A.

Questions and Problem being addressed

Coconut is one of the most common tropical plants worldwide. Produced in 92

countries, coconut plantations take about more than 10 million hectares worldwide.

Indonesia, Philippines, and India are the countries responsible for almost 75% of world

coconut production(Zafar, 2019).Known as “The Tree of Life” in Philippines and “The

tree of a 1,000 uses” in the Malaya language, coconuts are among the most versatile

fruits in the kingdom plantae.

The Philippines has the most number of coconut trees in the world. With the vast

usage of coconut, its waste products are also large in amount. The most common coconut

wastes include coconut shell (12%), coconut husks (35%), and coconut coir dust. Among

the agricultural wastes, coconut shell is the most widely utilized, but the reported

utilization rate is very low. The most frequent use of coconut shell is charcoal production

that are also exported and converted into activated carbon (Baconguis, 2007).

Coconut shells are agricultural wastes and are available in abundant quantities

throughout tropical countries. To lessen the amount of waste, coconut shells are subjected

to open burning that significantly contributes to carbon dioxide and methane emissions.

The traditional pit method of production has a charcoal yield of 25–30% of the dry

weight of shells used. The charcoal produced by this method is of variable quality, and

often contaminated with extraneous matter and soil. The smoke evolved from its

production is a nuisance and a health hazard(Zafar, 2019).

With this problem in hand, the researchers found the motivation to lessen the

amount of coconut shell waste. Instead of burning it and producing charcoal, the
researchers will use excess coconut shells as reinforcement for cement blocks. The

researchers proposed a study entitled “Coconut (Cocosnucifera) Shell Reinforced Cement

Bricks.”

B. Goals/Expected Outcomes/Hypotheses

Specifically this study aims to answer the following questions:

What is the structural strength and characteristics of the different Coconut

(Cocosnucifera) shell reinforced wall brick in terms of tensile strength, water absorption

test, heat reduction test and tensile strength after water absorption test?

Is there a significant difference in the structural strength of the wall brick when

reinforced with different amounts of Coconut (Cocosnucifera) shells in terms of tensile

strength, water absorption test, heat reduction test and tensile strength after water

absorption test?

Hypotheses

There is no significant difference in the structural strength of the wall brick when

reinforced with different amounts of Coconut (Cocosnucifera) shells in terms of tensile

strength, water absorption test, heat reduction test and tensile strength after water

absorption test.
C. Procedures

C.1 Collection of Coconut (Cocosnucifera) shell waste

The30 Kg Coconut (Cocosnucifera) shell waste will all be

collected as waste products in the different crab meat exporting industries

in the Municipality of E. B. Magalona. To limit the bad odor it emits, the

coconut shell waste will be treated in the household of the researcher.

C.2 Derivation of Coconut Shell Wastes

The collected coconut shell waste will be bought by the researchers

in school to shred it with the mechanical shredder. The researchers will

shred all the coconut shell waste to be collected until the desired amount

30 Kg of shredded coconut shell waste will all be obtained.

C.3 Preparation of Wall brick

With the material of expected size obtained, the researchers will

gather other materials and equipment needed for them to fabricate two (2)

pieces 10cm x 20cm x 7cm molds. Using plastic bucket the researcher will

mix the 1 kg of shredded coconut shell waste and with 3 Kg of cement.

The researchers will do the same procedure three (3) times, until 3 wall

brick of 25 % coconut shell waste and 75 % cement are to be completed.

The researcher will also mix a combination of 50 % coconut shell waste

and 50 % cement, and 75 % coconut shell waste and 25 % cement three

(3) times until each cement and coconut shell mixture already has three
 wall brick created. Consistency in spacing will be observed between the

boards to obtain equal thickness. All the twelve (12) cements to be

pavements will then be dried in a 7 day curing period.

C.4 Characterization of the Wall brick with varying amount of Coconut

shell waste and cement

1. Tensile Strength

To determine the physical characteristics specifically the tensile

strength of the Coconut (Cocosnucifera) shell waste based wall brick of

varying cement and Coconut shell waste composition, it will undergo tests

such as compression test using the Ultimate Testing Machine.

2. Heat Conductivity Test

In the conduct of the heat conductivity test, Coconut

(Cocosnucifera) shell waste based wall brick of varying cement and

coconut shell waste composition sample temperature on both sides will be

determined with the sample to exposed to 250 ºC temperature for 1 minute

and will allow the heat to travel efficiently for 5 minutes in the rest of the

sample, using the non – contact infrared thermometer, the temperature on

both sides of the sample will be recorded.

3. Water Absorbency Test

 Water absorbency of the Coconut (Cocosnucifera) shell waste

based wall brick of varying cement and coconut shell waste composition

SET – UP A 75 % Cement & 25 % Coconut Shell); SET – UP B (50 %

Cement & 50 % Coconut Shell); and SET – UP C (25 % Cement & 75 %

Coconut Shell) will be done with the weight of the sample determined

before and after immersing it in water for 24 hours.

4. Tensile Strength after Water Absorption Test

Tensile Strength after Water absorbency Test determination of the

Coconut (Cocosnucifera) shell waste based wall brick of varying cement

and coconut shell waste compositions will be done using the Ultimate

Testing Machine after the samples were all soaked in water for 24 hours.

This is to determine how absorbed water can affect the structural strength

of the wall brick of varying cement and shell waste composition.

D. Statistical Treatment

The researcher will gather qualitative data through direct

observation and quantitative data through the laboratory and improvised

test results. The researchers will also record the results and be applied

with appropriate statistical tools to determinethe potential of wall brick

that are to be reinforced by different compositions of Coconut

(Cocosnucifera) shells and cement.

In this study, mean and ANOVA will be used. Mean is calculated

by adding up all the number and dividing that sum by the total number of
 numbers.The mean or commonly known as average is the total of all the

data values divided by the number of data points (Schenkelberg, 2018).

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) on the other hand, is commonly used in

all situations where a comparison is to be made between more than two

populations (Surbhi, 2016).

E. References

Zafar.BioEnergy Consult Energy Potential of Coconut Biomass. March 15, 2019.

https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/tag/coconut-shell/ (accessed September 4, 2019).

Baconguis.Abandoned Biomass Resource Statistics in the Philippines.October 2, 2007.

http://nap.psa.gov.ph/ncs/10thNCS/papers/invited%20papers/ips-20/ips20-03.pdf
(accessed September 7, 2019)

Ridgeway.Different Uses for a Coconut.February 1, 2018.

https://owlcation.com/stem/Different-Uses-for-a-Coconut (accessed September 7, 2019)

Statement of the Problem:

 Specifically this study aims to answer the following questions:

What is the structural strength and characteristics of the different Coconut

(Cocosnucifera) shell reinforced wall brick in terms of tensile strength, water absorption

test, heat reduction test and tensile strength after water absorption test?

Is there a significant difference in the structural strength of the wall brick when

reinforced with different amounts of Coconut (Cocosnucifera) shells in terms of tensile

strength, water absorption test, heat reduction test and tensile strength after water

absorption test?

Hypotheses

There is no significant difference in the structural strength of the wall brick when

reinforced with different amounts of Coconut (Cocosnucifera) shells in terms of tensile

strength, water absorption test, heat reduction test and tensile strength after water

absorption test.

METHODOLOGY
Research Design

This research study was conducted to determine the

characteristics and structural strength of wall brick prepared with

varying amounts of cement and shredded crab shell waste which could

be a useful material in the Industry. In this study, descriptive research

design was used to describe the characteristics and structural strength

of wall brick prepared with varying amounts of cement and shredded

coconut shell waste. Also, experimental research design was employed in

this study to assess and compare the structural strength of wall brick

prepared with varying amounts of cement and shredded crab shell in

terms of tensile strength, water absorption test, heat reduction test and

tensile strength after water absorption test.

Materials and Equipment

The materials and equipment used in this study are the 30 Kg of

Coconut (Cocosnucifera) shells shell waste, plywood, nails, hammer,

cement, digital weighing scale, the ultimate testing machine, gas stove,

mechanical shredder water and the Non - contact infrared thermometer.

Locale and Duration of the Study

The materials in this study, Coconut (Cocosnucifera) shells shell

waste were all collected as waste products in the different crab meat

exporting industries in the Municipality of E. B. Magalona. The collected

crab shell wastes were then brought by the researcher to E. B.

MagalonaElemantary School for the conduct of the shredding procedure.

After the conduct of the shredding procedure where all the crab shell

waste were shredded, the shredded crab shell waste were then brought

to a cement making business establishment for the researcher to ask

help in molding the cement pavement with varying amounts of shredded

crab shell waste which were left by the researcher in the place for 4 – 5

days for drying purposes. Twelve (12) wall brick were created by the

researcher in the cement making business institution with three (3) wall

brick being used in three different tests namely the tensile strength test,

water absorption test, heat reduction test and tensile strength after water

absorption test. The tensile strength test was conducted in Megatesting

Center Inc. while the water absorbtion test and heat reduction test were

conducted in the household of one of the architects in Bacolod City. The

conduct of the test lasted for two (2) days as the mass of the cement

pavement was determined 24 hours after it was soaked in water.

Moreover, the conduct of the tensile strength test after water absorption

test was done in two (2) different places, first the soaking procedure was

done in the household of the researcher while the tensile strength after

water absorption test was done once again in Megatesting Center Inc.
 SET – UP A
Tensile Strength Test
(75 % Cement & 25 % Coconut
(Cocosnucifera) shells Shell) Water absorbency test
SET – UP B Heat Reduction Test
(50 % Cement &50 % Coconut
(Cocosnucifera) shells Shell)
Tensile Strength Test after
Water Absorption Test
SET – UP C

(25 % Cement & 75 % Coconut

Figure 1.Relationship between the dependent and independent
(Cocosnucifera) shells Shell)
variable of the study.
FLOWCHART of GENERAL PROCEDURES

Collection of Crab Shell Waste from Crab Meat Industries

Derivation of Shredded of Crab Shell Waste

Preparation of Cement pavements with

varying amount of crab shell waste and
cement

Set Up A Set Up B Set Up C

(75 % Cement & 25 % Crab Shell) (25 % Cement & 75 % Crab Shel
(50 % Cement & 50 % Crab Shell)

Characterization of the Cement pavements with varying amount of

crab shellAbsorbency
waste testand cement

Water Tensile Strength Heat

Tensile test
after Water Reduction Test
Absorbency test
Absorption test

Absorbency test Absorbency test

Statistical Treatment
GENERAL PbROCEDURE

A. Collection of Coconut (Cocosnucifera) shells shell waste

The30 Kg Coconut (Cocosnucifera) shells shell waste were

all collected as waste products in the different crab meat exporting

industries in the Municipality of E. B. Magalona.To limit the bad

odor it emits, the crab shell waste were treated in the households

of one of the researcher.

B. Derivation of Shredded of Crab Shell Waste

The collected crab shell waste were then bought by the

researcher in school to shred it with the mechanical shredder. The

researcher shredded all the crab shell waste collected until the

desired amount 30 Kg of shredded crab shell waste were obtained.

C. Preparation of Wall brick

With the material of expected size obtained, the researcher

gathered other materials and equipment needed for them to

fabricate two (2) pieces 10cm x 20cm x 7cm molds. Using plastic

bucket the researcher mixed the 1 kg of shredded crab shell waste

and with 3 Kg of cement. The researcher did the same procedure

three (3) times, until 3 wall brick of 25 % crab shell waste and 75

% cement were completed. The researcher also mixed a

combination of (50 % crab shell waste and 50 % cement) and (75 %

 crab shell waste and 25 % cement) three (3) times until each

cement and crab shell mixture already has three wall brick

created. Consistency in spacing was observed between the boards

to obtain equal thickness. All the twelve (12) created wall brick

were then dried in a 7 day curing period.

D. Characterization of the Wall brick with varying amount of

crab shell waste and cement
1. Tensile Strength

To determine the physical characteristics specifically

the tensile strength of the Coconut (Cocosnucifera) shells

shell waste based cement pavings of varying cement and

crab shell waste composition, it will undergo tests such as

compression test using the Ultimate Testing Machine.

2. Heat Conductivity Test

In the conduct of the heat conductivity test, Coconut

(Cocosnucifera) shells shell waste based cement pavings of

varying cement and crab shell waste composition sample

temperature on both sides were determined with the sample

exposed to 250 ºC temperature for 1 minute and allowed the

heat to travel efficiently for 5 minutes in the rest of the

sample, using the non – contact infrared thermometer, the

temperature on both sides of the sample were recorded.

3. Water Absorbency Test

 Water absorbency of the Coconut (Cocosnucifera)

shells shell waste based cement pavings of varying cement

and crab shell waste composition SET – UP A 75 % Cement

& 25 % Crab Shell); SET – UP B (50 % Cement & 50 % Crab

Shell); and SET – UP C (25 % Cement & 75 % Crab Shell)

were done with the weight of the sample determined before

and after immersing it in water for 24 hours.

4. Tensile Strength after Water Absorption Test

Tensile Strength after Water absorbency Test

determination of the Coconut (Cocosnucifera) shells shell

waste based cement pavings of varying cement and crab

shell waste compositions was done using the Ultimate

Testing Machine after the samples were all soaked in water

for 24 hours. This is to determine how absorbed water can

affect the structural strength of the wall brick of varying

cement and shell waste composition.

E. Statistical Treatment

The researcher gathered qualitative data through

direct observation and quantitative data through the

laboratory and improvised test results. The researcher also

recorded the results and applied appropriate statistical tools

to determinethe potential of wall brick that are reinforced by

different compositions of Coconut (Cocosnucifera) shells

shells and cement.

In this study, mean and ANOVA were used. Mean is

calculated by adding up all the number and dividing that

sum by the total number of numbers.The mean or commonly

known as average is the total of all the data values divided

by the number of data points (Schenkelberg, 2018). ANOVA

(Analysis of Variance) on the other hand, is commonly used

in all situations where a comparison is to be made between

more than two populations (Surbhi, 2016).

 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This portion of the research investigation discusses the data

gathered from the results of the four (4) different tests conducted to

determine the characteristics and structural strength of wall brick

prepared with varying amounts of cement and shredded crab shell waste.

Specifically the discussions in this portion of the research investigation

discusses the structural strength and characteristics of the different

Coconut (Cocosnucifera) shells shell reinforced pavements in terms of

tensile strength, water absorption test, heat reduction test and tensile

strength after water absorption test. Moreover, the researcher also seeks

to determine if there is a significant difference in the structural strength

of the wall brick when reinforced with different amounts of Coconut

(Cocosnucifera) shells shells in terms of tensile strength, water

absorption test, heat reduction test and tensile strength after water

absorption test.

Table 1. Tensile Strength of WallBricks prepared with Varying

Amounts of Cement and Shredded Coonut Shell Waste

Maximum Maximum
Set – Up Strength Load
(Psi) (kN)
 Sample A (75 % Cement & 25 % Coconut 200
1498
Shell)
Sample B (50 % Cement & 50 % Coconut 135
1083
Shell)
Sample C (25 % Cement & 75 % Coconut 50
401.46
Shell)

Table 1 is on the tensile strength of wall brick prepared with

varying amounts of cement and shredded crab shell waste. Results show

that the maximum strength in terms of Psi that the three (3) different set

– ups Sample A (75 % Cement & 25 % Crab Shell); Sample B (50 %

Cement & 50 % Crab Shell); and Sample C (25 % Cement & 75 % Crab

Shell) can absorb are 496, 2017 and 3273. This implies that the set – up

with 25 % Cement & 75 % Crab Shell is the most durable set – up

compared to other set – ups since it has the highest maximum strength

obtained.

Table 2. Heat conductivity potential side of 1 and side 2 of the

oconut Reinforced wall brick prepared in different coconut shell
and cement percentage

Set – Up Side 1 Side 2

Sample A (75 % Cement & 25 % Coconut 64.89% 7.00%
Shell)
Sample B (50 % Cement & 50 % Coconut 33.44% 14.70%
Shell)
Sample C (25 % Cement & 75 % Coconut 26.63% 8.14%
Shell)
 Table 2 is on the heat conductivity potential of side 1 and side 2 of

the Crab Shell Reinforced wall brick prepared in different crab shell and

cement percentage. Results show that Sample A (75 % Cement & 25 %

Crab Shell); Sample B (50 % Cement & 50 % Crab Shell); and Sample C

(25 % Cement & 75 % Crab Shell) absorbed 66.89%, 33.44% and

26.63% of heat in side, respectively, also corresponding to 7.00%,

14.70% and 8.14% for set – ups A, B and C. The results imply that

among the different set ups, set – up C has the least amount of heat

absorbed and is more ideal to be used especially as floor pavements since

it absorbs less heat the it can also transmit and reflect to objects and

humans on top of it. Moreover, it limits heat emission in different areas

where it will; be used as it also absorbs less amount of it.

Table 3. Water Absorbency potential of the Crab Shell Reinforced

wall brick prepared in different crab shell and cement percentage

Mass
Mass Mass Difference
Set – Up
Before After (%)

Sample A (75 % Cement & 25 % Coconut 1.865 2.000 0.135

Shell)
Sample B (50 % Cement & 50 % Coconut 1.415 1.600 0.185
Shell)
Sample C (25 % Cement & 75 % Coconut 1.619 2.160 0.541
Shell)

Table 3 is on the water absorbency potential of the Crab Shell

Reinforced wall brick prepared in different crab shell and cement

percentage. Results show that that Sample A (75 % Cement & 25 % Crab
Shell); Sample B (50 % Cement & 50 % Crab Shell); and Sample C (25 %

Cement & 75 % Crab Shell) had mass difference percentage of 6.67%,

6.74% and 10.25%, respectively. This means that set – up C having 25 %

Cement & 75 % Crab Shell absorbs more water compared to other wall

brick prepared with different amounts and percentage. Results hence,

imply that a cement pavement with more crab shell waste absorbs more

water which can affect its electrical properties (electrical resistance) and

mechanical properties (for example, strength and modulus). Hence, its

feature for water absorbency must me improved with the use of current

technologies.

Table 4. Tensile Strength after Water Absorption Test of Wall brick

prepared with Varying Amounts of Cement and Coconut Crab Shell
Waste

Maximum
Set – Up
Load (Psi)
Sample A (75 % Cement & 25 % Coconut 2408.79
Shell)
Sample B (50 % Cement & 50 % Coconut 2448.93
Shell)
Sample C (25 % Cement & 75 % Coconut 562.05
Shell)

Table 4 is on the Tensile Strength after Water Absorption

Test result of wall brick prepared with varying amounts of cement

and shredded crab shell waste. Results show that after being

soaked in water for 24 hours and being tested using the Ultimate

Testing Machine for tensile strength determination, Sample A (75

 % Cement & 25 % Crab Shell) had the highest tensile strength with

470 Psi in terms of maximum load it can absorbed. It is followed by

Sample B (50 % Cement & 50 % Crab Shell) with 300 Psi

maximum load and Sample C (25 % Cement & 75 % Crab Shell)

with 75 Psi maximum load. Results imply that despite of being

soaked in water to allow water to penetrate in the cement

pavement, the sample prepared with more crab shell waste content

still has the highest tensile strength value obtained and is the most

durable despite of its water absorption.

Table 5. Significant Difference in the Tensile Strength of Wall brick

prepared with Varying Amounts of Cement and Shredded Coconut
Shell Waste

Maximum F P- Significance
Set – Up
Strength (Psi) value
Sample A (75 % Cement & 1498.00
25 % Coconut Shell)
Sample B (50 % Cement & 1083.00 10.223 0.000 Significant
50 % Coconut Shell)
Sample C (25 % Cement & 401.46
75 % Coconut Shell)
@ 0.05 level of significance

Table 5 is on the significant difference in the Tensile Strength of

Wall brick prepared with Varying Amounts of Cement and Shredded

Crab Shell Waste. Results show that obtained that the obtained p – value

is 0.000 which is less than the standard value which is 0.05. This means

that the hypothesis established which states that “there is a significant

difference in the structural strength of the wall brick when reinforced

with different amounts of Coconut (Cocosnucifera) shells shells in terms

of tensile strength” is rejected. Hence there is indeed a significant

difference in the maximum strength of the crab shell waste based wall

brick prepared in different amount and percentage, with the cement

pavement having more shredded crab shell waste component being the

more durable set – up since components of crab shell waste and its

characteristics reinforces features of the cement pavement.

Table 6. Significant Difference in the Heat conductivity potential

side of 1 and side 2 of the Coconut Shell Reinforced wall brick
prepared in different Coconut shell and cement percentage

F P- Significance
Set – Up Side 1
value
Sample A (75 % Cement & 64.89%
25 % Coconut Shell)
Sample B (50 % Cement & 33.44% 50.256 0.000 Significant
50 % Coconut Shell)
Sample C (25 % Cement & 26.63%
75 % Coconut Shell)
F P- Significance
Set – Up Side 2
value
Sample A (75 % Cement & 7.00%
25 % Coconut Shell)
Sample B (50 % Cement & 14.70% 12.983 0.000 Significant
50 % Coconut Shell)
Sample C (25 % Cement & 8.14%
75 % Coconut Shell)
 Table 6 is on the significant difference in the heat conductivity

potential side of 1 and side 2 of the Crab Shell Reinforced wall brick

prepared in different crab shell and cement percentage. Results show

that when Sample A (75 % Cement & 25 % Crab Shell); Sample B (50 %

Cement & 50 % Crab Shell); and Sample C (25 % Cement & 75 % Crab

Shell) are compared in both side 1 and side 2, the obtained p – value is

0.000 which are interpreted as significant. This means that there are

significant differences in the heat conductivity potential of the three

different set –ups on both sides of the tested wall brick . Results further

confirm that the cement paving with 25 % Cement & 75 % Crab Shell

absorbed less amount of heat and is much effective to use especially in

areas where the heat efficiency of significance. Moreover, it is also heat

resistant making it more appropriate to be used especially in public

areas.

Table 7. Significant Difference in the water absorbency potential of

the Coconut Shell Reinforced wall brick prepared in different crab
shell and cement percentage

Mass F P- Significance
Difference value
Set – Up
(%)

Sample A (75 % Cement & 0.135

25 % Coconut Shell)
Sample B (50 % Cement & 0.185 10.141 0.000 Significant
50 % Coconut Shell)
Sample C (25 % Cement & 0.541
75 % Coconut Shell)
 Table 7 is on the significant difference in the Significant Difference

in the water absorbency potential of the Crab Shell Reinforced wall brick

prepared in different crab shell and cement percentage. Results show

that the obtained p – value is 0.039 which is lesser than the standard

ANOVA p –value which is 0.05 and is interpreted as significant. This

means that the null hypothesis established in this study which states

that “there is a significant difference in the structural strength of the wall

brick when reinforced with different amounts of Coconut (Cocosnucifera)

shells shells in terms of water absorbency potential” is rejected. Hence,

the sample with more blue crab shell waste component absorbs more

water which can affect its physical properties significantly. Moreover, in

consideration of long term use of the wall brick , improvement must be

done so that the innovated structure can be used in different areas

which are open and where water flow is common.

Table 8. Significant Difference in the Tensile Strength after Water

absorption Test of Wall brick prepared with Varying Amounts of
Cement and Shredded Crab Shell Waste

Maximum Load F P- Significance

Set – Up
(Psi) value
Sample A (75 % Cement & 2408.79
25 % Crab Shell)
Sample B (50 % Cement & 2448.93 19.332 0.035 Significant
50 % Crab Shell)
Sample C (25 % Cement & 562.05
75 % Crab Shell)
@ 0.05 level of significance

Table 8 is on the significant difference in the Tensile Strength after

Water Absorption Test of wall brick prepared with varying amounts of

cement and shredded crab shell waste. Results show that the obtained p

– value is 0.035 and is interpreted as significant. This implies that there

is a significant difference in the tensile strength after water absorption

test of the wall brick prepared in varying composition, with wall brick

having more cement composition being the most durable compared to

cement pavement prepared in equal cement and crab shell waste

composition and cement pavement prepared with more cement than

crab shell waste. Result further implies how crab shell waste once used

to reinforce wall brick can increase the strength as well as the

toughness of the pavements once applied in public places where they are

always subjected to force from daily human activities.

Summary of Findings

From the data gathered, Results show that the maximum strength

in terms of Psi that the three (3) different set – ups Sample A (75 %

Cement & 25 % Crab Shell); Sample B (50 % Cement & 50 % Crab Shell);

and Sample C (25 % Cement & 75 % Crab Shell) can absorb are 496,

2017 and 3273, respectively. Also, in terms of heat absorbency, Sample

A (75 % Cement & 25 % Crab Shell); Sample B (50 % Cement & 50 %

Crab Shell); and Sample C (25 % Cement & 75 % Crab Shell) absorbed

66.89%, 33.44% and 26.63% of heat in side, respectively, also

corresponding to 7.00%, 14.70% and 8.14% for set – ups A, B and C. On

water absorbency of the Crab shell waste reinforced wall brick , results

show that that Sample A (75 % Cement & 25 % Crab Shell); Sample B

(50 % Cement & 50 % Crab Shell); and Sample C (25 % Cement & 75 %

Crab Shell) had mass difference percentage of 6.67%, 6.74% and

10.25%, respectively. Moreover, results show that after being soaked in

water for 24 hours and being tested using the Ultimate Testing Machine

for tensile strength determination, Sample A (75 % Cement & 25 % Crab

Shell) had the highest tensile strength with 470 Psi in terms of maximum

load it can absorbed. It is followed by Sample B (50 % Cement & 50 %

Crab Shell) with 300 Psi maximum load and Sample C (25 % Cement &

75 % Crab Shell) with 75 Psi maximum load. Furthermore, consistent p –

values obtained for the four (4) tests 0.000, 0.000, 0.039 and 0.035 all of

which are interpreted as significant.

CONCLUSION

From the findings of the study determined, the researcher

conclude that the set – up with 25 % Cement & 75 % Crab Shell is the

most durable and heat efficient set – up compared to other set – ups

since it has the highest maximum strength obtained and has the least

amount of heat absorbed and is more ideal to be used especially as floor

pavements since it absorbs less heat that it also transmit and reflect to

objects and humans on top of it. Also, after the conduct of the tensile
strength determination after water absorption test, the same sample with

25 % Cement & 75 % Crab Shell is also the most durable despite of

water penetration. Moreover, results on the potential of Crab Shell

Reinforced wall brick show that set ups containing different

compositions of cement and crab shell waste vary differently with wall

brick having more crab shell waste being more, durable and heat

efficient but are more absorbent of water and are still durable despite of

water high percentage of water absorption.

RECOMMENDATION

From the results and conclusions established, the researcher

recommend to future research endeavors the improvements in the design

of the crab shell waste reinforced wall brick in terms of its structure and

amount of crab shell waste and cement composition to address its water

absorbency potential. Moreover, from the results of the present study,

future researcher are also encouraged to include more parameters and

tests to make the physical characteristics and structure of the crab shell

waste reinforced wall brick much durable for public use making it a

cheaper version of the materials that are sold commercially.

 ANOVA
Maximum Strength
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 613040.581 2 306520.291 10.223 0.000
Within Groups .000 0 .
Total 613040.581 2