Cambridge International A Level Chemistry Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Answers to EOCQs
Chapter 21 steepest slope of the graph (it would change
colour after neutralisation, and it would
1 a i pH = –log10[H+][1] change very slowly). [1]
ii Kw = [H+] [OH–][1] c 14
+ –
13
iii Ka = [H[HA]
] [A ]
[1] 12
11
b [H+] = 0.004 00 mol dm–3[1] 10
9
pH = –log10(0.00400) = 2.40 [1] 8
+ 2 7
[H ]

pH
c Ka = 1.51 × 10–5 = 0.004 00
[1] 6
5
so [H+] = (1.51 × 10–5) × (0.00400) 4
3
= 2.46 × 10–4 mol dm–3[1] 2
1
pH = –log10(2.46 × 10–4) = 3.61 [1] 0
number of moles 0 50
d [NaOH] = volume in dm3 Volume of ethanoic acid added / cm3

= 0.25 –3
2.00 = 0.125 mol dm  [1] initial pH at about 13.3 (as strong base); [1]
Kw = [H+] [OH–] vertical line at 50 cm3 to show maximum pH
= 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6 change when the volume of ethanoic acid
K –14 is near the equivalence point (the ethanoic
[H+] = [OHw–] = 1.00 × 10 acid is half the concentration of the sodium
0.125
= 8.00 × 10–14 mol dm–3[1] hydroxide);[1]
pH = 13.1 [1] line tails off to about pH 3 as ethanoic acid is
Total = 11 a weak acid. [1]
d Phenolphthalein will change colour at a point
2 a 12 corresponding to the maximum pH change at
11
10 neutralisation;[1]
9 methyl orange changes colour between pH
8
7 3 and 4.5, which does not correspond to the
6
pH

5
steepest slope of the graph (it would change
4 colour after neutralisation, and it would
3
2
change very slowly). [1]
1 e Bromocresol green is suitable for the HCl/NH3
0
0 10 titration;[1]
Volume of NH3(aq) added / cm3 as its pKa value is within the range 4–6 (so its
initial pH less than 1 (as strong acid pH of colour will change at the end-point); [1]
0.7);[1] neither indicator is suitable for the ethanoic
vertical line at 10 cm3 to show maximum pH acid/sodium hydroxide titration; [1]
change when the volume of ammonia is near as neither pKa value is within the range 8–10,
the equivalence point; [1] where the steepest pH change occurs. [1]
Total = 14
line tails off to about pH 10 as ammonia is a
weak base. [1] 3 a Rearrange the equilibrium expression to
b Methyl orange will change colour at a point make [H+] the subject:
corresponding to the maximum pH change at [H+] = Ka × [CH 3COOH]
[CH COO ] [1]
–
neutralisation;[1] 3

phenolphthalein changes colour between pH [H+] = 1.74 × 10–5 × 0.100

0.100
8 and 10, which does not correspond to the = 1.74 × 10–5 mol dm–3[1]

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 Cambridge International A Level Chemistry Answers to end-of-chapter questions

pH = –log10 [H+] = 1.8 × 10–4 mol dm–3[1]

= –log10 (1.74 × 10–5) = 4.76 [1] (This is also the solubility of copper(I)
b Here we have to rearrange the equilibrium bromide, as one formula unit of CuBr
expression to make the conjugate base contains one Cu+ ion.)
(sodium ethanoate) the subject: ii Ksp = [Cu+] [Br–]
+ –
Ka = [H[CH
] [CH3COO ]
COOH]
The bromide ion concentration is
3
[CH COOH] 0.0100 mol dm–3 (neglecting the Br– from
[CH3COO–] = Ka × 3
+
the CuBr)
[H ]
+
Convert pH 5.40 to [H ]: so 3.2 × 10–8 = [Cu+] × (0.0100)
pH = –log10 [H+] so [H+] = 3.98 × 10–6 mol dm–3[1] [Cu+] = 3.2 × 10–6 mol dm–3[1]
Use equilibrium expression: iii The addition of the common ion Br–[1]
[CH3COOH]
[CH3COO–] = Ka × + [1] has shifted the equilibrium to the left (so
[H ]
0.0100 copper(I) bromide precipitates). [1]
[CH3COO ] = 1.74 × 10–5 × 3.98 × 10–6 [1]
–
Total = 9
[CH3COO–] = 0.0437 mol dm–3[1]
moles
number of moles = concentration × volume 5 a concentration = 3
volume (in dm )
in dm3
= 0.138 × 2 = 0.0874 mol[1] 6.00 g of ethanoic acid = 6.00
60.0 = 0.100 mol[1]
c The buffer solution contains a conjugate pair concentration = 0.100 –3
0.200 = 0.500 mol dm [1]
of weak acid and conjugate base. b 6.00 g of sodium ethanoate = 12.3
82.0 = 0.150 mol
CH3COOH(aq) ∏ H+(aq) + CH3COO–(aq)[1] [1]
The added acid combines with the ethanoate concentration = 0.150 –3
0.200 = 0.750 mol dm [1]
ions to form un-ionised ethanoic acid / the
c [H+] = Ka × [CH 3COOH]
–
[CH COO ]
equilibrium shifts to the left on adding more 3

hydrogen ions (from the hydrochloric acid). [H ] = 1.74 × 10–5 × 0.500

+
0.750
[1] = 1.16 × 10–5 mol dm–3[1]
The changes in the concentrations of un- pH = –log10[H+] = –log10 (1.16 × 10–5) = 4.94 [1]
ionised acid and conjugate base will be d In the equilibrium
small, so the pH will not change significantly. CH3COOH(aq) ∏ H+(aq) + CH3COO– (aq)
[1] added H+ ions are removed because they
Total = 11
react with ethanoate ions to form un-ionised
4 a i P roduct of the ionic concentrations in a ethanoic acid molecules; [1]
saturated solution; [1] added OH– ions are removed because they
with each concentration raised to the react with H+ ions to form water molecules
power of the relative concentrations of and the equilibrium shifts to the right to form
the ions.[1] more ethanoate ions; [1]
(Ksp = [Cy+]x[Ax–]y for 2 marks) there are still relatively high amounts of un-
ii The decrease in the solubility of a ionised ethanoic acid and ethanoate ions in
dissolved salt [1] the solution, so the pH does not change very
by adding a solution of a compound that has much.[1]
an ion in common with the dissolved salt. [1] e The equilibrium is
b i Ksp = [Cu+] [Br–] CO2(g) + H2O(l) ∏ HCO3–(aq) + H+(aq)[1]
As the concentration of Cu+ and Br– ions Excess H+ ions combine with HCO3– ions and
are the same, we can write the equilibrium the position of equilibrium moves to the left;
expression: [1]
Ksp = [Cu+]2 excess OH– ions are neutralised by H+ ions
3.2 × 10–8 = [Cu+]2  [1] and the equilibrium moves to the right to
+ –8 restore [H+] and minimise change in pH. [1]
so [Cu ] = 3.2 × 10 Total = 12

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 Cambridge International A Level Chemistry Answers to end-of-chapter questions

6 a Ksp = [Cu+]2 [S2–][1]

b Mr (Cu2S) = (2 × 63.5) + 32.1 = 159.1
concentration in mol dm–3
= 1.91 × 10–12 = 1.20 × 10–14 mol dm–3[1]
For every formula unit of Cu2S that dissolves,
2 Cu+ ions and 1 S2– ion are formed;
[S2–] = 1.20 × 10–14 mol dm–3
[Cu+] = 2 × (1.20 × 10–14) mol dm–3
= 2.40 × 10–14 mol dm–3  [1]
+ 2 2–
Ksp = [Cu ] [S ][1]
Inserting the values:
Ksp = (2.40 × 10–14)2 × (1.20 × 10–14)
= 6.91 × 10–42 mol3 dm–9[2]
[1 mark for value; 1 mark for correct units]
c Copper(II) chromate will be precipitated / a
precipitate will be observed; [1]
the product of the ions in solution exceeds
the solubility product of copper(II) chromate
/ [Cu2+] [CrO42–] > Ksp  [1]
because of the common ion effect / copper(II)
ions are present in both compounds. [1]
Total = 9

7a Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid so [HCl] = [H+]

pH = –log10 (0.25) = 0.60 [1]
+ – –14 2 –6
b Kw = [H ] [OH ] = 1.00 × 10 mol dm
(as [H+] = [OH–], Kw (1.00 × 10–14) = [H+]2)
so [H+] = 2.00 × 10–13 mol dm–3[1]
pH = 12.7 [1]
c i Methyl orange changes colour between pH
3 and 4.5, which does not correspond to
the steepest slope of the graph. [1]
ii Yes; phenolphthalein will change colour at
a point corresponding to the maximum pH
change at neutralisation. [1]
+
d First convert pH to [H ]:
[H+] = 10–3.1 = 7.94 × 10–4 mol dm–3  [1]
+ –
as [H ] = [C2H5COO ]
+ 2 + 2
Ka = [H ]
[HA]
or Ka = [C H[HCOOH]
]
[1]
2 5

Entering the values:

–4 2
Ka = (7.94 × 10 )
(0.0500) [1]
= 1.26 × 10–5 mol dm–3[1]
Total = 9

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