1.6 × 10–23
the base that is conjugate with it. So the = 4.0 × 10–12 mol dm–3
acid is H2PO4– and the base is HPO42– (This is also the solubility of zinc sulfide, as
ii –
H2PO4 ∏ HPO4  + H 2– + one formula unit of ZnS contains one Zn2+ ion.)
b The addition of hydrogen ions shifts the c The equilibrium equation is:
position of equilibrium to the left. Pr (the – Ag2CO3(s) ∏ 2Ag + (aq) + CO32–(aq)
deprotonated form of the protein) combines If the solubility of Ag2CO3 is y mol dm–3, then
with the extra hydrogen ions to form HPr [Ag+] = 2y (because there are two silver ions in
(the protonated form of the protein) until each formula unit of Ag2CO3) and
equilibrium is re-established. If there are still [CO2– 3 ] = y (because there is one carbonate ion

fairly high concentrations of proteins present in each formula unit of Ag2CO3).

then the pH will not change very much. The equilibrium expression is:
Ksp = [Ag+]2 [CO2– 3 ]
–12
12
2+
a i Ksp = [Fe ] [OH ] – 2
so 6.3 × 10 = [Ag+]2 [CO2–3 ]

ii 3+ 2
Ksp = [Fe ]  [S ] 2– 3 Substituting the values for y:
6.3 × 10–12 = (2y)2(y) = 2y × 2y × y = 4y3
iii Ksp = [Al3+] [OH–]3 –12

b i mol dm–3 × (mol dm–3)2 = mol3 dm–9 so y = 3 6.3 × 104

= 1.2 × 10–4 mol dm–3

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 Cambridge International A Level Chemistry Answers to self-assessment questions

14

a This can be explained by the common ion
effect. The equilibrium equation and the
expression for the solubility product are:
TlCl(s) ∏ Tl+ + Cl–
Ksp = [Tl+] [Cl–]
When we add hydrochloric acid the chloride
ion is common to both hydrochloric acid and
thallium chloride; the added chloride ions
shift the position of equilibrium to the left so
thallium chloride is precipitated because the
solubility product [Tl+] × [Cl–] is exceeded.
b i Equal volumes of each solution are
Hey there I just got to work
combined. So each solution has diluted the
today I got so many errands I
other by 2.
wanna I want you and you can
So the concentration of each solution is
go watch it again so you don’t
0.0010
2 know what to you say I love ya
= 5.0 × 10–4 mol dm–3 too much love ya too and I
So [Ca2+] = [SO42–] = 5 × 10–4 mol dm–3 love ya too much hugs kisses
ii
A precipitate will form if the solubility your kisses and hugs hugs you
product of calcium sulfate is exceeded. The tighter kisses your cheek hugs
equilibrium expression for the solubility hugs and hugs kisses kisses
product of calcium sulfate is: hugs hugs you tighter kisses
Ksp = [Ca2+] [SO42–] kisses hugs hugs you tighter
= 2.0 × 10–5 mol2 dm–6 kisses hugs kisses your lips
Substituting the values: back kisses hugs kisses kisses
[Ca2+][SO42–] = (5.0 × 10–4) × (5.0 × 10–4) your lips back kisses hugs
= 2.5 × 10–7 mol2 dm–6 hugs kisses your lips back
This value is below the value of the kisses hugs hugs
solubility product for calcium sulfate. So
no precipitate will form.

15
a [BDA(H2O)] = 0.032 × 1000
50 = 0.64
b [BDA(ether)] = (0.034 – 0.032) ×  1000
20 = 0.1
[BDA(H O)]
2
c Kpc = [BDA(ether)] = 0.64
0.1 = 6.4

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