.

 At the end of this lecture the students will be able

to:
 Determine the mechanisms of transport.
 Determine the types of Transport Across
Cell Membranes.
 Determine the types of Transport Proteins.
 Recognizer the Vesicular Transport
(Endocytosis & Exocytosis).
 Compare between the Exocytosis &
Endocytosis.
 Transport
◦ Passive Diffusion
◦ Active
◦ Carriers, channels and pumps
 Passive Diffusion(Simple Diffusion ):
 Requires: NO energy
 Molecules move from area of HIGH to
LOW concentration
• is a PASSIVE process which means no
energy is used to make the molecules
move, they have a natural KINETIC
ENERGY.
Solute moves DOWN concentration gradient (HIGH to LOW)
 Molecules will randomly move through the
pores in Channel Proteins
 Some Carrier proteins
do not extend through
the membrane.
 They bond and drag
molecules through the
lipid bilayer and
release them on the
opposite side.
 Osmosis:

 Diffusion of water
across a membrane.
 Moves from HIGH
water potential
(low solute) to
LOW water potential
(high solute).
 Channel proteins are embedded in the cell
membrane & have a pore for materials to
cross.
 Carrier proteins can change shape to move
material from one side of the membrane to
the other
 Other carrier proteins change shape to move
materials across the cell membrane
 Requires energy or ATP
 Movesmaterials from
LOW to HIGH
concentration
 AGAINST concentration
gradient
- Examples: Pumping Na+
(sodium ions) out and
K+ (potassium ions) in
against strong
concentration gradients.
Called Na+-K+ Pump
 Vesicle formed or lost as material is
brought into a cell or released from a
cell.
 Bulk uptake of material also occurs
across the plasma membrane in a
general process called endocytosis, an
active process involving folding and
fusion of the membrane to form vesicles
that enclose the material transported.
 Just as material can be brought into the
cell by invagin and formation of a vesicle, the
membrane of a vesicle can be fused with the
plasma membrane, extruding its contents to
the surrounding medium. This is the process
of exocytosis.
• Exocytosis occurs in various cells to remove
undigested residues of substances brought in
by endocytosis, to secrete substances such as
hormones and enzymes, and to transport a
substance completely across a cellular barrier.
 In the process of exocytosis, the undigested
waste-containing food vacuole or the
secretory vesicle budded from Golgi
apparatus, is first moved by cytoskeleton
from the interior of the cell to the surface.
The vesicle membrane comes in contact with
the plasma membrane.
 The lipid molecules of the two bilayers
rearrange themselves and the two
membranes are, thus, fused. A passage is
formed in the fused membrane and the
vesicles discharges its contents outside the
cell.
 is the process in which cells absorb
molecules by engulfing them. The plasma
membrane creates a small deformation inward,
called an invagin, in which the substance to be
transported is captured.
 The deformation then pinches off from the
membrane on the inside of the cell, creating a
vesicle containing the captured substance.
 Endocytosis is a pathway for internalizing solid
particles (cell eating or phagocytosis), small
molecules and ions (cell drinking or
pinocytosis), and macromolecules.
 Endocytosis requires energy and is thus a
form of active transport.
 (a) Phagocytosis involves the extension from
the cell of large folds called pseudopodia that
engulf particles, for example bacteria, and
then internalize this material into a
cytoplasmic vacuole or phagosome.
 (b) In pinocytosis the cell membrane
invaginates (dimples inward) to form a pit
containing a drop of extracellular fluid. The
pit pinches off inside the cell when the cell
membrane fuses and forms a pinocytotic
vesicle containing the fluid.
 (c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis includes
membrane proteins called receptors that bind
specific molecules (ligands).
When many such receptors are bound by
their ligands, they aggregate in one
membrane region, which then invaginates
and pinches off to create a vesicle or
endosome containing both the receptors and
the bound ligands.