DECLARATION BY THE STUDENT

Certified that the project work is actually done by

me and it is originally in nature. This work has not been
submitted before and all the information provided in the project
is true and best to my belief and knowledge.

SIGN. OF STUDENT:-

Class.-
Roll no.-

Regd.no.-
 DECLARATION BY THE GUIDE

Certified that the project work is actually done by Jamuna

Patro under my guidance.
Her work is original in nature and has not copied from
anywhere.

SIGN. OF GUIDE:-

Mr.Mayadhar Barik

(AST. PROF. OF COMMERCE.)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratefulness to

my teachers and Vice-Chancellor for their able guidance and support in
completing my project.

Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who

have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance for finishing
this project within limited time.

Last in order but not of importance I would like to thank my

Brother who has helped me a lot.

JAMUNA PATRO
AHS EXAM ROLL NO.-
 CONTENTS

SL NO. PAGE NO.

01. INTRODUCTION 01

02. OBJECTIVE 02

03. METHODOLOGY 03

04. PROBLEM PRESENTATION 04-07

AND SOLUTION

05. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 08

(ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION)

06. REFFRENCES 09
 INTRODUCTION

Ramadevi woman’s HSS is one of the most rank taker

college in Odisha. It was established in the year 1964 for the women’s. In
this project we will compare the commerce results of Ramadevi College
related to the years 2018 and 2019. In the year 2018 there were 250
students who were given +2 board exams in the commerce stream and in
the year 21019 the number of students was increased to 300.

By the help of measure of dispersion we will analyze and

compare the consequences of the results relating to both the years. We will
also find the reason that why the number of students was increased by 50
more.

Measure of dispersion is used mainly in the case of statistics

for making a comparison between two or more statistical series with regard
to the character of their stability. It also supplements the measures of
central tendency in finding out more and more information relating to the
measure of a series. It always speak of the reliability, or dependability of
the average value of a series.
 01

OBJECTIVE
The main objective of my project is to determine in which
year students performed better result in commerce of Ramadevi Women’s
college. By applying the method of measure of dispersion, we will compare
both the results of commerce.
 02

METHODOLOGY

Standard Deviation, and its co-efficient

 Standard deviation may be defined as the square root of the
arithmetic average of the squares of deviations taken from the
arithmetic average of a series.

 METHOD

 Direct method:
INDIVIDUAL SERIES GROUP DATA

∑ 𝒙𝟐 ∑ 𝑭𝒙𝟐
S.D. = √ S.D.= √
𝑵 𝑵

 Short-cut method:
INDIVIDUAL SERIES GROUP DATA
∑ 𝑭𝒅𝟐 ∑ 𝑭𝒅 𝟐
∑ 𝒅𝟐 ∑𝒅 𝟐 S.D. =√ −( )
S.D. =√ −(𝑵) 𝑵 𝑵
𝑵

 Step deviation method:

INDIVIDUAL SERIES GROUP DATA

∑ 𝑭𝒅′𝟐 ∑ 𝑭𝒅′ 𝟐
∑ 𝒅′𝟐 ∑ 𝒅′ 𝟐 S.D. =√ −( ) ×C
S.D. =√ −( ) ×C 𝑵 𝑵
𝑵 𝑵

𝑺.𝑫.
 Coefficient of standard deviation = 𝑴𝑬𝑨𝑵(𝑿)
̅̅̅̅

Co-efficient of variation
 The coefficient of standard deviation does not give the answer in a
convincing manner. To get the answer in a more convincing manner,
coefficient of variation needed.
𝑺.𝑫.
̅̅̅̅ × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
C.V. = 𝑴𝑬𝑨𝑵(𝑿)
 03

 STANDARD DEVIATION:
Calculate the standard deviation and its coefficients of the year 2018 .
GRADE(%) 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
F 10 30 70 90 50

 SOLUTION:

1. DIRECT METHOD

Class: Frequency: Mid-

value FX (𝑿 − 𝑿̅) 𝒙𝟐 𝑭𝒙𝟐
X x
0-20 10 10 100 -51.20 2621.44 26214.4
20-40 30 30 900 -31.20 973.44 29203.2
40-60 70 50 3500 -11.2 125.44 8708.8
60-80 90 70 6300 8.80 77.44 6969.6
80-100 50 90 4500 28.80 829.44 41472
N=250 ∑FX=15300 ∑Fx2=112568
∑𝐅𝐗 𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟎𝟎
̅ )=
Where, mean(𝑿 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 = 61.20(ANS)
𝑵

∑ 𝑭𝒙𝟐
S.D.= √ here ∑Fx2=112568 and N=250
𝑵

𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟖
S.D. = √ = √𝟒𝟓𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟐 = 21.22
𝟐𝟓𝟎

2. SHORT- CUT METHOD

Class: Frequency Mid values (X – A)

F X D Fd 𝒅𝟐 𝑭𝒅𝟐
0-20 10 10 -40 -400 1600 16000
20-40 30 30 -20 -600 400 12000
40-60 70 50 0 0 0 0
60-80 90 70 20 1800 400 36000
80-100 50 90 40 2000 1600 80000
N=250 ∑Fd=2800 ∑𝐹𝑑 2 =144000

b Here,

A = 50
∑ 𝑭𝒅 ∑ 𝑭𝒅 𝟐 𝟐
σ = √ −( ) , ∑𝑭𝒅𝟐 = 144000, ∑Fd =2800 and N =250
𝑵 𝑵

𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝟐
=√ −( ) = √𝟓𝟕𝟔 − 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟒𝟒 = √𝟒𝟓𝟎. 𝟓𝟔 = 21.23
𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝟐𝟓𝟎
 3. STEP DEVIATION METHOD

Class Frequency Mid value (X – A) 𝒅′ = 𝒄

𝒅
F X D F𝒅′ (𝒅′)𝟐 𝑭(𝒅′)𝟐
0-20 10 10 -40 -4 -40 16 160
20-40 30 30 -20 -2 -60 4 120
40-60 70 50 0 0 0 0 0
60-80 90 70 20 2 180 4 360
80-100 50 90 40 4 200 16 800
∑F𝒅′ =280 ∑𝑭(𝒅′)𝟐
N= 250 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎

Here, C = 10

∑ 𝑭𝒅 ∑ 𝑭𝒅 ′𝟐 ′ 𝟐
σ= √ 𝑵 −( 𝑵 ) ×C
We have,
∑𝑭(𝒅′)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎 , ∑F𝒅′ =280 and N = 250

𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝟐
= √ 𝟐𝟓𝟎 − (𝟐𝟓𝟎) × 10

= √𝟓. 𝟕𝟔 − 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟒 ×10

=√𝟒. 𝟓𝟎𝟔 × 10 = 2.123 × 10 = 21.23

Calculate the standard deviation and its coefficients of the year 2019.

GRADE (%) 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100

F 10 30 70 90 50

 SOLUTION:

1. DIRECT METHOD

Class: Frequency: Mid-

F value FX (𝑿 − 𝑿̅) 𝒙𝟐 𝑭𝒙𝟐
X x
0-20 60 10 600 -38 1444 86640
20-40 30 30 900 -18 324 9720
40-60 120 50 6000 2 4 480
60-80 60 70 4200 22 484 29040
80-100 30 90 2700 42 1764 52920
N=300 ∑𝐅𝐗 ∑Fx2=178800
= 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎
 ∑𝐅𝐗 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎
̅ )=
Where, mean(𝑿 = = 48(ANS)
𝑵 𝟑𝟎𝟎

∑ 𝑭𝒙𝟐
S.D.= √ here ∑Fx2=178800 and N=300
𝑵

𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟎𝟎
S.D.= √ = √𝟓𝟗𝟔 = 24.41
𝟑𝟎𝟎

2. SHORT-CUT METHOD

Class: Frequency Mid values (X – A)

F X d Fd 𝒅𝟐 𝑭𝒅𝟐
0-20 60 10 -40 -2400 1600 96000
20-40 30 30 -20 -600 400 12000
40-60 120 50 0 0 0 0
60-80 60 70 20 1200 400 24000
80-100 30 90 40 1200 1600 48000
N=300 ∑Fd= - 600 ∑𝐹𝑑 2 =180000

Here,
A = 50

∑ 𝑭𝒅 ∑ 𝑭𝒅 𝟐 𝟐
σ = √ −( ) , ∑𝑭𝒅𝟐 = 180000, ∑Fd = - 600 and N =300
𝑵 𝑵

𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 −𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟐
=√ −( ) = √𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝟒 = √𝟓𝟗𝟔 = 24.41
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟎𝟎

3. STEP DEVIATION METHOD

Class Frequency Mid value (X – A) 𝒅′ = 𝒄

𝒅
F X d F𝒅′ (𝒅′)𝟐 𝑭(𝒅′)𝟐
0-20 60 10 -40 -4 -240 16 960
20-40 30 30 -20 -2 -60 4 120
40-60 120 50 0 0 0 0 0
60-80 60 70 20 2 120 4 240
80-100 30 90 40 4 120 16 480
∑F𝒅′ = - 60 ∑𝑭(𝒅′)𝟐
N= 300 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎

Here, A = 50 and C = 10
 We know ,

∑ 𝑭𝒅′ 𝟐
𝟐
∑ 𝑭𝒅′
σ=√ 𝑵
−(
𝑵
) ×C

Here we have: ∑𝑭(𝒅′)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 , ∑F𝒅′ = - 60 and N = 300

𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 −𝟔𝟎 𝟐
=√ −( ) × 10 = √𝟔 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 × 10
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟎𝟎
= √𝟓. 𝟗𝟔 × 10
= 2.441 ×10 = 24.41

CO-EFFICIENT OF VARIATION FOR THE YEAR 2018:

𝝈
C.V. = × 100
𝑿

σ = Standard deviation
𝑿 = Mean
We have,

σ = 21.23 and 𝑿 =61.20

𝟐𝟏.𝟐𝟑
c.v. = × 100
𝟔𝟏.𝟐𝟎

=0.3469 × 100=34.69%

CO-EFFICIENT OF VARIATION FOR THE YEAR 2019:

𝝈
C.V. = × 10
𝑿

We have,

σ = 24.41 and 𝑿 = 48
𝟐𝟒.𝟒𝟏
C.V. = × 100
𝟒𝟖

= 0.508 × 100= 50.85%

07
 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
(Analysis and interpretation)
The comparative analysis reveals that in the year 2018 average percentage
and variation of the students was better than the year 2019. In 2018 the variation
was 34.69% which increased to 50.85%. The average percentage of marks in 2018 was
60.12 which was better in compared with the average percentage of marks in 2019 i.e.
48.

Due to better performance in the year 2018, the number of students increases to
300 in 2019. The students were very much satisfied with the results so juniors were
interested to take part in commerce in ramadevi junior HSS College. But the results of
2019 were very poor as compared to 2018.

08
 REFERENCES
 Digambar Patri and D.N. Patri : 2018 to 2019 addition, Business
Mathematics and Statistics-II, Kalyani Publishers.
 T.S Grewal : 2017 to 2018 addition, Statistical Mathematics,
S.Chand.
 T.R. Jain and S.C. Aggarwal: 2018 to 2019 addition, Business
Mathematics and Statistics-II, Victory of Knowledge.

09