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Corrugated sheets (Fig. 10.1) have been used in building construction since
about 1784. This is one of the oldest types of cold-formed steel products. At
present, numerous types of corrugated sheets with different coatings are being
produced by many manufacturers. Several standard corrugated steel sheets are
generally available for building construction and other usage.
In general, the design methods described in previous chapters are also
applicable to the design and use of corrugated steel sheets. However, certain
simplified formulas for computing the sectional properties of standard cor-
rugated steel sheets can be used in design. Following an investigation con-
ducted by the AISI during 1955–1957, a publication entitled ‘‘Sectional
Properties of Corrugated Steel Sheets’’ was issued by the Institute in 1964 to
provide the necessary design information for corrugated sheets.1.87
This chapter is intended to discuss the application of arc-and-tangent-type
corrugated steel sheets and trapezoidal-type corrugated sheets (Fig. 10.2) and
the design of such cold-formed steel products. The information included
herein is based on AISI publications1.87–1.89 and other references used in this
chapter.
10.2 APPLICATIONS
Corrugated steel sheets are frequently used for roofing and siding in buildings
because the sheets are strong, lightweight, and easy to erect. In many cases
they are used as shear diaphragms to replace conventional bracing and to
stabilize entire structures or individual members such as columns and beams.
The shear diaphragms and diaphragm-braced beams and columns were dis-
cussed in Chap. 9.
Figure 1.18a shows the use of standard corrugated sheets for exterior cur-
tain wall panels. The application of unusually large corrugated sections in
frameless stressed-skin construction is shown in Fig. 1.18b. In addition, cor-
rugated steel pipe of galvanized sheets has long been used in drainage struc-
tures for railways, highways, and airports.1.18,1.88,1.89 Figure 10.3 shows typical
corrugated metal pipe culvert used for highway systems. Other corrugated
steel products have been used for retaining walls, guardrails, conveyer covers,
aerial conduits, and other purposes.1.18,1.88
588
10.3 SECTIONAL PROPERTIES AND DESIGN 589
During recent years, corrugated sheets have been used in flooring systems
for buildings and bridge construction.1.88,10.1 These products have also been
used as web elements for built-up girders in order to increase web stiffness
instead of using a relatively thicker plate or a thin web with stiffeners. The
Macomber Panlweb girder shown in Fig. 10.4 consists of 0.075- to 0.15-in.
(1.9- to 3.8-mm) corrugated web for depths of 20 to 40 in. (0.51 to 1.02
m).10.2 Reference 10.3 discusses the required connections for beams with cor-
rugated webs. The fatigue strength of girders with corrugated webs was re-
ported in Ref. 10.4.
2I
S⫽ (10.2)
d⫹t
Figure 10.3 Typical corrugated metal pipe culvert installation on interstate highway
system.1.87
Using Wolford’s charts, as shown in Figs. 10.5 to 10.9, the values of the
moment of inertia, section modulus, area, radius of gyration, and length of
tangent can be computed by the following procedure:
t
R⬘ ⫽ R ⫹
2
2. Compute values of q and K,
R⬘ p
q⫽ and K⫽
d d
where p is the pitch.
3. From Fig. 10.5, determine the angle ␣ for the computed values of q
and K.
4. From Figs. 10.6 and 10.7, determine C5 and C6 by using K and angle
␣.
5. From Figs. 10.8 and 10.9, determine and the m/d ratio.
6. Compute I and S by using Eqs. (10.1) and (10.2).
7. Compute
A ⫽ bt
8. The radius of gyration is
r⫽ 冪AI
m
9. The length of the tangent is d ⫻
d
Figure 10.5 Radius-to-depth ratio versus pitch-to-depth ratio at various web an-
gles.10.6
592 CORRUGATED SHEETS
Mn ⫽ SFy
The design flexural strength can be computed by using ⍀b ⫽ 1.67 for ASD
and b ⫽ 0.95 for LRFD.
With regard to the deflection requirements, more deflection may be per-
mitted for corrugated sheets than for other types of members. However, it
should not exceed 1/90 of the span length due to the possible leakage at end
laps or loss of end connections.
Figure 10.9 Tangent-to-depth ratio versus pitch-to-depth ratio at various web an-
gles.10.6
594
TABLE 10.1 Sectional Properties, per Foot of Corrugated Width, of Several Types of Corrugated Galvanized Steel Sheets1.87
Galvanized
Sheet p ⫽ 1–41 in., d ⫽ –41 in. p ⫽ 2–32 in., d ⫽ –21 in. p ⫽ 2–32 in., d ⫽ –85 in. p ⫽ 2–32 in., d ⫽ –43 in.
Thickness,
(in.) A (in.2) I (in.4) S (in.3) A (in.2) I (in.4) S (in.3) A (in.2) I (in.4) S (in.3) A (in.2) I (in.4) S (in.3)
0.1084 1.396 0.0120 0.0675 1.379 0.0417 0.138 1.439 0.0683 0.187 1.503 0.1023 0.239
0.0785 1.004 0.00811 0.0497 0.991 0.0295 0.102 1.035 0.0485 0.138 1.080 0.0729 0.176
0.0635 0.807 0.00636 0.0408 0.797 0.0236 0.0839 0.832 0.0388 0.113 0.869 0.0584 0.144
0.0516 0.651 0.00504 0.0337 0.643 0.0189 0.0688 0.671 0.0312 0.0926 0.701 0.0470 0.118
0.0396 0.493 0.00377 0.0262 0.487 0.0143 0.0532 0.508 0.0236 0.0713 0.531 0.0356 0.0904
0.0336 0.415 0.00315 0.0224 0.410 0.0120 0.0451 0.427 0.0198 0.0604 0.446 0.0299 0.0765
0.0276 0.336 0.00254 0.0185 0.332 0.00971 0.0369 0.346 0.0160 0.0493 0.362 0.0242 0.0624
0.0217 0.259 0.00195 0.0145 0.225 0.00746 0.0287 0.266 0.0124 0.0383 0.278 0.0186 0.0484
0.0187 0.219 0.00165 0.0124 0.216 0.00632 0.0245 0.226 0.0105 0.0326 0.236 0.0158 0.0412
0.0172 0.199 0.00150 0.0113 0.197 0.00575 0.0223 0.206 0.00952 0.0298 0.215 0.0144 0.0375
TABLE 10.1 (Continued )
Galvanized
Sheet p ⫽ 2–32 in., d ⫽ –87 in. p ⫽ 3 in., d ⫽–85 in. p ⫽ 3 in., d ⫽ –43 in.
Thickness,
(in.) A (in.2) I (in.4) S (in.3) A (in.2) I (in.4) S (in.3) A (in.2) I (in.4) S (in.3)
0.1084 1.583 0.1471 0.300 1.411 0.0706 0.193 1.468 0.1058 0.247
0.0785 1.138 0.1050 0.221 1.014 0.0502 0.143 1.056 0.0755 0.183
0.0635 0.915 0.0843 0.180 0.816 0.0402 0.117 0.849 0.0605 0.149
0.0516 0.738 0.0679 0.147 0.658 0.0323 0.0959 0.684 0.0487 0.122
0.0396 0.560 0.0514 0.113 0.499 0.0244 0.0738 0.519 0.0369 0.0936
0.0336 0.470 0.0432 0.0952 0.419 0.0205 0.0626 0.436 0.0310 0.0792
0.0276 0.381 0.0350 0.0776 0.339 0.0166 0.0511 0.353 0.0251 0.0646
0.0217 0.293 0.0269 0.0601 0.261 0.0128 0.0397 0.272 0.0193 0.0501
0.0187 0.249 0.0228 0.0511 0.221 0.0108 0.0338 0.230 0.0163 0.0426
0.0172 0.226 0.0207 0.0466 0.202 0.00986 0.0308 0.210 0.0149 0.0389
Notes:
1. p ⫽ corrugation pitch; d ⫽ corrugation depth.
2. Steel thicknesses upon which sectional properties were based were obtained by subtracting 0.0020 in. from galvanized sheet thickness listed. This thickness
allowance applies particularly to the 1.25-oz coating class (commercial).
3. Blodgett’s formula was used to compute I (see Ref. 10.6).
4. 1 in ⫽ 25.4 mm.
595
596
TABLE 10.2 Sectional Properties, per Foot of Corrugated Width, of Several Types of Corrugated Uncoated Steel Sheets1.87
Uncoated
Sheet p ⫽ 1–41 in., d ⫽ –41 in. p ⫽ 2–32 in., d ⫽ –21 in. p ⫽ 2–32 in., d ⫽ –85 in. p ⫽ 2–32 in., d ⫽ –43 in.
Thickness,
(in.) A (in.2) I (in.4) S (in.3) A (in.2) I (in.4) S (in.3) A (in.2) I (in.4) S (in.3) A (in.2) I (in.4) S (in.3)
0.1046 1.372 0.0118 0.0665 1.356 0.0410 0.136 1.412 0.0672 0.184 1.479 0.100 0.235
0.0747 0.980 0.00789 0.0486 0.968 0.0288 0.100 1.008 0.0473 0.135 1.056 0.0711 0.172
0.0598 0.784 0.00616 0.0398 0.775 0.0229 0.0818 0.807 0.0377 0.110 0.845 0.0568 0.140
0.0478 0.627 0.00485 0.0326 0.620 0.0182 0.0665 0.645 0.0301 0.0894 0.676 0.0453 0.114
0.0359 0.471 0.00360 0.0252 0.465 0.0136 0.0509 0.485 0.0226 0.0682 0.507 0.0340 0.0864
0.0299 0.392 0.00298 0.0213 0.388 0.0113 0.0428 0.404 0.0188 0.0573 0.423 0.0283 0.0725
0.0239 0.312 0.00236 0.0172 0.310 0.00906 0.0346 0.323 0.0150 0.0462 0.338 0.0226 0.0584
0.0179 0.235 0.00177 0.0132 0.232 0.00678 0.0262 0.242 0.0112 0.0349 0.253 0.0170 0.0442
0.0149 0.195 0.00147 0.0111 0.193 0.00564 0.0219 0.201 0.00933 0.0292 0.211 0.0141 0.0368
0.0135 0.177 0.00133 0.0101 0.175 0.00511 0.0199 0.182 0.00846 0.0265 0.191 0.0128 0.0334
TABLE 10.2 (Continued )
Uncoated
Sheet p ⫽ 2–32 in., d ⫽ –87 in. p ⫽ 3 in., d ⫽ –85 in. p ⫽ 3 in., d ⫽ –43 in.
Thickness,
(in.) A (in.2) I (in.4) S (in.3) A (in.2) I (in.4) S (in.3) A (in.2) I (in.4) S (in.3)
0.1046 1.556 0.145 0.295 1.387 0.0694 0.190 1.444 0.104 0.243
0.0747 1.112 0.103 0.216 0.990 0.0490 0.140 1.031 0.0736 0.179
0.0598 0.890 0.0819 0.175 0.793 0.0391 0.114 0.825 0.0588 0.145
0.0478 0.711 0.0654 0.142 0.634 0.0312 0.0926 0.660 0.0469 0.118
0.0359 0.534 0.0490 0.108 0.476 0.0234 0.0707 0.495 0.0352 0.0895
0.0299 0.445 0.0408 0.0902 0.396 0.0194 0.0593 0.413 0.0293 0.0751
0.0239 0.356 0.0326 0.0726 0.317 0.0155 0.0478 0.330 0.0234 0.0605
0.0179 0.266 0.0244 0.0547 0.237 0.0116 0.0362 0.247 0.0175 0.0456
0.0149 0.222 0.0203 0.0457 0.198 0.00967 0.0302 0.206 0.0146 0.0381
0.0135 0.201 0.0184 0.0415 0.179 0.00876 0.0274 0.186 0.0132 0.0346
Notes:
1. p ⫽ corrugation pitch; d ⫽ corrugation depth.
2. Blodgett’s formula was used to compute I (see Ref. 10.6).
3. 1 in. ⫽ 25.4 mm.
597
598 CORRUGATED SHEETS
Trapezoidal corrugated sheets (or ribbed panels) have often been used as
roofing, floor deck, wall panels, bridge flooring, and permanent steel bridge
deck forms.
In the design of roofing, floor deck, and wall panels, the discussion on
beam strength and deflection presented in Chap. 4 can be used.
Steel bridge flooring has been used to carry live loads plus 30% for impact
as well as the dead load of the surfacing material and the weight of the bridge
flooring. Permanent steel forms are designed for placement over or between
stringers to carry the dead load of freshly poured concrete plus a 50-psf
construction load. The AISI Specification1.314 can also be used for the design
of steel bridge flooring and permanent steel forms. Additional information on
the design and installation of these products can be found in Refs. 1.88 and
10.7–10.10.
The most favorable cross section of steel roof panels on the basis of min-
imum-weight design is discussed in Ref. 1.247. During the past decade, ad-
ditional studies have been made on the use of corrugated elements as
structural components. See Refs. 10.12–10.18.