Week L .

Convergence of sequences
and series
.

Recall Let
an nzi 6e of reals
sequence
a
,
.
.

a e R s called a
limit of an a =
lnigmaan

NF
'

f for any
E > 0 there exists Ne such that

if n > N Ian -
al < E
, .

around a
÷ ( a -

E at E) contains infinite
,

many terms of an and moreover there are

only finite
terms of an outside of this interval
many
.

Example 4h ,
n > 1
i.has limit 0 .

2 S = 1
52 It
!z 5 It tz +
tz
-

=
.

.
, , , , ,

yintefal
S
, ,
= 1 +
It .
. .
+
th .

partial sums

The limit of S
, ,
is called sum of the series
¥ ,
th .

1
= L
+
1/2 =
1/2

÷
'
+ Yst Yy > t
ly = 42

+
%+ st +
I +
to >
to
+
to ttg +
tz =
'z
continue .
.
. .

In general we see that

€ 4h It It .t'z=kt÷
> .
.

n =/

If KIE when
Sn
a -
K → → so → a n → a

so Sn are an bonded .
No sum of
ntfyn
3
.

IEYne
,
,
'
hi
< Yn
,
n > I

if h2
n÷n
'

Observe that then

n 32 3h h the <
-

" n' ninth

=

n 't
-

th
-
.
, ,

¥Ee¥.n÷n=⇐In÷ he
attest ⇒
'
-

n=H -
+ .
+ . .

= I -

÷*

,÷
EE Enteztnz '
= it < it ' -
< 2
.
I

Partial sums for the series

n¥fz are bounded by 2 .

have Sw founded above by 2

We an
increasing sequence .

In the set of veals bounded above set has

supremum *
any
a .

of reals An band
Dft .
Let Sc R be a subset .

upper

of S is number such that × ← S XEA

any
a
any , , .

Det .
A
supremum of s is He least
upper
bound of S .

of reels
completeness property .

Back to
E. th ,
we saw that He set of partial sums

$µ } # , ,
is bounded abare and
,
hence ,
has a
snpremum S .
.

claim .
S is the limit of Sµ .

yste
-

it
. "

;
.

s
,
sz 's lg

Definition .
A sequence an ,
n= i is function

f : N → R
f ( n ) =
an

has limit f te all but finite

The
many
> o
a
sequence a .

terms in the interval ( E at E)

of are a -

an ,
.
 Proposition .

y[ LR is not a limit of an ,n > 1 if for some

E > 0 the set

,

{ he N I ly -

an >
e) is infinite .

top-ten Let an be ÷ increasing

an
sequence
)
.

( a
,
< a .

an
z<
can .
.
< <
.
.
.

+,

banded above an < S

for any n E Nt .

There exists limit of this and this limit is

a
sequence

to
sapremum of / an } ,
n > 1 .

Proof We know that the exists Let it be

sapremum
m .

.
.

Tryto prove it
by contradiction and that is not limit
suppose
m a .

So there exists an interval ( on -

E
,
mi e) such that there exists
of interval Then
infinite many
terms of an outside this .
there is
may
be

finite terms of an inside this interval

many .

c.EE
":
• . )
M
m -
{ m + E

Since A E (m E e) then the test of the

increases m
sequence
+
an an
-

is in the interval but Hut m is not a limit

suppose
we .

It to Uos that ( m -

e ,
Mt
E) does not contain
any
term of an .

We can take M -
{ <
4z<m -

TY
"
i. 42
% is bound of 1
upper an
so m -
an n >
,
. . .

not be least bound Contradiction

the
upper
So m can .
.

a
It follows #at for a
decreasing sequence bounded below
inlinum of the
the limit exists and it is
equal to the

sequence .
 Lenny .
If there exists a
limit a .
-

lnigmaa . then it is
unique .

Proof .
Let 6 fe another limit of an .

!
( )
g a -
e at E

We have
fine terms an outside of this interval because
only may
a is a
limit .
.
Them a the interval to f ,
t.to ) there exist
only finite many
f- S 6+9 terms of an solo is not a limit
§
( '

) toe late D
6

Lenny If has limit it is bounded ( both above and

.
a
sequence a

below )
Proof If a .
-

limau then find E such that

.
,

all but finite of felony to ( E at E) these terms are

Suppose
an
many
a
-
.

ak ,
,
...
,
a
,a
.
choose M=ma×|ak , ,
. .

,
a
,a ,
a + E }
So
any an = M .

Similarly find m =
m.cn/ak , ,
. .
,an ,
a
.

E | and

we have 2- nn
an
E M .
D

Warning
!
It is not true that sequence
bounded above and below
any
"
has a limit .

Example : an =
C- 1 ) is bounded but does not have

a
limit .
All odd terms are outside the interval
' Ent 's )
'

! )
-

'

- i s , + ,
, .

the same for -1 .

Sqneezingpvincipll .
Let anecnebn for each h .

Suppose
that
nlgiuzau
fjm.ba
exist
and and nljmaautlnigfnta .

Then line ,
exists and linen =
a .

he a n →
-

Proof .
We know Hot for any E > 0 all but finite

many of an ,
and bn are inside ( a
-
E
,a
+ E) .
Since a ,< c. <
ba

are
an
bn
⇐
so cx is inside (a E ate if and So all but finite
many
-

at
of C
,
are inside ( a -
E ,
E) .
So a = limo a .

neo
E±*

Example
let a =
coscny h .
-

In <
coscuyn <
In .

since
limfln ) =
limtu = 0
,
then am aoscnyn =
O
he a he a
he @
 Proposition

→⇐
6
let
nah
( enigmas )

Ces
moan )
= .

:@
if bn to for all a ← N nlcjmabn to
,
.

extend
fgws ag÷ =

eimbn
n → a

nlgtnean €R and are

suppose
=
a we

78>0
function f LR D

3
D D
given → E C-
: a
a
an
,

if f continuous , at
D

function
is a E
,

continuous
h y
limfca
a
. ) =
fla )
=f( lnigmaan )

fjmdantbD-fisn.antfbnfon@nejm.a
fufax 5
lnigmsdnti
=
"

at
A . f :D 12 is a € D f
. FE >
, ,
st .

If (x ) -

flay <
E provided la -

×|< S

will Proof
be given later .

Example .
Babilon .com
approximation to R .

,
=

I ( xa
×n+
In )
+
,
x ,
= 2

Xz =
tz ( 2 +
Zz ) .
-

Zz

xs =
+43/2
tzpz )
Prove that R
these are
approximation to .

R
nEtz×a =
 ,
=

I Xm
( xa +
In ) x X n

KX # ,
=
% Xi + I

xi -
Zx .
Xu + ,
+2=0 *

Suppose Hot there exists a limit t = limxn then

→ a
n

lim both sides

apply on * oh .

fgmaxiiffzkxixa
, ) +
fizz
=
o

25+2=0
£2 -

£2 = 2

t=r ,
t = -
R but the limit of Xu must he positive

we
proved Lignin =F provided the limit exists .

that and bounded below

decreasing
We to
are
going prove Xu is

the
sequence is bounded below just because all xu > 0
.

×n+i×n=Ek× ,
-

xD =

±Ct¥ )
f we
prove that Xu
'

then 2- Xi Ezt 0 and Xn+,

-

Xu EO

XI -

Zxax #
+2=0 consider His as a
quadratic equation
with respect to Xu =
a

a2 -

ZXn+ a +2=0

must
,

discriminant be
it has a root so the positive

A =
( 2×n+ , } -
4.2 30

Xn } ,
32

Xnt 7 FL
, D
 Unbounded
sequences .

Definition .
A sequence an ,
n >,| has a as a
limit
if
for any
R > 0
,
there exists N such that

for any
h > N , an > R

Lenny if figmaau then km

1=0
= a

h
to an

Proof .
Let E > o
,
then on site R
tz
= .

then we know that there exists N st .

for all n > N
,

R te Yaf YR
>
an -

, O
< =
E

so by definition h
lim
% .
= 0
- a

Corollary if fifa then nljma

Yan
• t
0
-

=
:
a .

Example .
let an =
( it's 5 ,
Then
figmaan =
e ELR .

logan =
log ( i + ⇒
"
=
neog (i + ÷ )=l•gCl+tI
Yu

km
l°8GY±I=×lgmoe°qY# ( substitution me x=4n )
h ya f he a
,
then Xe 0

'
we can use l Hopital rule .

log
not
fino
'i¥=+o
( Hx )
km = - i .

so lim log ( an ) = 1
h to

e× both side have

apply on we

'=e
nljhsa ,
= e
.

ex -

fugzli
+
ET
 Series .

Let be
an a
sequence .

Form
partial jams sequence :

S = a
, ,

Sz =
a. + a
<

Ss -
a ,
+ a
uta >

.
.
. . .
.
.
.

S An
Sn
= +
+
= a
,
+
. .
. .

an . , ,

Notation
NE an ,

Definition The series FE an is convergent if there exists

ffnosn =S•€
E. an )
The series EE ,
an is called
divergent if
liens .
does not exist
h → a

Example .
2 .
The series
IEntz
,
is
convergent .

2 .
The series
rent is
divergent series .

"

3. Geometric series :
FEOX ,
× E R
n+ ,

=¥I
"
'

X
Sn Hxtx +
= +
.
.

when -1 <
x a l
fjmasn
=

¥ convergent series

IE hntf=\ divergent
x= i
'
Sn = series

x. -

←1) "=
NEED -
I H -
I + I -
.
. .

53=-1+1
I
Sz= 1+1=0 1
-

S I =
-
-
= -

, , ,

divergent
,

limit and the series is

of
so
no this sequence