TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Biodiesel as A Renewable Energy 1

1.2 Objective 2

2.0 Discussion of Topics 2

2.1 Chemical Used in Biodiesel Production 2

2.1.1 Methanol in Biodiesel Production. 3

2.1.2 Ethanol in Biodiesel Production 4

2.1.3 Sodium Hydroxide in Biodiesel Production 4

2.1.4 Potassium Hydroxide in Biodiesel Production 5

2.1.5 Sulfuric Acid in Biodiesel Production 6

2.1.6 Hydrochloric acid in Biodiesel Production 7

2.2 Chemical Side Effect 8

2.2.1 Methanol 9

2.2.2 Ethanol 10

2.2.3 Sodium Hydroxide 11

2.2.4 Potassium Hydroxide 12

2.2.5 Sulfuric Acid 13

2.2.6 Hydrochloric Acid 14

REFERENCES 15

ATTACHMENTS 18
 TABLE OF FIGURE

Figure 1 shows the UTHM Biodiesel Pilot Plant. 2

Figure 2 shows the molecule structure of Methanol. 3
Figure 3 shows the molecular structure for Ethanol 4
Figure 4 shows the reaction between Alcohol and Fatty Acid 5
Figure 5 shows the reaction between Alcohol and Fatty Acid 5
Figure 6 shows Potassium Hydroxide in solid-state. 6
Figure 7 shows Sulfuric Acid in its molecular form. 7
Figure 8 shows the chemical effect on human skin. 8
Figure 9 shows that Methanol Fumes can cause Methanol Toxicity 9
Figure 10 shows that abdominal pain caused by Methanol Toxicity 9
Figure 11 shows that ethanol can cause Nausea. 10
Figure 12 shows that Ethanol exposure can cause vomiting. 10
Figure 13 shows a grave tissue injury due to Sodium Hydroxide spill. 11
Figure 14 shows eye damage from Sodium Hydroxide spill. 11
Figure 15 shows that the lungs of a human than can be damage from Potassium
Hydroxide. 12
Figure 16 shows stomach spasms caused by sulfuric acid. 13
1.0 Introduction

1.1 Biodiesel as A Renewable Energy

According to Omidvarborna, Kumar, & Kim, (2014), Biodiesel refers to a

vegetable oil or animal fat-based diesel fuel comprising of long-chain alkyl, which are
methyl, ethyl, or propyl esters. Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting
lipids, for example, vegetable oil, soybean oil, animal fat with a fatty acid ester.
Biodiesel is a drop-in biofuel and consequently intended to be utilized in standard
diesel motors and is in this manner particular from the vegetable and waste oils used
to fuel changed over diesel motors. Biodiesel can be used alone or mixed with petrol-
diesel in any proportions (Omidvarborna, Kumar, & Kim, 2014).

Malaysia is the world's biggest exporter and the second-biggest maker of rough palm
oil. Based on Chin (2011), the government has tried to advance the generation of
biodiesel got from palm-oil to gain by the developing universal interest for biofuels,
seen as an option in contrast to petroleum derivatives amid worries over rising fuel
costs, ozone harming substance emanations and vitality security. The Malaysian
government propelled its National Biofuel Policy in 2006 to advance the
commercialization, use, fare and research of biodiesel got from palm oil. From that
point forward, taking off palm oil costs combined with a decrease in petroleum
derivative costs have fundamentally diminished the monetary practicality of palm oil-
based biodiesel creation in the nation.

UTHM being in the province of Johor, where oil palm is in bounty has as of late set
out on an undertaking of a biodiesel pilot plant with the feedstock of Crude Palm Oil
(CPO). It will add to the utilization of available sustainable power source proficiently
and is following Malaysia's advancement strategy of sustainable power source as a
fifth fuel (Yusuf, 2007).

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 Figure 1 shows the UTHM Biodiesel Pilot Plant.

1.2 Objective

The objective of this assignment is as follows:

I. List all the chemical that was used to make Biodiesel.

II. Thoroughly describe the function of the chemical.
III. Describe the side effect of the chemical when exposed to the human bodies.
IV. Provide the Material Safety Data Sheet for every chemical that was used to
make Biodiesel.

2.0 Discussion of Topics

2.1 Chemical Used in Biodiesel Production

Jon Van & Cole (2019) stated that Biodiesel is being made by responding vegetable
oil or creature fat with liquor, for example, methanol or ethanol and an impetus such
as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Sulfuric and hydrochloric acids are
utilized in biodiesel creation. Methanol, the catalysts, and the acids are toxic
chemicals.

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 2.1.1 Methanol in Biodiesel Production.

Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol amongst other names, is a chemical

with the formula CH3OH, which is a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often
abbreviated MeOH as shown in Figure 2. Methanol is the simplest alcohol, consisting
of a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group. It is a light, volatile, colorless, flammable
liquid with a distinctive odor similar to that of ethanol (Kramer, 2011). Methanol is,
however, far more toxic than ethanol. At room temperature, it is a polar liquid. With
more than 20 million tons produced annually, it is used as a precursor to other
commodity chemicals, including formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl tert-butyl ether, as
well as a host of more specialized chemicals (Fiedler, Grossmann, D.Burkhard, &
Clauss, 2000).

Figure 2 shows the molecule structure of Methanol.

In Biodiesel production, Vegetable or animal fats and oils being reacted with short-
chain alcohols such as Methanol. The alcohols used should be of low molecular weight
(Anastopoulos, Zannikou, Stournas, & Kalligeros, 2009). Base-catalyzed
transesterification reacts lipids such as fats and oils with Methanol to produce biodiesel
and an impure coproduct, glycerol. If the feedstock oil is used or has a high acid
content, acid-catalyzed esterification can be used to react with fatty acids with alcohol
to produce biodiesel.

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 2.1.2 Ethanol in Biodiesel Production

Ethanol also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply
alcohol is a chemical compound, pure alcohol with the chemical formula C2H6O
(National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2012). Its formula can also be written
as CH3−CH2−OH or C2H5OH which is an ethyl group linked to a hydroxyl group
and is often abbreviated as EtOH. Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid
with a slight characteristic odor. It is a psychoactive substance and generally delivered
by the maturation of sugars by yeasts or through petrochemical forms. Ethanol is
additionally utilized as a spotless consuming fuel source.

Figure 3 shows the molecular structure for Ethanol

Biodiesel production involves vegetable or animal fats and oils being reacted with
short-chain alcohols which in this case is Ethanol According to Anastopoulos,
Zannikou, Stournas, & Kalligeros (2009), the alcohols used should be of low
molecular weight. Ethanol is the most used because of its low cost. However, higher
conversions into biodiesel can be reached using methanol.

2.1.3 Sodium Hydroxide in Biodiesel Production

P. R. & William F. (2000) stated that Sodium Hydroxide, otherwise called lye
and acidic pop, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white potent
ionic compound comprising of sodium cations Na+ and hydroxide anions OH−.
Sodium hydroxide is an exceptionally flat base and soluble base that breaks down
proteins at average surrounding temperatures and may cause extreme concoction
consumes. It is profoundly dissolvable in water and promptly retains dampness and
carbon dioxide from the air. It shapes a progression of hydrates NaOH·nH2O.

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Sodium hydroxide goes about as a catalyst for the reaction of alcohol and fatty acids
in a reaction called transesterification. The alcohol/catalyst responded with the fatty
corrosive, so the transesterification reaction happens. The catalyst is set up by blending
methanol and a solid base, for example, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
During the preparation, the NaOH breaks into ions of Na+ and OH-. The OH-abstracts
the hydrogen from methanol to shape water and leaves the CH3O-accessible for the
reaction. Methanol ought to be as dry as could be allowed. At the point when the OH-
ion responds with H+ ion, it responds to frame the water. Water will build the
probability of a side reaction with free fatty acids which is fatty acids that are not
triglycerides, to shape cleanser, an undesirable reaction. (Dutton, 2012)

Figure 4 shows the reaction between Alcohol and Fatty Acid

Figure 5 shows the reaction between Alcohol and Fatty Acid

2.1.4 Potassium Hydroxide in Biodiesel Production

Potassium hydroxide, otherwise called lye, is an inorganic compound with the

concoction formula KOH. Potassium hydroxide is likewise a forerunner to other
potassium mixes. Potassium hydroxide is utilized in nourishment to alter pH, as a

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stabilizer, and as a thickening agent (Schultz, Bauer, Schachl, Hagedorn, &
Schmittinger, 2005). It is a white solid that is dangerously corrosive

Figure 6 shows the Potassium Hydroxide in solid-state.

In Biodiesel production, KOH goes about as a catalyst for the reaction of alcohol and
fatty acids in a reaction called transesterification. It disintegrates somewhat simpler in
methanol than NaOH. KOH is more sympathetic to high titration oils than NaOH.
KOH is a more massive particle than NaOH. Subsequently, more KOH is utilized by
weight than NaOH (Dutton, 2012).

2.1.5 Sulfuric Acid in Biodiesel Production

Sulfuric acid is also known as vitriol, is a mineral acid made out of the
components sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen, with sub-atomic formula H2SO4. It is a
vapid, unscented, and syrupy fluid that is solvent in water and is blended in profoundly
exothermic reactions. Its destructiveness can be principally attributed to its substantial
acidic nature, and, if at a high concentration, it is getting dried out and oxidizing
properties. It is additionally hygroscopic, promptly engrossing water vapor from the
air. (Chenier, 2008)

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 Figure 7 shows Sulfuric Acid in its molecular form.

In Biodiesel production instead of adding a catalyst to methanol, sulfuric acid is added.

According to Utah Biodiesel (2012), The sulfuric acid at that point react with the free
fatty acid chains and kind of "sands down" the corroded end on a few of the free fatty
acids. When the rust is evacuated, the methanol would then be able to join to the fatty
acid chain and make Biodiesel. The Biodiesel delivered along these lines is just
produced using the free fatty acid chains or from the fatty acids that would have been
responded into soap. Sulfuric acid alters a more significant part of the free fatty acids
in oil with the goal that they can attach to methanol to deliver Biodiesel. This reaction
is called an acid reaction. It is worth noting that using sulfuric acid to make Biodiesel
takes a lot longer.

2.1.6 Hydrochloric acid in Biodiesel Production

Hydrochloric acid or muriatic acid is a colorless inorganic chemical system

with the formula H2O HCl. Hydrochloric acid has a distinctively pungent smell.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2009), classified Hydrochloric Acid
as strongly acidic and can assault the skin over a wide composition range since the
hydrogen chloride separates in a liquid solution. Hydrochloric acid is the least complex
chlorine-based acid framework containing water. It is a solution of hydrogen chloride
and water, and an assortment of other synthetic species, including hydronium and
chloride ions.

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Several homogeneous acid catalysts such as nitric, sulfuric, and hydrochloric acids,
were selected to investigate their recoverability and reusability for esterifying enzyme-
hydrolyzed FFAs and methanol to produce biodiesel. Although all of the three
catalysts drove the reaction at high yield, hydrochloric acid is the only recoverable and
reusable catalyst, as indicated by partitioning data (Chia, 2013). Hydrochloric Acid is
used to produce high-quality biodiesel using low-cost catalysts. Hydrochloric acid was
used to esterify enzyme-hydrolyzed FFAs. Hydrochloric acid is considered as a
promising catalyst to catalyze the esterification of FFAs and methanol for biodiesel
production, as indicated by the experimental results.

2.2 Chemical Side Effect

Industrial and manufacturing processes create solid and hazardous waste.

Some wastes contain chemicals that are hazardous to people and the environment.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2012) stated that once these
hazardous chemicals are present in the environment, people can become exposed to
them. Exposure occurs when people have contact with a chemical, either directly or
through another substance contaminated with a chemical. In the sub-topics below, the
side effect will be described according to the list of all chemical that was used to make
biodiesel.

Figure 8 shows the chemical effect on human skin.

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 2.2.1 Methanol

Methanol toxicity is poisoning from methanol (A.Kruse, 2012). Symptoms

may include a decreased level of consciousness, poor coordination, vomiting,
abdominal pain, and a specific smell on the breath (Beauchamp & Valento, 2016).
Decreased vision may start as early as twelve hours after exposure. Long term
outcomes may include blindness and kidney failure. Toxicity and death may occur
even after drinking a small amount. Toxicity may also rarely occur through skin
exposure or breathing in the fumes.

Figure 9 shows that Methanol Fumes can cause Methanol Toxicity

Figure 10 shows that abdominal pain caused by Methanol Toxicity

When methanol is broken down by the body, it results in formaldehyde, formic acid,
and formate which cause much of the toxicity. The diagnosis may be suspected when
there is acidosis or an increased osmol gap and confirmed by directly measuring blood
levels. Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include infections,
exposure to other toxic alcohols, serotonin syndrome, and diabetic ketoacidosis.

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 2.2.2 Ethanol

Exposure to ethanol can be in vapor form (breathing it in), skin/body contact,

or ingestion. Regular symptoms of ethanol incorporate Intoxication, Low circulatory
strain (hypotension) with flushing, Agitation, Low glucose (hypoglycemia), Nausea,
Vomiting, Excessive urination (Mikstas, 2017)

Figure 11 shows that ethanol can cause Nausea.

Figure 12 shows that Ethanol exposure can cause vomiting.

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 2.2.3 Sodium Hydroxide

At room temperature, anhydrous sodium hydroxide is a white crystalline,

odorless solid that absorbs moisture from the air. Inhalation of sodium hydroxide dust,
mist, or aerosol may irritate the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and respiratory
tract. Exposure to sodium hydroxide solid or solution can cause skin and eye irritation.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2014) stated that direct contact
with the solid or with concentrated solutions causes thermal and chemical burns
leading to deep-tissue injuries. Robust solutions of sodium hydroxide can hydrolyze
proteins in the eyes, leading to severe burns and eye damage or, in extreme cases,
blindness. Ingestion of sodium hydroxide can cause severe corrosive injury to the lips,
tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and stomach.

Figure 13 shows a grave tissue injury due to Sodium Hydroxide spill.

Figure 14 shows eye damage from Sodium Hydroxide spill.

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 2.2.4 Potassium Hydroxide

Effects from inhalation of Potassium Hydroxide dust or mist vary from mild
irritation to severe damage of the upper respiratory tract, depending on the severity of
the exposure. Symptoms may include coughing, sneezing, damage to the nasal or
respiratory tract. High concentrations can cause lung damage. Swallowing may cause
severe burns of mouth, throat, and stomach.

Other symptoms may include vomiting, diarrhea. Severe scarring of tissue and passing
may result — an expected terminal portion of 5 grams. Contact with skin can cause
disturbance or serious consumes and scar with progressively massive exposures.
Causes bothering of eyes with tearing, redness, swelling. Higher exposures cause
serious ignites with conceivable visual impairment coming about. Drawn out contact
with weakening arrangements or residue of potassium hydroxide destructively affects
tissue. Irritation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with previous skin issue or eye
issues or disabled respiratory capacity might be progressively helpless with the
impacts of the substance (Lakhanisky, 2018)

Figure 15 shows that the lungs of a human than can be damage from Potassium
Hydroxide.

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 2.2.5 Sulfuric Acid

Exposure to Sulfuric acid can cause death, and it will cause severe irritation of
the nose and throat. It also can cause life-threatening accumulation of fluid in the lungs
(pulmonary edema). Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath, difficulty
breathing and tightness in the chest. Long-term damage may result from severe short-
term exposure. Contact can cause pain, redness, burns, and blistering. Permanent
scarring can result. Severe exposure can cause death. Contact causes severe burns with
redness, swelling, pain, and blurred vision.

According to the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety (2019),
Permanent damage including blindness can result. Can burn the lips, tongue, throat,
and stomach. Side effects may incorporate queasiness, regurgitating, stomach spasms
and loose bowels. Lasting harm can result. Can cause demise. Can cause dry, red,
broke skin (dermatitis) following skin contact. At high fixations: May erode tooth
lacquer when taken in. May hurt the respiratory framework. Can bother and excite the
aviation routes. Solid inorganic fogs containing sulfuric corrosive are cancer-causing
to people. Has been related with: malignancy of the larynx, lung disease.

Figure 16 shows stomach spasms caused by sulfuric acid.

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 2.2.6 Hydrochloric Acid

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2014) stated that
Inhalation is an important route of exposure to hydrogen chloride. Its scent and
exceptionally bothering properties, by and large, give sufficient cautioning to intense,
abnormal state exposures. Hydrogen chloride vapor is heavier than air and may cause
suffocation in encased, inadequately ventilated, or low-lying regions.

Hydrogen chloride is not absorbed through the skin. Direct contact with watery
arrangements of hydrogen chloride or with concentrated vapor can cause extreme
synthetic consumes. Ingestion of concentrated hydrochloric corrosive can make
extreme destructive damage the lips, mouth, throat, throat, and stomach.

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ATTACHMENTS

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