B.Sc.-I Mannual PDF

Laboratory Manual & Practical
Record File
Department Of Chemistry
KHANDELWAL COLLEGE OF
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
Bareilly
B.Sc. – I
Name of Student ...................................... ..........
Roll. Number: -
Session: 2018-19
Note: - This lab manual will be treated as practical record file in the final university exam.
1
INDEX
Sl.
Name of the experiment Page No.
No.
GENERAL- EXPERIMENT
1 4-5
To analyze the given inorganic mixture and identify two acid and two basic
2 6-7
radicals
3
radicals
4
radicals
5
radicals
6
radicals
preparation of sodium extract, identification of functional groups and odour
7
of different compounds
To identify the given organic compound
8

9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
To determine the composition of given mixture of two miscible liquids of
17 salt and sugar by viscosity method using Ostwald’s viscometer
To determine the composition of given mixture of two miscible liquids of
18 methyl alcohol and water by Surface tension method using Stalagnometer
2
Instructions/Working hints
1. Maintain the silence in the lab.
2. Attend the lab session in time.
3. Don’t forget to bring Lab manual and lab coat.
4. Cleaning of apparatus: - It is essential to keep all apparatus scrupulously clean if trustworthy
results are to be obtained. All apparatus must be thoroughly cleaned with chromosulphuric acid
(concentrated sulphuric acid containing about 100g of potassium dichromate per litre) or with a brush
and cleaning powder. The cleaning agent is highly corrosive. The apparatus is then rinsed several
times with tap water, and repeatedly with distilled water. All apparatus should have been cleaned
during the previous laboratory period.
5. Upon commencing work, arrange the more common and frequently used apparatus in an orderly
manner on your bench. Each item of apparatus should have a definite place so that it can be found
readily when required.
6. Return each reagent bottle to its proper place immediately after use.
7. Reagent bottles and their stoppers should not be put upon the bench. They should be returned to
their correct places upon the shelves immediately after use. If a reagent bottle is empty, it should be
returned to the store-room for filling.
8. Do not waste gas or chemicals. The size of the Bunsen flame should be no longer than is absolutely
necessary. It should be extinguished when no longer required.
9. Never dip your own dropper into a reagent. Pour a little of the reagent into a small clean vessel
(test-tube, crucible, beaker etc) and introduce your dropper into this. Never return the reagent to the
bottle. It is better to waste a little of the reagent than to take the risk of contaminating the whole
supply.
10. Do not introduce your spatula into a reagent bottle to remove a little solid. Pour a little of the solid
on to a clean, dry watch glass, and use this. Do not return the solid reagent to the stock bottle. 11. Try
to estimate your requirements and pour out only the amount necessary.
12. Record your observations briefly in your note-book in ink immediately after each operation has
been completed.
.
Declaration by Student
I have read and understand these rules and procedures. I agree to abide by these rules and
procedure at all time during the lab. I understand that failure to follow these rules and procedure will result
in my immediate dismissal from the laboratory and additional disciplinary action may be taken.
Signature of student: - ……………………………. Date: - ……………………..
3
GENERAL- EXPERIMENT
Aim: - To analyze the given inorganic mixture and identify two acid and two basic radicals.
Apparatus: Test tubes, Test tube holder, Test tube stands, beaker etc.
ACID RADICALS
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

Mixture + dil. H2SO4 Appearance of colourless gas CO3-- may be present
with brisk effervence
1 CO3-- Confirmed
pass the gas in limewater Lime water turns milky
Aqueous solu. of mixture 1 ml Appearance of white ppt. C2O4-- Confirm

2 CaCl2
Mixture + Conc. H2SO4 Appearance of white fumes. Cl- may be present
Aqueous Solu. of mixture + 1 White ppt. appears Cl- may be present

3 m AgNO3 Solu.
Add excess of NH4OH to white Ppt. dissolve Cl- confirm

ppt.
Mixture + dil. H2SO4 Appearance of colourless gas SO3-- may be present
with pungent smell
4
Mixture + K2Cr2O7 + dil. Appearance of green colour SO3-- Confirmed
H2SO4
Mixture + Conc. H2SO4 Brown colour gas appears NO3-- may be present
Aqueous solu. of mixture + Brown ring appears NO3-- Confirmed

5 Excess of freshly prepared
FeSO4 + Conc. H2SO4 along
the wall of test tube
Mixture + dil. HCl heat to boil Appearance of white ppt. SO42- may be present
and fitter
6.
2ml. Filtrate + 2 ml. BaCl2 Ppt. does not dissolve SO42- confirmed
Add conc. HNO3 to the ppt.
4
GROUP TEST FOR
BASIC RADICALS
Group Test : - boil
1. Mixture + 1 ml. NaOH smell of
Ammonia observe Zero group present
2. Aqueous solution of mixture + 1 ml. dil. HCL
Appearance of white ppt. I group present
3. Acidic solution of mixture + pass H2S gas Coloured ppt. appears
II group present
4. Acidic solution of mixture (or) Filtrate of II-Group boil with 1ml. conc. HNO3
Add small amount of NH4Cl and excess of NH4OH Gelatinous ppt. appears III-
Group present.
5. Filtrate of III-Group – boil till the removal of NH4Cl + NH4OH and pass H2S
Coloured ppt. appears – IV group present
6. Evaporate the filtrate of IV – group till the removal of H2S +
heat
NH4OH (excess) add (NH4)2CO3 in excess If ppt. appears within
5 minutes V-group present.
7. Mixture + 1 ml. NaOH Smell of Ammonia does not observe Zero group
absent Evaporate the filtrate of V- group to one third ,add little quantity of (NH4)2SO4 and
(NH4)2C2O4 if ppt. appears filter and discard the residue, use the filtrate for the identification of
Mg2+
8. Aqueous solution of mixture + dil. HCL No ppt. appears I-group absent
9. Acidic solution of mixture + H2S No. ppt. appears II-group absent
10. Acidic solution of mixture boil with 1 ml. conc. HNO3 add small amount of NH4Cl and excess
of NH4OH No ppt. appears III-group absent
11. Filtrate of III-group + small quantity of NH4Cl + NH4OH and pass H2S
(Excess)
No. ppt. appears IV-group absent
5
EXPERIMENTAL No. 1
Aim :- To analyse the given inorganic mixture and identify three acid and two basic
radicals.
Apparatus : Test tubes, Test tube holder, Test tube stands, beaker etc.
TEST FOR ACID RADICALS

Mixture + Conc. H2SO4 Appearance of white Cl-- may be present
fumes.
Aqueous Solu. of mixture White ppt. appears Cl-- may be present

1
+ 1 m AgNO3 Solu.
Add excess of NH4OH to ppt. dissolve Cl-- confirm

white ppt.
Mixture + Conc. H2SO4 Brown colour gas appears NO3-- may be
present
Aqueous solu. of mixture + Brown ring appears NO3--
2
Excess of feshly prepared Confirmed
FeSO4 + Conc. H2SO4
along the wall of test tube
In aqeous Solu,of mixture Appearance of white C2O4 2- Confirmed
3 add 1 ml. BaCl2 Solu. colour
6
GROUP TEST FOR
BASIC RADICALS
boil
1. Mixture + 1 ml. NaOH smell of Ammonia observe Zero group present
2. Aqueous solution of mixture + 1 ml. dil. HCl Appearance of white ppt.

I group present
Mixture + NaOH →Boil Smell of ammonia observed. NH4 + may be present
Bring a glass rod dipped in Gas become dense NH4 + confirmed.

Conc. HCl in contact of gas
White ppt of I- group boil whit ppt. dissolve. Pb2+ may be present.
2 water
Add KI in solution Yellow colour appear Pb2+ confirmed.
Result ; ----- Following radicals are present in the mixture.
Acid radicals ;----- 1. C2O42- 2. Cl- 3. NO3 -
Basic radicals ;---- 1. NH4 + 2. Pb2+
7
EXPERIMENTAL No. 2
radicals.
Mixture + dil. H2SO4 Appearance of colourless gas CO3-- may be present

with brisk effervence
1
pass the gas in limewater Lime water turns milky CO3-- Confirmed
Mixture + Conc. H2SO4 Appearance of white fumes. Cl-- may be present
Aqueous Solu. of mixture + 1 White ppt. appears Cl-- may be present

ml. AgNO3 Solu.
2
Add excess of NH4OH to ppt. dissolve Cl-- confirm

white ppt.
Mixture + dil. HCL heat to boil Appearance of white ppt. SO42- may be present
and fitter
2ml. Filtrate + 2 ml. BaCl2 Ppt. does not dissolve SO42- confirmed
3
8
GROUP TEST FOR
BASIC RADICALS
1. Mixture + 1 ml. NaOH Smell of Ammonia does not observe Zero group absent.
2. Aqueous solution of mixture + dil. HCL No ppt. appears I-group absent
3. Acidic solution of mixture + pass H2S gas Coloured ppt. appear II group
present
ppt of II A group ppt dissolve Bi3+, Cu2+,Pb2+, Cd2+

Boil with Conc. HNO3 may be present
Small portion of ppt treated No white ppt observe Bi3+, Cu2+, Cd2+ may
with dil H2SO4 be present
1 Add excess of NH4OH in No white ppt observe Cu2+, Cd2+ may be
remaining ppt present
Add K4[Fe(CN)6] in blue Chocolate brown ppt Cu2+ confirm
solution observe
Filterate of II-B group Residue appears As3+ may be present

Warm with dil HCl and
filter
2 ppt is treated with conc. Yellow ppt appears As3+ confirm
HNO3 and ammonium
molybedate solution
Acid radicals ;----- 1. CO32- 2. Cl- 3. SO4 2-
Basic radicals ;---- 1. Cu2 + 2. As3+
9
Experiment No-3
Aim: - To analyses the given inorganic mixture and identify three acid and two basic
radicals.

NO3--
Aqueous solu. of mixture + Brown ring appears Confirmed
1
Excess of freshly prepared
2 Mixture + Conc. H2SO4 Appearance of white fumes. Cl- may be present
White ppt. appears

Aqueous Solu. of mixture + 1 Cl- may be present
m AgNO3 Solu.
Ppt. dissolve
Add excess of NH4OH to white Cl- confirm
ppt.
3 Mixture + dil. HCl heat to boil
and fitter
2ml. Filtrate + 2 ml. BaCl2 Appearance of white ppt. SO42- may be present
SO42- confirmed
Add conc. HNO3 to the ppt. Ppt. does not dissolve
10
GROUP TEST FOR
BASIC RADICALS
1. Mixture + 1 ml. NaOH Smell of Ammonia does not observe
Zero group absent
2.Aqueous solution of mixture + dil. HCl
No ppt. appears I-group absent
3.Acidic solution of mixture + H2S
No. ppt. appears II-group absent
4.Acidic solution of mixture (or) Filterate of II-Group boil with 1ml. conc. HNO3
Add small amount of NH4Cl and excess of NH4OH Gelatinous ppt. appears
III-Group present.
5. Filterate of III-Group – boil till the removal of NH4Cl + NH4OH and pass H2S
ppt of IIIrd group boil with Residue observe Fe3+ may be present
NaOH
Residue desolve in conc. Blue colour appears Fe3+ confirms
HNO3 and add
1 K4[Fe(CN)6]
Shake the ppt of IVth group Residue form Co3+, Ni2+ may be
and filter present
2 Aqueous solu. of mixture + Pinck colour appears Ni2+ confirms

two drop of NaOH+1ml
dimethyle glyoxime
Acid radicals ;----- 1. NO3- 2. Cl- 3. SO4 2-
Basic radicals ;---- 1. Fe3 + 2. Ni2+
11
Experiment No-4
Aim: - To analyses the given inorganic mixture and identify three acid and two basic
radicals.

Aqueous solu. of mixture + Brown ring appears NO3-- Confirmed

1
2 Mixture + Conc. H2SO4 Appearance of white fumes. Cl- may be present
White ppt. appears

Aqueous Solu. of mixture + 1 Cl- may be present
m AgNO3 Solu.
Ppt. dissolve
Add excess of NH4OH to white Cl- confirm
ppt.
3 Mixture + dil. HCl heat to boil
and fitter
2ml. Filtrate + 2 ml. BaCl2 Appearance of white ppt. SO42- may be present
SO42- confirmed
Add conc. HNO3 to the ppt. Ppt. does not dissolve
12
GROUP TEST FOR
BASIC RADICALS
1. Mixture + 1 ml. NaOH Smell of Ammonia does not observe
Zero group absent
2.Aqueous solution of mixture + dil. HCl
No ppt. appears I-group absent
3.Acidic solution of mixture + H2S
No. ppt. appears II-group absent
4.Acidic solution of mixture (or) Filterate of II-Group boil with 1ml. conc. HNO3
Add small amount of NH4Cl and excess of NH4OH Gelatinous ppt. appears
III-Group present.
5.Filterate of III-Group – boil till the removal of NH4Cl + NH4OH and pass H2S
ppt of IIIrd group boil with Residue observe Al3+, Cr3+ may be
NaOH present
Filtrate (solution) boil with White ppt.appears
NH4Cl Al3+ confirms
1
ppt of IVth group shake Ppt dissolve Mn2+, Zn2+ may be
with NaOH present
2 Filtrate +NaOH boil for 3 No ppt. appear Zn2+ may be present

min.
In filtrate and 1/2 ml HCl White ppt. appear Zn2+ Confirm.
and 2 NaOH
Acid radicals ;----- 1. SO4 2- 2. Cl- 3. NO3 -
Basic radicals ;---- 1. Al3+, 2. Zn2+

13
Experiment No-5
radicals.

Mixture + dil. H2SO4 Appearance of colourless CO3-- may be present
gas with brisk effervence
1 CO3-- Confirmed
pass the gas in limewater Lime water turns milky
2 Aqueous soln. of mixture + Brown ring appears NO3-- Confirmed

Mixture + dil. HCl heat to Appearance of white ppt. SO42- may be present
boil and fitter
3 2ml. Filtrate + 2 ml. BaCl2 Ppt. does not dissolve SO42- confirmed
14
GROUP TEST FOR
BASIC RADICALS
1. Mixture + 1 ml. NaOH Smell of Ammonia does not observe Zero group absent
2. Aqueous solution of mixture + dil. HCl No ppt. appears I-group absent
3. Acidic solution of mixture + H2S No. ppt. appears II-group absent
4. Acidic solution of mixture boil with 1 ml. conc. HNO3 add small amount of NH4Cl and excess of
NH4OH No ppt. appears III-group absent
5. Filtrate of III- group + small quantity of NH4Cl + NH4OH (excess) and pass H2S No. ppt.
appears IV-group absent
6. Evaporate the filtrate of IV – group till the removal of H2S + NH4OH (excess) heat
add (NH4)2CO3 in excess If ppt. appears within 5 minutes V-group present.

ppt. Of V group dissolve in If yellow colour
appears→Barium is present
minimum hot CH3COOH Ca2+,Sr2+ may be
No yellow colour appears
present
and test for Barium(boil the
solu.with K2Cr2O7)
1 Above under lined solu.boil
with (NH4)2SO4 No residue appears Sr2+ absent and
Ca2+ may be present
Add (NH4)2C2O4 in solu.
White ppt. appears
Ca2+ confirmed
If Barium is present add K2Cr2O7 in whole solu. and remove the Barium as BaCr2O7
Evaporate the filtrate of V- group to one third ,add little quantity of (NH4)2SO4 and
(NH4)2C2O4 if ppt. appears filter and discard the residue ,use the filtrate for the
identification of Mg2+
White crystalline ppt. Mg2+ confirmed
1ml. filtrate+1ml.NH4OH appears on scratching the
+1ml.Na2HPO4(disodium side of the test tube
2 hydrogen phosphate)
Acid radicals ;----- 1. CO32- 2. NO3 - 3. SO4 2-
Basic radicals ;---- 1. Ca2+, 2. Mg2+

15
Experiment: - 6
OBJECT: preparation of sodium extract, identification of functional groups and odour of

different compounds
Procedure : - Take one test tube distt. water in a porceline dish ,take sodium metal and O.S.( equal to
rice grain) in a ignition tube, heat to red hot and pour in the porceline dish repeat the same process in same
porceline dish ,boil till the volume reduce to half filter . Filtrate is called sodium extract
Detection of Nitrogen :-- take 1ml.sodium extract + 1 ml.freshly prepared FeSO4 → a dirty green colour
is observed ,add 1 ml.dill. H2SO4 → prussion blue colour observed → Nitrogen is present in the organic
compound
Na + C +N → NaCN
FeSO4 + 2NaOH → Fe(OH)2 + Na2(SO)4
Fe(OH)2 +6NaCN → Na4[Fe(CN)6] + 2NaOH
2FeSO4+H2SO4+O(Air)→Fe2(SO4)3+H2O
3 Na4[Fe(CN)6] + 2 Fe2(SO4)3 → Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 + 6Na2SO4
Ferric-Ferrocyanid
Detection of Halogen :---
Acidify 2ml sodium extract with dil. HNO3 and add an excess of AgNO3 solution. A curdy white
precipitate indicates the presence of a halogen. Decant the mother liquor and treat the precipitate with
dil.aqueous ammonia and observe:-
The ppt is white curdy- readily dissolves in aq.ammonia – Cl-
The ppt is curdy whitish yellow – difficulty soluble in aq.ammonia –Br-
The ppt is curdy yellow – insoluble in aqueous ammonia – I-
Na + X → NaX
NaX +HNO3 +AgNO3 → AgX + NaNO3
Test for functional groups
1. warm 1ml.organic liquid with Bromine water , Bromine water decolorized . organic liquid is
unsaturated
2. 1ml.organic liquid add 1ml.cerric ammonium nitrate appearance of red colour confirms the presence of
alcoholic group
3. 1ml.organic liquid,0.5ml.NaOH and 1ml.sodiumnitopruside appearance of wine red colour confirms the
presence of Ketonic group
4. 1ml.organic liquid add 1ml. Tolluence reagent appearance of Black colour / silver mirror confirms the
presence of Aldehydic group
5. 1ml.organic liquid add1ml.NaHCO3 evolution of brisk effervescence confirms the presence of
carboxylic group
6. 1ml.organic liquid ,2 drops of NaOH,1ml.phenolpthaline indicator.apink colour appears warm the
solution pink colour disappears it confirms the presence of ester group
16
Odour :----
Observation Inference
Odour of better almond Benzaldehyde, Benzonitrile, Nitrobenzene
Mouse like Acetamide, Acetonitrile
Cinnamon like Cinnamic acid
Pleasant-Fruity Ester
Pleasant, sweet Chloroform, Alcohols
Garlic Thiophenols, Thioalcohols
Pungent, Irritatig Lwer carboxylic acids, lower aldehydes
Vinagar like Acetic acid, Aspirin
Pyridine- like Heterocyclic bases
Fish like Lower aliphatic amines
Characteristic smell Naphthalene
Odourless Carbohydrates,Aromatic acids, Glycerol etc
17
Experiment No.: - 7
OBJECT: To identify the given organic compound

Apparatus: Porcelain dish, Ignition tube, test tube, beaker, funnel etc.
Preliminary Observation:
Physical state----- Liquid

Colour-------------Colourless
Odour ------------Oil of winter green
M.P./B.P.---------650C
Solubility---------Soluble in water
Element detection:
is observed ,add 1 ml.dill. H2SO4 → No prussion blue colour observed → Nitrogen is absent in the organic
compound
Acidify 2ml sodium extract with dil. HNO3 and add an excess of AgNO3 solution. No curdy precipitate
appears→ Halogen is absent in the organic compound
Functional group test: 1ml.organic liquid add 1ml.cerric ammonium nitrate appearance of red colour
confirms the presence of alcoholic group
Confirmatory test: 1ml. liquid +few crystal of salicylic acid+ 3-4drops of Conc.H2SO4 and heat gently
A smell like IODEX is observe due to the formation of Methyl
salicylate→Methylalchol confirmed
Molecular Formula: CH3OH
Structural Formula:
Result: Given Organic compound is METHYL ALCOHOL
18
Experiment: - 8


Odour ------------pleasant smell
M.P./B.P.---------560C
Element detection:
compound
Functional group test: 1ml.organic liquid, 0.5ml.NaOH and 1ml.sodiumnitopruside appearance of wine
red colour confirms the presence of Ketonic group
Confirmatory test: 1ml. organic liquid in a beaker + 5ml NaOH+ 2 drops of iodine solution, stirrer the
solution, appearance of yellow colour confirms the presence of acetone due to the formation of iodoform.
Molecular Formula: CH3O CH3
Structural Formula:
Result: Given Organic compound is ACETONE
19
Experiment: - 9


Odour ------------Pungent smell
M.P./B.P.---------980C
Element detection:
compound
Functional group test: 1ml.organic liquid add 1ml. Tolluence reagent appearance of Black colour / silver
mirror confirms the presence of Aldehydic group
Confirmatory test: 1ml.organic liquid add 1ml. Tolluence reagent appearance of Black colour / silver
mirror confirms the presence of formaldehyde.
Molecular Formula: HCHO
Structural Formula:
Result: Given Organic compound is FORMALDEHYDE
20
Experiment: - 10


Odour ------------Pungent smell
M.P./B.P.---------100-1010C
Element detection:
Detection of Nitrogen :-- take 1ml.sodium extract + 1 ml. freshly prepared FeSO4 → a dirty green colour
compound
Functional group test: 1ml.organic liquid add1ml.NaHCO3 evolution of brisk effervescence confirms the
presence of carboxylic group
Confirmatory test: 2ml.organic liquid add 1ml. mercuric chloride + 2ml formic acid and heat white /grey
ppt obtained confirms the presence of formaldehyde.
Molecular Formula: HCOOH
Structural Formula:
Result: Given Organic compound is FORMIC ACID
21
Experiment: - 11


Odour ------------Vineger smell
M.P./B.P.---------1180C
Element detection:
compound
Confirmatory test: 2ml. neutral organic liquid add 2ml. dil FeCl3 Solution, red colour of ferric acetate
obtained confirms the presence of Acetic acid.
Molecular Formula: CH3COOH
Structural Formula:
Result: Given Organic compound is ACETIC ACID
22
Experiment: - 12

Physical state----- Solid

Colour-------------White crystalline solid
Odour ------------ odorless/ slight ammonia scent
M.P./B.P.---------1320C
Element detection:
is observed ,add 1 ml.dill. H2SO4 → No prussion blue colour observed → Nitrogen is present in the
organic compound
Functional group test: Heat small quantity of given organic compound + dil NaOH evolution of
ammonia gas confirms the presence of amide group
Confirmatory test (Biuret test): 0.2gm of organic compound in a dry test tube and heat gently urea melts
and ammonia gas evolved gradually the liquid solidifies due to the formation of biuret confirms the
presence of urea. Add 2 ml dil NaOH+1ml CuSO4 → Purple colour obtains.
Molecular Formula: NH2CO NH2
Structural Formula:
Result: Given Organic compound is UREA
23
Experiment: - 13

Physical state----- Solid

Colour-------------White crystalline solid
Odour ------------ mousy odor
M.P./B.P.---------1820C
Element detection:
is observed ,add 1 ml.dill. H2SO4 → No prussion blue colour observed → Nitrogen is present in the
organic compound
Functional group test: Heat small quantity of given organic compound + dil NaOH evolution of
ammonia gas confirms the presence of amide group
Confirmatory test: Heat 0.2gm of organic compound + dil H2SO4 →Vineger smell due to the formation
of acetic acid.
Molecular Formula: CH3CO NH2
Structural Formula:
Result: Given Organic compound is ACETAMIDE
24
Experiment: - 14

Physical state----- Crystalline solid

Odour ------------ odorless
M.P./B.P.---------1010C
Element detection:
Detection of Nitrogen :-- Take 1ml.sodium extract + 1 ml. freshly prepared FeSO4 → a dirty green colour
compound
Confirmatory test: 200mg organic compound + dil H2SO4 Solution+ few drops of KMnO4 and warm →
decolonization confirms the presence of oxalic acid.
Molecular Formula: (COOH)2. 2H2O
Structural Formula:
Result: Given Organic compound is OXALIC ACID
25
Experiment: - 15

Physical state----- Crystalline solid

Colour-------------Colorless
Odour ------------ odorless
M.P./B.P.---------1000C
Element detection:
compound
Confirmatory test: Neutral sol. of organic compound + CaCl2 and boil → White ppt of calcium citrate
confirms the presence of Citric acid.
Molecular Formula: C6H8O7
Structural Formula:
Result: Given Organic compound is CITRIC ACID
26
Experiment: - 16


Odour ------------ has a characteristic sweet smell
M.P./B.P.---------770C
Element detection:
compound
Functional group test: 1ml.organic liquid, 2 drops of NaOH,1ml.phenolpthaline indicator.apink colour

appears warm the solution pink colour disappears it confirms the presence of ester group
Confirmatory test: boil 1ml of ester + dil alkali → acetic acid and ethyl alcohol are produced.
The presence of ethyl alcohol may be confirmed by Iodoform test
1ml. organic liquid in a beaker + 5ml NaOH+ 2 drops of iodine solution, stirrer the solution, appearance
of yellow colour confirms the presence of acetone due to the formation of iodoform.
Molecular Formula: CH3COOC2H5
Structural Formula:
Result: Given Organic compound is ETHYL ACETATE

27
Experiment No-17
Aim :- To determine the composition of given mixture of two miscible liquids of salt and
sugar by viscosity method using Ostwald’s viscometer
Apparatus: Ostwald’s viscometer, beaker, stop watch, etc
Theory:
Viscosity is the property of liquid & gases. It is a force between the layers of liquid which oppose
to flow. Lower layer of the liquid have the zero velocity & the upper layer liquid has maximum
velocity.
The viscosity of liquid is ∝ & the Viscosity of the gases ∝ T

𝑇
Unity of viscosity
𝐹 𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑖 𝑎 𝑐𝑒
= x
𝑎 𝑒𝑎 𝑉𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑖 𝑦
𝑀𝑎 x 𝑙𝑒 𝑔 ℎ x t e− e t
= x
𝑙𝑒 𝑔 ℎ e t /t e
= mass x length-1 x time -1
In CGS system the unit of viscosity g. /cm/Sec. It is known as Poise
In SI system unit of viscosity in is kg/m/sec.
28
Observation table:
Room temperature -------------- o C
% composition of two liquids Time of flow in second

Sugar Salt seconds
1. 10 90
2. 30 70
3. 60 40
4. 90 10
5. unknown unknown
Result : --- The composition of unknown solution is
% of sugar-------------
% of salt -----------------
29
Experiment No-18
Aim: - To determine the composition of given mixture of two miscible liquids of methyl
alcohol and water by Surface tension method using Stalagnometer
Apparatus: Stalagnometer, beaker, stop watch, etc.
Theory:
The upper surface of the liquid is under tension & tends to contract to a small possible area.
Their fore liquid surface has to minimize the number of molecule at the surface. Due to this region
the drops of liquid in air attained the spherical shape. Which have minimum surface area their fore
surface face tension (𝛾) is defined as
The force in dynes along the surface of a liquid at right angle to any line 1 cm in length.
Units of surface face tension
In CGS ------------------------- dyne/c
In SI --------------------------- N/m
1 dyne cm-1 = 1N/m
30
Observation table:
Room Temperature -------------- o C
S.No. % composition of CH3OH and H2O No. of drops
1. 10% and 90%
2. 30% and 70%

3. 60% and 40%
4. 90% and 10%
5. unknown
Result: --- The composition of unknown solution is
% of CH3OH -------------
% of H2O -----------------
31

B.Sc.-I Mannual PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

B.Sc.-I Mannual PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Laboratory Manual & Practical

To identify the given organic compound

To identify the given organic compound

To determine the composition of given mixture of two miscible liquids of

18 methyl alcohol and water by Surface tension method using Stalagnometer

Signature of student: - ……………………………. Date: - ……………………..

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

Aqueous solu. of mixture 1 ml Appearance of white ppt. C2O4-- Confirm

Mixture + Conc. H2SO4 Appearance of white fumes. Cl- may be present

Aqueous Solu. of mixture + 1 White ppt. appears Cl- may be present

Add excess of NH4OH to white Ppt. dissolve Cl- confirm

Aqueous solu. of mixture + Brown ring appears NO3-- Confirmed

Add conc. HNO3 to the ppt.

No. ppt. appears IV-group absent

TEST FOR ACID RADICALS

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

Aqueous Solu. of mixture White ppt. appears Cl-- may be present

Add excess of NH4OH to ppt. dissolve Cl-- confirm

2. Aqueous solution of mixture + 1 ml. dil. HCl Appearance of white ppt.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

Mixture + NaOH →Boil Smell of ammonia observed. NH4 + may be present

Bring a glass rod dipped in Gas become dense NH4 + confirmed.

Result ; ----- Following radicals are present in the mixture.

Acid radicals ;----- 1. C2O42- 2. Cl- 3. NO3 -

Basic radicals ;---- 1. NH4 + 2. Pb2+

TEST FOR ACID RADICALS

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

Mixture + dil. H2SO4 Appearance of colourless gas CO3-- may be present

Mixture + Conc. H2SO4 Appearance of white fumes. Cl-- may be present

Aqueous Solu. of mixture + 1 White ppt. appears Cl-- may be present

Add excess of NH4OH to ppt. dissolve Cl-- confirm

2. Aqueous solution of mixture + dil. HCL No ppt. appears I-group absent

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

ppt of II A group ppt dissolve Bi3+, Cu2+,Pb2+, Cd2+

Filterate of II-B group Residue appears As3+ may be present

Result ; ----- Following radicals are present in the mixture.

Acid radicals ;----- 1. CO32- 2. Cl- 3. SO4 2-

Basic radicals ;---- 1. Cu2 + 2. As3+

TEST FOR ACID RADICALS

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

White ppt. appears

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

2 Aqueous solu. of mixture + Pinck colour appears Ni2+ confirms

Acid radicals ;----- 1. NO3- 2. Cl- 3. SO4 2-

Basic radicals ;---- 1. Fe3 + 2. Ni2+

TEST FOR ACID RADICALS

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

Aqueous solu. of mixture + Brown ring appears NO3-- Confirmed

White ppt. appears

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

2 Filtrate +NaOH boil for 3 No ppt. appear Zn2+ may be present

Acid radicals ;----- 1. SO4 2- 2. Cl- 3. NO3 -

Basic radicals ;---- 1. Al3+, 2. Zn2+

TEST FOR ACID RADICALS

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

2 Aqueous soln. of mixture + Brown ring appears NO3-- Confirmed

Add conc. HNO3 to the ppt.

add (NH4)2CO3 in excess If ppt. appears within 5 minutes V-group present.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

Result ; ----- Following radicals are present in the mixture.

Acid radicals ;----- 1. CO32- 2. NO3 - 3. SO4 2-

Basic radicals ;---- 1. Ca2+, 2. Mg2+

OBJECT: preparation of sodium extract, identification of functional groups and odour of