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PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPES 2

GENERAL INDEX

Content
I. OBJECTIVES: ................................................................................................................ 4

II. EQUIPMENT TO BE USED: ..................................................................................... 4

III. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION: ............................................................................. 5

a) DEFINITION: ......................................................................................................... 5

b) GENERAL EQUATION OF PRIMARY LOSSES: Darcy-Weisbach equation .... 6

c) GENERAL EQUATION FOR LOSSES SECONDARY: ...................................... 7

d) MOODY DIAGRAM: ............................................................................................. 8

e) VENTURI TUBE: ................................................................................................... 9

f) SCHEME OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPES: .............................................................. 11

IV. THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS PERFORMED IN CLASS: ........................... 13

V. RESULTS: ................................................................................................................ 14

VI. GRAPHICS: .............................................................................................................. 14

VII. OBSERVATIONS: ................................................................................................ 15

VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS: ..................................................................................... 15

IX. CONCLUSIONS: ...................................................................................................... 16

X. BIBLIOGRAPHY: .................................................................................................... 16

XI. ATTACHMENTS: .................................................................................................... 17

PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPES 3

INTRODUCTION

In this laboratory test to specifically solve the problem is to evaluate the energy loss that

causes a fluid either laminar or turbulent (by viscosity) passing through a tube that collapses

to cross-sectional area throughout its length.

Behavior analysis will present the fluid can be calculated; with very minor bugs.

Load losses along a conduit of any section may be local or friction, evaluation is important

for the management of the power line whose gradient can recognize the flow regimes:

laminar, transitional or turbulent, depending on its viscosity.

When the fluid is more viscous there will be greater resistance to displacement and

therefore more friction with the walls of the duct, resulting in increased load losses; whereas

if the roughness of the walls is more or less there will be higher or lower losses.

This correspondence roughness-viscosity has been noted by many researchers, giving the

correspondence between the Reynolds numbers (Re), the parameters values of roughness

height "k" and coefficients of friction "f" that determine the quality pipe.

Moody chart summarizes the various investigations conducted on the assessment of

values "f" in different flow regimes.

The flow of a real fluid is more complex than that of an ideal fluid. Due to the viscosity of

actual fluid movement in the shear forces they appear between the fluid particles and the

walls and contour between the different fluid layers.

Why the analysis and actual flows problems are solved taking advantage of experimental

data and using semiempirical methods.

PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPES 4

I. OBJECTIVES:

Study load losses due to the accessories that are installed in a section of the pipe elbows,

enlargement, contraction venturi, valve, etc.

To observe some already known effects that load losses as singularities and the effects of

roughness found in the section of the pipeline.

A detailed study of linear load losses in circular ducts, obtaining a variety of curves

relating loss coefficients "f" depending on the Reynolds number, relying on the Moody chart.

Study and analyze the data obtained in the laboratory test data we collect relying on books

that usually used for these tests.

Learning to use the Moody chart, to calculate the relative roughness of the pipe and

whether the flow is turbulent or laminar.

Learn practical methods for determining losses localized.

Determine the variation of pressure drop with flow rate.

II. EQUIPMENT TO BE USED:

Hydraulics bench

ball valve

Gate valve

valve stem

sharp bend

Elbow 45 °
PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPES 5

III. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION:

a) DEFINITION:

Head losses in the pipes are of two types: primary and secondary.

Primary losses are losses in the contact surface with the fluid line (boundary layer),

friction layers with other fluid (laminar flow) or fluid particles together (Turbulent regime).

They take place in uniform flow, thus mainly in the pipe sections of constant section.

Secondary losses are losses so that occur in transitions (narrowing or expansions of

current), elbows, valves, and all kinds of fittings. If driving is long as in oil or gas pipelines,

secondary losses are minor and may sometimes be neglected; or they are considered at the

end, totaling 5 to 10 percent of the lost key are found.

The Bernoulli equation written between point 1 and 2 is the same, but the term

encompasses Hf 02/01 now primary and secondary losses.

𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
+ 𝑍1 + = + 𝑍2 + + 𝐻𝑓(1 − 2)
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

In the particular case example:

p1 = p2 = 0 (atmospheric pressure).

v1 = v2 = 0 (reservoirs, water drop rate in one and two climb negligible).

Then:

z1 - z2 = Hf (1-2)

The term HR1-2 can be broken down as follows:

Hf (1-2) = Hfp (1-2) + Hfs (1-2)

Where:

Hfp (1-2): sum of primary loss between 1 and 2.

Hfs (1-2): Sum of secondary losses between 1 and 2.

The term Hf (1-2) is known as load loss, and it is precisely the object of our study in this

case.
PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPES 6

Importantly, the pressure drop depends on the velocity distribution, fluid type, and

sometimes the surface roughness of the pipe .In this way, if these conditions are known, the

inclination of the pipe does not produce disturbance. Suppose now that the pipe undergoes a

change in cross section. The actual drop along a flow tube pressure, now includes the effect

of a speed change, plus the height change and pressure drop. The flow can be considered as

consisting of several parallel flows on the two sections of tubing with a very small region at

the elbow reduction.

In calculating losses in pipes play a role discriminant two factors: the pipe is smooth or

rough and the flow regime is laminar or turbulent; but most consider stopping the influx of a

turbulent flow.

b) GENERAL EQUATION OF PRIMARY LOSSES: Darcy-Weisbach equation

Hydraulic manuals are full of tables, curves, abacuses and nomograms for calculating the

term Hf (1-2) that must be used with caution. There are tables, for example, that only serve to

cast iron pipes. In these tables it is not mentioned at all roughness because it is a constant

factor in cast iron pipes; but it would be wrong to use these tables, for example, pressure drop

in corrugated pipes.

By the end of the last century experiments with water pipes constant diameter showed that

the pressure drop was directly proportional to the square of the average velocity in the pipe

and the pipe length and inversely proportional to the diameter thereof. The fundamental

formula expressing the above is as follows:

𝑓 × 𝐿 × 𝑉2
H𝑓𝑝 =
𝐷 × 2𝑔

Where:

f = Coefficient of friction.

L = Length of the section under consideration.

PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPES 7

D = characteristic pipe diameter circular section Magnitude.

V = average speed (V = Q / A).

G = Gravity acceleration.

F.- factor is obviously the dimensionless; k depends on the roughness, which, as explained

may be expressed in units of length (m).

Said figure represents microscopically roughness of the pipe and thus the meaning of k

parameter is explained.

From this it follows: f = f (v, D,, N, k)

Being dimensionless function f must be a function of dimensionless variables. Indeed, the

dimensional analysis shows that:

f = f (v * D */ , K / D)

Where:

re = *YOU/  or V * D / 

c) GENERAL EQUATION FOR LOSSES SECONDARY:

Also known as local or specific losses, which are caused by a myriad of accessories that

are located within a piping system, such as:

Valves, elbows, adapters, reductions, expansions, universal joints, etc. Expression to

evaluate the secondary losses (in meters fluid column is:

𝑉2
H𝑓𝑠 = 𝐾 ∗
2𝑔

Where K is the constant pressure drop for each accessory and dependent fitting, material

and diameter.

Head losses that undergoes a fluid to pass through all elements of the fluid expressed in

meters can be calculated with the following expression:

PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPES 8

𝑄2
′
∆H𝑓𝑠 =𝐾 ∗ 4
𝐷

Where:

K '= constant

V = average flow velocity

Q = flow

AH = lost piezometric

D = duct diameter

d) MOODY DIAGRAM:

Poiseuille equation together with the equation of Colebrook - White coefficient allows the

calculation of f in all cases that may arise in practice. These equations can be programmed to

solve relevant problems with computer. The same equations are plotted in the known abacus

with

Name Moody chart, which is shown in Annex, on the back.

Moody diagram features:

This built in log-log paper.

It is the graphic representation of two equations.

Poiseuille equation, this equation in logarithmic paper is a line. The extension lines drawn

is the critical zone; in that area only straight Poiseuille is used if it is established that the

current remains purely laminar. Otherwise f can fall anywhere (as the value of Re) of the

shaded area (the critical zone is a zone of uncertainty).

Colebrook equation - White. In this equation f = f (Re, k / D), or f is a function of two

variables. This function is represented in the diagram by a Moody family of curves, one for

each value of k / D parameter. These curves for low Reynolds numbers match the Blasius

equation and the first equation of Karman Prandtl ie are asymptotic to either equation and
PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPES 9

they separate them for increasing Reynolds numbers. This is shown in the simplified

schematic diagram Moody.

It is a dimensionless diagram usable with any consistent system of units.

It incorporates a dashed curve, separating the transition zone of the zone of complete

turbulence. This dashed curve is conventional (actually curves are, as already said

asymptotic).

e) VENTURI TUBE:

The venturi tube is a device that causes a pressure loss when passing through the fluid.

Essentially, this is a short straight pipe, or throat,

Between two conical sections. The pressure varies in the vicinity of the narrow section;

and, by placing a manometer or throat recording instrument can measure the pressure drop

and calculate instantaneous or flow by attaching to a fuel tank, the fuel can be introduced into

the mainstream.

Table 1

Types of pipes and roughness.

PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPES 10

Kind absolute Kind

absolute
of roughness k of
roughness k (mm)
Pipeline (mm) Pipeline

Glass, copper or brass <0.001

Galvanized iron 0.15 to 0.20
stretched (Or smooth)

Industrial brass 0,025 new current cast 0.25

rolled steel new 0.05 Current rusty cast 1 to 1.5

Rolled steel rusty 0.15 to 0.25 asphalted cast 0.1

Rolled Steel inlaid 1.5 to 3 Smooth cement 0.3 to 0.8

steel asphalting 0.015 cement raw Until 3

clinching steel 0.03 to 0.1 clinching steel 0.9 to 9

Welded steel, rusty 0.4 Wooden staves 0183-.91

The input is a short straight pipe of the same diameter as the pipe to which is attached. The

inlet cone forming the angle a1, driving on a smooth throat diameter d1 curve. A long

divergent cone, having an angle a2, restores the pressure and causes the fluid to expand full

pipe diameter. The throat diameter ranges from one third to three quarters of the diameter of

the pipe. The pressure which precedes the entry cone is transmitted through multiple

openings an annular opening called piezometric ring.

PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPES 11

In some designs the piezometric rings are replaced by simple pressure junctions leading to

the inlet and throat. The main advantage of Venturi is that only loses 10 to 20% of the

pressure difference between the inlet and throat. This is achieved by the divergent cone

decelerating current. It is important to know the relationship between the various diameters

on the tube, because depending on the same is to be the desired pressure at the inlet and the

outlet thereof in order to fulfill the function for which is constructed . This ratio of diameters

and distances is the basis for calculations for the construction of a Venturi tube and

knowledge desired flow pass through it.

The pressure is detected through a series of holes in the inlet and throat; these holes lead to

an angular chamber, and the two chambers are connected to a pressure differential sensor.

You can perform two simplifications at this time. First, the elevation difference (Z1-Z2) is

very small, even when the meter is installed vertically. Therefore, this term is neglected.

Second, the term hl is the loss of fluid energy runs under this section1 to hl section 2. The

value should be determined experimentally.

Figure 1. Figure 2.

Diagram of a venture Streamlines

f) SCHEME OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPES:

Laminar and turbulent:

PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPES 12

In real fluids, the existence of the viscosity causes a resistance to movement between two

adjacent layers of fluid, this dynamic influence of viscosity in motion is defined by the

Reynolds number appears:

Figure 3.

Tube of Venturi flow behavior.

He found that low (below the critical) speeds the flow was laminar. This system is

characterized by sliding concentric cylindrical layers one on another in an orderly manner,

with maximum fluid velocity in the pipe axis, decreasing rapidly to zero at the pipe wall. At

speeds greater than the critical regime it is turbulent, and the velocity distribution is more

uniform, nevertheless there is always a small peripheral layer or laminar sublayer.

For technical studies:

If R <2000 the flow is considered laminar.

PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPES 13

If R> 2000 is considered turbulent flow.

IV. THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS PERFORMED IN CLASS:

DATA:

PVC pipe with two gate valves

Diameter (D) = 4 "

Constant (K) = 0.19

Speed (V) = 2.5m / sec

Length (L) = 780m

𝑉𝑥𝐷
Re =
𝑣

2.5 ∗ 4(2.54)
Re =
1.30 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 100

Re = 1.954 ∗ 105

Then the factor f = 0.0159

Calculating the loss of main charge:

𝑓 × 𝐿 × 𝑉2
H𝑓𝑝 =
𝐷 × 2𝑔

(0.0102) ∗ (780𝑚) ∗ (2.5𝑚/𝑠)2

H𝑓𝑝 =
(4 ∗ 2.54/100)𝑚 ∗ (2 ∗ 9.81𝑚/𝑠 2 )

H𝑓𝑝 = 15.55𝑚

Calculating loss secondary load:

𝑉2
H𝑓𝑠 = 𝐾 ∗
2𝑔

(2.5𝑚/𝑠)2
H𝑓𝑠 = (0.19 ∗ 2) ∗
(2 ∗ 9.81𝑚/𝑠 2 )

H𝑓𝑠 = 0.1210𝑚
PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPES 14

Finding the total pressure drop

H𝑓𝑝 − H𝑓𝑠 = 15.55𝑚 + 0.1210𝑚

H𝑓𝑝 − H𝑓𝑠 = 15.671

V. RESULTS:

Table 2.

Piezometric readings acquired the machine.

Q priezometrica reading mm H2O

.DELTA. .DELTA.
(l / Q^2 on tw
3 4 5 6 7 H (mmH2O) H/Q^2
min) e o

19 12 11
8 64 - - - - 80 1.25
0 0 0

36 23 22
10 100 - - - - 140 1.40
0 0 0

33 29 28 20 19 18 17
6 36 160 4.44
5 0 5 5 0 0 5

10. 110.2 30 30 23 20
- - - 100 0.91
5 5 5 0 5 5

VI. GRAPHICS:

Figure 1.

Registration of the 4 series.

PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPES 15

GRAFICO
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-50 -0.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

1 2 3 4

VII. OBSERVATIONS:

Development of the questionnaire should give us data that has been properly obtained or

whether people who know the management team, so our results are consistent with reality.

When making data piezometer noted that these vibrated, this is because the output is a

valve which controls the flow output and here is occurring water hammer, which generates a

velocity wave oscillates the piezometer.

We see that the team is poorly designed because the diameters of the suction and discharge

are equal, and as we know this is generating negative pressures is ruining the pump.

Therefore the diameter of the pipe must be lower than the suction.

VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS:

It is recommended to cancel the data that are often far apart or very different from others;

because it can be a bad thing taken, and should not influence the results of the experiment.

It can be concluded that due to factors that have been (roughness, deterioration, etc.),

always have energy losses, so it can never assume the Bernoulli equation, front pipes.
PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPES 16

IX. CONCLUSIONS:

In the Hydraulics Laboratory loss in pipes it was studied. thus obtaining results in the

above tables.

The pressure loss that occurs in a driving represents the energy loss of a hydraulic flow

along the same effect reasoning.

X. BIBLIOGRAPHY:

http://www.profesores.frc.utn.edu.ar/industrial/instalacionesindustriales/Art_Interes/Tema

5.pdf.

http://www.unioviedo.es/Areas/Mecanica.Fluidos/docencia/_asignaturas/mecanica_de_flui

dos/07_08/MF07_Pperdidasdecarga.pdf.

http://www.vinilit.cl/pdf_2/3-3.pdf.
PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPES 17

XI. ATTACHMENTS:

OBSERVE MAY BE ACQUIRED IN EACH PRIEZOMETRICAS HEIGHTS

TRANCHE OF SUCH ACCESSORIES

PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPES 18

ENDING WITH FLOW OR MEASUREMENTS AS HEIGHTS, ETC. It was

observed DIFFERENCES OR LOSSES Q ARE GIVEN IN SUCH CIRCUIT