Cell Membrane: Gateway to the Cell

THE LIPID BILAYER

 Integral protein Peripheral protein

Note: membranes are asymmetric

- carbohydrates are restricted to exterior surface
Fluid Mosaic Model
Fluid Quality
 Lipids and proteins freely drift about
 Membrane remains fluid as temperature
decreases
 Cholesterol in layer contributes to fluidity
 Mosaic Quality
-represents integral and peripheral proteins embedded in
the membrane in a mosaic‑like pattern.
- Integral Proteins
- inserted into
membrane
- span entire membrane
- Peripheral proteins
- not embedded at all
- attached to surface of
integral protein on
cytoplasmic surface
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
Transport:
1. osmosis--free movement of water
2. endocytosis--bulk passage into the cell - engulf liquids and
foodstuffs
3. facilitated diffusion/active transport--selective transport of
molecules – (differentially permeable); molecules pass through
proteins to get into or out of the cell
4. communication- receptor proteins detect hormones
5. cell recognition (cell identity)- binding site on
membrane protein identifies the cell (a molecular “name-
tag”)
6. structure
 physical connection to other cells - transmit information
between cells
 cytoskeleton also can bind to proteins in membrane
 Functions of Transport Proteins

- Transport channel (symport, uniport, omniport)

- Enzymes
- Receptor sites
- Cell identity marker
- Cell Adhesion
- Attachment of cytoskeleton
HOMEWORK
Read P. 68-70;
 Do P. 71 #8-10, 12, 13
Diffusion
- passive transport
-move from an area of high to low concentration of
molecules
-no energy is involved
- as a result of thermal Energy, molecules will
diffuse in accordance with the concentration
gradient
Osmosis is the diffusion
of water across a
selectively permeable
membrane
- water is free to move
across the
semipermeable
membrane, but the solute
cannot.
-as a result water will
move across the
membrane
-Passive; with the
concentration gradient
http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/
Biology1111/animations/transport1.html

Link to
desktop
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SooSsKkJo1o
Elodea activity
osmosis
SALT SUCKS – Osmosis
Which side has more water? In which direction will water flow?
HOMEWORK
Read P. 72-73
Work on the osmosis
handout
 PROTEIN CARRIER-ASSISTED TRANSPORT
http://resources.elearningontario.ca/

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Activity ELO1300680
Cellular Processes Active
Transport
Only the smallest molecules such as H2O,
CO2, and O2 can diffuse freely into an out of
cells. Larger more charged molecules such as
sugar and salt ions require active transport
across the membrane. Link to desktop
Facilitated Diffusion
Transport protein that helps polar (hydrophilic)
molecules and ions across the lipid bilayer
No energy from ATP is required, thus a form of passive
transport
Transport proteins carry certain molecules along the
concentration gradient
Transport (Carrier) Proteins
1. Specialized for the solute it transports
2. Specific binding site
3. Carrier proteins can be inhibited
4. Speed the transport of molecules across a
membrane
Active Transport
Transporting substances against a
concentration gradient
Requires ENERGY
Carried out by specific proteins inserted in the
membrane
Required by cell to keep the internal
environment of the cell different from the
external environment
 Outside
Na+/K+ Pump
Na+

Against Against
Concentration Concentration
Gradient Gradient

K+

Inside
TRANSPORT REQUIRING VESICLES
 Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Endocytosis Exocytosis

Process of importing macromolecules exports macromolecules from a cell by

into a cell by forming vesicles fusion of vesicles with the plasma
derived from the plasma membrane. membrane.

Vesicle forms from a localized region of Vesicle usually budded from the ER or
plasma membrane that sinks Golgi and migrates to plasma
inward; pinches off into the membrane
cytoplasm.

Used by cells to incorporate Used by secretory cells to export

extracellular substances. products (e.g., insulin in pancreas,
or neuro-transmitter from neuron).
 Three Types of Endocytosis:
1. Phagocytosis = (cell eating); endocytosis of solid particles
• Cell engulfs particle with pseudopodia and pinches off a food
vacuole.
• Vacuole fuses with a lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that
will digest the particle.
2. Pinocytosis = (cell drinking); endocytosis of fluid droplets
• Droplets of extracellular fluid are taken into small vesicles.
• The process is not discriminating. The cell takes in all solutes
dissolved in the droplet.
3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis = The process of importing specific
macromolecules into the cell by the inward budding of vesicles
formed from coated pits; occurs in response to the binding of specific
ligands to receptors on the cell's surface.

Link to desktop video

Three Types of Endocytosis:

Endocytosis (Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis) are much the

same as exocytosis but occur in the opposite direction

•Receptor-mediated endocytosis is more specific

Hypercholesterolemia.
- the cholesterol receptors on the liver cells are either
absent or greatly reduced in number.

- People who completely lack cholesterol receptors are

unable to remove excess cholesterol from their blood
and may die from heart disease while still in childhood.

Others who have fewer than normal receptors are also

at risk, but may be treated with a low‑fat diet and
cholesterol‑lowering drugs.
HOMEWORK
Read P. 72-80
The test for this material (starting
from enzymes) is in about one week’s
time. A lab inquiry is coming soon too.
The website has the text review
questions with a work period in the
next day or so