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Lecture: Ayman Alkezza

introdaction

Water is of great importance to humanity and living

organisms, where water constitutes about 70% of the human
body. Also, the physical and chemical properties made it
a basis in industrial applications. Also in politics, we
find that water is the first factor in the emergence of
conflicts in the world in future, where more than 80% of
the countries of the world suffer. Water is scarce.
Therefore, there is a need to develop methods and
techniques that help provide water with safe drinking
standards.
Water desalination : means using water distillation techniques and
then adding salts and minerals to make the water conform to
drinking water standards.
 I. Water Quality Stander

• Drinking Water Standers :

The most important of these stander are those established for
drinking water (see table).
The most –units are expressed in (PPM:Part Per Millions)
1ppm = 1mg per liter of water since 1liter of water=1kg of water
1000𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒔 Of Water
1. Physical characteristics of water :
Temprture, Tast,odour,colour,turbidity, Electrical Condactivity
Redox-potential,PH
• Electrical conductivity
Is related to the total concentration of ion in
solution,valency,moblity and temprture
E.C (μ s/cm)* factor(0.55 to 0.9)=TDS𝑃𝑃𝑀
Microcimens/cm= 1/R= I/V
E.C Varies ±1.9 per 1 C°

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NTU: turbidty Color is measured in nephelmetric turbidty units
Pt-Co :Color is measured in Platinum-Cobalt units
• PH
The intensity of aciedty of a solution is measured on the PH scale
Which is defined the logarithm to base10
the reciprocal of the hydrogen H+ activty expressed in moles
per liter
1
PH=LOG10
[H+ ]
Water is only weakly Ionized+
2H+O H2 O
H2 O H+ + OH −
Since only about 10−7 mol/l of H+ and OH− are present at equal
[ H2 O] ≈ unity
 [ H+ ] [ OH− ]
K= 1 K= [ H+ ] [ OH− ]=1.01*10−14 mol/l
[ H2 O]
@T=23C°
k= equlibrum constant

This must be satisfied for all dilute aqueoes solution

+ 1
PH=-Log[ H ] =log10 +
[H ]
Note
[ H+ ] =1 PH=0 (aciedic)
[ H+ ] =10−14 PH= 14 OH− =1 (basic)
[ OH− ]= [ H+ ] =10−7 PH=7 neutral
• Redox potential(Eh)
Is used as acid to predicting corrosion due to soluble ion it is
carried out on a sample avoiding exposure to acid.
𝑃𝐸
Eh= ,
16.9
1
PEα Eh α
𝑃𝐻
Fe+3=10^-5
Fe+2=10^-3
[𝐹𝑒 +3 ]
PE=12.53+Log
[𝐹𝑒 +2 ]

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 Slow Fast
oxidation reduction

Fast Slow
oxidition reduction
2. Chemical Characteristics of water
Kalinity :due to [HCO3 (bicarbonate), CO3̿ (carbonte),(OH− )
hydroxide] when PH>8.3
Mostly due to HCO3 produce by the action of ground water on
limstone or chock
Caco3+H2O +co2 Ca(Hco3)2
(Insoluble) (from soil) (soluble)

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A. Alkalinity : is useful in providing buffering to resist changes
in PH
OH, CO3 present only when PH>8.3
(Phenolphthalein Alk,P) Surface water
Carrying industrial pollution
B. hardness: prevents lather formation with soup and produce
Scale in hot water
It is due to metallic ions “Ca++ , mg++ “ , Fe++ are associated
With anions Hco3− , so4=
Hardness= Calcium+ Magnesium
Har(caco3 ppm)= 2.5(Ca++ ppm)+ 4.1(mg++ ppm)
Soft water 0---50 ppm
Moderately soft 50-----100 ppm
Hard 200------300ppm
C. Desolve oxygen(DO)
The amount of O2 gas which can be dissolved naturlly in water
Depend on temprture
T(C°) 0 10 20 30
DO(PPM) 14.6 11.3 9.1 7.6

D. Chloride ( Cl− ): Responsible for brackish taste in water and

Indication of seavage pollution threshold level for ( Cl− ) taste is
250-500 ppm although up 500 ppm un harmful
Example(1)
A solution of H2SO4 Contained 0.85g H2SO4 in 750ml.
1
How much water must be add to form -N
50
Solution
MW=98 g/mole
1-N Contains Equiv.wt H2SO4
MW
Equiv = for H2SO4 Z=2 ,Equiv.wt=98/2=49 ( g/eq.wt)
𝑍
1-N 49
1
̶ N X 1
N
50 50 1-N
49∗1 49
X= = 50 = 0.98g
50 1litr
H2SO4 750m
l

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0.98g 1000l if we add 1 litre for 501 𝑁
0.85g V how much litres add to1-N
0.85∗1000
V= =867.4ml
𝟎.𝟗𝟖
V=867.4 -750=117.4ml
distill water

117ml (cm3) of water must be added to the

𝟏
750ml to form -N H2SO4 Soln
𝟓𝟎
 2. Water Formed scales
Solubility aymankhaalifa@gmail.com

Defined as the limting amount of solute which can be dissolved in a

solvent under a given set of phyisic conditions
The precipitations of solid materials form scales
Will occur if

the water contains ions that are capable of forming

compounds of limited solubility
there is a change in physical conditions water composition
Which lowers the solubility below the concentrations present
Solid precipitates may either stay in suspension the water or they
may form coherent scale of a surface such as a pip wall
Why scale is considered to be a very serios Engineering
problem?
 Because flow through flow lines Causes pumps wear or
plugging and creates rod loads
 tubes in all types of heaters fail prematurely to over heating
 3.common scales
a. Alkaline scales
Occur when the bicarbonate ion HCO3− breaks upon heating as
follows
2HCO3− CO2+CO3= +H2O
The carbonate ion can break in two in two way
• (T<82C°) Ca++ ( Hardness) + CO3= CaCo3
• (T>82C°) CO3= +H2O CO2 +2OH−
Then Mg++ +2OH− Mg(OH)𝟐

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 Primary Variables
Temprture ,partial pressure of co2 gas ,PH, TDS
1. Effect of temp:
calcium carbonate (calsite) becoms less sulble with increases temp
increases the hotter the water gets the more likely caco3 will from the
general behavior
2. Effect of partial pressure of co2 gas pco2:
Caco3 solubility increases with increased pco2 the effect becomes less with
increase the temp

3. The (TDS):
Presence of Nacl or dissolved salts other than ca++ increase the solubility
Of gypsum up to150,000 ppm above this the solub decreases TDS
4. Effect of pressure:
The solub of caco3 in water increase with pressure
5. Effect of PH:
The lower PH , the less likely is caco3 precipition