AEMx CH09

Chapter 9
Vector Calculus
9.1 Vector Functions
1. z 2. z 3. z
2 2
2 y 2 4 y
2
x
2 x
2 4 y
x
4. z 5. y 6. y
1
1 1 y 1
2
2 x
2 x
7. z 8. z
1
2
1 y
1
1 y
x
x
649
650 CHAPTER 9 VECTOR CALCULUS
9. z
Note: the scale is distorted in this graph. For t = 0, the graph

starts at (1, 0, 1). The upper loop shown intersects the xz-plane
at about (286751, 0, 286751).
10. z
10
10 10 y
x
11. x = t, y = t, z = t2 + t2 = 2t2 ; r(t) = ti + tj + 2t2 k
1 y
1
x
√ √ √
12. x = t, y = 2t, z = ± t2 + 4t2 + 1 = ± 5t2 − 1 ; r(t) = ti + 2tj ± 5t2 − 1 k
z
2 y
5
x
13. x = 3 cos t, z = 9 − 9 cos2 t = 9 sin2 t, y = 3 sin t; r(t) = 3 cos ti + 3 sin tj + 9 sin2 tk
z
8
2 y
4
x
9.1 Vector Functions 651
14. x = sin t, z = 1, y = cos t; r(t) = sin ti + cos tj + k
1 y
1
sin 2t ln t
15. r(t) = i + (t − 2)5 j + k. Using L’Hôpital’s Rule,
t 1/t

2 cos 2t 5 1/t
lim r(t) = i + (t − 2) j + k = 2i − 32j.
t→0+ 1 −1/t2
16. (a) lim [−4r1 (t) + 3r2 (t)] = −4(i − 2j + k) + 3(2i + 5j + 7k) = 2i + 23j + 17k
t→α
(b) lim r1 (t) · r2 (t) = (i − 2j + k) · (2i + 5j + 7k) = −1

t→α
1 1 1 2
17. r′ (t) = i − 2 j; r′′ (t) = − 2 i + 3 j
t t t t
18. r′ (t) = h−t sin t, 1 − sin ti; r′′ (t) = h−t cos t − sin t, − cos ti
19. r′ (t) = 2te2t + e2t , 3t2 , 8t − 1 ; r′′ (t) = 4te2t + 4e2t , 6t, 8

1 2t
20. r′ (t) = 2ti + 3t2 j + 2
k; r′′ (t) = 2i + 6tj − k
1+t (1 + t2 )2
21. r′ (t) = −2 sin ti + 6 cos tj 22. r′ (t) = 3t2 i + 2tj

√
r′ (π/6) = −i + 3 3 j r′ (−1) = 3i − 2j
y y
2
2 x
1
1 x
8t 24. r′ (t) = −3 sin ti + 3 cos tj + 2k

23. r′ (t) = j − k
(1 + t2 )2 √ √
′ −3 2 3 2
r (π/4) = i+ j + 2k
r′ (1) = j − 2k 2 2
z
2
1
1 y 1 1 y
2
x x
1 1 8
25. r(t) = ti + t2 j + t3 k; r(2) = 2i + 2j + k; r′ (t) = i + tj + t2 k; r′ (2) = i + 2j + 4k
2 3 3
Using the point (2, 2, 8/3) and the direction vector r′ (2), we have x = 2 + t, y = 2 + 2t,
z = 8/3 + 4t.
6t 6
26. r(t) = (t3 − t)i + j + (2t + 1)2 k; r(1) = 3j + 9k; r′ (t) = (3t2 − 1)i + j + (8t + 4)k;
t+1 (t + 1)2
3
r′ (1) = 2i + j + 12k.
2
Using the point (0, 3, 9) and the direction vector r′ (1), we have x = 2t, y = 3+ 32 t, z = 9+ 12t.
d
27. [r(t) × r′ (t)] = r(t) × r′′ (t) + r′ (t) × r′ (t) = r(t) × r′′ (t)
dt
d d
28. [r(t) · (tr(t))] = r(t) · (tr(t)) + r′ (t) · (tr(t)) = r(t) · (tr′ (t) + r(t)) + r′ (t) · (tr(t))
dt dt
= r(t) · (tr′ (t)) + r(t) · r(t) + r′ (t) · (tr(t)) = 2t(r(t) · r′ (t)) + r(t) · r(t)
d d
29. [r(t) · (r′ (t) × r′′ (t))] = r(t) · (r′ (t) × r′′ (t)) + r′ (t) · (r′ (t) × r′′ (t))
dt dt
= r(t) · (r′ (t) × r′′′ (t) + r′′ (t) × r′′ (t)) + r′ (t) · (r′ (t) × r′′ (t))
= r(t) · (r′ (t) × r′′′ (t))
d d
30. [r1 (t) × (r2 (t) × r3 (t))] = r1 (t) × (r2 (t) × r3 (t)) + r′1 (t) × (r2 (t) × r3 (t))
dt dt
= r1 (t) × (r2 (t) × r′3 (t) + r′2 (t) × r3 (t)) + r′1 (t) × (r2 (t) × r3 (t))
= r1 (t) × (r2 (t) × r′3 (t)) + r1 (t) × (r′2 (t) × r3 (t)) + r1 (t) × (r2 (t) × r3 (t))

d 1 ′ 1 ′ 1
31. r1 (2t) + r2 = 2r1 (2t) − 2 r2
dt t t t
d 3 2
32. [t r(t )] = t3 (2t)r′ (t2 ) + 3t2 r(t2 ) = 2t4 r′ (t2 ) + 3t2 r(t2 )
dt
2 2 2
2 ˆ 2 ˆ 2 ˆ 2
1
ˆ
33. r(t) dt = t dt i + 3t2 dt j + 4t3 dt k = t2 i + t3 j + t4 k

−1 −1 −1 −1 2
−1 −1 −1
3
= i + 9j + 15k
2
ˆ 4 ˆ 4 4 √ 4
√
ˆ ˆ
34. r(t) dt = 2t + 1 dt i + − t dt j + sin πt dt k
0 0 0 0
4 4 4
1
3/2 2 3/2 1 26 16
= (2t + 1) i − t j − cos πt k = i− j

3 3 π 3 3
0 0 0
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
t −2t t2
35. r(t) dt = te dt i + −e dt j + te dt k

t 1 −2t
t 1 t2
= [te − e + c1 ]i + e + c2 j + e + c3 k
2 2
1 1 2
= et (t − 1)i + e−2t j + et k + c,
2 2
where c = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k.
t2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
1 t
ˆ
36. r(t) dt = dt i + dt j + dt k
1 + t2 1 + t2 1 + t2
ˆ
−1 1 2 1
= [tan t + c1 ]i + ln(1 + t ) + c2 j + 1− dt k
2 1 + t2

−1 1 2
= [tan t + c1 ]i + ln(1 + t ) + c2 j + [t − tan−1 t + c3 ]k
2
1
ln (1 + t2 )j + (t − tan−1 t)k + c,
= tan−1 ti +
2
where c = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k.
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
3t dt k = [6t + c1 ] i+ 3t2 + c2 j+ t3 + c3 k
2
′

37. r(t) = r (t) dt = 6 dt i+ 6t dt j+
Since r(0) = i − 2j + k = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k, c1 = 1, c2 = −2, and c3 = 1. Thus,
r(t) = (6t + 1)i + (3t2 − 2)j + (t3 + 1)k.

ˆ ˆ
1 1
ˆ
38. r(t) = r′ (t) dt = t sin t2 dt i+ − cos 2t dt j = − cos t2 + c1 i+ − sin 2t + c2 j
2 2
Since r(0) = 23 i = − 21 + c1 i + c2 j, c1 = 2 and c2 = 0. Thus,

1 2 1
r(t) = − cos t + 2 i − sin 2tj.
2 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
′ ′′ −1/2
39. r (t) = r (t) dt = 12t dt i + −3t dt j + 2 dt k
h i
= 6t2 + c1 i + −6t1/2 + c2 j + [2t + c3 ] k

Since r′ (1) = j = (6 + c1 )i + (−6 + c2 )j + (2 + c3 )k, c1 = −6, c2 = 7, and c3 = −2. Thus,
r′ (t) = (6t2 − 6)i + (−6t1/2 + 7)j + (2t − 2)k.

ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
′ 2 1/2
r(t) = r (t) dt = (6t − 6) dt i + (−6t + 7) dt j + (2t − 2) dt k
h i
= 2t3 − 6t + c4 i + −4t3/2 + 7t + c5 j + t2 − 2t + c6 k.

Since
r(1) = 2i − k = (−4 + c4 )i + (3 + c5 )j + (−1 + c6 )k,
c4 = 6, c5 = −3, and c6 = 0. Thus,
r(t) = (2t3 − 6t + 6)i + (−4t3/2 + 7t − 3)j + (t2 − 2t)k.

ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
′ ′′ 2
40. r (t) = r (t) dt = sec t dt i + cos t dt j + − sin t dt k
= [tan t + c1 ]i + [sin t + c2 ]j + [cos t + c3 ]k

Since r′ (0) = i + j + k = c1 i + c2 j + (1 + c3 )k, c1 = 1, c2 = 1, and c3 = 0. Thus,
r′ (t) = (tan t + 1)i + (sin t + 1)j + cos tk.

ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
′
r(t) = r (t) dt = (tan t + 1) dt i + (sin t + 1) dt j + cos t dt k
= [ln |sec t| + t + c4 ]i + [− cos t + t + c5 ]j + [sin t + c6 ]k.

Since r(0) = −j + 5k = c4 i + (−1 + c5 )j + c6 k, c4 = 0, c5 = 0, and c6 = 5. Thus,
r(t) = (ln | sec t| + t)i + (− cos t + t)j + (sin t + 5)k.

p √
41. r′ (t) = −a sin ti + a cos tj + ck; kr′ (t)k = (−a sin t)2 + (a cos t)2 + c2 = a2 + c2
ˆ 2π p 2π
p p
s= a2 + c2 dt = a2 + c2 t = 2π a2 + c2

0
0
42. r′ (t)= i + (cos t − t sin t)j + (sin t + t cos t)k

p √
kr′ (t)k = 12 + (cos t − t sin t)2 + (sin t + t cos t)2 = 2 + t2
π
ˆ πp p
t p
s= 2 + t2 dt = 2 + t2 + ln t + 2 + t2

0 2
0
πp p √
= 2 + π 2 + ln (π + 2 + π 2 ) − ln 2
2
43. r′ (t) = (−2et sin 2t + et cos 2t)i + (2et cos 2t + et sin 2t)j + et k
p √ √
kr′ (t)k = 5e2t cos2 2t + 5e2t sin2 2t + e2t = 6e2t = 6 et
ˆ 3π √ 3π
√ √
s= 6 et dt = 6 et = 6 (e3π − 1)

0
0
√ q √ √
44. r′ (t) = 3i + 2 3 tj + 2t2 k; kr′ (t)k = 32 + (2 3 t)2 + (2t2 )2 = 9 + 12t2 + 4t4 = 3 + 2t2
ˆ 1 1
2 2 3 2 11
s= (3 + 2t ) dt = 3t + t = 3 + =
0 3 3 3
0
p ˆ t
45. r′ (t) = −a sin ti + a cos tj; kr′ (t)k = a2 sin2 t + a2 cos2 t = a, a > 0; s = a du = at
0
r(s) = a cos (s/a)i + a sin (s/a)j; r′ (s) = − sin (s/a)i + cos (s/a)j
p
kr′ (s)k = sin2 (s/a) + cos2 (s/a) = 1
2 √ 2 √ 1
46. r′ (s) = − √ sin (s/ 5 )i + √ cos (s/ 5 )j + √ k
5 5 5
√ √
r r
′ 4 2 4 2
1 4 1
kr (s)k = sin (s/ 5 ) + cos (s/ 5 ) + = + =1
5 5 5 5 5
d d d 2 d
47. Since (r · r) = krk2 = c = 0 and (r · r) = r · r′ + r′ · r = 2r · r′ , we have r · r′ = 0.
dt dt dt dt
Thus, r′ is perpendicular to r.
48. Since kr(t)k is the length of r(t), kr(t)k = c represents a curve lying on a sphere of radius c
centered at the origin.
49. Let r1 (t) = x(t)i + y(t)j. Then
d d
[u(t)r1 (t)] = [u(t)x(t)i + u(t)y(t)j] = [u(t)x′ (t) + u′ (t)x(t)]i + [u(t)y ′ (t) + u′ (t)y(t)]j
dt dt
= u(t)[x′ (t)i + y ′ (t)j] + u′ (t)[x(t)i + y(t)j] = u(t)r′1 (t) + u′ (t)r1 (t).
50. Let r1 (t) = x1 (t)i + y1 (t)j and r2 (t) = x2 (t)i + y2 (t)j. Then
d d
[r1 (t) · r2 (t)] = [x1 (t)x2 (t) + y1 (t)y2 (t)] = x1 (t)x′2 (t) + x′1 (t)x2 (t) + y1 (t)y2′ (t) + y1′ (t)y2 (t)
dt dt
= [x1 (t)x′2 (t) + y1 (t)y2′ (t)] + [x′1 (t)x2 (t) + y1′ (t)y2 (t)] = r1 (t) · r′2 (t) + r′1 (t) · r2 (t).
51.
d r1 (t + h) × r2 (t + h) − r1 (t) × r2 (t)
[r1 (t) × r2 (t)] = lim
dt h→0 h
r1 (t + h) × r2 (t + h) − r1 (t + h) × r2 (t) + r1 (t + h) × r2 (t) − r1 (t) × r2 (t)
= lim
h→0 h
r1 (t + h) × [r2 (t + h) − r2 (t)] [r1 (t + h) − r1 (t)] × r2 (t)
= lim + lim
h→0 h h→0 h

r2 (t + h) − r2 (t) r1 (t + h) − r1 (t)
= r1 (t) × lim + lim × r2 (t)
h→0 h h→0 h
= r1 (t) × r′2 (t) + r′1 (t) × r2 (t)

52. Let v = ai + bj and r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j. Then

ˆ b ˆ b ˆ b ˆ b ˆ b
v · r(t) dt = [ax(t) + by(t)] dt = a x(t) dt + b y(t) dt = v · r(t) dt.
a a a a a
9.2 Motion on a Curve

√ √
1. v(t) = 2ti + t3 j; v(1) = 2i + j; kv(1)k = 4+1= 5; y
a
a(t) = 2i + 3t2 j; a(1) = 2i + 3j
1 v
1 x
2 √ √
2. v(t) = 2ti − j; v(1) = 2i − 2j; kv(1)k = 4 + 4 = 2 2; y
t3
6 a
a(t) = 2i + 4 j; a(1) = 2i + 6j
t
1
1 x
v
3. v(t) = −2 sinh 2ti + 2 cosh 2tj; v(0) = 2j; kv(0)k = 2; y

v
a(t) = −4 cosh 2ti + 4 sinh 2tj; a(0) = −4i 1
a 1 x
√ 1
4. v(t) = −2 sin ti + cos tj; v(π/3) = − 3 i + j; v y
p √ 2
kv(π/3)k = 3 + 1/4 = 13/2;
√
3 1 a
a(t) = −2 cos ti − sin tj; a(π/3) = −i − j
2
1 x
√ √
5. v(t) = (2t − 2)j + k; v(2) = 2j + k kv(2)k = 4 + 1 = 5; z
a(t) = 2j; a(2) = 2j 2 v
a
2 y
2
x
9.2 Motion on a Curve 657
√ √
6. v(t) = i + j + 3t2 k; v(2) = i + j + 12k; kv(2)k = 1 + 1 + 144 = 146 ; z
a(t) = 6tk; a(2) = 12k

a
v
4
1 1 y
x
√ √
7. v(t) = i + 2tj + 3t2 k; v(1) = i + 2j + 3k; kv(1)k = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14 ; z
a(t) = 2j + 6tk; a(1) = 2j + 6k a
v
2
1 2 y
x
√ √
8. v(t) = i+3t2 j+k; v(1) = i+3j+k; kv(1)k = 1 + 9 + 1 = 11 ; z
a(t) = 6tj; a(1) = 6j 1 v
a
1 1 y
x
9. The particle passes through the xy-plane when z(t) = t2 − 5t = 0 or t = 0, 5 which gives us
the points (0, 0, 0) and (25, 115, 0). v(t) = 2ti + (3t2 − 2)j + (2t − 5)k; v(0) = −2j − 5k,
v(5) = 10i + 73j + 5k; a(t) = 2i + 6tj + 2k; a(0) = 2i + 2k, a(5) = 2i + 30j + 2k
10. If a(t) = 0, then v(t) = c1 and r(t) = c1 t + c2 . The graph of this equation is a straight line.
√
11. Initially we are given s0 = 0 and v0 = (480 cos 30◦ )i + (480 sin 30◦ )j = 240 3 i + 240j. Using
a(t) = −32j we find
ˆ
v(t) = a(t) dt = −32tj + c
√
240 3 i + 240j = v(0) = c
√ √
v(t) = −32tj + 240 3 i + 240j = 240 3 i + (240 − 32t)j
ˆ √
r(t) = v(t) dt = 240 3 ti + (240t − 16t2 )j + b
0 = r(0) = b.
√ √
(a) The shell’s trajectory is given by r(t) = 240 3 ti + (240t − 16t2 )j or x = 240 3 t,
y = 240t − 16t2 .
(b) Solving dy/dt = 240 − 32t = 0, we see that y is maximum when t = 15/2. The maximum
altitude is y(15/2) = 900 ft.
(c) Solving y(t) = 240t − 16t2 = 16t(15 − t) = 0, we see that the shell is at ground level when
√
t = 0 and t = 15. The range of the shell is x(15) = 3600 3 ≈ 6235 ft.
(d) From (c), impact is when t = 15. The speed at impact is

√ p
kv(15)k = |240 3 i + (240 − 32 · 15)j| = 2402 · 3 + (−240)2 = 480 ft/s.
√
12. Initially we are given s0 = 1600j and v0 = (480 cos 30◦ )i + (480 sin 30◦ )j = 240 3 i + 240j.
Using a(t) = −32j we find
ˆ
v(t) = a(t) dt = −32tj + c
√
240 3 i + 240j = v(0) = c
√ √
v(t) = −32tj + 240 3 i + 240j = 240 3 i + (240 − 32t)j
ˆ √
r(t) = v(t) dt = 240 3 ti + (240t − 16t2 )j + b
1600j = r(0) = b.
√ √
(a) The shell’s trajectory is given by r(t) = 240 3 ti + (240t − 16t2 + 1600)j or x = 240 3 t,
y = 240t − 16t2 + 1600.
(b) Solving dy/dt = 240 − 32t = 0, we see that y is maximum when t = 15/2. The maximum
altitude is y(15/2) = 2500 ft.
(c) Solving y(t) = −16t2 + 240t + 1600 = −16(t − 20)(t + 5) = 0, we see that the shell hits
√
the ground when t = 20. The range of the shell is x(20) = 4800 3 ≈ 8314 ft.
(d) From (c), impact is when t = 20. The speed at impact is

√ p √
|v(20)k = |240 3 i + (240 − 32 · 20)j| = 2402 · 3 + (−400)2 = 160 13 ≈ 577ft/s.
13. We are given s0 = 81j and v0 = 4i. Using a(t) = −32j, we have
ˆ
v(t) = a(t) dt = −32tj + c
4i = v(0) = c
v(t) = 4i − 32tj
ˆ
r(t) = v(t) dt = 4ti − 16t2 j + b
81j = r(0) = b
r(t) = 4ti + (81 − 16t2 )j.
Solving y(t) = 81 − 16t2 = 0, we see that the car hits the water when t = 9/4. Then
p √
kv(9/4)k = |4i − 32(9/4)j| = 42 + 722 = 20 13 ≈ 72.11 ft/s.
14. Let θ be the angle of elevation. Then v(0) = 98 cos θi + 98 sin θj. Using a(t) = −9.8j, we have
ˆ
v(t) = a(t) dt = −9.8tj + c
98 cos θi + 98 sin θj = v(0) = c

v(t) = 98 cos θi + (98 sin θ − 9.8t)j
r(t) = 98t cos θi + (98t sin θ − 4.9t2 )j + b.
Since r(0) = 0, b = 0 and r(t) = 98t cos θi + (98t sin θ − 4.9t2 )j. Setting
y(t) = 98t sin θ − 4.9t2 = t(98 sin θ − 4.9t) = 0, we see that the projectile hits the ground
when t = 20 sin θ. Thus, using x(t) = 98t cos θ, 490 = x(t) = 98(20 sin θ) cos θ or sin 2θ = 0.5.
Then 2θ = 30◦ or 150◦ . The angles of elevation are 15◦ and 75◦ .
√ √
◦ ◦ s 2 s 2
15. Let s be the initial speed. Then v(0) = s cos 45 i + s sin 45 j = i+ j. Using
2 2
a(t) = −32j, we have
ˆ
v(t) = a(t) dt = −32tj + c
√ √
s 2 s 2
i+ j = v(0) = c
2 2
√ √ !
s 2 s 2
v(t) = i+ − 32t j
2 2
√ √ !
s 2 s 2
r(t) = ti + t − 16t2 j + b.
2 2
Since r(0) = 0, b = 0 and

√ √ !
s 2 s 2
r(t) = ti + t − 16t2 j.
2 2
√ √
Setting y(t) = s 2 t/2 − 16t2 = t(s 2/2 − 16t) = 0 we see that the ball hits the ground when
√ √
t = 2 s/32. Thus,
√ using x(t) = 2s 2 t/2 and the fact that 100 yd = 300 ft,
s 2 √ s √
300 = x(t) = ( 2 s/32) = and s = 9600 ≈ 97.98 ft/s.
2 32
16. Using the vector function r(t) = (v0 cos θ)ti + [− 12 gt2 + (v0 sin θ)t]j, the time of impact occurs
when
1 2v0 sin θ
− gt2 + (v0 sin θ)t = 0 or t=
2 g
The impact velocity is

2v0 sin θ 2v0 sin θ
v = (v0 cos θ)i + −g + (v0 sin θ) j = (v0 cos θ)i + [−v0 sin θ] j
g g
Compare this with the initial velocity vector v (0) = (v0 cos θ)i + (v0 sin θ)j to see that the
speed will be the the same in either case. That is,

v 2v0 sin θ = kv(0)k = v 2 cos2 θ + v 2 sin2 θ = v0
q
0 0
g
17. (a) Using the vector function r(t) = (v0 cos θ)ti+[− 12 gt2 +(v0 sin θ)t+s0]j, with v0 = 480 ft/s,
θ = 60◦ and s0 = 1600 ft

◦ 1 2
r(t) = (480 cos 60 )t i + − (32)t + (480 sin 60)t + 1600 j
2
h √ i
= 240t i + −16t2 + 240 3t + 1600 j
d
√
−16t2 + 240 3t + 1600 = 0, that is,

(b) The maximum altitude occurs when y ′ (t) = dt
√
when t = 15 3/2.
So the maximum altitude is
√ √ √ √
y(15 3/2) = −16(15 3/2)2 + 240 3(15 3/2) + 1600 = 4300 ft.
√
(c) Time of impact is when y(t) = −16t2 + 240 3t + 1600 = 0, that is, when t = 29.384 s
therefore the range is x(29.384) = 240(29.384) = 7052.16 ft.
q √
(d) Speed at impact is kv(29.384)k = 2402 + (−32(29.384) + 240 3)2 = 576.89 ft.
18. (a) Using the vector function r(t) = (v0 cos θ)ti + [− 12 gt2 + (v0 sin θ)t + s0 ]j, with v0 = 480
ft/s, θ = 45◦ and s0 = 1600 ft.

◦ 1 2 ◦
r(t) = (480 cos 45 )t i + − (32)t + (480 sin 45 )t + 1600 j
2
√ √
= (240 2)t i + [−16t2 + 240 2t + 1600]j
(b) For θ = 39.76◦ , r(t) = (480 cos 39.76◦ )t i + [−16t2 + (480 sin 39.76◦ )t + 1600]j.
Impact is when y(t) = −16t2 + (480 sin 39.76◦ )t + 1600 = 0, that is, when t = 23.4513 s
therefore the range is x(23.4513) = 480(cos 39.76◦ )(23.4513) = 8653.31 ft.
(c)
y
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0 x
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
19. Using the results from Exercise 22 in Exercises 4.6, and the specified parameter values,

r(t) = 1 − e−0.08t (2955.04) i + (7308.73) 1 − e−0.08t − 400t j

v(t) = (236.40)e−0.08t i + (584.70) e−0.08t − 400 j
The projectile hits the ground at time t = 10.1776 s. The impact speed is therefore
h i h i
−0.08(10.1776) −0.08(10.1776)
kv(t)k = (236.40)e i + (584.70) e − 400 j = 175.62 ft/s

20. Repeating the process in Problem 19 but with θ = 52◦ , the impact speed when t ≈ 12.6704 s
is
kv(12.6704)k = 181.85 ft/s
21. Let the initial speed of the projectile be s and let the target be y
(x0, y0)
at (x0 , y0 ). Then vp (0) = s cos θi + s sin θj and vt (0) = 0. Using
x0 tan θ
a(t) = −32j, we have θ
x0 x
ˆ
vp (t) = a(t) dt = −32tj + c
s cos θi + s sin θj = vp (0) = c

vp (t) = s cos θi + (s sin θ − 32t)j
rp (t) = st cos θi + (st sin θ − 16t2 )j + b.
Since rp (0) = 0, b = 0 and rp (t) = st cos θi + (st sin θ − 16t2 )j. Also, vt (t) = −32tj + c and
since vt (0) = 0, c = 0 and vt (t) = −32tj. Then rt (t) = −16t2 j + b. Since rt (0) = x0 i + y0 j,
b = x0 i + y0 j and rt (t) = x0 i + (y0 − 16t2 )j. Now, the horizontal component of rp (t) will be
x0 when t = x0 /s cos θ at which time the vertical component of rp (t) will be
(sx0 /s cos θ) sin θ − 16(x0 /s cos θ)2 = x0 tan θ − 16(x0 /s cos θ)2 = y0 − 16(x0 /s cos θ)2 .
Thus, rp (x0 /s cos θ) = rt (x0 /s cos θ) andthe projectile will strike the target as it falls.
22. The initial angle is θ = 0, the initial height is 1024 ft, and the initial speed is
s = 180(5280)/3600 = 264 ft/s. Then x(t) = 264t and y(t) = −16t2 + 1024. Solving
y(t) = 0 we see that the pack hits the ground at t = 8 seconds The horizontal distance
travelled is x(8) = 2112 feet. From the figure in the text, tan α = 1024/2112 = 16/33 and
α ≈ 0.45 radian or 25.87◦ .
q
23. r′ (t) = v(t) = −r0 ω sin ωti + r0 ω cos ωtj; v = kv(t)k = r02 ω 2 sin2 ωt + r02 ω 2 cos2 ωt = r0 ω
ω = v/r0 ; a(t) = r′′ (t) = −r0 ω 2 cos ωti − r0 ω 2 sin ωtj
q
a = ka(t)k = r02 ω 4 cos2 ωt + r02 ω 4 sin2 ωt = r0 ω 2 = r0 (v/r0 )2 = v 2 /r0 .
p √
24. (a) v(t) = −b sin ti + b cos tj + ck; kv(t)k = b2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t + c2 = b2 + c2
t ˆ tp
ds p 2
ˆ p
(b) s = kv(u)k du b2 + c2 du = t b2 + c2 ; = b + c2
0 0 dt
d2 s p
(c) 2
= 0; a(t) = −b cos ti − b sin tj; ka(t)k = b2 cos2 t + b2 sin2 t = |b|.
dt
Thus, d2 s/dt2 6= ka(t)k.
25. By Problem 23, a = v 2 /r0 = 15302 /(4000 · 5280) ≈ 0.1108. We are given mg = 192, so
m = 192/32 and we = 192 − (192/32)(0.1108) ≈ 191.33 lb.
26. By Problem 23, the centripetal acceleration is v 2 /r0 . Then the (0, 32m)
(mv 2/r0, 32m)
horizontal force is mv 2 /r0 . The vertical force is 32m. The
resultant force is u = (mv 2 /r0 )i + 32mj. From the figure, we φ
see that tan φ = (mv 2 /r0 )/32m = v 2 /32r0 . Using r0 = 60 and (mv 2/r0, 0)
v = 44 we obtain tan φ = 442 /32(60) ≈ 1.0083 and φ ≈ 45.24◦ .
27. Letting r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k, the equation dr/dt = v is equivalent to dx/dt = 6t2 x,
dy/dt = −4ty 2 , dz/dt = 2t(z + 1). Separating variables and integrating, we obtain
dx/x = 6t2 dt, dy/y 2 = −4t dt, dz/(z + 1) = 2t dt, and ln x = 2t3 + c1 , −1/y = −2t2 + c2 ,
ln(z + 1) = t2 + c3 . Thus,
3 1 2
r(t) = k1 e2t i + j + (k3 et − 1)k.
2t2 + k2
28. We require the fact that dr/dt = v. Then

dL d dp dr
= (r × p) = r × + × p = τ + v × p = τ + v × mv = τ + m(v × v) = τ + 0 = τ .
dt dt dt dt
29. (a) Since F is directed along r we have F = cr for some constant c. Then
τ = r × F = r × (cr) = c(r × r) = 0.
(b) If τ = 0 then dL/dt = 0 and L is constant.
30. (a) Using Problem 29, F = −k(M m/r 2 )u = ma. Then a = d2 r/dt = −k(M/r 2 )u.
(b) Using u = r/r we have

′′ M kM 1 kM
r × r = r × −k 2 u = − 2 r × ( r) = − 3 (r × r) = 0.
r r r r
(c) From Theorem 9.1.4 (iv) we have

d dv dr
(r × v) = r × + × v = r × r′′ + v × v = 0 + 0 = 0.
dt dt dt
(d) Since r = ru we have c = r × v = ru × ru′ = r 2 (u × u′ ).
(e) Since u = (1/r)r is a unit vector, u · u = 1 and

d du du du d
(u · u) = u · + · u = 2u · = (1) = 0.
dt dt dt dt dt
Thus, u · u′ = 0.
d dc dv kM kM
(f ) (v × c) = v × + × c = v × 0 + a × c = − 2 u × c = − 2 u × [r 2 (u × u′ )]
dt dt dt r r
= −kM [u × (u × u′ )] = −kM [(u · u′ )u − (u · u)u′ ] by (15) of 7.4
du
= −kM [0 − u′ ] = kM u′ = kM
dt
(g) Since
r · (v × c) = (r × v) · c by Problem 61 in 7.4
= c · c = c2 where c = kck
and
(kM u + d) · r = (kM u + d) · ru = kM ru · u + rd · u
= kM r + rd cos θ where d = kdk
c2 c2 /kM
we have c2 = kM r + rd cos θ or r = = .
kM + d cos θ 1 + (d/kM ) cos θ
(h) First note that c > 0 (otherwise there is no orbit) and d > 0 (since the orbit is not a
circle). We recognize the equation in (g) to be that of a conic section with eccentricity
e = d/kM . Since the orbit of the planet is closed it must be an ellipse.
(i) At perihelion c = kck = kr × vk = r0 v0 sin (π/r) = r0 v0 . Since r is minimum at this

point, we want the denominator in the equation r0 = [c2 /kM ]/[1 + (d/kM ) cos θ] to be
maximum. This occurs when θ = 0. In this case
r02 v02 /kM
r0 = and d = r0 v02 − kM.
1 + d/kM
31. The vector function is
1
r(t) = (v0 cos θ)ti + [− gt2 + (v0 sin θ)t + s0 ]j
2
Time of impact is found by solving − 12 gt2 + (v0 sin θ)t + s0 = 0. Using the quadratic formula,
q
v0 sin θ + v02 sin2 θ + 2gs0
t=
g
The horizontal range is therefore
 q   q 
v0 sin θ + v02 sin2 θ + 2gs0 v0 sin θ + v02 sin2 θ + 2gs0
x  = (v0 cos θ)  
g g
32. Max range is given by the angle when R′ (t) = 0.

   
2

v sin θ cos θ
q
R′ (t) = 0 cos θ cos θ + q  − sin θ sin θ + sin2 θ + 2gs0 /v02 

g sin2 θ + 2gs /v 2

0 0
sin θ cos2 θ
q
R′ (t) = 0 = cos2 θ + q 2
sin2 θ + 2gs0 /v02

− sin θ − sin θ
sin2 θ + 2gs0 /v0 2
Using substitution with u = cos2 θ and 1 − u = sin2 θ, the equation becomes

√
√

u 1−u
q
2

0=u+ q − (1 − u) − 1 − u 1 − u + 2gs0 /v0 ,
1 − u + 2gs0 /v02
which reduces to
2gs0 /v02 + 1

u= .
2gs0 /v02 + 2

Replacing u and rearranging vo gives
2gs0 + v02
cos2 θ =
2gs0 + 2v02
s
−1 2s0 g + v02
θ = cos .
2s0 g + 2v02
9.3 Curvature and Components of Acceleration
p √
1. r′ (t) = −t sin ti + t cos tj + 2tk; |r′ (t)| = t2 sin2 t + t2 cos2 t + 4t2 = 5 t;
sin t cos t 2
T(t) = − √ i + √ j + √ k
5 5 5
√ t
2. r′ (t) = et (− sin t + cos t)i + et (cos t + sin t)j + 2 e k,
|r′ (t)| = [e2t (sin2 t − 2 sin t cos t + cos2 t) + e2t (cos2 t + 2 sin t cos t + sin2 t) + 2e2t ]1/2 ;
√
= 4e2t = 2et
√
1 1 2
T(t) = (− sin t + cos t)i + (cos t + sin t)j + k
2 2 2
3. We assume a > 0. r′ (t) = −a sin ti + a cos tj + ck;
p √
|r′ (t)| = a2 sin2 t + a2 cos2 t + c2 = a2 + c2 ;
a sin t a cos t c dT a cos t a sin t
T(t) = − √ i+ √ j+ √ k; = −√ i− √ j,
2
a +c 2 2
a +c 2 2
a +c 2 dt 2
a +c 2 a2 + c2
s 2
a cos2 t a2 sin2 t

dT a
dt =
+ 2 =√ ; N = − cos ti − sin tj;
a2 + c2 a + c2 a + c2
2
9.3 Curvature and Components of Acceleration 665

i j k

a sin t a cos t c = √c sin t i − √c cos t j + √ a

b = T × N = − √ √ √ k;
2
a +c 2 a2 + c2 2 2
a +c
a2 + c2 a2 + c2 a2 + c2
− cos t − sin t 0
√
|dT/dt| a/ a2 + c2 a
κ= = √ = 2
|r′ (t)| 2
a +c 2 a + c2
√ √
4. r′ (t) = i + tj + t2 k, r′ (1) = i + j + k; |r′ (t)| = 1 + t2 + t4 , |r′ (1)| = 3;
1
T(t) = (1 + t2 + t4 )−1/2 (i + tj + t2 k), T(1) = √ (i + j + k);
3
dT 1 t
= − (1 + t2 + t4 )−3/2 (2t + 4t3 )i + [(1 + t2 + t4 )−1/2 − (1 + t2 + t4 )−3/2 (2t + 4t3 )]j
dt 2 2
t 2
+ [2t(1 + t2 + t4 )−1/2 − (1 + t2 + t4 )−3/2 (2t + 4t3 )]k;
2
r √
d 1 1 d 1 1 2 1
T(1) = − √ i + √ k, T(1) = + = √ ; N(1) = − √ (i − k);
dt 3 3 dt 3 3 3 2

i j k √ √ √
√
1/ 3 1/√3 1/√3

1 d ′ 2/ 3 2
b(1) = = √ (i − 2j + k); κ = T(1) /|r (1)| = √ =
6 dt 3 3
−1/√2 √

0 1/ 2
√
5. From Example 2 in the text, a normal to the osculating plane is b(π/4) = √126 (3i−3j+2 2 k).
√ √
The point on the curve when t = π/4 is ( 2 , 2 , 3π/4). An equation of the plane is
√ √ √ √ √
3(x − 2 ) − 3(y − 2 ) + 2 2(z − 3π/4) = 0, 3x − 3y + 2 2 z = 3 2 π/2, or
√ √
3 2 x − 3 2 y + 4z = 3π.
6. From Problem 4, a normal to the osculating plane is B(1) = √16 (i − 2j + k). The point on the
curve when t = 1 is (1, 1/2, 1/3). An equation of the plane is (x−1)−2(y −1/2)+(z −1/3) = 0
or x − 2y + z = 1/3.
√
7. v(t) = j + 2tk, |v(t)| = 1 + 4t2 ; a(t) = 2k; v · a = 4t, v × a = 2i, |v × a| = 2;
4t 2
aT = √ , aN = √
1 + 4t2 1 + 4t2
8. v(t) = −3 sin ti + 2 cos tj + k,
p p p p
|v(t)| = 9 sin2 t + 4 cos2 t + 1 = 5 sin2 t + 4 sin2 t + 4 cos2 t + 1 = 5 sin2 t + 1 ;
a(t) = −3 cos ti − 2 sin tj; v · a = 9 sin t cos t − 4 sin t cos t = 5 sin t cos t,
p p p
v × a = 2 sin ti − 3 cos tj + 6k, |v × a| = 4 sin2 t + 9 cos2 t + 36 = 5 cos2 t + 8 ;
√ s
5 sin t cos t cos2 t + 8
aT = p , aN =
sin2 t + 1 sin2 t + 1
√
9. v(t) = 2ti + 2tj + 4tk, |v(t)| = 2 6 t, t > 0; a(t) = 2i + 2j + 4k; v · a = 24t, v × a = 0;
24t √
aT = √ = 2 6 , aN = 0, t > 0
2 6t
√
10. v(t) = 2ti − 3t2 j + 4t3 k, |v(t)| = t 4 + 9t2 + 16t4 , t > 0; a(t) = 2i − 6tj + 12t2 k;
√
v · a = 4t + 18t3 + 48t5 ; v × a = −12t4 i − 16t3 j − 6t2 k, |v × a| = 2t2 36t4 + 64t2 + 9 ;
√
4 + 18t2 + 48t4 2t 36t4 + 64t2 + 9
aT = √ , aN = √ ,t>0
4 + 9t2 + 16t4 4 + 9t2 + 16t4
√
11. v(t) = 2i + 2tj, |v(t)| = 2 1 + t2 ; a(t) = 2j; v · a = 4t; v × a = 4k, |v × a| = 4;
2t 2
aT = √ , aN = √
1 + t2 1 + t2
√
1 t 1 + t2 2t 1 − t2
12. v(t) = 2
i+ 2
j, |v(t)| = 2
; a(t) = − 2 2
i+ j;
1+t 1+t 1+t (1 + t ) (1 + t2 )2
2t t − t3 t 1 1
v·a=− 2 3
+ =− ; v×a= k, |v × a| = ;
(1 + t ) (1 + t2 )3 (1 + t2 )2 (1 + t2 )2 (1 + t2 )2
t/(1 + t2 )2 t 1/(1 + t2 )2 1
aT = − √ =− 2 )3/2
, aN = √ =
2 2
1 + t /(1 + t ) (1 + t 2 2
1 + t /(1 + t ) (1 + t2 )3/2
13. v(t) = −5 sin ti + 5 cos tj, |v(t)| = 5; a(t) = −5 cos ti − 5 sin tj; v · a = 0, v × a = 25k,
|v × a| = 25; aT = 0, aN = 5
p
14. v(t) = sinh ti + cosh tj, |v(t)| = sinh2 t + cosh2 t ;
a(t) = cosh ti + sinh tj v · a = 2 sinh t cosh t;
2 sinh t cosh t
v × a = (sinh2 t − cosh2 t)k = −k, |v × a| = 1; aT = p ,
sinh2 t + cosh2 t
1
aN = p
sinh t + cosh2 t
2
√
15. v(t) = −e−t (i + j + k), |v(t)| = 3 e−t ; a(t) = e−t (i + j + k); v · a = −3e−2t ; v × a = 0,
√
|v × a| = 0; aT = − 3 e−t , aN = 0
√
16. v(t) = i + 2j + 4k, |v(t)| = 21 ; a(t) = 0; v · a = 0, v × a = 0, |v × a| = 0; aT = 0,
aN = 0
p
17. v(t) = −a sin ti + b cos tj + ck, |v(t)| = a2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t + c2 ; a(t) = −a cos ti − b sin tj;
p
v × a = bc sin ti − ac cos tj + abk, |v × a| = b2 c2 sin2 t + a2 c2 cos2 t + a2 b2
p
|v × a| b2 c2 sin2 t + a2 c2 cos2 t + a2 b2
κ= = ;
|v|3 (a2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t + c2 )3/2
p
18. (a) v(t) = −a sin ti + b cos tj, |v(t)| = a2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t ; a(t) = −a cos ti − b sin tj;
ab
v × a = abk; |v × a| = ab; κ = 2 2
(a sin t + b2 cos2 t)3/2
(b) When a = b, |v(t)| = a, |v × a| = a2 , and κ = a2 /a3 = 1/a.
19. The equation of a line is r(t) = b + tc, where b and c are constant vectors.
v(t) = c, |v(t)| = |c|; a(t) = 0; v × a = 0, |v × a| = 0; κ = |v × a|/|v|3 = 0
9.4 Partial Derivatives 667
20. v(t) = a(1 − cos t)i + a sin tj; v(π) = 2ai, |v(π)| = 2a; a(t) = a sin ti + a cos tj, a(π) = −aj;

i j k
|v × a| 2a2 1
|v × a| = 2a 0 0 = −2a2 k; |v × a| = 2a2 ; κ =

3
= 3 =
0 −a 0 |v| 8a 4a
p
21. v(t) = f ′ (t)i + g′ (t)j, |v(t)| = [f ′ (t)]2 + [g′ (t)]2 ; a(t) = f ′′ (t)i + g′′ (t)j;
v × a = [f ′ (t)g′′ (t) − g ′ (t)f ′′ (t)]k, |v × a| = |f ′ (t)g′′ (t) − g′ (t)f ′′ (t)|;
|v × a| |f ′ (t)g′′ (t) − g′ (t)f ′′ (t)|
κ= =
|v|3 ([f ′ (t)]2 + [g′ (t)]2 )3/2
22. For y = F (x), r(x) = xi + F (x)j. We identify f (x) = x and g(x) = F (x) in Problem 21.
Then f ′ (x) = 1, f ′′ (x) = 0, g ′ (x) = F ′ (x), g ′′ (x) = F ′′ (x), and κ = |F ′′ (x)|/(1 + [F ′ (x)]2 )3/2 .
23. F (x) = x2 , F (0) = 0, F (1) = 1; F ′ (x) = 2x, F ′ (0) = 0, F ′ (1) = 2; F ′′ (x) = 2, F ′′ (0) = 2,
2 1 2 2
F ′′ (1) = 2; κ(0) = = 2; ρ(0) = ; κ(1) = = √ ≈ 0.18;
(1 + 02 )3/2 2 (1 + 22 )3/2 5 5
√
5 5 √
ρ(1) = ≈ 5.59; Since 2 > 2/5 5 , the curve is “sharper” at (0, 0).
2
24. F (x) = x3 , F (−1) = −1, F (1/2) = 1/8; F ′ (x) = 3x2 , F ′ (−1) = 3, F ′ (1/2) = 3/4;
| − 6| 6 3
F ′′ (x) = 6x, F ′′ (−1) = −6, F ′′ (1/2) = 3; κ(−1) = 2 3/2
= √ = √ ≈ 0.19;
(1 + 3 ) 10 10 5 10
√
5 10 1 3 3 192
ρ(−1) = ≈ 5.27; κ = 2 3/2
= = ≈ 1.54;
3 2 [1 + (3/4) ] 125/64 125

1 125
ρ = ≈ 0.65
2 192
Since 1.54 > 0.19, the curve is “sharper” at (1/2, 1/8).
25. At a point of inflection (x0 , F (x0 )), if F ′′ (x0 ) exists then F ′′ (x0 ) = 0. Thus, assuming that
limx→x0 F ′′ (x) exists, F ′′ (x) and hence κ is near 0 for x near x0 .
26. We use the fact that T · N = 0 and T · T = N · N = 1. Then
|a(t)|2 = a · a = (aN N + aT T) · (aN N + aT T) = a2N N · N + 2aN aT N · T + a2T T · T = a2N + a2T .
9.4 Partial Derivatives
1. y = − 12 x + C 2. x = y 2 − c
y y
1
x 1 x
3. x2 − y 2 = 1 + c2 4. 4x2 + 9y 2 = 36 − c2 , −6 ≤ c ≤ 6
y
y
1
1
2 x
1 x
5. y = x2 + ln c, c > 0 6. y = x + tan c, −π/x < c < π/2

y
y
1 x
1 x
7. x2 /9 + z 2 /4 = c; elliptical cylinder 8. x2 + y 2 + z 2 = c; sphere
9. x2 + 3y 2 + 6z 2 = c; ellipsoid 10. 4y − 2z + 1 = c; plane
11. z z z
1 1
y 1 1 y 1 y
x
x x
c=0 c<0 c>0
12. Setting x = −4, y = 2, and z = −3 in x2 /16 + y 2 /4 + z 2 /9 = c we obtain c = 3. The equation

of the surface is x2 /16 + y 2 /4 + z 2 /9 = 3. Setting y = z = 0 we find the x-intercepts are
√ √ √
±4 3 . Similarly, the y-intercepts are ±2 3 and the z-intercepts are ±3 3 .
13. zx = 2x − y 2 ; zy = −2xy + 20y 4
14. zx = −3x2 + 12xy 3 ; zy = 18x2 y 2 + 10y
15. zx = 20x3 y 3 − 2xy 6 + 30x4 ; zy = 15x4 y 2 − 6x2 y 5 − 4
16. zx = 3x2 y 2 sec2 (x3 y 2 ); zy = 2x3 y sec2 (x3 y 2 )

√
2 24y x
17. zx = √ ; zy = −
x (3y 2 + 1) (3y 2 + 1)2
18. zx = 12x2 − 10x + 8; zy = 0
19. zx = −(x3 − y 2 )−2 (3x2 ) = −3x2 (x3 − y 2 )−2 ; zy = −(x3 − y 2 )−2 (−2y) = 2y(x3 − y 2 )−2
20. zx = 6(−x4 + 7y 2 + 3y)5 (−4x3 ) = −24x3 (−x4 + 7y 2 + 3y)5 ; zy = 6(−x4 + 7y 2 + 3y)5 (14y + 3)
21. zx = 2(cos 5x)(− sin 5x)(5) = −10 sin 5x cos 5x; zy = 2(sin 5y)(cos 5y)(5) = 10 sin 5y cos 5y
2 tan−1 y 2 ; 2x2 y x2 tan−1 y2

22. zx = (2x tan−1 y 2 )ex zy = e
1 + y4
3 3 3 3
23. fx = x(3x2 yex y + ex y = (3x3 y + 1)ex y ; fy = x4 ex y

θ 1 θ θ θ θ θ θ
24. fθ = φ2 cos = φ cos ; fφ = φ2 cos − 2 + 2φ sin = −θ cos + 2φ sin
φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ
(x + 2y)3 − (3x − y) 7y (x + 2y)(−1) − (3x − y)(2) −7x
25. fx = = ; fy = =
(x + 2y)2 (x + 2y)2 (x + 2y)2 (x + 2y)2
(x2 − y 2 )2 y − xy[2(x2 − y 2 )2x] −3x2 y − y 3

26. fx = = ;
(x2 − y 2 )4 (x2 − y 2 )3
(x2 − y 2 )2 x − xy[2(x2 − y 2 )(−2y)] 3xy 2 + x3
fy = =
(x2 − y 2 )4 (x2 − y 2 )3
8u 15v 2
27. gu = ; gv =
4u2 + 5v 3 4u2 + 5v 3
√ √
1 s r 1
28. hr = √ + 2 ; hs = − 2 − √
2s r r s 2r s
√ √

y 1 y/z y
29. wx = √ ; wy = 2 x − y e − ey/z = 2 x − + 1 ey/z ;
x z z
y y2
wz = −yey/z − 2 = 2 ey/z
z z

1 xy
30. wx = xy + (ln xz)y = y + y ln xz; wy = x ln xz; wz =
x z
31. Fu = 2uw2 − v 3 − vwt2 sin (ut2 ); Fv = −3uv 2 + w cos (ut2 );

Fx = 4(2x2 t)3 (4xt) = 16xt(2x2 t)3 = 128x7 t4 ; Ft = −2uvwt sin (ut2 ) + 64x8 t3
4 s5 −1 4 s5 −1
32. Gp = r 4 s5 (p2 q 3 )r (2pq 3 ) = 2pq 3 r 4 s5 (p2 q 3 )r ;
Gq = r 4 s5 (p2 q 3 ) r 4 s5 −1 (3p2 q 2 ) = 3p2 q 2 r 4 s5 (p2 q 3 ) r 4 s5 −1 ; Gr = (p2 q 3 )r
4 s5
(4r 3 s5 ) ln (p2 q 3 );
4 s5
Gs = (p2 q 3 )r (5r 4 s4 ) ln (p2 q 3 )
∂z 2x ∂2z (x2 + y 2 )2 − 2x(2x) 2y 2 − 2x2 ∂z 2y

33. = 2 2
, 2
= 2 2 2
= 2 2 2
; = 2 ,
∂x x +y ∂x (x + y ) (x + y ) ∂y x + y2
∂2z (x2 + y 2 )2 − 2y(2y) 2x2 − 2y 2 ∂2z ∂2z 2y 2 − 2x2 + 2x2 − 2y 2
= = ; + = =0
∂y 2 (x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2 ∂x2 ∂y 2 (x2 + y 2 )2
∂z 2 2 2 2
34. = ex −y (−2y sin 2xy) + 2xex −y cos 2xy
∂x
∂2z 2 2
2
= ex −y (−4y 2 cos 2xy − 8xy sin 2xy + 4x2 cos 2xy + 2 cos 2xy)
∂x
∂z 2 2 2 2
= ex −y (−2x sin 2xy) − 2yex −y cos 2xy
∂y
∂2z 2 2
= ex −y (−4x2 cos 2xy + 8xy sin 2xy + 4y 2 cos 2xy − 2 cos 2xy)
∂y 2
Adding the second partial derivatives gives
∂2z ∂2z
+ = [−4(y 2 + x2 ) cos 2xy + 4(x2 + y 2 ) cos 2xy] = 0.
∂x2 ∂y 2
∂u ∂2u ∂u ∂2u
35. = cos at cos x, = − cos at sin x; = −a sin at sin x, = −a2 cos at sin x;
∂x ∂x2 ∂t ∂t2
∂2u ∂2u
a2 = a 2
(− cos at sin x) =
∂x2 ∂t2
∂u ∂2u
36. = − sin (x + at) + cos (x − at), = − cos (x + at) − sin (x − at);
∂x ∂x2
∂u ∂2u
= −a sin (x + at) − a cos (x − at), = −a2 cos (x + at) − a2 sin (x − at);
∂t ∂t2
∂2u ∂2u
a2 2
= −a2 cos (x + at) − a2 sin (x − at) = 2
∂x ∂t
∂C 2x 2 ∂2C 4x2 −1/2 −x2 /kt 2 −1/2 −x2 /kt
37. = − t−1/2 e−x /kt , 2
= 2 2
t e − t e ;
∂x kt ∂x k t kt
∂C x2 2 t−3/2 −x2 /kt k ∂ 2 C x2 −1/2 −x2 /kt t−1/2 −x2 /kt ∂C
= t−1/2 2 e−x /kt − e ; = t e − e =
∂t kt 2 4 ∂x2 kt2 2t ∂t
38. (a) Pv = −k(T /V 2 )
(b) P V = kt, P VT = k, VT = k/P
(c) P V = kT , V = kTp , Tp = V /k
2 2 2 2
39. zx = v 2 euv (3x2 ) + 2uveuv (1) = 3x2 v 2 euv + 2uveuv ;
2 2 2
zy = v 2 euv (0) + 2uveuv (−2y) = −4yuveuv
40. zx = (2u cos 4v)(2xy 3 ) − (4u2 sin 4v)(3x2 ) = 4xy 3 u cos 4v − 12x2 u2 sin 4v
zy = (2u cos 4v)(3x2 y 2 ) − (4v 2 sin 4v)(3y 2 ) = 6x2 y 2 u cos 4v − 12y 2 u2 sin 4v
41. zu = 4(4u3 ) − 10y[2(2u − v)(2)] = 16u3 − 40(2u − v)y

zv = 4(−24v 2 ) − 10y[2(2u − v)(−1)] = −96v 2 + 20(2u − v)y
2
2xv 2

2y 1 −2x v 2y
42. zu = + − = +
(x + y)2 v (x + y)2 u2 v(x + y)2 u2 (x + y)2

2y u −2x 2v 2yu 4xv
zv = 2
− 2 + 2
=− 2 2
−
(x + y) v (x + y) u v (x + y) u(x + y)2
3 2 3
43. wt = (u + v 2 )1/2 (2u)(−e−t sin θ) + (u2 + v 2 )1/2 (2v)(−e−t cos θ)
2 2
= −3u(u2 + v 2 )1/2 e−t sin θ − 3v(u2 + v 2 )1/2 e−t cos θ
3 3
wθ = (u2 + v 2 )1/2 (2u)e−t cos θ + (u2 + v 2 )1/2 (2v)(−e−t sin θ)
2 2
= 3u(u2 + v 2 )1/2 e−t cos θ − 3v(u2 + v 2 )1/2 e−t sin θ
√ √
v/2 uv u/2 uv rv rs2 u
44. wr = (2r) + (2rs2 ) = √ +√
1 + uv 1 + uv uv (1 + uv) uv (1 + uv)
√ √
v/2 uv u/2 uv −sv r 2 su
ws = (−2s) + (2r 2 s) = √ +√
1 + uv 1 + uv uv (1 + uv) uv (1 + uv)
2 2
2 2

45. Ru = s2 t4 ev + 2rst4 −2uve−u + 4rs2 t3 2uv 2 eu v
2 2 2 2
= s2 t4 ev − 4uvrst4 e−u + 8uv 2 rs2 t3 eu v
2
2
2 2

Rv = s2 t4 2uvev + 2rst4 e−u + 4rs2 t3 2u2 veu v
2 2 2 2
= 2s2 t4 uvev + 2rst4 e−u + 8rs2 t3 u2 veu v
t2 t2

1 1 1 1 1/t 1 t
46. Qx = √ + 2
+ 2
= √ + 2+
P 1−x 2 q t r 1 + (x/t) p 1−x 2 qt r(t + x2 )
2
−x/t2 2t sin−1 x

1 −1 1 2x 1 2x x
Qt = (2t sin x) + − 3 + 2
= − 3−
p q t r 1 + (x/t) p qt r(t + x2 )
2
2x u 2y cosh rs xu y cosh rs
47. wt = p + p =p + p
2 x + y rs + tu 2 x + y
2 2 2 2 u x + y (rs + tu) u x2 + y 2
2 2
2x s 2y st sinh rs xs yst sinh rs

wr = p + p =p + p
2 x + y rs + tu 2 x + y
2 2 2 2 u x + y (rs + tu) u x2 + y 2
2 2
2x t 2y −t cosh rs xt yt cosh rs
wu = p + p 2
=p − p
2 x + y rs + tu 2 x + y
2 2 2 2 u x + y (rs + tu) u x2 + y 2
2 2 2
48. sφ = 2pe3θ + 2q[− sin(φ + θ)] − 2rθ 2 + 4(2) = 2pe3θ − 2q sin(φ + θ) − 2rθ 2 + 8
sθ = 2p(3φe3θ ) + 2q[− sin(φ + θ)] − 2r(2φθ) + 4(8) = 6pφe3θ − 2q sin(φ + θ) − 4rφθ + 32
dz 2u 2v −3 4ut − 4vt−3
49. = 2 (2t) + (−2t ) =
dt u + v2 u2 + v 2 u2 + v 2
dz
50. = (3u2 v − v 4 )(−5e−5t ) + (u3 − 4uv 3 )(5 sec 5t tan 5t)
dt
= −5(3u2 v − v 4 )e−5t + 5(u3 − 4uv 3 ) sec 5t tan 5t
dw
51. = −3 sin (3u + 4v)(2) − 4 sin (3u + 4v)(−1); u(π) = 5π/2, v(π) = −5π/4
dt

dw 15π 15π 5π
= −6 sin − 5π + 4 sin − 5π = −2 sin = −2
dt 2 2 2
π

dw −8 dw
52. = yexy + xexy
(3); x(0) = 4, y(0) = 5; = 5e20 (−8) + 4e20 (3) = −28e20

dt (2t + 1)2 dt
0
53. With x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ

∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂u
= + = cos θ + sin θ
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r ∂x ∂y
∂2u ∂ 2 u ∂x ∂ 2 u ∂y ∂2u 2 ∂2u 2
= cos θ + sin θ = cos θ + sin θ
∂r 2 ∂x2 ∂r ∂y 2 ∂r ∂x2 ∂y 2
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂u
= + = (−r sin θ) + (r cos θ)
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y ∂θ ∂x ∂y
∂2u ∂u ∂ 2 u ∂x ∂u ∂ 2 u ∂y
= (−r cos θ) + (−r sin θ) + (−r sin θ) + (r cos θ)
∂θ 2 ∂x ∂x2 ∂θ ∂y ∂y 2 ∂θ
∂u ∂2u ∂u ∂2u
= −r cos θ + r 2 2 sin2 θ − r sin θ + r 2 2 cos2 θ.
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
∂2u ∂2u
Using + 2 = 0, we have
∂x2 ∂y
∂ 2 u 1 ∂u 1 ∂2u ∂2u ∂2u

2 2 1 ∂u ∂u
+ + = cos θ + sin θ + cos θ + sin θ
∂r 2 r ∂r r 2 ∂θ 2 ∂x2 ∂y 2 r ∂x ∂y
1

∂u 2 2
2 ∂ u 2 ∂u 2 ∂ u 2
+ 2 −r cos θ + r sin θ − r sin θ + r cos θ
r ∂x ∂x2 ∂y ∂y 2
∂2u ∂2u

2 2 2 2 ∂u 1 1
= (cos θ + sin θ) + 2 (sin θ + cos θ) + cos θ − cos θ
∂x2 ∂y ∂x r r

∂u 1 1
+ sin θ − sin θ
∂y r r
∂2u ∂2u
= + 2 = 0.
∂x2 ∂y
dP (V − 0.0427)(0.08)dT /dt 0.08T (dV /dt) 3.6 dV

54. = 2
− 2
+ 3
dt (V − 0.0427) (V − 0.0427) V dt

0.08 dT 3.6 0.08T dV
= + 3
− 2
V − 0.0427 dt V (V − 0.0427) dt
55. Since dT /dT = 1 and ∂P/∂T = 0,
∂F ∂P ∂F ∂V ∂F dT ∂V ∂F/∂T 1
0 = FT = + + or =− =− .
∂P ∂T ∂V ∂T ∂T dT ∂T ∂F/∂V ∂T /∂V
9.5 Directional Derivative 673
dI ∂I dE ∂I dR 1 E
56. We are given dE/dt = 2 and dR/dt = −1. Then = + = (2) − 2 (−1),
dt ∂E dt ∂R dt R R
dI 2 60 1 3/5 8
and when E = 60 and R = 50, = + 2 = + = amp/min.
dt 50 50 25 25 125
57. Since the height of the triangle is x sin θ, the area is given by A = 12 xy sin θ. Then
dA ∂A dx ∂A dy ∂A dθ 1 dx 1 dy 1 dθ
+ + = y sin θ + x sin θ + xy cos θ .
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂θ dt 2 dt 2 dt 2 dt
When x = 10, y = 8, θ = π/6, dx/dt = 0.3, dy/dt = 0.5, and dθ/dt = 0.1,
√ !
dA 1 1 1 1 1 3
= (8) (0.3) + (10) (0.5) + (10)(8) (0.1)
dt 2 2 2 2 2 2
√ √
= 0.6 + 1.25 + 2 3 = 1.85 + 2 3 ≈ 5.31 cm2 /s.
dw ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w dz x dx/dt + y dy/dt + z dz/dt

58. = + + = p
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt x2 + y 2 + z 2
−4x sin t + 4y cos t + 5z −16 sin t cos t + 16 sin t cos t + 25t 25t
=p = √ =√
2 16 + 25t 2 16 + 25t2
16 cos2 t + 16 sin t + 25t2

dw 125π/2 125π
=p =√ ≈ 4.9743
dt 16 + 625π 2 /4 64 + 625π 2

t=5π/2
9.5 Directional Derivative
1. ∇f = (2x − 3x2 y 2 )i + (4y 3 − 2x3 y)j

2 2
2. ∇f = 4xye−2x y i + (1 + 2x2 e−2x y )j
y2 2xy 3xy 2
3. ∇F = i + j − k
z3 z3 z4
4. ∇F = y cos yzi + (x cos yz − xyz sin yz)j − xy 2 sin yzk
5. ∇f = 2xi − 8yj; ∇f (2, 4) = 4i − 32j
3x2 x3 − 4y 3 27 5
6. ∇f = p i+ p j; ∇f (3, 2) = √ i − √ j
3
2 x y−y 4 3
2 x y−y 4 38 2 38
7. ∇F = 2xz 2 sin 4yi + 4x2 z 2 cos 4yj + 2x2 z sin 4yk

4π 4π 4π √ √
∇F (−2, π/3, 1) = −4 sin i + 16 cos j + 8 sin k = 2 3 i − 8j − 4 3 k
3 3 3
2x 2y 2z 4 3 1
8. ∇F = i+ 2 j+ 2 k; ∇F (−4, 3, 5) = − i + j+ k
x2 2
+y +z 2 2
x +y +z 2 2
x +y +z 2 25 25 5
√
f (x + h 3/2, y + h/2) − f (x, y)
9. Du f (x, y) = lim
h→0 h
√
(x + h 3/2) + (y + h/2)2 − x2 − y 2
2
langle6pt] = lim
h→0 h
√
h 3 x + 3h /4 + hy + h2 /4
2 √ √
langle6pt] = lim = lim ( 3 x + 3h/4 + y + h/4) = 3 x + y
h→0 h h→0
√ √
f (x + h 2/2, y + h 2/2) − f (x, y)
10. Du f (x, y) = lim
h→0 h
√ √
3x + 3h 2/2 − (y + h 2/2)2 − 3x + y 2
langle6pt] = lim
h→0 h
√ √
3h 2/2 − h 2 y − h2 /2 √ √ √ √
langle6pt] = lim = lim (3 2/2 − 2 y − h/2) = 3 2/2 − 2 y
h→0 h h→0
√
3 1
11. u= i + j; ∇f = 15x2 y 6 i + 30x3 y 5 j; ∇f (−1, 1) = 15i − 30j;
2 2
√
15 3 15 √
Du f (−1, 1) = − 15 = ( 3 − 2)
2 2
√ √
2 2
12. u= i+ j; ∇f = (4 + y 2 )i + (2xy − 5)j; ∇f (3, −1) = 5i − 11j;
2 2
√ √
5 2 11 2 √
Du f (3, −1) = − = −3 2
2 2
√ √
10 3 10 −y x 1 1
13. u= i− j; ∇f = 2 i+ 2 j; ∇f (2, −2) = i + j
10 10 x + y2 x + y2 4 4
√ √ √
10 3 10 10
Du f (2, −2) = − =−
40 40 20
6 8 3 4 y2 x2
14. u = i+ j = i + j; ∇f = i + j; ∇f (2, −1) = i + 4j
10 10 5 5 (x + y)2 (x + y)2
3 16 19
Du f (2, −1) =+ =
5 5 5
√
15. u = (2i + j)/ 5 ; ∇f = 2y(xy + 1)i + 2x(xy + 1)j; ∇f (3, 2) = 28i + 42j
2(28) 42 98
Du f (3, 2) = √ + √ = √
5 5 5
√ √
16. u = −i; ∇f = 2x tan yi + x2 sec2 yj; ∇f (1/2, π/3) = 3 i + j; Du f (1/2, π/3) = − 3
1 1
17. u = √ j + √ k; ∇F = 2xy 2 (2z + 1)2 i + 2x2 y(2z + 1)2 j + 4x2 y 2 (2z + 1)k
2 2
18 12 6 √
∇F (1, −1, 1) = 18i − 18j + 12k; Du F (1, −1, 1) = − √ + √ = − √ = −3 2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2x 2y 2y 2 − 2x2
18. u = √ i − √ j + √ k; ∇F = 2 i − 2 j + k; ∇F (2, 4, −1) = 4i − 8j − 24k
6 6 6 z z z3
4 16 24 √
Du F (2, 4, −1) = √ − √ − √ = −6 6
6 6 6
xy x2 + 4z y2
19. u = −k; ∇F = p i+ p j+ p k
x2 y + 2y 2 z 2 x2 y + 2y 2 z x2 y + 2y 2 z
∇F (−2, 2, 1) = −i + j + k; Du F (−2, 2, 1) = −1
√ 2 2 1
20. u = −(4i − 4j + 2k)/ 36 = − i + j − k; ∇F = 2i − 2yj + 2zk;
3 3 3
4 16 4 8
∇F (4, −4, 2) = 2i + 8j + 4k, Du F (4, −4, 2) = − + − =
3 3 3 3
√
21. u = (−4i − j)/ 17 ; ∇f = 2(x − y)i − 2(x − y)j; ∇f (4, 2) = 4i − 4j;
16 4 12
Du F (4, 2) = − √ √ = − √
17 17 17
√
22. u = (−2i + 5j)/ 29 ; ∇f = (3x2 − 5y)i − (5x − 2y)j; ∇f (1, 1) = −2i − 3j;
4 15 11
Du f (1, 1) = √ − √ = − √
29 29 29
√
2 √
23. ∇f = 2e2x e2x
cos yj; ∇f (0, π/4) = 2 i +
sin yi + j
2
√ 2 √ √ √
The maximum Du is [( 2 ) + ( 2/2)2 ]1/2 = 5/2 in the direction 2 i + ( 2/2)j.
p
24. ∇f = (xyex−y + yex−y )i + (−xyex−y + xex−y )j; ∇f (5, 5) = 30i − 20j

√
The maximum Du is [302 + (−20)2 ]1/2 = 10 13 in the direction 30i − 20j.
25. ∇F = (2x + 4z)i + 2z 2 j + (4x + 4yz)k; ∇F (1, 2, −1) = −2i + 2j − 4k

√
The maximum Du is [(−2)2 + 22 + (−4)2 ]1/2 = 2 6 in the direction −2i + 2j − 4k.
26. ∇F = yzi + xzj + xyk; ∇F (3, 1, −5) = −5i − 15j + 3k

√
The maximum Du is [(−5)2 + (−15)2 + 32 ]1/2 = 259 in the direction −5i − 15j + 3k.
27. ∇f = 2x sec2 (x2 + y 2 )i + 2y sec2 (x2 + y 2 )j;

∇f ( π/6 , π/6 ) = 2 π/6 sec2 (π/3)(i + j) = 8 π/6 (i + j)
p p p p
The minimum Du is −8 π/6 (12 + 12 )1/2 = −8 π/3 in the direction −(i + j).
p p
28. ∇f = 3x2 i − 3y 2 j; ∇f (2, −2) = 12i − 12j = 12(i − j)

√
The minimum Du is −12[12 + (−1)2 ]1/2 = −12 2 in the direction −(i − j) = −i + j.
√ y √
ze √ y x 3 2
29. ∇F = √ i + xz e j + √ k; ∇F (16, 0, 9) = i + 12j + k. The minimum Du is
2 x 2 z 8 3
2 2 2 1/2
√ 3 2
−[(3/8) + 12 + (2/3) ] = − 83,281/24 in the direction − i − 12j − k.
8 3
1 1 1
30. ∇F = i + j − k; ∇F (1/2, 1/6, 1/3) = 2i + 6j − 3k
x y z
The minimum Du is −[22 + 62 + (−3)2 ]1/2 = −7 in the direction −2i − 6j + 3k.
31. Using implicit differentiation on 2x2 + y 2 = 9 we find y ′ = −2x/y. At (2, 1) the slope of
√
the tangent line is −2(2)/1 = −4. Thus, u = ±(i − 4j)/ 17 . Now, ∇f = i + 2yj and
√ √ √
∇f (3, 4) = i + 8j. Thus, Du = ±(1/ 17 − 32 17 ) = ±31/ 17 .
2x + y − 1 x + 2y 3x + 3y − 1
32. ∇f = (2x + y − 1)i + (x + 2y)j; Du f (x, y) = √ + √ = √
2 2 2
√
Solving (3x + 3y − 1)/ 2 = 0 we see that Du is 0 for all points on the line 3x + 3y = 1.

3 4
33. (a) Vectors perpendicular to 4i + 3j are ±(3i − 4j). Take u = ± i− j .
5 5
√ 4 3
(b) u = (4i + 3j)/ 16 + 9 = i + j
5 5
4 3
(c) u = − i − j
5 5
34. D−u f (a, b) = ∇f (a, b) · (−u) = −∇f (a, b) · u = −Du f (a, b) = −6
35. (a) ∇f = (3x2 − 6xy 2 )i + (−6x2 y + 3y 2 )j

3(3x2 − 6xy 2 ) −6x2 y + 3y 2 9x2 − 18xy 2 − 6x2 y + 3y 2
Du f (x, y) = √ + √ = √
10 10 10
3 3
(b) F (x, y) = √ (3x2 −6xy 2 −2x2 y+y 2 ); ∇F = √ [(6x−6y 2 −4xy)i+(−12xy−2x2 +2y)j]
10 10

3 3 2 1 3
Du F (x, y) = √ √ (6x − 6y − 4xy) + √ √ (−12xy − 2x2 + 2y)
10 10 10 10
9 3
= (3x − 3y 2 − 2xy) + (−6xy − x2 + y)
5 5
1
langle6pt] = (27x − 27y 2 − 36xy − 3x2 + 3y)
5
Gmx Gmy Gm
36. ∇U = i+ 2 j= 2 (xi + yj)
(x2 2
+y )3/2 2
(x + y )3/2 (x + y 2 )3/2
The maximum and minimum values of Du U (x, y) are obtained when u is in the directions
∇U and −∇U , respectively. Thus, at a point (x, y), not (0, 0), the directions of maximum
and minimum increase in U are xi + yj and −xi − yj, respectively. A vector at (x, y) in the
direction ±(xi + yj) lies on a line through the origin.
37. ∇f = (3x2 − 12)i + (2y − 10)j. Setting |∇f | = [(3x2 − 12)2 + (2y − 10)2 ]1/2 = 0, we obtain
3x2 − 12 = 0 and 2y − 10 = 0. The points where |∇f | = 0 are (2, 5) and (−2, 5).
38. Let ∇f (a, b) = αi + βj. Then
5 12 5 12
Du f (a, b) = ∇f (a, b) · u = α − β = 7 and Dv f (a, b) = ∇f (a, b) · v = α − β = 3.
13 13 13 13
Solving for α and β, we obtain α = 13 and β = −13/6. Thus, ∇f (a, b) = 13i − (13/6)j.
39. ∇T = 4xi + 2yj; ∇T (4, 2) = 16i + 4j. The minimum change in temperature (that is, the
maximum decrease in temperature) is in the direction −∇T (4, 3) = −16i − 4j.
40. Let x(t)i + y(t)j be the vector equation of the path. At (x, y) on this curve, the direction of
a tangent vector is x′ (t)i + y ′ (t)j. Since we want the direction of motion to be −∇T (x, y), we
have x′ (t)i + y ′ (t)j = −∇T (x, y) = 4xi + 2yj. Separating variables in dx/dt = 4x, we obtain
dx/x = 4 dt, ln x = 4t + c1 , and x = C1 e4t . Separating variables in dy/dt = 2y, we obtain
dy/y = 2 dt, ln y = 2t + c2 , and y = C2 e2t . Since x(0) = 4 and y(0) = 2, we have x = 4e4t and
y = 2e2t . The equation of the path is 4e4t i + 2e2t j for t ≥ 0, or eliminating the parameter,
x = y 2 , y ≥ 0.
41. Let x(t)i + y(t)j be the vector equation of the path. At (x, y) on this curve, the direction
of a tangent vector is x′ (t)i + y ′ (t)j. Since we want the direction of motion to be ∇T (x, y),
we have x′ (t)i + y ′ (t)j = ∇T (x, y) = −4xi − 2yj. Separating variables in dx/dt = −4x we
obtain dx/x = −4 dt, ln x = −4t + c1 and x = C1 e−4t . Separating variables in dy/dt = −2y
we obtain dy/y = −2 dt, ln y = −2t + c2 and y = C2 e−2t . Since x(0) = 3 and y(0) = 4, we
have x = 3e−4t and y = 4e−2t . The equation of the path is 3e−4t i + 4e−2t j, or eliminating the
parameter, 16x = 3y 2 , y ≥ 0.
42. Substituting x = 0, y = 0, z = 1, and T = 500 into T = k/(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) we see that

k = 500 and T (x, y, z) = 500/(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) . To find the rate of change of T at h2, 3, 3i
in the direction of h3, 1, 1i we first compute h3, 1, 1i − h2, 3, 3i = h1, −2, −2i. Then u =
1 1 2 2
3 h1, −2, −2i = 3 i − 3 j − 3 k. Now
1000x 1000y 1000z

∇T = − i− 2 j− 2 k
(x2 2 2
+y +z ) 2 2 2
(x + y + z )2 (x + y 2 + z 2 )2
and
500 750 750
∇T (2, 3, 3) = − i− j− k,
121 121 121
so
1 500 2 750 2 750 2500
Du T (2, 3, 3) = − − − − − = .
3 121 3 121 3 121 363
500
The direction of maximum increase is ∇T (2, 3, 3) = − 121 i− 750 750 250
121 j− 121 k = 121 (−2i− 3j− 3k),
√ √
and the maximum rate of change of T is |∇T (2, 3, 3)| = 250 250
121 4 + 9 + 9 = 121 22.
43. Since ∇f = fx (x, y)i + fy (x, y)j, we have ∂f /∂x = 3x2 + y 3 + yexy . Integrating, we obtain
f (x, y) = x3 + xy 3 + exy + g(y). Then fy = 3xy 2 + xexy + g′ (y) = −2y 2 + 3xy 2 + xexy . Thus,
g ′ (y) = −2y 2 , g(y) = − 32 y 3 + c, and f (x, y) = x3 + xy 3 + exy − 23 y 3 + C.
44. Let u = u1 i + u2 j and v = v1 i + v2 j. Dv f = (fx i + fy j) · v = v1 fx + v2 fy

∂ ∂
Du Dv f = (v1 fx + v2 fy )i + (v1 fx + v2 fy )j · u
∂x ∂y
= [(v1 fxx + v2 fyx )i + (v1 fxy + v2 fyy )j] · u

= u1 v1 fxx + u1 v2 fyx + u2 v1 fxy + u2 v2 fyy
Du f = (fx i + fy j) · u = u1 fx + u2 fy

∂ ∂
Dv Du f = (u1 fx + u2 fy )i + (u1 fx + u2 fy )j · v
∂x ∂y
= [(u1 fxx + u2 fyx )i + (u1 fxy + u2 fyy )j] · v

= u1 v1 fxx + u2 v1 fyx + u1 v2 fxy + u2 v2 fyy
Since the second partial derivatives are continuous, fxy = fyx and Du Dv f = Dv Du f . [Note
that this result is a generalization of fxy = fyx since Di Dj f = fyx and Dj Di f = fxy .]
∂ ∂
45. ∇(cf ) = (cf )i + (cf )j = cfx i + cfy j = c(fx i + fy j) = c∇f
∂x ∂y
46. ∇(f + g) = (fx + gx )i + (fy + gy )j = (fx i + fy j) + (gx i + gy j) = ∇f + ∇g
47. ∇(f g) = (f gx + fx g)i + (f gy + fy g)j = f (gx i + gy j) + g(fx i + fy j) = f ∇g + g∇f
48. ∇(f /g) = [(gfx − f gx )/g2 ]i + [(gfy − f gy )/g2 ]j = g(fx i + fy j)/g 2 − f (gx i + gy j)/g2
= g∇f /g 2 − f ∇g/g 2 = (g∇f − f ∇g)/g 2

i j k
∂f3 ∂f2 ∂f1 ∂f3 ∂f2 ∂f1
49. ∇ × F = ∂/∂x ∂/∂y ∂/∂z = − i+ − j+ − k

∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
f1 f2 f3
9.6 Tangent Planes and Normal Lines
y
1. Since f (6, 1) = 4, the level curve is x − 2y = 4.
∇f = i − 2j; ∇f (6, 1) = i − 2j 1
1 x
y
2. Since f (1, 3) = 5, the level curve is y + 2x = 5x or y = 3x, x 6= 0.
y 1
∇f = − 2 i + j; ∇f (1, 3) = −3i + j
x x
1
1 x
y
3. Since f (2, 5) = 1, the level curve is y = x2 + 1. 10
∇f = −2xi + j; ∇f (2, 5) = −10i + j
2 x
9.6 Tangent Planes and Normal Lines 679
y
4. Since f (−1, 3) = 10, the level curve is x2 + y 2 = 10.
∇f = 2xi + 2yj; ∇f (−1, 3) = −2i + 6j
1
1 x
y
5. Since f (−2, −3) = 2, the level curve is x2 /4 + y 2 /9 = 2 or x2 /8 + y 2 /18 = 1.
x 2y 2
∇f = i + j; ∇f (−2, −3) = −i − j
2 9 3 1
1 x
y2 2y y
6. Since f (2, 2) = 2, the level curve is y 2 = 2x, x 6= 0. ∇f = − 2
i + j;
x x
∇f (2, 2) = −i + 2j
1
1 x
y
7. Since f (1, 1) = −1, the level curve is (x−1)2 −y 2 = −1 or y 2 −(x−1)2 = 1.
∇f = 2(x − 1)i − 2yj; ∇f (1, 1) = −2j 1
2 x
y
8. Since f (π/6, 3/2) = 1, the level curve is y − 1 = sin x or y = 1 + sin x,
sin x 6= 0.
2
−(y − 1) cos x 1 √
∇f = i + j; ∇f (π/6, 3/2) = − 3 i + 2j
sin2 x sin x π x
z
9. Since F (3, 1, 1) = 2, the level surface is y + z = 2. ∇F = j + k;
∇F (3, 1, 1) = j + k 2
2 y
z
10. Since F (1, 1, 3) = −1, the level surface is x2 +y 2 −z = −1 or z = 1+x2 +y 2 .
∇F = 2xi + 2yj − k; ∇F (1, 1, 3) = 2i + 2j − k
1
1 2 y
x
z
11. Since F (3, 4, 0) = 5, the level surface is x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25. 5
x y z
∇F = p i+ p j+ p k;
x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
3 4
∇F (3, 4, 0) = i+ j 5 y
5 5
x
z
12. Since F (0, −1, 1) = 0, the level surface is x2 −y 2 +z = 0 or z = y 2 −x2 .
∇F = 2xi − 2yj + k; ∇F (0, −1, 1) = 2j + k
13. F (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 − z; ∇F = 2xi + 2yj − k. We want ∇F = c(4i + j + 21 k) or 2x = 4c,

2y = c, −1 = c/2. From the third equation c = −2. Thus, x = −4 and y = −1. Since
z = x2 + y 2 = 16 + 1 = 17, the point on the surface is (−4, −1, −17).
14. F (x, y, z) = x3 + y 2 + z; ∇F = 3x2 i + 2yj + k. We want ∇F = c(27i + 8j + k) or 3x2 = 27c,

2y = 8c, 1 = c. From c = 1 we obtain x = ±3 and y = 4. Since
z = 15 − x3 − y 2 = 15 − (±3)3 − 16 = −1 ∓ 27,
the points on the surface are (3, 4, −28) and (−3, 4, 26).
15. F (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 ; ∇F = 2xi + 2yj + 2zk. ∇F (−2, 2, 1) = −4i + 4j + 2k. The equation
of the tangent plane is −4(x + 2) + 4(y − 2) + 2(z − 1) = 0 or −2x + 2y + z = 9.
16. F (x, y, z) = 5x2 − y 2 + 4z 2 ; ∇F = 10xi − 2yj + 8zk; ∇F (2, 4, 1) = 20i − 8j + 8k. The
equation of the tangent plane is 20(x − 2) − 8(y − 4) + 8(z − 1) = 0 or 5x − 2y + 2z = 4.
17. F (x, y, z) = x2 − y 2 − 3z 2 ; ∇F = 2xi − 2yj − 6zk; ∇F (6, 2, 3) = 12i − 4j − 18k. The equation
of the tangent plane is 12(x − 6) − 4(y − 2) − 18(z − 3) = 0 or 6x − 2y − 9z = 5.
18. F (x, y, z) = xy + yz + zx; ∇F = (y + z)i+ (x+ z)j+ (y + x)k; ∇F (1, −3, −5) = −8i− 4j− 2k.
The equation of the tangent plane is −8(x − 1) − 4(y + 3) − 2(z + 5) = 0 or 4x + 2y + z = −7.
19. F (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z; ∇F = 2xi + 2yj + k; ∇F (3, −4, 0) = 6i − 8j + k. The equation of

the tangent plane is 6(x − 3) − 8(y + 4) + z = 0 or 6x − 8y + z = 50.
20. F (x, y, z) = xz; ∇F = zi + xk; ∇F (2, 0, 3) = 3i + 2k. The equation of the tangent plane is
3(x − 2) + 2(z − 3) = 0 or 3x + 2z = 12.
21. F (x, y, z) = cos(2x + y) − z and √

√ √ 2
∇F = −2 sin(2x + y)i − sin(2x + y)j − k; ∇F (π/2, π/4, −1/ 2 ) = 2 i + j − k.
2
√
√

π 2 π 1
The equation of the tangent plane is 2 x − + y− − z+√ = 0,
2 2 4 2
π √ √

π 1 5π
2 x− + y− − 2 z+√ = 0, or 2x + y − 2 z = + 1.
2 4 2 4
22. F (x, y, z) = x2 y 3 + 6z; ∇F = 2xy 3 i + 3x2 y 2 j + 6k; ∇F (2, 1, 1) = 4i + 12j + 6k. The equation
of the tangent plane is 4(x − 2) + 12(y − 1) + 6(z − 1) = 0 or 2x + 6y + 3z = 13.
2x 2y
23. F (x, y, z) = ln(x2 + y 2 ) − z; ∇F = 2 2
i+ 2 j − k;
√ √ √ √ x + y x + y2
∇F (1/ 2 , 1/ 2 , 0) = 2 i + 2 j − k.
√ √

1 1
The equation of the tangent plane is 2 x − √ + 2 y−√ − (z − 0) = 0,
2 2
√ √ √

1 1
2 x− √ +2 y− √ − 2 z = 0, or 2x + 2y − 2 z = 2 2 .
2 2
24. F (x, y, z) = 8e−2y sin 4x − z; ∇F = 32e−2y cos 4xi − 16e−2y sin 4xj − k;
√
∇F (π/24, 0, 4) = 16 3 i − 8j − k.
The equation of the tangent plane is
√
√ √ 2 3π
16 3(x − π/24) − 8(y − 0) − (z − 4) = 0 or 16 3 x − 8y − z = − 4.
3
25. The gradient of F (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 is ∇F = 2xi + 2yj + 2zk, so the normal vector to
the surface at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is 2x0 i + 2y0 j + 2z0 k. A normal vector to the plane 2x + 4y + 6z = 1
is 2i + 4j + 6k. Since we want the tangent plane to be parallel to the given plane, we find c
so that 2x0 = 2c, 2y0 = 4c, 2z0 = 6c or x0 = c, y0 = 2c, z0 = 3c. Now, (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is on the
√
surface, so c2 + (2c)2 + (3c)2 = 14c2 = 7 and c = ±1/ 2 . Thus, the points on the surface are
√ √ √ √ √ √
( 2/2, 2 , 3 2/2) and − 2/2, − 2 , −3 2/2).
26. The gradient of F (x, y, z) = x2 − 2y 2 − 3z 2 is ∇F (x, y, z) = 2xi − 4yj − 6zk, so a normal

vector to the surface at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is ∇F (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = 2x0 i − 4y0 j − 6z0 k. A normal vector
to the plane 8x + 4y + 6z = 5 is 8i + 4j + 6k. Since we want the tangent plane to be parallel
to the given plane, we find c so that 2x0 = 8c, −4y0 = 4c, −6z0 = 6c or x0 = 4c, y0 = −c,
z0 = −c. Now, (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is on the surface, so (4c)2 − 2(−c)2 − 3(−c)2 = 11c2 = 33 and
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
c = ± 3 . Thus, the points on the surface are (4 3 , − 3 , − 3) and (−4 3 , 3 , 3 ).
27. The gradient of F (x, y, z) = x2 + 4x + y 2 + z 2 − 2z is ∇F = (2x + 4)i + 2yj + (2z − 2)k, so a

normal to the surface at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is (2x0 + 4)i + 2y0 j + (2z0 − 2)k. A horizontal plane has
normal ck for c 6= 0. Thus, we want 2x0 + 4 = 0, 2y0 = 0, 2z0 − 2 = c or x0 = −2, y0 = 0,
z0 = c + 1. since (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is on the surface, (−2)2 + 4(−2) + (c + 1)2 − 2(c + 1) = c2 − 5 = 11
and c = ±4. The points on the surface are (−2, 0, 5) and (−2, 0, −3).
28. The gradient of F (x, y, z) = x2 + 3y 2 + 4z 2 − 2xy is ∇F = (2x − 2y)i + (6y − 2x)j + 8zk, so
a normal to the surface at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is 2(x0 − y0 )i + 2(3y0 − x0 )j + 8z0 k.
(a) A normal to the xz plane is cj for c 6= 0. Thus, we want 2(x0 − y0 ) = 0, 2(3y0 − x0 ) = c,

8z0 = 0 or x0 = y0 , 3y0 − x0 = c/2, z0 = 0. Solving the first two equations, we obtain
x0 = y0 = c/4. Since (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is on the surface,
(c/4)2 + 3(c/4)2 + 4(0)2 − 2(c/4)(c/4) = 2c2 /16 = 16

√ √ √
and c = ±16/ 2 . Thus, the points on the surface are (4/ 2 , 4/ 2 , 0) and
√ √
(−4/ 2 , −4/ 2 , 0).
(b) A normal to the yz-plane is ci for c 6= 0. Thus, we want 2(x0 − y0 ) = c, 2(3y0 − x0 ) = 0,

8z0 = 0 or x0 − y0 = c/2, x0 = 3y0 , z0 = 0. Solving the first two equations, we obtain
x0 = 3c/4 and y0 = c/4. Since (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is on the surface,
(3c/4)2 + 3(c/4)2 + 4(0)2 − 2(3c/4)(c/4) = 6c2 /16 = 16

√ √ √
and c = ±16 6 . Thus, the points on the surface are (12/ 6 , 4/ 6 , 0) on the surface
√ √ √ √
are (12/ 6 , 4/ 6 , 0) and (−12/ 6 , −4/ 6 , 0).
(c) A normal to the xy-plane is ck for c 6= 0. Thus, we want 2(x0 − y0 ) = 0, 2(3y0 − x0 ) = 0,

8z0 = c or x0 = y0 , 3y0 − x0 = 0, z0 = c/8. Solving the first two equations, we obtain
x0 = y0 = 0. Since (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is on the surface, 02 +3(0)2 +4(c/8)2 −2(0)(0) = c2 /16 = 16
and c = ±16. Thus, the points on the surface are (0, 0, 2) and (0, 0, −2).
29. If (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is on x2 /a2 + y 2 /b2 + z 2 /c2 = 1, then x20 /a2 + y02 /b2 + z02 /c2 = 1 and (x0 , y0 , z0 )
is on the plane xx0 /a2 + yy0 /b2 + zz0 /c2 = 1. A normal to the surface at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is
∇F (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = (2x0 /a2 )i + (2y0 /b2 )j + (2z0 /c2 )k.
A normal to the plane is (x0 /a2 )i + (y0 /b2 )j + (z0 /c2 )k. Since the normal to the surface is a
multiple of the normal to the plane, the normal vectors are parallel and the plane is tangent
to the surface.
30. If (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is on x2 /a2 − y 2 /b2 + z 2 /c2 = 1, then x20 /a2 − y02 /b2 + z02 /c2 = 1 and (x0 , y0 , z0 )
is on the plane xx0 /a2 − yy0 /b2 + zz0 /c2 = 1. A normal to the surface at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is
∇F (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = (2x0 /a2 )i − (2y0 /b2 )j + (2z0 /c2 )k.
A normal to the plane is (x0 /a2 )i − (y0 /b2 )j + (z0 /c2 )k. Since the normal to the surface is a
multiple of the normal to the plane, the normal vectors are parallel, and the plane is tangent
to the surface.
31. Let F (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 − z 2 . Then ∇F = 2xi + 2yj − 2zk and a normal to the surface
at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is x0 i + y0 j − z0 k. An equation of the tangent plane at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is x0 (x −
x0 ) + y0 (y − y0 ) − z0 (z − z0 ) = 0 or x0 x + y0 y − z0 z = x20 + y02 − z02 . Since (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is on
the surface, z02 = x20 + y02 and x20 + y02 − z02 = 0. Thus, the equation of the tangent plane is
x0 x + y0 y − z0 z = 0, which passes through the origin.
√ √ √ 1 1 1
32. Let F (x, y, z) = x+ y+ √ i + √ j + √ k and a normal to
z . Then ∇F =
2 x 2 y 2 z
1 1 1
the surface at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is √ i + √ j + √ k. An equation of the tangent plane at
2 x0 2 y0 2 z0
(x0 , y0 , z0 ) is
1 1 1
√ (x − x0 ) + √ (y − y0 ) + √ (z − z0 ) = 0
2 x0 2 y0 2 z0
or
1 1 1 √ √ √ √
√ x + √ y + √ z = x0 + y0 + z0 = a .
x0 y0 z0
The sum of the intercepts is

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
x0 a + y0 a + z0 a = ( x0 + y0 + z0 ) a = a · a = a.
33. F (x, y, z) = x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 ; ∇F = 2xi + 4yj + 2zk; ∇F (1, −1, 1) = 2i − 4j + 2k. Parametric

equations of the line are x = 1 + 2t, y = −1 − 4t, z = 1 + 2t.
34. F (x, y, z) = 2x2 − 4y 2 − z; ∇F = 4xi − 8yj − k; ∇F (3, −2, 2) = 12i + 16j − k. Parametric
equations of the line are x = 3 + 12t, y = −2 + 16t, z = 2 − t.
35. F (x, y, z) = 4x2 + 9y 2 − z; ∇F = 8xi + 18yj − k; ∇F (1/2, 1/3, 3) = 4i + 6j − k. Symmetric

x − 1/2 y − 1/3 z−3
equations of the line are = = .
4 6 −1
36. F (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 − z 2 ; ∇F = 2xi + 2yj − 2zk; ∇F (3, 4, 5) = 6i + 8j − 10k. Symmetric
x−3 y−4 z−5
equations of the line are = = .
6 8 −10
37. A normal to the surface at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is ∇F (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = 2x0 i + 2y0 j + 2z0 k. Parametric
equations of the normal line are x = x0 + 2x0 t, y = y0 + 2y0 t, z = z0 + 2z0 t. Letting t = −1/2,
we see that the normal line passes through the origin.
38. The normal lines to F (x, y, z) = 0 and G(x, y, z) = 0 are Fx i+ Fy j+ Fz k and Gx i+ Gy j+ Gz k,

respectively. These vectors are orthogonal if and only if their dot product is 0. Thus, the
surfaces are orthogonal at P if and only if Fx Gx + Fy Gy + Fz Gz = 0.
39. Let F (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 25 and G(x, y, z) = −x2 + y 2 + z 2 . Then
Fx Gx + Fy Gy + Fz gz = (2x)(−2x) + (2y)(2y) + (2z)(2z) = 4(−x2 + y 2 + z 2 ).
For (x, y, z) on both surfaces, F (x, y, z) = G(x, y, z) = 0. Thus,

Fx Gx + Fy Gy + Fz Gz = 4(0) = 0 and the surfaces are orthogonal at points of intersection.
40. Let F (x, y, z) = x2 − y 2 + z 2 − 4 and G(x, y, z) = 1/xy 2 − z. Then
Fx Gx + Fy Gy + Fz Gz = (2x)(−1/x2 y 2 ) + (−2y)(−2/xy 3 ) + (2z)(−1)

= −2/xy 2 + 4/xy 2 − 2z = 2(1/xy 2 − z).
For (x, y, z) on both surfaces, F (x, y, z) = G(x, y, z) = 0. Thus, Fx Gx + Fy Gy + Fz Gz = 2(0)

and the surfaces are orthogonal at points of intersection.
9.7 Divergence and Curl
y y
1. 2.
3 3
x x
–3 3 –3 3
–3 –3
3. y 4. y
3 3
x x
–3 3 –3 3
–3 –3
y y
5. 6.
3 3
x x
–3 3 –3 3
–3 –3
9.7 Divergence and Curl 685
7. curl F = (x − y)i + (x − y)j; div F = 2z
8. curl F = −2x2 i + (10y − 18x2 )j + (4xz − 10z)k; div F = 0
9. curl F = 0; div F = 4y + 8z
10. curl F = (xe2y + ye−yz + 2xye2y )i − ye2y j + 3(x − y)2 k; div F = 3(x − y)2 − ze−yz
11. curl F = (4y 3 − 6xz 2 )i + (2z 3 − 3x2 )k; div F = 6xy
3 2 2
12. curl F = −x3 zi + (3x2 yz − z)j + − y − 15y 2 k; div F = (x3 y − x) − (x3 y − x) = 0

2x y
13. curl F = (3e−z − 8yz)i − xe−z j; div F = e−z + 4z 2 − 3ye−z

yz
14. curl F = (2xyz 3 + 3y)i + (y ln x − y 2 z 3 )j + (2 − z ln x)k; div F = − 3z + 3xy 2 z 2
x
15. curl F = (xy 2 ey + 2xyey + x3 yez + x3 yzez )i − y 2 ey j + (−3x2 yzez − xex )k;
div F = xyex + yex − x3 zez
16. curl F = (5xye5xy + e5xy + 3xz 3 sin xz 3 − cos xz 3 )i + (x2 y cos yz − 5y 2 e5xy )j
+ (−z 4 sin xz 3 − x2 z cos yz)k; div F = 2x sin yz
17. div r = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3

i j k

18. curl r = ∂/∂x ∂/∂y ∂/∂z = 0i − 0j + 0k = 0

x y z

i j k

a ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
19. a×∇ = 1 a2 a3 = a2

− a3 i+ a3 − a1 j+ a1 − a2 k
∂z ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂x
∂/∂x ∂/∂y ∂/∂z

i j k

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂

(a × ∇) × r = a2 − a3 a3 − a1 a1 − a2
∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂x

x y z
= (−a1 − a1 )i − (a2 + a2 )j + (−a3 − a3 )k = −2a

∂ ∂ ∂
20. ∇ × (a × r) = (∇ · r)a − (∇ · a)r = (1 + 1 + 1)a − a1 + a2 + a3 r
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 3a − (a1 i + a2 j + a3 k) = 2a
∂/∂x ∂/∂y ∂/∂z

∂ ∂ ∂
21. ∇ · (a × r) = a1 a2 a3 = (a2 z − a3 y) − (a1 z − a3 x) + (a1 y − a2 x) = 0
x ∂x ∂y ∂z
y z

i j k

22. ∇ × r = ∂/∂x ∂/∂y ∂/∂z = 0; a × (∇ × r) = a × 0 = 0

x y z

i j k
23. r × a = x y z = (a3 y − a2 z)i − (a3 x − a1 z)j + (a2 x − a1 y)k; r · r = x2 + y 2 + z 2

a1 a2 a3

i j k
∇ × [(r · r)a] = ∂/∂x ∂/∂y ∂/∂z

(r · r)a1 (r · r)a2 (r · r)a3
= (2ya3 − 2za2 )i − (2xa3 − 2za1 )j + (2xa2 − 2ya1 )k = 2(r × a)

24. r · a = a1 x + a2 y + a3 z; r · r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 ; ∇ · [(r · r)a] = 2xa1 + 2ya2 + 2za3 = 2(r · a)
25. Let F = P (x, y, z)i + Q(x, y, z)j + R(x, y, z)k and G = S(x, y, z)i + T (x, y, z)j + U (x, y, z)k.
∇ · (F + G) = ∇ · [(P + S)i + (Q + T )j + (R + U )k] = Px + Sx + Qy + Ty + Rz + Uz

= (Px + Qy + Rz ) + (Sx + Ty + Uz ) = ∇ · F + ∇ · G

i j k

∇ × (F + G) = ∂/∂x ∂/∂y ∂/∂z

P + S Q + T R + U
= (Ry + Uy − Qz − Tz )i − (Rx + Ux − Pz − Sz )j + (Qx + Tx − Py − Sy )k

= (Ry − Qz )i − (Rx − Pz )j + (Qx − Py )k + (Uy − Tz )i − (Ux − Sz )j
+ (Tx − Sy )k
=∇×F+∇×G
27. ∇ · (f F) = ∇ · (f P i + f Qj + f Rk) = f Px + P fx + f Qy + Qfy + f Rz + Rfz

= f (Px + Qy + Rz ) + (P fx + Qfy + Rfz ) = f (∇ · F) + F · (∇f )

i j k

28. ∇ × (f F) = ∂/∂x ∂/∂y ∂/∂z

fP fQ fR
= (f Ry + Rfy − f Qz − Qfz )i − (f Rx + Rfx − f Pz − P fz )j

+ (f Qx + Qfx − f Py − P fy )k
= (f Ry − f Qz )i − (f Rx − f Pz )j + (f Qx − f Py )k + (Rfy − Qfz )i
− (Rfx − P fz )j + (Qfx − P fy )k

i j k

= f [(Ry − Qz )i − (Rx − Pz )j + (Qx − Py )k + fx fy fz
P Q R
= f (∇ × F) + (∇f ) × F
29. Assuming continuous second partial derivatives,

i j k

curl (grad f ) = ∇ × (fx i + fy j + fz k) = ∂/∂x ∂/∂y ∂/∂z

fx fy fz
= (fzy − fyz )i − (fzx − fxz )j + (fyx − fxy )k = 0.
30. Assuming continuous second partial derivatives,
div (curl F) = ∇ · [(Ry − Qz )i − (Rx − Pz )j + (Qx − Py )k]

= (Ryx − Qzx − (Rxy − Pzy ) + (Qxz − Pyz ) = 0.

i j k

F × G = P Q R = (QU − RT )i − (P U − RS)j + (P T − QS)k
S T U
div (F × G) = (QUx + Qx U − RTx − Rx T ) − (P Uy + Py U − RSy − Ry S)

+ (P Tz + Pz T − QSz − Qz S)
= S(Ry − Qz ) + T (Pz − Rx ) + U (Qx − Py ) − P (Uy − Tz ) − Q(Sz − Ux )
− R(Tx − Sy )
= G · (curl F) − F · (curl G)
32. Using Problems 26 and 29,
curl (curl F + grad f ) = ∇ × (curl F + grad f ) = ∇ × (curl F) + ∇ × (grad f )

= curl (curl F) + curl (grad f ) = curl (curl F) + 0 = curl (curl F).
33. ∇ · ∇f = ∇ · (fx i + fy j + fz k) = fxx + fyy + fzz
34. Using Problem 27, ∇ · (f ∇f ) = f (∇ · ∇f ) + ∇f · ∇f = f (∇2 f ) + |∇f |2 .
35. curl F = −8yzi − 2zj − xk; curl (curl F) = 2i − (8y − 1)j + 8zk
36. (a) For F = P i + Qj + Rk,
curl (curl F) = (Qxy − Pyy − Pzz + Rxz )i + (Ryz − Qzz − Qxx + Pyx )j
+ (Pzx − Rxx − Ryy + Qzy )k
and
−∇2 F + grad (div F) = −(Pxx + Pyy + Pzz )i − (Qxx + Qyy + Qzz )j

− (Rxx + Ryy + Rzz )k + grad (Px + Qy + Rz )
= −Pxx i − Qyy j − Rzz k + (−Pyy − Pzz )i + (−Qxx − Qzz )j
+ (−Rxx − Ryy )k + (Pxx + Qyx + Rzx )i
+ (Pxy + Qyy + Rzy )j + (Pxz + Qyz + Rzz )k
= (−Pyy − Pzz + Qyx + Rzx )i + (−Qxx − Qzz + Pxy + Rzy )j
+ (−Rxx − Ryy + Pxz + Qyz )k.
Thus, curl (curl F) = −∇2 F + grad (div F).
(b) For F = xyi + 4yz 2 j + 2xzk, ∇2 F = 0i + 8yj + 0k, div F = y + 4z 2 + 2x, and
grad (div F) = 2i+j+8zk. Then curl (curl F) = −8yj+2i+j+8zk = 2i+(1−8y)j+8zk.
∂f
37. = −x(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3/2
∂x
∂f
= −y(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3/2
∂y
∂f
= −z(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3/2
∂z
∂2f
= 3x2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−5/2 − (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3/2
∂x2
∂2f
= 3y 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−5/2 − (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3/2
∂y 2
∂2f
= 3z 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−5/2 − (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3/2
∂z 2
Adding the second partial derivatives gives
∂2f ∂2f ∂2f 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

+ + = − 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3/2
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2
= 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3/2 − 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−3/2 = 0
except when x = y = z = 0.

1 4xy 4xy
38. fx = − 2 =−
4y 2 (x + y 2 − 1)2 (x2 + y2 − 1)2 + 4y 2
1+ 2
(x + y 2 − 1)2
[(x2 + y 2 − 1)2 + 4y 2 ]4y − 4xy[4x(x2 + y 2 − 1)]

fxx = −
[(x2 + y 2 − 1)2 + 4y 2 ]2
12x4 y − 4y 5 + 8x2 y 3 − 8x2 y − 8y 3 − 4y

=
[(x2 + y 2 − 1)2 + 4y 2 ]2
2(x2 + y 2 − 1) − 4y 2 2(x2 − y 2 − 1)

1
fy = =
4y 2 (x2 + y 2 − 1)2 (x2 + y 2 − 1)2 + 4y 2
1+ 2
(x + y 2 − 1)2
[(x2 + y 2 − 1)2 + 4y 2 ](−4y) − 2(x2 − y 2 − 1)[4y(x2 + y 2 − 1) + 8y]

fyy =
[(x2 + y 2 − 1)2 + 4y 2 ]2
−12x4 y + 4y 5 − 8x2 y 3 + 8x2 y + 8y 3 + 4y

=
[(x2 + y 2 − 1)2 + 4y 2 ]2
∇2 f = fxx + fyy = 0

i j k

39. curl F = −Gm1 m2 ∂/∂x ∂/∂y ∂/∂z

x/|r|3 y/|r|3 z/|r|3
= −Gm1 m2 [(−3yz/|r|5 + 3yz/|r|5 )i − (−3xz/|r|5 + 3xz/|r|5 )j

+ (−3xy/|r|5 + 3xy/|r|5 )k]
=0
−2x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 − 2y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 − 2z 2

div F = −Gm1 m2 + + =0
|r|5/2 |r|5/2 |r|5/2

i j k
1 1 1
ω × r) = ∂/∂x
40. curl v = curl (ω ∂/∂y ∂/∂z

2 2 2
ω2 z − ω3 y ω3 x − ω1 z ω1 y − ω2 x
1
= [(ω1 + ω1 )i − (−ω2 − ω2 )j + (ω3 + ω3 )k] = ω1 i + ω2 j + ω3 k = ω
2
41. Using Problems 31 and 29,
∇ · F = div (∇f × ∇g) = ∇g · (curl ∇f ) − ∇f · (curl ∇g) = ∇g · 0 − ∇f · 0 = 0.
42. Recall that a · (a × b) = 0. Then, using Problems 31, 29, and 28,
∇ · F = div (∇f × f ∇g) = f ∇g · (curl ∇f ) − ∇f · (curl f ∇g) = f ∇g · 0 − ∇f · (∇ × f ∇g)

= −∇f · [f (∇ × ∇g) + (∇f × ∇g)] = −∇f · [f curl ∇g + (∇f × ∇g]
= −∇f · [f 0 + (∇f × ∇g)] = −∇f · (∇f × ∇g) = 0.
43. (a) Expressing the vertical component of v in polar coordinates, we have
2xy 2r 2 sin θ cos θ sin 2θ

2 2 2
= 4
= .
(x + y ) r r2
Similarly,
x2 − y 2 r 2 (cos2 θ − sin2 θ) cos 2θ
2 2 2
= 4
= .
(x + y ) r r2
Since lim (sin 2θ)/r 2 = lim (cos 2θ)/r 2 = 0, v ≈ Ai for r large or (x, y) far from the
r→∞ r→∞
origin.
x2 − y 2

2Axy
(b) Identifying P (x, y) = A 1 − 2 , Q(x, y) = − 2 , and R(x, y) = 0, we
(x − y 2 )2 (x + y 2 )2
have
2Ay(3x2 − y 2 ) 2Ay(3x2 − y 2 )
Py = , Qx = , and Pz = Qz = Rx = Ry = 0.
(x2 + y 2 )3 (x2 + y 2 )3
Thus, curl v = (Ry − Qz )i + (Pz − Rx )j + (Qx − Py )k = 0 and v is irrotational.
2Ax(x2 − 3y 2 ) 2Ax(3y 2 − x2 )
(c) Since Px = , Q y = , and Rz = 0, ∇·F = Px +Qy +Rz = 0
(x2 + y 2 )3 (x2 + y 2 )3
and v is incompressible.
44. We first note that curl (∂H/∂t) = ∂(curl H)/∂t and curl (∂E/∂t) = ∂(curl E)/∂t. Then,
from Problem 36,
−∇2 E = −∇2 E + 0 = −∇2 E + grad 0 = −∇2 E + grad (div E) = curl (curl E)
1 ∂2E

1 ∂H 1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂E
= curl − =− curl H = − =− 2
c ∂t c ∂t c ∂t c ∂t c ∂t
1
and ∇2 E = c2 ∂ 2 E/∂t2 . Similarly,

2 2 1 ∂E 1 ∂
−∇ H = −∇ H + grad (div H) = curl (curl H) = curl = curl E
c ∂t c ∂t
1 ∂2H

1 ∂ 1 ∂H
= − =−
c ∂t c ∂t c2 ∂t2
1 2
and ∇2 H = ∂ H/∂t2 .
c2
45. We note that div F = 2xyz−2xyz+1 = 1 6= 0. If F = curl G, then div (curl G) = div F = 1.
But, by Problem 30, for any vector field G, div(curl G) = 0. Thus, F cannot be the curl of
G.
9.8 Line Integrals 691
9.8 Line Integrals
ˆ ˆ π/4 ˆ π/4
1. 2xy dx = 2(5 cos t)(5 sin t)(−5 sin t) dt = −250 sin2 t cos t dt
C 0 0
π/4 √
1 3 125 2
= −250 sin t =−

3 6
0
π/4 π/4 π/4

1
ˆ ˆ ˆ
2xy dy = 2(5 cos t)(5 sin t)(5 cos t) dt = 250 cos2 t sin t dt = 250 − cos3 t

3

C 0 0
0
√ !
250 2 125 √
= 1− = (4 − 2)
3 4 6
ˆ ˆ π/4 p ˆ π/4
2 2
2xy ds = 2(5 cos t)(5 sin t) 25 sin t + 25 cos t dt = 250 sin t cos t dt
C 0 0
π/4
1 125
= 250 sin2 t =

2 2

0
ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ 1
2. (x3 + 2xy 2 + 2x) dx = [8t3 + 2(2t)(t4 ) + 2(2t)]2 dt = 2 (8t3 + 4t5 + 4t) dt
C 0 0
1
2 28
= 2 2t4 + t6 + 2t2 =

3 3
0
ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ 1
(x3 + 2xy 2 + 2x) dy = [8t3 + 2(2t)(t4 ) + 2(2t)]2t dt = 2 (8t4 + 4t6 + 4t2 ) dt
C 0 0
1
8 5 4 7 4 3 736
=2 t + t + t =
5 7 3 105
0
ˆ ˆ 1 p ˆ 1
(x3 + 2xy 2 + 2x) ds = [8t3 + 2(2t)(t4 ) + 2(2t)] 4 + 4t2 dt = 8 t(1 + t2 )5/2 dt
C 0 0
1
1 8
=8 (1 + t2 )7/2 = (27/2 − 1)

7 7
0
ˆ ˆ 0
3. (3x2 + 6y 2 ) dx = [3x2 + 6(2x + 1)2 ] dx
C −1
0
ˆ 0
= (27x2 + 24x + 6) dx = (9x3 + 12x2 + 6x) = −(−9 + 12 − 6) = 3

−1
−1
ˆ ˆ 0
(3x2 + 6y 2 ) dy = [3x2 + 6(2x + 1)2 ]2 dx = 6
C −1
ˆ ˆ 0 √ √
(3x2 + 6y 2 ) ds = [3x2 + 6(2x + 1)2 ] 1 + 4 dx = 3 5
C −1
8 8
x2 x2 8 56
ˆ ˆ ˆ
4. dx = dx = dx =
C y3 1
2
27x /8 27 1 27
8
8 8
x2 x2 8 4 2/3 4
ˆ ˆ ˆ
dy = x−1/3 dx = x −1/3
dx = x =
C y3 1 27x2 /8 27 1 9 3
1
8
8 8
x2 x2 p 8 8
ˆ ˆ ˆ p
ds = 1 + x−2/3 dx = x−1/3 1 + x2/3 dx = (1 + x2/3 )3/2

C y3 1
2
27x /8 27 1 27
1
8
= (53/2 − 23/2 )
27
ˆ ˆ π/2
5. z dx = t(− sin t) dt Integration by parts
C 0
π/2

= (t cos t − sin t) = −1

0
ˆ ˆ π/2
z dy = t cos t dt Integration by parts
C 0
π/2
π
= (t sin t + cos t) = −1

2
0
ˆ π/2 π/2
1 2 π2
ˆ
z dz = t dt = t =
C 0 2 8
0
√
ˆ ˆ π/2 p
2 π2 2 √ ˆ π/2
z ds = t sin t + cos2 t
t dt = + 1 dt = 2
C 0 0 8
ˆ 1 1
8 1 8

1 3 8 9 8
ˆ ˆ
2 2
6. 4xyz dx = 4 t (t )(2t)t dt = t dt = t =
C 0 3 3 0 27 27
0
ˆ 1 ˆ 1 1
1 3 16 2 2
ˆ
4xyz dy = 4 t (t2 )(2t)2t dt = t7 dt = t8 =
C 0 3 3 0 3 3
0
ˆ 1 1
16 1 6

1 3 16 7 16
ˆ ˆ
2
4xyz dz = 4 t (t )(2t)2 dt = t dt = t =
C 0 3 3 0 21 21
0
1 1 1
1 3 8 8 1 9 2 7
ˆ ˆ p ˆ
4xyz ds = 4 t (t2 )(2t) t4 + 4t2 + 4 dt = t6 (t2 + 2) dt = t + t

3 3 3 9 7

C 0 0
0
200
=
189
7. Using x as the parameter, dy = dx and
ˆ ˆ 2 ˆ 2
2
(2x + y) dx + xy dy = (2x + x + 3 + x + 3x) dx = (x2 + 6x + 3) dx
C −1 −1
2
1 3 2
= x + 3x + 3x = 21.

3
−1
8. Using x as the parameter, dy = 2x dx and

ˆ ˆ 2 ˆ 2
2
(2x + y) dx + xy dy = (2x + x + 1) dx + x(x2 + 1) 2x dx
C −1 −1
2 2
2 5 141
ˆ
4 2
= (2x + 3x + 2x + 1) dx = x + x3 + x2 + x = .

−1 5 5
−1
9. From (−1, 2) to (2, 2) we use x as a parameter with y = 2 and dy = 0. From (2, 2) to (2, 5)
we use y as a parameter with x = 2 and dx = 0.
ˆ ˆ 2 ˆ 5 2 5

2 2
(2x + y) dx + xy dy = (2x + 2) dx + 2y dy = (x + 2x) + y = 9 + 21 = 30

C −1 2
−1 2
10. From (−1, 2) to (−1, 0) we use y as a parameter with x = −1 and dx = 0. From (−1, 0) to
(2, 0) we use x as a parameter with y = dy = 0. From (2, 0) to (2, 5) we use y as a parameter
with x = 2 and dx = 0.
ˆ 0 ˆ 2 ˆ 5 0 2 5
1 2
ˆ
(2x + y) dx + xy dy = (−1)y dy + 2x dx + 2y dy = − y + x2 + y 2

C 2 −1 0 2
2 −1 0
= 2 + 3 + 25 = 30
11. Using x as a the parameter, dy = 2x dx.

1
ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1
y dx + x dy = x2 dx + x(2x) dx = 3x2 dx = x3 = 1

C 0 0 0
0
12. Using x as the parameter, dy = dx.

1
ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1
y dx + x dy = x dx + x dx = 2x dx = x2 = 1

C 0 0 0
0
13. From (0, 0) to (0, 1) we use y as a parameter with x = dx = 0. From (0, 1) to (1, 1) we use x
as a parameter with y = 1 and dy = 0.
ˆ ˆ 1
y dx + x dy = 0 + 1 dx = 1
C 0
14. From (0, 0) to (1, 0) we use x as a parameter with y = dy = 0. From (1, 0) to (1, 1) we use y
as a parameter with x = 1 and dx = 0.
ˆ ˆ 1
y dx + x dy = 0 + 1 dy = 1
C 0
9 9 √ 9
1
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
2 2 2
15. (6x + 2y ) dx + 4xy dy = (6t + 2t ) t−1/2 dt + 4 t t dt = (3t1/2 + 5t3/2 ) dt
C 4 2 4 4
9

= (2t3/2 + 2t5/2 ) = 460

4
2
2 2 2
4 512
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
16. (−y 2 ) dx + xy dy = (−t6 ) 2 dt + (2t)(t3 )3t2 dt = 4t6 dt = t7 =

C 0 0 0 7 7
0
ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1
17. 2x3 y dx + (3x + y) dy = 2(y 6 )y 2y dy + (3y 2 + y) dy = (4y 8 + 3y 2 + y) dy
C −1 −1 −1
1
4 9 1 26
= y + y3 + y2 =

9 2 9
−1
ˆ ˆ 2 ˆ 2 ˆ 2
3 2
18. 4x dx + 2y dy = 4(y + 1)3y dy + 2y dy = (12y 5 + 12y 2 + 2y) dy
C −1 −1 −1
2

6 3 2
= (2y + 4y + y ) = 165

−1
19. From (−2, 0) to (2, 0) we use x as a parameter with y = dy = 0. From (2, 0) to (−2, 0) we
parameterize the semicircle as x = 2 cos θ and y = 2 sin θ for 0 ≤ θ ≤ π.
˛ ˆ 2 ˆ π ˆ π
(x2 + y 2 ) dx − 2xy dy = x2 dx + 4(−2 sin θ dθ) − 8 cos θ sin θ(2 cos θ dθ)
C −2 0 0
2
π
1 3
ˆ
= x −8 (sin θ + 2 cos2 θ sin θ) dθ
3 0
−2
π
16 2 16 80 64
= − 8 − cos θ − cos3 θ = − =−

3 3 3 3 3
0
20. We start at (0, 0) and use x as a parameter.

˛ ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 0
(x2 + y 2 ) dx − 2xy dy = (x2 + x4 ) dx − 2 xx2 (2x dx) + (x2 + x) dx
C 0 0
ˆ 0 1
√

1 −1/2
−2 x x x dx
1 2
ˆ 1 ˆ 0 ˆ 1 1
3 3
= (x2 − 3x4 ) dx + x2 dx = (−3x4 ) dx = − x5 = −

0 1 0 5 5
0
21. From (1, 1) to (−1, 1) and (−1, −1) to (1, −1) we use x as a parameter with y = 1 and
y = −1, respectively, and dy = 0. From (−1, 1) to (−1, −1) and (1, −1) to (1, 1) we use y as
a parameter with x = −1 and x = 1, respectively, and dx = 0.
˛ ˆ −1 ˆ −1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1
2 3 2 2 2 2 3
x y dx − xy dy = x (1) dx + −(−1)y dy + x (−1) dx + −(1)y 2 dy
C 1 1 −1 −1
−1 −1 1 1
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 8
= x + y − x − y =−
3 3 3 3 3
1 1 −1 −1
22. From (2, 4) to (0, 4) we use x as a parameter with y = 4 and dy = 0. From (0, 4) to (0, 0) we
use y as a parameter with x = dx = 0. From (0, 0) to (2, 4) we use y = 2x and dy = 2 dx.
˛ ˆ 0 ˆ 0 ˆ 2 ˆ 2
2 3 2 2 2 3
x y dx − xy dy = x (64) dx − 0 dy + x (8x ) dx − x(4x2 )2 dx
C 2 4 0 0
0 2 2
64 3
4 512 256 352
= x + x6 − 2x4 = − + − 32 = −

3 3 3 3 3
2 0 0
˛ ˆ 2π p
2 2
23. (x − y ) ds = (25 cos 2 θ − 25 sin2 θ) 25 sin2 θ + 25 cos2 θ dθ
C 0
2π
2π 2π
125
ˆ ˆ
2 2
= 125 (cos θ − sin θ) dθ = 125 cos 2θ dθ = sin 2θ = 0

0 0 2
0
˛ ˆ π ˆ π ˆ π
24. y dx − x dy = 3 sin t(−2 sin t) dt − 2 cos t(3 cos t) dt = −6 (sin2 t + cos2 t) dt
C 0 0 0
ˆ π
= −6 dt = −6π
0
ˆ
Thus, y dx − x dy = 6π.
−C
25. We parameterize the line segment from (0, 0, 0) to (2, 3, 4) by x = 2t, y = 3t, z = 4t for
0 ≤ t ≤ 1. We parameterize the line segment from (2, 3, 4) to (6, 8, 5) by x = 2 + 4t,
y = 3 + 5t, z = 4 + t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
˛ ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1
y dx + z dy + x dz = 3t(2 dt) + 2t(4 dt) +
4t(3 dt) + (3 + 5t)(4 dt)
C 0 0 0 0
ˆ 1 ˆ 1
+ (4 + t)(5 dt) + (2 + 4t) dt
0 0
ˆ 1 1
55 2 123
= (55t + 34) dt = t + 34t =

0 2 2
0
2 2
ˆ 2
5 2 5
ˆ ˆ ˆ
26. y dx + z dy + x dz = t3 (3 dt) +
t (3t2 dt) + (3t) t dt
C 0 0 4 0 2
ˆ 2 2
15 15 3 3 5
= 3t3 + t4 + t2 dt = t4 + t5 + t3 = 56

0 4 2 4 4 2
0
27. From (0, 0, 0) to (6, 0, 0) we use x as a parameter with y = dy = 0 and z = dz = 0. From

(6, 0, 0) to (6, 0, 5) we use z as a parameter with x = 6 and dx = 0 and y = dy = 0. From
(6, 0, 5) to (6, 8, 5) we use y as a parameter with x = 6 and dx = 0 and z = 5 and dz = 0.
ˆ ˆ 6 ˆ 5 ˆ 8
y dx + z dy + x dz = 0 dx + 6 dz + 5 dy = 70
C 0 0 0
28. We parametrize the line segment from (0, 0, 0) to (6, 8, 0) by x = 6t, y = 8t, z = 0 for
0 ≤ t ≤ 1. From (6, 8, 0) to (6, 8, 5) we use z as a parameter with x = 6, dx = 0, and y = 8,
dy = 0.
ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ 5 1

2
y dx + z dy + x dz = 8t(6 dt) + 6 dz = 24t + 30 = 54
C 0 0
0
29. F = e3t i − (e−4t )et j = e3t i − e−3t j; dr = (−2e−2t i + et j) dt; F · dr = (−2et − e−2t ) dt;
ln 2 ln 2
1 31 3 19
ˆ ˆ
t −2t t
F · dr = (−2e − e ) dt = −2e + e−2t = − − − =−

2 8 2 8

C 0
0
3 6
30. F = et i + tet j + t3 et k; dr = (i + 2tj + 3t2 k) dt;
1 1
2 1 13
ˆ ˆ
t3 t63 6
F · dr = (et + 2t2 e + 3t5 e ) dt = et + et + et = (e − 1)

C 0 3 2 6
0
1
31. Using x as a parameter, r(x) = xi + ln xj. Then F = ln xi + xj, dr = (i + j) dx, and
x
e
ˆ ˆ e
W = F · dr = (ln x + 1) dx = (x ln x) = e.

C 1
1
32. Let r1 = (−2 + 2t)i + (2 − 2t)j and r2 = 2ti + 3tj for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Then
dr1 = 2i − 2j, dr2 = 2i + 3j,

F1 = 2(−2 + 2t)(2 − 2t)i + 4(2 − 2t)2 j = (−8t2 + 16t − 8)i + (16t2 − 32t + 16)j,
F2 = 2(2t)(3t)i + 4(3t)2 j = 12t2 i + 36t2 j,
and
ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ 1
2 2
W = F1 · dr1 + F2 · dr2 (−16t + 32t − 16 − 32t + 64t − 32) dt + (24t2 + 108t2 ) dt
C1 C2 0 0
1
ˆ 1
= (84t2 + 96t − 48) dt = (28t3 + 48t2 − 48t) = 28.

0
0
33. Let r1 = (1 + 2t)i + j, r2 = 3i + (1 + t)j, and r3 = (3 − 2t)i + (2 − t)j for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Then
dr1 = 2i, dr2 = j, dr3 = −2i − j,

F1 = (1 + 2t + 2)i + (6 − 2 − 4t)j = (3 + 2t)i + (4 − 4t)j,
F2 = (3 + 2 + 2t)i + (6 + 6t − 6)j = (5 + 2t)i + 6tj,
F3 = (3 − 2t + 4 − 2t)i + (12 − 6t − 6 + 4t)j = (7 − 4t)i + (6 − 2t)j,
and
ˆ ˆ ˆ
W = F1 · dr1 + F2 · dr2 + F3 · dr3
C1 C2 C3
ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1
= (6 + 4t) dt + (−14 + 8t − 6 + 2t) dt
6t dt +
0 0 0
ˆ 1 1

= (−14 + 20t) dt = (−14t + 10t2 ) = −4.

0
0
34. F = t3 i + t4 j + t5 k; dr = 3t2 i + 2tj + k;

3
ˆ ˆ 3 ˆ 3
W = F · dr = (3t5 + 2t5 + t5 ) dt = 6t5 dt = t6 = 728

C 1 1
1
35. r = 3 cos ti + 3 sin tj, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π; dr = −3 sin ti + 3 cos tj; F = ai + bj;

2π
ˆ ˆ 2π
W = F · dr = (−3a sin t + 3b cos t) dt = (3a cos t + 3b sin t) = 0

C 0
0
36. Let r = ti + tj + tk for 1 ≤ t ≤ 3. Then dr = i + j + k, and
c ct c
3
(ti + tj + tk) = √
F= (i + j + k) = √ (i + j + k),
|r| 2
( 3t ) 3 3 3 t2
ˆ 3 ˆ 3 3
c c 1 c 1 c 1 2c
ˆ
W = F · dr = √ (1 + 1 + 1) dt = √ 2
dt = √ − =√ − +1 = √ .
C 1 3 3t
2 3 1 t 3 t
1
3 3 3 3
ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1
2 2
37. y dx + xy dy = (4t + 2) 2 dt + (2t + 1)(4t + 2)4 dt = (64t2 + 64t + 16) dt
C1 0 0 0
1
64 3 2 64 208
= t + 32t + 16t = + 32 + 16 =

3 3 3
0
√ √ √ √3
3 3 3
8 8 208
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
y 2 dx + xy dy = 4t4 (2t) dt + 2t4 (4t) dt = 16t5 dt = t6 = 72 − =
C2 1 1 1 3 3 3
1
e3
e3 e3 e3
21 22 8 8
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
2 2 3
y dx + xy dy = 4(ln t) dt + 2(ln t) dt = (ln t) dt = (ln t)
C3 e t e t e t 3
e
8 208
= (27 − 1) =
3 3
2 √
2 √ √ ˆ 2 √

1 3 16 5
ˆ ˆ
38. xy ds = t(2t) 1 + 4 dt = 2 5 t2 dt = 2 5 t =

C1 0 0 3 3
0
2 ˆ 2 p
1
ˆ ˆ p
2
xy ds = 2
t(t ) 1 + 4t dt = t3 1 + 4t2 dt u = 1 + 4t2 , du = 8t dt, t2 = (u − 1)
C2 0 0 4
ˆ 17 ˆ 17 17
1 1 1 1 2 5/2 2 3/2
= (u − 1)u1/2 du = (u3/2 − u1/2 ) du = u − u
4 8 32 1 32 5 3

1
1
√
391 17 + 1
=
120
3
ˆ 3
√ √ ˆ 3 √

1
ˆ
xy ds = (2t − 4)(4t − 8) 4 + 16 dt = 16 5 (t − 2)2 dt = 16 5 (t − 2)3

C3 2 2 3
2
√
16 5
=
3
C1 and C3 are different parameterizations of the same curve, while C1 and C2 are different
curves.
d 2 d dv dv dv
39. Since v · v = v 2 , v = (v · v) = v · + ·v =2 · v. Then
dt dt dt dt dt
ˆ b ˆ b ˆ b
dr dv 1 d 2
ˆ
W = F · dr = ma · dt = m · v dt = m v dt
C a dt a dt a 2 dt
b
1 1 1
= m(v 2 ) = m[v(b)]2 − m[v(a)]2 .

2 2 2
a
40. We are given ρ = kx. Then

ˆ ˆ π ˆ π p ˆ π
2 2
m= ρ ds = kx ds = k (1 + cos t) sin t + cos t dt = k (1 + cos t) dt
C
0π 0 0

= k(t + sin t) = kπ.

0
41. From Problem 40, m = kπ and ds = dt.

ˆ π π
1
ˆ ˆ
Mx = yρ ds = kxy ds = k (1 + cos t) sin t dt = k − cos t + sin2 t = 2k

C C 0 2
0
ˆ ˆ ˆ π ˆ π
My = xρ ds = kx2 ds = k (1 + cos t)2 dt = k (1 + 2 cos t + cos2 t) dt
C C 0 0
π
1 1 3
= k t + 2 sin t + t + sin 2t = kπ

2 4 2
0
3kπ/2 3 2k 2
x̄ = My /m = = ; ȳ = Mx /m = = . The center of mass is (3/2, 2/π).
kπ 2 kπ π
42. On C1 , T = i and F · T = compT F ≈ 1. On C2 , T = −j and F · T = compT F ≈ 2. On C3 ,
T = −i and F · T = compT F ≈ 1.5. Using the fact that the lengths of C1 , C2 , and C3 are 4,
5, and 5, respectively, we have
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
W = F · T ds = F · T ds+ F · T ds+ F · T ds ≈ 1(4)+2(5)+1.5(5) = 21.5 ft-lb.
C C1 C2 C3
9.9 Independence of Path 699
9.9 Independence of Path
1
1. (a) Py = 0 = Qx and the integral is independent of path. φx = x2 , φ = x3 + g(y),
3
ˆ (2,2) (2,2)
1 1 1 1
φy = g′ (y) = y 2 , g(y) = y 3 , φ = x3 + y 3 , x2 dx + y 2 dy = (x3 + y 3 ) =

3 3 3 (0,0) 3
(0,0)
16
3
2
(2,2) 2
2 16
ˆ ˆ
(b) Use y = x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. x2 dx + y 2 dy = (x2 + x2 ) dx = x3 =

(0,0) 0 3 3
0
2. (a) Py = 2x = Qx and the integral is independent of path. φx = 2xy, φ = x2 y + g(y),

φy = x2 + g ′ (y) = x2 , g(y) = 0, φ = x2 y,
(2,4)
ˆ (2,4)
2 2
2xy dx + x dy = x y = 16 − 1 = 15

(1,1)
(1,1)
(b) Use y = 3x − 2 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2.

ˆ (2,4) ˆ 2
2xy dx + x2 dy = [2x(3x − 2) + x2 (3)] dx
(1,1) 1
2
ˆ 2
= (9x2 − 4x) dx = (3x3 − 2x2 ) = 15

1
1
3. (a) Py = 2 = Qx and the integral is independent of path. φx = x + 2y,

1 1 1 1
φ = x2 + 2xy + g(y), φy = 2x + g′ (y) = 2x − y, g(y) = − y 2 , φ = x2 + 2xy − y 2 ,
2 2 2 2
ˆ (3,2) (3,2)

1 2 1 2
(x + 2y) dx + (2x − y) dy = x + 2xy − y = 14
(1,0) 2 2
(1,0)
(b) Use y = x − 1 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 3.

ˆ (3,2) ˆ 3
(x + 2y) dx + (2x − y) dy = [x + 2(x − 1) + 2x − (x − 1) dx
(1,0) 1
3
ˆ 3
= (4x − 1) dx = (2x2 − x) = 14

1
1
4. (a) Py = − cos x sin y = Qx and the integral is independent of path. φx = cos x cos y,
φ = sin x cos y + g(y), φy = − sin x sin y + g ′ (y) = 1 − sin x sin y, g(y) = y,
φ = sin x cos y + y,
ˆ (π/2,0) (π/2,0)

cos x cos y dx + (1 − sin x sin y) dy = (sin x cos y + y) =1

(0,0)
(0,0)
(b) Use y = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ π/2.

π/2
ˆ (π/2,0) ˆ π/2
cos x cos y dx + (1 − sin x sin y) dy = cos x dx = sin x =1

(0,0) 0
0
1 x
5. (a) Py = 1/y 2 = Qx and the integral is independent of path. φx = − , φ = − + g(y),
y y
ˆ (4,4) (4,4)
x ′ x x 1 x x
φy = 2 + g (x) = 2 , g(y) = 0, φ = − , − dx + 2 dy = (− ) =3
y y y (4,1) y y y
(4,1)
(b) Use x = 4 for 1 ≤ y ≤ 4.

4
(4,4) 4
1 x 4 4
ˆ ˆ
− dx + 2 dy = dy = − = 3
(4,1) y y 1 y2 y
1
x
6. (a) Py = −xy(x2 + y 2 )−3/2 = Qx and the integral is independent of path. φx = p ,
x2 + y2
p y y p
φ= x2 + y 2 + g(y), φy = p + g′ (y) = p , g(y) = 0, φ = x2 + y 2 ,
+ x2 y2 x2 + y2
(3,4)
(3,4)
x dx + y dy p 2
ˆ
= x + y2 =4

p
(1,0) 2
x +y 2
(1,0)
(b) Use y = 2x − 2 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 3.
(3,4) 3 3
x dx + y dy x + (2x − 2)2 5x − 4
ˆ ˆ ˆ
p = p dx = √
(1,0) x2 + y 2 1 x2 + (2x − 2)2 1 5x2 − 8x + 4
3
p
= 5x2 − 8x + 4 = 4

1
7. (a) Py = 4xy = Qx and the integral is independent of path. φx = 2y 2 x − 3, φ = x2 y 2 − 3x +

g(y), φy = 2x2 y + g′ (y) = 2x2 y + 4, g(y) = 4y, φ = x2 y 2 − 3x + 4y,
ˆ (3,6) (3,6)

(2y 2 x − 3) dx + (2yx2 + 4) dy = (x2 y 2 − 3x + 4y) = 330

(1,2)
(1,2)
(b) Use y = 2x for 1 ≤ x ≤ 3.

ˆ (3,6) ˆ 3
(2y 2 x − 3) dx + (2yx2 + 4) dy = [2(2x)2 x − 3] + [2(2x)x2 + 4]2 dx

(1,2) 1
3
ˆ 3
= (16x3 + 5) dx = (4x4 + 5x) = 330

1
1
5
8. (a) Py = 4 = Qx and the integral is independent of path. φx = 5x+4y, φ = x2 +4xy+g(y),
2
′ 3 4 5 2 4
φy = 4x + g (y) = 4x − 8y , g(y) = −2y , φ = x + 4xy − 2y ,
2
ˆ (0,0) (0,0)
5 7
(5x + 4y) dx + (4x − 8y 3 ) dy = x2 + 4xy − 2y 4 =

(−1,1) 2 2
(−1,1)
(b) Use y = −x for −1 ≤ x ≤ 0.

ˆ (0,0) ˆ 0
(5x + 4y) dx + (4x − 8y 3 ) dy = [(5x − 4x) + (4x + 8x3 )(−1)] dx
(−1,1) −1
0 0
3 7
ˆ
3
= (−3x − 8x ) dx = − x2 − 2x4 =

2 2

−1
−1
9. (a) Py = 3y 2 + 3x2 = Qx and the integral is independent of path. φx = y 3 + 3x2 y,

φ = xy 3 +x3 y +g(y), φy = 3xy 2 +x3 +g ′ (y) = x3 +3y 2 x+1, g(y) = y, φ = xy 3 +x3 y +y,
ˆ (2,8) (2,8)

(y 3 + 3x2 y) dx + (x3 + 3y 2 x + 1) dy = (xy 3 + x3 y + y) = 1096

(0,0)
(0,0)
(b) Use y = 4x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.

ˆ (2,8) ˆ 2
3 2 3 2
(y + 3x y) dx + (x + 3y x + 1) dy = [(64x3 + 12x3 ) + (x3 + 48x3 + 1)(4)] dx
(0,0) 0
2
ˆ 2
3 4
= (272x + 4) dx = (68x + 4x) = 1096

0
0
10. (a) Py = −xy cos xy − sin xy − 20y 3 = Qx and the integral is independent of path.
φx = 2x − y sin xy − 5y 4 , φ = x2 + cos xy − 5xy 4 + g(y),
φy = −x sin xy − 20xy 3 + g′ (y) = −20xy 3 − x sin xy, g(y) = 0, φ = x2 + cos xy − 5xy 4 ,
(1,0)
ˆ (1,0)
(2x − y sin xy − 5y 4 ) dx − (20xy 3 + x sin xy) dy = (x2 +cos xy −5xy 4 ) = −3

(−2,0)
(−2,0)
(b) Use y = 0 for −2 ≤ x ≤ 1.

1
ˆ (1,0) ˆ 1
(2x − y sin xy − 5y 4 ) dx − (20xy 3 + x sin xy) dy = 2x dx = x2 = −3

(−2,0) −2
−2
11. Py = 12x3 y 2 = Qx and the vector field is a gradient field. φx = 4x3 y 3 +3, φ = x4 y 3 +3x+g(y),
φy = 3x4 y 2 + g′ (y) = 3x4 y 2 + 1, g(y) = y, φ = x4 y 3 + 3x + y
12. Py = 6xy 2 = Qx and the vector field is a gradient field. φx = 2xy 3 , φ = x2 y 3 + g(y),
φy = 3x2 y 2 + g′ (y) = 3x2 y 2 + 3y 2 , g(y) = y 3 , φ = x2 y 3 + y 3
13. Py = −2xy 3 sin xy 2 + 2y cos xy 2 , Qx = −2xy 3 cos xy 2 − 2y sin xy 2 and the vector field is not
a gradient field.
14. Py = −4xy(x2 + y 2 + 1)−3 = Qx and the vector field is a gradient field. φx = x(x2 + y 2 + 1)−2 ,
1
φ = − (x2 + y 2 + 1)−1 + g(y), φy = y(x2 + y 2 + 1)−2 + g′ (y) = y(x2 + y 2 + 1)−2 , g(y) = 0,
2
1
φ = − (x2 + y 2 + 1)−1
2
1
15. Py = 1 = Qx and the vector field is a gradient field. φx = x3 + y, φ = x4 + xy + g(y),
4
′ 3 1 4 1 4 1 4
φy = x + g (y) = x + y , g(y) − y , φ = x + xy + y
4 4 4
16. Py = 4e2y , Qx = e2y and the vector field is not a gradient field.
ˆ
−y
17. Since Py = −e = Qx , F is conservative and F · dr is independent of the path. Thus,
C
instead of the given curve we may use the simpler curve C1 : y = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Then
ˆ
W = (2x + e−y ) dx + (4y − xe−y ) dy
C1
ˆ 1 ˆ 1
−x
= (2x + e ) dx + (4x − xe−x ) dx Integration by parts
0 0
1 1

= (x2 − e−x ) + (2x2 + xe−x + e−x )

0 0
−1 −1 −1
= [(1 − e ) − (−1)] + [(2 + e +e ) − (1)] = 3 + e−1 .
ˆ
18. Since Py = −e−y = Qx , F is conservative and F · dr is independent of the path. Thus,
C
instead of the given curve we may use the simpler curve C1 : y = 0, −2 ≤ −x ≤ 2. Then
dy = 0 and
ˆ ˆ −2
−y −y
W = (2x + e ) dx + (4y − xe ) dy = (2x + 1) dx
C1 2
−2

= (x2 + x) = (4 − 2) − (4 + 2) = −4.

2
19. Py = z = Qx , Qz = x = Ry , Rx = y = Pz , and the integral is independent of path.

Parameterize the line segment between the points by x = 1 + t, y = 1 + 3t, z = 1 + 7t, for
0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Then dx = dt, dy = 3 dt, dz = 7 dt and
ˆ (2,4,8) ˆ 1
yz dx + xz dy + xy dz = [(1 + 3t)(1 + 7t) + (1 + t)(1 + 7t)(3) + (1 + t)(1 + 3t)(7)] dt
(1,1,1) 0
1
ˆ 1
= (11 + 62t + 63t2 ) dt = (11t + 31t2 + 21t3 ) = 63.

0
0
20. Py = 0 = Qx , Qz = 0 = Ry , Rx = 0 = Pz and the integral is independent of path.

Parameterize the line segment between the points by x = t, y = t, z = t, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Then
dx = dy = dz = dt and
1
ˆ (1,1,1) ˆ 1
2x dx + 3y 2 dy + 4z 3 dz = (2t + 3t2 + 4t3 ) dt = (t2 + t3 + t4 ) = 3.

(0,0,0) 0
0
21. Py = 2x cos y = Qx , Qz = 0 = Ry , Rx = 3e3z = Pz , and the integral is independent

of path. Integrating φx = 2x sin y + e3z we find φ = x2 sin y + xe3z + g(y, z). Then
φy = x2 cos y+gy = Q = x2 cos y, so gy = 0, g(y, z) = h(z), and φ = x2 sin y+xe3z +h(z). Now
φz = 3xe3z + h′ (z) = R = 3xe3z + 5, so h′ (z) = 5 and h(z) = 5z. Thus φ = x2 sin y + xe3z + 5z
and
ˆ (2,π/2,1)
(2x sin y + e3z ) dx + x2 cos y dy + (3xe3z + 5) dz
(1,0,0)
(2,π/2,1)

= (x2 sin y + xe3z + 5z) = [4(1) + 2e3 + 5] − [0 + 1 + 0] = 8 + 2e3 .

(1,0,0)
22. Py = 0 = Qx , Qz = 0 = Ry , Rx = 0 = Pz , and the integral is independent of path.

Parameterize the line segment between the points by x = 1 + 2t, y = 2 + 2t, z = 1, for
0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Then dx = 2 dt, dz = 0 and
(3,4,1) 1
1
ˆ ˆ
2
(2x + 1) dx + 3y dy + dz = [(2 + 4t + 1)2 + 3(2 + 2t)2 2] dt
(1,2,1) z 0
ˆ 1
= (24t2 + 56t + 30) dt
0
1

= (8t3 + 28t2 + 30t) = 66.

0
23. Py = 0 = Qx , Qz = 0 = Ry , Rx = 2e2z = Pz and the integral is independent of path.

Parameterize the line segment between the points by x = 1 + t, y = 1 + t, z = ln 3, for
0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Then dx = dy = dt, dz = 0 and
1
ˆ (2,2 ln 3) ˆ 1
e2z dx + 3y 2 dy + 2xe2z dz = [e2 ln 3 + 3(1 + t)2 ] dt = [9t + (1 + t)3 ] = 16.

(1,1,ln 3) 0
0
24. Py = 0 = Qx , Qz = 2y = Ry , Rx = 2x = Pz and the integral is independent of path.

Parameterize the line segment between the points by x = −2(1 − t), y = 3(1 − t), z = 1 − t,
for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Then dx = 2 dt, dy = −3 dt, dz = −dt, and
ˆ (0,0,0)
2xz dx + 2yz dy + (x2 + y 2 ) dz
(−2,3,1)
ˆ 1
= [−4(1 − t)2 (2) + 6(1 − t)2 (−3) + 4(1 − t)2 (−1) + 9(1 − t)2 (−1)] dt
0
ˆ 1 1

= −39(1 − t)2 dt = 13(1 − t)3 = −13.

0
0
25. Py = 1 − z sin x = Qx , Qz = cos x = Ry , Rx = −y sin x = Pz and the integral is inde-

pendent of path. Integrating φx = y − yz sin x we find φ = xy + yz cos x + g(y, z). Then
φy = x + z cos x + gy (y, z) = Q = x + z cos x, so gy = 0, g(y, z) = h(z), and
φ = xy + yz cos x + h(z). Now φz = y cos x + h(z) = R = y cos x, so h(z) = 0 and
φ = xy + yz cos x. Since r(0) = 4j and r(π/2) = πi + j + 4k,
ˆ (π,1,4)

F · dr = (xy + yz cos x) = (π − 4) − (0 + 0) = π − 4.

C
(0,4,0)
26. Py = 0 = Qx , Qz = 0 = Ry Rx = −ez = Pz and the integral is independent of path.

Integrating φx = 2 − ez we find φ = 2x − xez + g(y, z). Then φy = gy = 2y − 1, so
g(y, z) = y 2 −y +h(z) and φ = 2x−xez +y 2 −y +h(z). Now φz = −xez +h′ (z) = R = 2−xez ,
so h′ (z) = 2, h(z) = 2z, and φ = 2x − xez + y 2 − y + 2z. Thus
(2,4,8)

z 2
F · dr = (2x − xe + y − y + 2z) = (4 − 2e4 + 16 − 4 + 16) − (−2 + e−1 + 1 − 1 − 2)

(−1,1,−1)
4 −1
= 36 − 2e − e .
27. Since Py = Gm1 m2 (2xy/|r|5 ) = Qx , Qz = Gm1 m2 (2yz/|r|5 ) = Ry , and

Rx = Gm1 m2 (2xz/|r|5 ) = Pz , the force field is conservative.
x
φx = −Gm1 m2 , φ = Gm1 m2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−1/2 + g(y, z),
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2
y y
φy = −Gm1 m2 + gy (y, z) = −Gm1 m2 2 , g(y, z) = h(z),
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 (x + y 2 + z 2 )3/2
φ = Gm1 m2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−1/2 + h(z),

z z
φz = −Gm1 m2 + h′ (z) = −Gm1 m2 2 ,
(x2 + y2 2
+z )3/2 (x + y + z 2 )3/2
2
Gm1 m2 Gm1 m2
h(z) = 0, φ = p =
x2 + y 2 + z 2 |r|
9.10 Double Integrals 705
28. Since Py = 24xy 2 z = Qx , Qz = 12x2 y 2 = Ry , and Rx = 8xy 3 = Pz , F is conservative. Thus,

the work done between two points is independent of the path. From φx = 8xy 3 z we obtain
φ = 4x2 y 3 z which is a potential function for F. Then
√ (1,√3 ,π/3)
ˆ (1, 3 ,π/3) √ ˆ (0,2,π/2)
W = F · dr = 4x2 y 3 z = 4 3π and W = F · dr = 0.

(2,0,0) (2,0,0)
(2,0,0)
ˆ ˆ
29. Since F is conservative, F · dr = F · dr. Then, since the simply C1
C1 −C2
closed curve C is composed of C1 and C2 ,
˛ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
F · dr = F · dr + F · dr = F · dr − F · dr = 0.
C C1 C2 C1 −C2 C2
30. From F = (x2 + y 2 )n/2 (xi + yj) we obtain Py = nxy(x2 + y 2 )n/2−1 = Qx , so that F is conser-
vative. From φx = x(x2 + y 2 )n/2 we obtain the potential function φ = (x2 + y 2 )(n+2)/2 /(n + 2).
Then
!(x2 ,y2 )
(x2 ,y2 )
(x2 + y 2 )(n+2)/2
ˆ
W = F · dr =

n+2

(x1 ,y1 )
(x1 ,y1 )
1 h 2 i
= (x2 + y22 )(n+2)/2 − (x21 + y12 )(n+2)/2 .
n+2
dv dr dv 1 d 2
31. From the solution to Problem 39 in Exercises 9.8, · = ·v = v . Then, using
dt dt dt 2 dt
dp ∂p dx ∂p dy dr
= + = ∇p · , we have
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt dt
dv dr dr
ˆ ˆ ˆ
m · dt + ∇p · = 0 dt
dt dt dt
1 d 2 dp
ˆ ˆ
m v dt + dt = constant
2 dt dt
1
mv 2 + p = constant.
2
32. By Problem 31, the sum of kinetic and potential energies in a conservative force field is
constant. That is, it is independent of points A and B, so p(B) + K(B) = p(A) + K(A).
9.10 Double Integrals
3
ˆ 3
y 2 y
1. (6xy − 5e ) dx = (3x y − 5xe ) = (27y − 15ey ) − (3y + 5ey ) = 24y − 20ey

−1
−1
2
2
1 1
ˆ
2. tan xy dy = ln | sec xy| = ln | sec 2x − sec x|

1 x x
1
3x
ˆ 3x 2
3. x3 exy dy = x2 exy = x2 (e3x − ex )

1
1
y 3
ˆ y3
4. (8x3 y − 4xy 2 ) dx = (2x4 y − 2x2 y 2 ) = (2y 13 − 2y 8 ) − (2y 3 − 2y 3 ) = 2y 13 − 2y 8

√
y √
y
2x
2x
xy x x x
ˆ
2 2
5. 2 2
dy = ln (x + y ) = [ln (x2 + 4x2 ) − ln x2 ] = ln 5
0 x +y 2 2 2
0
x
x
x 2y/x x x
ˆ
2y/x 3 2
6. e dy = e = (e2x/x − e2x /x ) = (e2 − e2x )
x3 2 3 2 2
x
sec y
ˆ sec y
7. (2x + cos y) dx = (x2 + x cos y) = sec2 y + sec y cos y − tan2 y − tan y cos y

tan y
tan y
= sec2 y + 1 − tan2 y − sin y = 2 − sin y
ˆ 1
8. √
y ln x dx Integration by parts
y
1
√ √ √ √ 1
= y(x ln x − x) = y(0 − 1) − y( y ln y − y ) = −y − y y ln y − 1

√ 2
y
9. y y = 2x + 1 10. y 11. 4 y 12. y

5 5 x = √16 – y2 5 y = x2 + 1
x = √y
x = –√y 4 x
2 x
1 x 1 x
y = –x2
x
1ˆ x 1
1 3 3 1 1 6
¨ ˆ ˆ ˆ
13. x3 y 2 dA = x3 y 2 dy dx = x y dx = x dx y
R 0 0 0 3 3 0
0 1
1
x
1 7 1
= x =
21 21 x
0 1
4−x
¨ ˆ 2 ˆ 4−x ˆ 2
14. (x + 1) dA = (x + 1) dy dx = (xy + y)

dx y
R 0 x 0
4
x 4–x
ˆ 2
= [(4x − x2 + 4 − x) − (x2 + x)] dx x
0
4 x
2 2
2 3 20
ˆ
= (2x − 2x2 + 4) dx = 2
x − x + 4x =

0 3 3
0
¨ ˆ 1 ˆ x2
y
15. (2x + 4y + 1) dA = (2x + 4y + 1) dy dx
R 0 x3
x2
ˆ 1
= (2xy + 2y 2 + y) dx

1
0 3
x
x2
ˆ 1 x3
3 4 2 4 6 3
= [(2x + 2x + x ) − (2x + 2x + x )] dx x
0 1
1 1
1 4 1 3 2 7
ˆ
3 2 6
= (x + x − 2x ) dx = x + x − x

4 3 7

0
0
1 1 2 25
= + − =
4 3 7 84
x
¨ ˆ 1ˆ x ˆ 1
y y y y
16. xe dA = xe dy dx = xe dx
R 0 0 0
0 1
ˆ 1 x
= (xex − x) dx Integration by parts
0
1 x
1
x x 1 2 1 1
= xe − e − x = e − e − − (−1) =
2 2 2
0
8
¨ ˆ 2ˆ 8 ˆ 2 ˆ 2
2
17. 2xy dA = 2xy dy dx = xy dx = (64x − x7 ) dx y
R 0 x3 0 3 0 8
x
2
2 1 8
= 32x − x = 96
8
0 x3
2 x
3−x2
1 3−x2 1
x √
¨ ˆ ˆ ˆ
18. √ dA = xy −1/2
dy dx = 2x y dx y
R y −1 x2 +1 −1 2 3
x +1 x2 + 1
ˆ 1 p p
=2 (x 3 − x2 − x x2 + 1 ) dx 3 – x2
−1
1 x
1 1 1
= 2 − (3 − x2 )3/2 − (x2 + 1)3/2

3 3

−1
2
= − [(23/2 + 23/2 ) − (23/2 + 23/2 )] = 0
3
1
1ˆ 1 1
y y
¨ ˆ ˆ
19. dA = dx dy = ln (1 + xy) dy
y
R 1 + xy 0 0 1 + xy 0 1
0
1
ˆ 1
= ln (1 + y) dy = [(1 + y) ln (1 + y) − (1 + y)]

0 1 x
0
= (2 ln 2 − 2) − (−1) = 2 ln 2 − 1
2 ˆ y2 2 y2
πx πx y πx
¨ ˆ ˆ
20. sin dA = sin dx dy = − cos dy
y
R y 1 0 y 1 π y y2
0 2
2 1
y y
ˆ
= − cos πy + dy Integration by parts
1 π π 1 x
2
y 2

y 1
= − sin πy − 3 cos πy +
π2 π 2π

1
3π 2 − 4

1 2 1 1
= − + − + =
π3 π π 3 2π 2π 3
√ √ x
¨ p ˆ 3ˆ x p ˆ 3 p
21. x2 + 1 dA = x2 + 1 dy dx = y x2 + 1 dx
y
R 0 −x 0 2 y=x
−x
√ √
ˆ 3 p p ˆ 3 p
= (x x2 + 1 + x x2 + 1 ) dx = 2x x2 + 1 dx
0 0 2 x
√3
2 2 14
= (x2 + 1)3/2 = (43/2 − 13/2 ) =

3 3 3 y = –x
0
1
π/4 ˆ 1 π/4
1 2
¨ ˆ ˆ
22. x dA = x dx dy = x dy y
x = tan y
R 0 tan y 0 2 π /4
tan y
π/4 π/4
1 1
ˆ ˆ
= (1 − tan2 y) dy = (2 − sec2 y) dy
2 0 2 0 1 x
π/4
1 1 π π 1
= (2y − tan y) = −1 = −

2 2 2 4 2
0
23. The correct integral is (c).
ˆ √4−y2 √4−y2
ˆ 2 ˆ 2 ˆ 2 p
V =2 (4 − y) dx dy = 2 (4 − y)x dy = 2 (4 − y) 4 − y 2 dy

−2 0 −2 −2
0
p 2
y 1 2 3/2
= 2 2y 4 − y 2 + 8 sin−1 + (4 − y ) = 2(4π − (−4π)] = 16π
2 3
−2
24. The correct integral is (b).
√ √4−y2
ˆ 2ˆ 4−y 2 ˆ 2 ˆ 2
V =8 (4 − y 2 )1/2 dx dy = 8 (4 − y 2 )1/2 x dy = 8 (4 − y 2 ) dy

0 0 0 0
0
2
1 3 128
= 8 4y − y =
3 3
0
25. Setting z = 0 we have y = 6 − 2x. y

6
3 ˆ 6−2x 3 6−2x
1
ˆ ˆ
V = (6 − 2x − y) dy dx = 6y − 2xy − y 2

dx 6 – 2x
2

0 0 0
0
3
1
ˆ
= [6(6 − 2x) − 2x(6 − 2x) − (6 − 2x)2 ] dx 3 x
0 2
ˆ 3 3
2
= (18 − 12x + 2x2 ) dx = 18x − 6x2 + x3 = 18

0 3
0
26. Setting z = 0 we have y = ±2. y
3ˆ 2 3 2 ˆ 3 2
1 16
ˆ ˆ
2
V = (4 − y ) dy dx = 4y − y 3 dx = dx = 16

0 0 0 3 0 3 x
0 3
27. Solving for z, we have x = 2− 21 x+ 21 y. Setting z = 0, we see that this surface y

(plane) intersects the xy-plane in the line y = x − 4. since z(0, 0) = 2 > 0, 2 √ 4Ê–Êx2
the surface lies above the xy-plane over the quarter-circular region.
√ x
2ˆ
√
4−x2 2 4−x2 2
1 1 1 1 2
ˆ ˆ
V = 2 − x + y dy dx = 2y − xy + y dx
0 0 2 2 0 2 4
0
2
1 p 1 2
ˆ p
= 2 2
2 4−x − x 4−x +1− x dx
0 2 4
p 2
−1 x 1 2 3/2 1 3 2 4
= x 4 − x2 + 4 sin + (4 − x ) + x − x = 2π + 2 − − = 2π

2 6 12 3 3
0
28. Setting z = 0 we have y = 3. Using symmetry, y
√ ˆ √ 3
3 3 3 3
1 2
ˆ ˆ
V =2 (3 − y)dy dx = 2 3y − y dx x2
0 x2 0 2 2
x
√
√ 3 1 x
3
9 1 9 1
ˆ
=2 − 3x2 + x4 dx = 2 x − x3 + x5

0 2 2 2 10
0
√
9√ √ 9√

24 3
=2 3−3 3+ 3 = .
2 10 5
29. Note that z = 1 + x2 + y 2 is always positive. Then y

3
1 ˆ 3−3x 1 3−3x
1
ˆ ˆ
V = (1 + x2 + y 2 ) dy dx = y + x2 y + y 3 dx

3 3 – 3x
0 0 0
0
ˆ 1
= [(3 − 3x) + x2 (3 − 3x) + 9(1 − x)3 ] dx 1 x
0
1
ˆ 1
2 3 2 3 4
= (12 − 30x + 30x − 12x ) dx = (12x − 15x + 10x − 3x ) = 4.

0
0
30. In the first octant, z = x + y is nonnegative. Then y
√
√
9−x2
3 √ 9Ê–Êx2
3ˆ 9−x2 3
1 2
ˆ ˆ
V = (x + y) dy dx = xy + y dx
0 0 0 2
0 x
3 3
3
9 1 1 9 1 27 9
ˆ p
= x 9 − x2 + − x2 dx = − (9 − x2 )3/2 + x − x3 = − − (−9)

0 2 2 3 2 6 2 2
0
= 18.
31. In the first octant z = 6/y is positive. Then y

5 6 6
6ˆ 5 6 ˆ 6
6 6x dy
ˆ ˆ
V = dx dy = dy = 30 = 30 ln y = 30 ln 6.

1 0 y 1 y 1 y 1
0 1
5 x
32. Setting z = 0, we have x2 /4 + y 2 /16 = 1. Using symmetry, y

4
√
2 ˆ 2 4−x2
2√4 – x2
1 2
ˆ
2
V =4 4−x − y dy dx
0 0 4
√
ˆ 2 2 4−x2 2 x
1
=4 4y − x2 y − y 3 dx

0 12
0
2
2
ˆ p p
2 2 2 2 3/2
=4 8 4 − x − 2x 4 − x − (4 − x ) dx Trig substitution
0 3
h p x 1 p x
= 4 4x 4 − x2 + 16 sin−1 − x(2x2 − 4) 4 − x2 − 4 sin−1
2 4 2

1 2
p
2
x 2
i 16π 4π 4π
+ x(2x − 20) 4 − x − 4 sin = 4 − − − (0) = 16π.
12 2 0 2 2 2
33. Note that z = 4 − y 2 is positive for |y| ≤ 1. Using symmetry, y

√2x – x2
1
√ 2x−x2 √
2ˆ 2x−x2 2
1
ˆ ˆ
V =2 (4 − y 2 ) dy dx = 2 4y − y 3 dx

0 0 0 3 2 x
0
ˆ 2 p
2
1 2
p
2
=2 4 2x − x − (2x − x ) 2x − x dx
0 3
ˆ 2 p

1 2
p
=2 4 1 − (x − 1)2 − [1 − (x − 1) ] 1 − (x − 1)2 dx u = x − 1, du = dx
0 3
ˆ 1 p
2
1 2
p
2
=2 4 1 − u − (1 − u ) 1 − u du
−1 3
ˆ 1 p
11 2
1 2p 2
=2 1−u + u 1−u du Trig substitution
−1 3 3
1
11 p 11 1 p 1
=2 u 1 − u2 + sin u + x(2x2 − 1) 1 − u2 + sin−1 u

6 6 24 24
−1

11 π 1 π 11 π 1 π 15π
=2 + − − − = .
6 2 24 2 6 2 24 2 4
34. From z = 1 − x2 and z = 1 − y 2 we have 1 − x2 = 1 − y 2 or y = x (in z

1
the first octant). Thus, the surfaces intersect in the plane y = x. Using
symmetry,
ˆ 1ˆ 1 ˆ 1 1 1 y
2 1 3 x
V =2 (1 − y ) dy dx = 2 y − y dx 1
0 x 0 3
x
x
1 1
2 1 2 1 1 1
ˆ
=2 − x + x3 dx = 2 x − x2 + x4 = .

0 3 3 3 2 12 2
0
y
1ˆ 1 1ˆ y 1
1 3p
ˆ p ˆ p ˆ
35. x2 1 + y 4 dy dx = x2 1 + y 4 dx dy = x 1 + y 4 dy y

0 x 0 0 0 3
0 1
1
1 1 3p 1 √

1 1 y=x
ˆ
= y 1 + y 4 dy = (1 + y 4 )3/2 = (2 2 − 1)

3 0 3 6 18
1x

0
x/2
ˆ 1ˆ 2 ˆ 2 ˆ x/2 ˆ 2
36. e−y/x dx dy = e−y/x dy dx = −xe−y/x dx y

1 x = 2y
0 2y 0 0 0
0
ˆ 2 ˆ 2
−1/2 2 x
= (−xe + x) dx = (1 − e−1/2 )x dx
0 0
2
1
= (1 − e−1/2 )x2 = 2(1 − e−1/2 )

2
0
√ √x
ˆ 2ˆ 4 ˆ 4ˆ x ˆ 4
37. cos x3/2 dx dy = cos x3/2 dy dx = y cos x3/2 dx y

2 x = y2
0 y2 0 0 0
0
4
4√
2 2
ˆ
= x cos x 3/2 3/2
dx = sin x = sin 8 4 x
0 3 3
0
√
ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x2 p
38. x 1 − x2 − y 2 dy dx y
√
−1 − 1−x2 1
y =√ 1 – x2
ˆ 1 ˆ √1−y2 p
= √ 2 x 1 − x2 − y 2 dx dy 1 x
−1 − 1−y
√ y = – √ 1 – x2
1 1−y2
1 1

1
ˆ ˆ
2 2 3/2
= − (1 − x − y ) dy = − (0 − 0) dy
3 √ 3 −1

−1
− 1−y 2
=0
y
1ˆ 1 1ˆ y 1
1 1 x
ˆ ˆ ˆ
39. dy dx = dx dy = dy y y=x
0 x 1 + y4 0 0 1 + y4 0 1 + y4
0 1
1
1
y 1 π
ˆ
−1 2
= dy = tan y = 1 x
0 1 + y4 2 8
0
x2
ˆ 4ˆ 2 p ˆ 2 ˆ x2 p ˆ 2 p
40. x3 + 1 dx dy = x3 + 1 dy dx = y x3 + 1 dx
y x =√ y
√
0 y 0 0 0
0
4
ˆ 2 p
= x2 x3 + 1 dx
0
2
2 3 2 52 2 x
= (x + 1)3/2 = (93/2 − 13/2 ) =

9 9 9
0
4 3
4 3ˆ 3 ˆ 3
1 2
ˆ ˆ
41. m = xy dx dy = x y dy = 8y dy = 4y 2 = 36
y
0 0 0 2 0
0 0 3
ˆ 3ˆ 4 ˆ 3 4 ˆ 3 3
1 64 32
My = x2 y dx dy = x3 y dy = y dy = y 2 = 96 x=4

0 0 0 3 0 3 3
0 0
4 3 4 x
ˆ 3ˆ 4 ˆ 3 ˆ 3
1 2 2 8
Mx = xy 2 dx dy = x y dy = 8y 2 dy = y 3 = 72
0 0 0 2 0 3
0 0
x̄ = My /m = 96/36 = 8/3; ȳ = Mx /m = 72/36 = 2. The center of mass is (8/3, 2).
ˆ 2 ˆ 4−2x ˆ 2 4−2x ˆ 2

2 2
42. m = x dy dx = x y dx = x2 (4 − 2x) dx y
0 0 0 0
0 4
2 2
4 1 32 8
ˆ
y = 4 – 2x
= (4x2 − 2x3 ) dx = x3 − x4 = −8 =

0 3 2 3 3
0
4−2x
ˆ 2 ˆ 4−2x ˆ 2 ˆ 2
2 x
3 3
My = x dy dx = x y dx = x3 (4 − 2x) dx
0 0 0 0
0
2 2
2 64 16
ˆ
= (4x3 − 2x4 ) dx = x4 − x5 = 16 − =

0 5 5 5
0
4−2x
2 ˆ 4−2x 2
1 2 2 1 2 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
2
Mx = x y dy dx = x y dx = x (4 − 2x)2 dx
0 0 0 2 2 0
0
2 2 2
1 4 3 1
ˆ ˆ
2 3 4 2 3 4
= (16x − 16x + 4x ) dx = 2 (4x − 4x + x ) dx = 2 x − x4 + x5

2 3 5

0 0
0

32 32 32
=2 − 16 + =
3 5 15
16/5 32/15
x̄ = My /m = = 6/5; ȳ = Mx /m = = 4/5. The center of mass is (6/5, 4/5).
8/3 8/3
43. Since both the region and ρ are symmetric with respect to the line x = 3, y
x̄ = 3. 3 x=y
ˆ 3 ˆ 6−y ˆ 3 6−y
ˆ 3 x = 6–y
m= 2y dx dy = 2xy dy = 2y(6 − y − y) dy

0 y 0 0
y
6 x
3 3
4
ˆ
= (12y − 4y 2 ) dy = 6y 2 − y 3 = 18

0 3
0
6−y
ˆ 3ˆ 6−y 3 ˆ ˆ 3 ˆ 3
2 2 2
Mx = 2y dx dy = 2xy dy = 2y (6 − y − y) dy = (12y 2 − 4y 3 ) dy
0 y 0 0 0
y
3

= (4y 3 − y 4 ) = 27

0
ȳ = Mx /m = 27/18 = 3/2. The center of mass is (3, 3/2).
44. Since both the region and ρ are symmetric with respect to the y-axis, y
3
x̄ = 0. Using symmetry,
ˆ 3ˆ y ˆ 3 y x=y
2 2 1 3 2
m= (x + y ) dx dy = x + xy dy
0 0 0 3 3 x
0
3
3 3
1 3 1 4
ˆ ˆ
= y + y3 y 3 dy = y 4 = 27.
dy =

0 3 0 3 3
0
ˆ 3ˆ y ˆ 3 y ˆ 3
4 3 4

1 1 4
ˆ
2 3 3 3 4
Mx = (x y + y ) dx dy = x y + xy dy = y +y dy = y dy
0 0 0 3 0 3 3 0
0
3
4 5 324
= y =
15 5
0
324/5
ȳ = Mx /m = = 12/5. The center of mass is (0, 12/5).
27
1 ˆ x2 1 x2
1
ˆ ˆ
45. m = (x + y) dy dx = xy + y 2 dx y

0 0 0 2 y = x2
0
1 1
1
1 1 4 1 7
ˆ
= x3 + x4 dx = x + x5 =

0 2 4 10 20
0
1ˆ x2 1 x2 1 x
1
ˆ ˆ
My = (x2 + xy) dy dx = x2 y + xy 2 dx

0 0 0 2
0
ˆ 1 1
1 1 1 17
= x4 + x5 dx = x5 + x6 =

0 2 5 12 60
0
1 ˆ x2 1 x2 ˆ 1
1 2 1 3 1 5 1 6
ˆ ˆ
2
Mx = (xy + y ) dy dx = xy + y dx = x + x dx

2 3 2 3

0 0 0 0
0
1
1 6 1 7 11
= x + x =
12 21 84
0
17/60 11/84
x̄ = My /m = = 17/21; ȳ = Mx /m = = 55/147. The center of mass is
7/20 7/20
(17/21, 55/147).
√
√ x
4ˆ x 4
1 2
ˆ ˆ
46. m = (y + 5) dy dx = y + 5y

dx y
2

0 0 0
0 2 y =√ x
4 4
√

1 1 2 10 3/2 92
ˆ
= x+5 x dx = x + x =

0 2 4 3 3 4 x
0
√
√ x
4ˆ x 4 4
1 2 1 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
My = (xy + 5x) dy dx = xy + 5xy dx = x + 5x3/2 dx

0 0 0 2 0 2
0
4
1 3 224
= x + 2x5/2 =

6 3
0
√
√ x
4ˆ x 4 4
1 3 5 2 1 3/2 5
ˆ ˆ ˆ
2
Mx = (y + 5y) dy dx = y + y dx = x + x dx
0 0 0 3 2 0 3 2
0
4
2 5/2 5 2 364
= x + x =

15 4 15
0
224/3 364/15
x̄ = My /m = = 56/23; ȳ = Mx /m = = 91/115. The center of mass is
92/3 92/3
(56/23, 91/115).
47. The density is ρ = ky. Since both the region and ρ are symmetric y
1
with respect to the y-axis, x̄ = 0. Using symmetry,
y = 1 – x2
ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x2 ˆ 1 1−x2
1 2
m=2 ky dy dx = 2k y dx
0 0 0 2 1 x
0
1 1 1
2 1
ˆ ˆ
m=k (1 − x2 )2 dx = k (1 − 2x2 + x4 ) dx = k x − x3 + x5

3 5

0 0
0

2 1 8
=k 1− + = k
3 5 15
1−x2
1 ˆ 1−x2 1 ˆ 1
1 3 2
ˆ ˆ
2
Mx = 2 ky dy dx = 2k y dx = k (1 − x2 )3 dx
0 0 0 3 3 0
0
1 1
2 2 3 5 1 7
ˆ
3 2 4 6
= k (1 − 3x + 3x − x ) dx = k x − x + x − x
3 0 3 5 7
0

2 3 1 32
= k 1−1+ − = k
3 5 7 105
32k/105
ȳ = Mx /m = = 4/7. The center of mass is (0, 4/7).
8k/15
48. The density is ρ = kx. y
1−x2 1 y = sin x
1 ˆ 1−x2 1
1 2
ˆ ˆ
m=2 ky dy dx = 2k y dx
0 0 0 2
0 π x
sin x
ˆ π ˆ sin x ˆ π ˆ π
2 2
My = kx dy dx = kx y dx = kx2 sin x dx Integration by parts

0 0 0 0
0
π

= k(−x2 cos x + 2 cos x + 2x sin x) = k[(π 2 − 2) − 2] = k(π 2 − 4)

0
sin x
π sin x ˆ π π ˆ π
1 1 1
ˆ ˆ ˆ
2 2
Mx = kxy dy dx = kxy dx = kx sin x dx = kx(1 − cos 2x) dx
0 0 0 2 0 2 0 4
0
ˆ π ˆ π
1
= k x dx − x cos 2x dx Integration by parts
4 0 0
" π π #
1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
= k x − (cos 2x + 2x sin 2x) = k π = kπ 2

4 2 4 4 2 8
0 0
k(π 2 − 4) kπ 2 /8
x̄ = My /m = = π − 4/π; ȳ = Mx /m = = π/8. The center of mass is
kπ kπ
(π − 4/π, π/8).
y
ex y = ex
1 ˆ ex 1 ˆ 1
1 4 1 4x
ˆ ˆ
49. m = y 3 dy dx = y dx = e dx
0 0 0 4 0 4
0
1 1
1 4x 1 4
= e = (e − 1)
16 16
0 x
1
ex
1 ˆ ex 1 ˆ 1
1 4 1 4x
ˆ ˆ
My = xy 3 dy dx = xy dx = xe dx Integration by parts
0 0 0 4 0 4
0
1
1 1 4x 1 1 3 4 1 1
= xe − e4x = e + = (3e4 + 1)

4 4 16 4 16 16 64
0
ex 1
1 ˆ ex 1 ˆ 1
1 5 1 5x 1 5x 1 5
ˆ ˆ
Mx = y 4 dy dx = y dx = e dx = e = (e − 1)
0 0 0 5 0 5 25 25
0 0
(3e4 + 1)/64 3e4 + 1 (e5 − 1)/25 16(e5 − 1)

x̄ = My /m = = ; ȳ = Mx /m = =
(e4 − 1)/16 4(e4 − 1) (e4 − 1)/16 25(e4 − 1)
3e4 + 1 16(e5 − 1)

The center of mass is , ≈ (0.77, 1.76).
4(e4 − 1) 25(e4 − 1)
50. Since both the region and ρ are symmetric with respect to the y
y-axis, x̄ = 0. Using symmetry, 3
y = √ 9 – x2
ˆ 3 ˆ √9−x2 ˆ 3 √9−x2

m=2 x2 dy dx = 2 x2 y dx

0 0 0 3 x

0
ˆ 3 p
=2 x2 9 − x2 dx Trig substitution
0
3
x 2
p 81 −1 x 81 π 81π
= 2 (2x − 9) 9 − x2 + sin = = .

8 8 3 4 2 2
0
√ √9−x2 3
3ˆ 9−x2 3 ˆ 3
1 2 2 1 5
ˆ ˆ
Mx = 2 x2 y dy dx = 2 x y dx = 2 2 2
x (9 − x ) dx = 3x − x
0 0 0 2 0 5
0 0
162
=
5
162/5
ȳ = Mx /m = = 16/5π. The center of mass is (0, 16/5π).
81π/8
51. Since both the region and ρ are symmetric with respect to the y-axis, y
x̄ = 0. Using symmetry, 1
x = y – y2
ˆ 1 ˆ y−y2 ˆ 1 y−y2 ˆ 1

2 2 2
Ix = 2xy dx dy = x y dy = (y − y 2 )2 y 2 dy
0 0 0 0
0
1 x
1 1
1 5 1 6 1 7 1
ˆ
= (y 4 − 2y 5 + y 6 ) dy = y − y + y =
0 5 3 7 105
0
√ √x
1ˆ x 1
1 2 3 1 1 7/2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
52. Ix = x2 y 2 dy dx = x y dx = (x − x8 ) dx y
0 x2 0 3 2 3 0 y = x2
x
1 1 y =√ x
1 2 9/2 1 9 1
= x − x =
3 9 9 27
0
1 x
53. Using symmetry,

ˆ π/2 ˆ cos x cos x y
π/2 ˆ π/2
1 3 2
ˆ
2 1 y = cos x
Ix = 2 ky dy dx = 2k y dx = k cos3 x dx
0 0 0 3 3 0
0
π/2 π /2 x
π/2
2 2 1 4
ˆ
= k cos x(1 − sin2 x) dx = k sin x − sin3 x = k.

3 0 3 3 9
0
√ √4−x2
2ˆ 4−x2 2
1 4 1 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
54. Ix = y 3 dy dx = y dx = (4 − x2 )2 dx y
0 0 0 4 4 0 2 y = √ 4 – x2
0
2 2
1 1 8 3 1 5
ˆ
2 4
= (16 − 8x + x ) dx = 16x − x + x x
4 0 4 3 5 2
0

1 64 32 2 1 64
= 32 − + =8 1− + =
4 3 5 3 5 15
√ √y
4ˆ y 4
1 3 1 4 3/2 1 4 5/2
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
55. Iy = x2 y dx dy = x y dy = y y dy = y dy y
0 0 0 3 3 0 3 0 4
0
4
1 2 7/2 2 256
= y = (47/2 ) =
3 7 21 21 x =√ y
0
2 x
√ √x
ˆ 1ˆ x ˆ 1 ˆ 1
56. Iy = x4 dy dx = 4
x y dx = (x9/2 − x6 ) dx y
0 x2 0 2 0 y = x2
x
1 1 y =√ x
2 11/2 1 7 3
= x − x =

11 7 77
0
1 x
3
ˆ 1ˆ 3 ˆ 1
3 2 4 3 y
57. Iy = (4x + 3x y) dx dy = (x + x y) dy

x=y
0 y 0
1
y
1 1
27 2 941
ˆ
= (81 + 27y − 2y ) dy = 4
81y + y 2 − y 5 =
3 x
0 2 5 10
0
58. The density is ρ = ky. Using symmetry, y

1 y = 1 – x2
ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x2 ˆ 1 1−x2
2 1 2 2
Iy = 2 kx y dy dx = 2 kx y dx
0 0 0 2
1 x
0
1 1 1
1 3 2 5 1 7 8k
ˆ ˆ
=k x2 (1 − x2 )2 dx = k (x2 − 2x4 + x6 ) dx = k x − x + x = .

0 0 3 5 7 105
0
59. Using symmetry, y

ˆ a ˆ √a2 −y2 √a2 −y2 a
y = √ a2 – x2
a ˆ a
1 2
ˆ
m=2 x dx dy = 2 x dy = (a2 − y 2 ) dy
0 0 0 2 0
0 a x
a
1 3 2
= a y − y = a3 .
2
3 3
0
√ √a2 −y2
aˆ a2 −y 2 a
1 4 1 a 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
3
Iy = 2 x dx dy = 2 x dy = (a − y 2 )2 dy
0 0 0 4 2 0
0
ˆ a a
1 1 2 1 4
= (a4 − 2a2 y 2 + y 4 ) dy = a4 y − a2 y 3 + y 5 = a5

2 0 2 3 5 15
0
r s r
Iy 4a5 /15 2
Rg = = = a
m 2a3 /3 5
a−x a
a ˆ a−x a ˆ a
1 2
ˆ ˆ
60. m = k dy dx = ky

dx = k (a − x) dx = k ax − x y
0 0 0 0 2
a
0 0 y=a–x
1
= ka2
2
a−x a x
ˆ aˆ a−x a ˆ a
1 3 1
ˆ
Ix = ky 2 dy dx = ky dx = k (a − x)3 dx
0 0 0 3 3 0
0
a a
1 1 3 2 2 1 4 1
ˆ
= k 3 2 32
(a − 3a x + 3ax − x ) dx = k a x − a x + ax − x = ka4
3 3
3 0 3 2 4 12
0
r s r
Ix ka4 /12 1
Rg = = = a
m ka2 /2 6
61. (a) Using symmetry,

√
a ˆ b a2 −x2 /a
4b3 a 2
ˆ ˆ
2
Ix = 4 y dy dx = 3 (a − x2 )3/2 dx x = a sin θ, dx = a cos θ dθ
0 0 3a 0
4 3 π/2 4 3 π/2 1
ˆ ˆ
4
= ab cos θ dθ = ab (1 + cos 2θ)2 dθ
3 0 3 0 4
π/2 π/2
1 1 1 1 3 1 1
ˆ
= ab3 1 + cos 2θ + + cos 4θ dθ = ab3 θ + sin 2θ + sin 4θ

3 2 2 3 2 2 8

0
0
ab3 π
= .
4
(b) Using symmetry,

√
a ˆ b a2 −x2 /a a
4b
ˆ ˆ p
2
Iy = 4 x dy dx = x2 a2 − x2 dx x = a sin θ, dx = a cos θ dθ
0 0 a 0
π/2 π/2
1
ˆ ˆ
= 4a3 b sin2 θ cos2 θ dθ = 4a3 b (1 − cos2 2θ) dθ
0 0 4
π/2 π/2
a3 bπ

1 1 1 1
ˆ
3 3
=a b 1 − − cos 4θ dθ = a b θ − sin 4θ = .

2 2 2 8 4

0
0
p 1p 3 1
(c) Using m = πab, Rg = Ix /m = ab π/πab = b.
2 2
1p 3 1
q
(d) Rg = Iy /m = a bπ/πab = a
2 2
62. The equation of the ellipse is 9x2 /a2 + 4y 2 /b2 = 1 and the equation of the parabola is
y = ±(9bx2 /8a2 − b/2). Letting Ie and Ip represent the moments of inertia of the ellipse and
parabola, respectively, about the x-axis, we have
√
ˆ 0 ˆ b a2 −9x2 /2a
Ie = 2 y 2 dy dx
−a/3 0
0
b3 a a
ˆ
= (a2 − 9x2 )3/2 dx x= sin θ, dx = cos θ dθ
12a3 −a/3 3 3
0
b3 a4 b3 a 3π ab3 π
ˆ
= cos4 θ dθ = =
12a3 3 −π/3 36 16 192
and
2a/3 ˆ b/2−9bx2 /8a2 3 2a/3

b 9b 2
ˆ ˆ
Ip = 2 − 2 x2
y 2 dy dx =
dx
0 0 0 2 8a 3
3
2 b3 2a/3 b3 2a/3

9 27 243 4 729 6
ˆ ˆ
= 1 − 2 x2 dx = 1 − 2 x2 + x − x dx
3 8 0 4a 12 0 4a 16a4 64a6
2a/3
b3 b3 32a 8ab3

9 3 243 5 729 7
= x − 2x + x − x = = .
12 4a 80a4 64a6 12 105 315

0
ab3 π 8ab3
Then Ix = Ie + Ip = + .
192 315
1 1
63. From the solution to Problem 60, m = ka2 and Ix = ka4 .
2 12 y
ˆ a ˆ a−x ˆ a a−x ˆ a
a

2 2
Iy = kx dy dx = kx y dx = k x2 (a − x) dx y=a–x
0 0 0 0
0
a
1 3 1 4 1 a x
=k ax − x =
3 4 12
0
1 4 1 1
I0 = Ix + Iy = ka + ka4 = ka4
12 12 6
1 3
64. From the solution to Problem 52, Ix = , and from the solution to Problem 56, Iy = .
27 77
1 3 158
Thus, I0 = Ix + Iy = + = .
27 77 2079
y
65. The density is ρ = k/(x2 + y 2 ). Using symmetry,
2
√ ˆ √ 6−y2 x = 6 – y2
2 6−y 2 2
k
ˆ ˆ
I0 = 2 (x2 + y 2 ) dx dy = 2 kx dy x

x2 + y 2 x = y2 + 2 6
0 y 2 +2 0 2
y +2
√
√ 2 √
2
8√

2 3 16 2
ˆ
2 2
I0 = 2k (6 − y − y − 2) dy = 2k 4y − y = 2k 2 = k.
0 3 3 3
0
3ˆ 4 3 4
1 3
ˆ ˆ
y
66. I0 = k(x2 + y 2 ) dx dy = k x + xy 2 dy

0 y 0 3 x=y
y 3
3 3
64 1 64 4 1
ˆ
=k + 4y 2 − y 3 − y 3 dy = k y + y3 − y4 = 73k

0 3 3 3 3 3 x
0 4
1 1
67. From the solution to Problem 60, m = ka2 , and from the solution to Problem 63, I0 = ka4 .
s r 2 6
p ka4 /6 1
Then Rg = I0 /m = = a.
ka2 /2 3
y
68. Since the plate is homogeneous, the density is ρ = m/ℓω. Using
ω /2
symmetry,
ˆ ℓ/2 ˆ ω/2 ˆ ℓ/2 ω/2 x
m 2 4m 1
I0 = 4 (x + y 2 ) dy dx = x2 y + y 3 dx

ℓω ℓω 0 3 ø/2
0 0
0
ℓ/2 ℓ/2
ω 2 ω3 ω 3 ω3 4m ωℓ3 ℓω 3 ℓ2 + ω 2

4m 4m
ˆ
= x + dx = x + x = + =m .

ℓω 0 2 24 ℓω 6 24 ℓω 48 48 12
0
9.11 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates
1. Using symmetry, 6
ˆ π/2 ˆ 3+3 sin θ 3+3 sin θ
π/2
1 2
ˆ
A=2 r dr dθ = 2 r dθ
−π/2 0 −π/2 2
0
ˆ π/2 ˆ π/2 polar
3
= 9(1 + sin θ)2 dθ = 9 (1 + 2 sin θ + sin2 θ) dθ axis
−π/2 −π/2
π/2
1 1 3 π 3 π 27π
A = 9 θ − 2 cos θ + θ − sin 2θ =9 − − =

2 4 2 2 2 2 2

−π/2
2. Using symmetry,
2+cos θ 2
ˆ π ˆ 2+cos θ π ˆ π
1 2
ˆ
A=2 r dr dθ = 2 r dθ = (2 + cos θ)2 dθ
0 0 0 2 0 3 polar
0
ˆ π π axis
2 1 1
= (4 + 4 cos θ + cos θ) dθ = 4θ + 4 sin θ + θ + cos 2θ

0 2 4
0

π 1 1 9π
= 4π + + − = .
2 4 4 2
3. Solving r = 2 sin θ and r = 1, we obtain sin θ = 1/2 or θ = π/6. Using 2

symmetry,
ˆ π/6 ˆ 2 sin θ ˆ π/2 ˆ 1
A=2 r dr dθ + 2 r dr dθ
0 0 π/6 0
1 polar
ˆ π/6 2 sin θ 1
axis
π/2
1 2 1 2
ˆ
=2 r dθ + 2 r dθ
0 2 π/6 2
0 0
ˆ π/6 ˆ π/2 π/6 π π π √3 π √
4π − 3 3
2
A= 4 sin θ dθ + dθ = (2θ − sin 2θ) + − = − + =

0 π/6 0 2 6 3 2 3 6
8 sin 4θ
π/4 ˆ 8 sin 4θ π/4
1 2 1 π/4
ˆ ˆ ˆ
4. A = r dr dθ = r dθ = 64 sin2 4θ dθ
0 0 0 2 2 0
0
π/4
1 1
= 32 θ− sin 8θ = 4π 8 polar

2 16 axis
0
5. Using symmetry,
ˆ π/6 ˆ 5 cos 3θ ˆ π/6 5 cos 3θ
V =2 4r dr dθ = 4 r2 dθ 5 polar

0 0 0 0 axis
π/6 π/6
1 1 25π
ˆ
=4 25 cos2 3θ dθ = 100 θ+ sin 6θ =

2 12 3

0
0
9.11 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates 723
2
2π 2p 2π
1
ˆ ˆ ˆ
6. V = 9 − r 2 r dr dθ = − (9 − r 2 )3/2 dθ

0 0 0 3
0
2π
√
1 1 2π(27 − 5 5 )
ˆ
3/2 3/2
=− (5 − 27) dθ = (27 − 5 )2π = 4 polar
3 0 3 3 axis
3
2π 3p 2π
1
ˆ ˆ ˆ
7. V = 16 − r 2 r dr dθ = − (16 − r 2 )3/2 dθ

0 1 0 3
1
2π
1 1
ˆ
=− (73/2 − 153/2 ) dθ = (153/2 − 73/2 )2π
0 3 3 3 polar
√ √ axis
2π(15 15 − 7 7 )
=
3
5
2π 5√ 2π ˆ 2π
1 3 125 250π
ˆ ˆ ˆ
8. V = r 2 r dr dθ = r dθ = dθ =
0 0 0 3 0 3 3
0
5 polar
axis
1+cos θ
π/2 ˆ 1+cos θ π/2
1 3
ˆ ˆ
9. V = (r sin θ)r dr dθ = r sin θ dθ

3 1
0 0 0
0
π/2 π/2
1 1 1
ˆ
2 polar
= (1 + cos θ)3 sin θ dθ = − (1 + cos θ)4

3 0 3 4 axis
0
1 5
=− (1 − 24 ) =
12 4
10. Using symmetry,

1
ˆ π/2 ˆ cos θ π/2 cos θ
1
ˆ
2
V =2 (2 + r ) r dr dθ = r2 + r4 dθ

4

0 0 0
0
ˆ π/2
1
1 polar
=2 cos2 θ + cos4 θ dθ axis
0 4
" 2 #
π/2 π/2
1 1 + cos 2θ 1 1 1
ˆ ˆ
=2 cos2 θ + dθ = 2 cos θ + + cos 2θ + cos2 2θ
2
dθ
0 4 2 0 8 4 8
π/2
1 1 1 1 1 19π
= θ + sin 2θ + θ + sin 2θ + θ + sin 4θ = .

2 8 8 16 64 32

0
3
π/2 ˆ 3 π/2 ˆ π/2
1 2 1
ˆ ˆ
11. m = kr dr dθ = k r dθ = k 8 dθ = 2kπ
0 1 0 2 2 0
1
ˆ π/2 ˆ 3 ˆ π/2 ˆ 3
My = kxr dr dθ = k r 2 cos θ dr dθ
0 1 0 1
3 π/2 polar
π/2 ˆ π/2 3
1 3 1 26
ˆ
=k r cos θ dθ = k

26 cos θ dθ = k sin θ
axis
0 3 3 0 3
1 0
26
= k
3
26k/3 13
x̄ = My /m = = . Since the region and density function are symmetric about the
2kπ 3π
ray θ = π/4, ȳ = x̄ = 13/3π and the center of mass is (13/3π, 13/3π).
12. The interior of the upper-half circle is traced from θ = 0 to π/2. The
1
density is kr. Since both the region and the density are symmetric
about the polar axis, ȳ = 0.
ˆ π/2 ˆ cos θ ˆ π/2 cos θ
1 3 k π/2 1 polar
ˆ
2
m= kr dr dθ = k r dθ = cos3 θ dθ axis
0 0 0 3 3 0
0
π/2
k 2 1 2
2k
= + cos θ sin θ =

3 3 3 9
0
ˆ π/2 ˆ cos θ ˆ π/2 ˆ cos θ

My = k (r cos θ)(r)(r dr dθ) = k r 3 cos θ dr dθ
0 0 0 0
cos θ π/2
π/2
k π/2

1 4 k 2 1 2k
ˆ ˆ
=k r cos θ dθ = cos5 θ dθ = sin θ − sin3 θ + sin5 θ =

0 4 4 0 4 3 5 15
0 0
2k/15
Thus, x̄ = = 3/5 and the center of mass is (3/5, 0).
2k/9
13. In polar coordinates the line x = 3 becomes r cos θ = 3 or r = 3 sec θ.

√
The angle of inclination of the line y = 3 x is π/3.
ˆ π/3 ˆ 3 sec θ ˆ π/3 3 sec θ
1 81 π/3
ˆ
2 4
m= r r dr dθ = r dθ = sec4 θ dθ
0 0 0 4 4 0 3 polar
0
π/3 axis
81 π/3

81 1
ˆ
= (1 + tan2 θ) sec2 θ dθ = tan θ + tan3 θ

4 0 4 3
0
81 √ √ 81 √
= ( 3 + 3) = 3
4 2
3 sec θ
π/3 ˆ 3 sec θ π/3 ˆ 3 sec θ π/3
1 5
ˆ ˆ ˆ
My = xr 2 r dr dθ = r 4 cos θ dr dθ = r cos θ dθ

0 0 0 0 0 5
0
243 π/3
243 π/3
243 √ 486 √
ˆ ˆ
= sec5 θ cos θ dθ = sec4 θ dθ = (2 3 ) = 3
5 0 5 0 5 5
3 sec θ
π/3 ˆ 3 sec θ π/3 ˆ 3 sec θ π/3
1 5
ˆ ˆ ˆ
2 4
Mx = yr r dr dθ = r sin θ dr dθ = r sin θ dθ

0 0 0 0 0 5
0
π/3 π/3
243 243
ˆ ˆ
= sec5 θ sin θ dθ = tan θ sec4 θ dθ
5 0 5 0
π/3
243 243 π/3
ˆ ˆ
2 2
= tan θ(1 + tan θ) sec θ dθ = (tan θ + tan3 θ) sec2 θ dθ
5 0 5 0
π/3
243 1 2 1 4 243 3 9 729
= tan θ + tan θ = + =

5 2 4 5 2 4 4
0
√
My 486 3/5 Mx 729/4 √
x̄ = = √ = 12/5; ȳ = = √ = 3 3/2. The center of mass is
m 81 3/2 m 81 3/2
√
(12/5, 3 3/2).
14. Since both the region and the density are symmetric about the x-axis,
ȳ = 0. Using symmetry,
ˆ π/4 ˆ 4 cos 2θ ˆ π/4 4 cos 2θ 4 polar
1 2 axis
m=2 kr dr dθ = 2k r dθ
0 0 0 2
0
π/4 π/4
1 1
ˆ
2
= 16k cos 2θ dθ = 16k θ + sin 4θ = 2kπ

2 8

0
0
4 cos 2θ
π/4 ˆ 4 cos 2θ π/4 ˆ 4 cos 2θ π/4
1 3
ˆ ˆ ˆ
My = 2 kxr dr dθ = 2k r 2 cos θ dr dθ = 2k r cos θ dθ

0 0 0 0 0 3
0
π/4 π/4
128 128
ˆ ˆ
= k cos3 2θ cos θ dθ = k (1 − 2 sin2 θ)3 cos θ dθ
3 0 3 0
π/4
128
ˆ
= k (1 − 6 sin2 θ + 12 sin4 θ − 8 sin6 θ) cos θ dθ
3 0
π/4
128 3 12 5 8 7
= k sin θ − 2 sin θ + sin θ − sin θ

3 5 7
0
√ √ √ √ !
128 2 2 3 2 2 1024 √
= k − + − = 2k
3 2 2 10 14 105
√ √
1024 2 k/105 512 2 √
x̄ = My /m = = . The center of mass is (512 2/105π, 0) or approxi-
2kπ 105π
mately (2.20, 0).
15. The density is ρ = k/r.

2
ˆ π/2 ˆ 2+2 cos θ ˆ π/2 ˆ 2+2 cos θ
k
m= r dr dθ = k dr dθ
0 2 r 0 2 4 polar
ˆ π/2 π/2 axis
=k 2 cos θ dθ = 2k(sin θ) = 2k

0 0
π/2 ˆ 2+2 cos θ π/2 ˆ 2+2 cos θ

k
ˆ ˆ
My = x r dr dθ = k r cos θ dr dθ
0 2 r 0 2
2+2 cos θ
π/2 ˆ π/2
1 2 1
ˆ
=k r cos θ dθ = k (8 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ) cos θ dθ
0 2 2 0
2
π/2 π/2
1 1
ˆ
= 2k (2 cos2 θ + cos θ − sin2 θ cos θ) dθ = 2k θ + sin 2θ + sin θ − sin3 θ

2 3

0
0

π 2 3π + 4
= 2k + = k
2 3 3
ˆ π/2 ˆ 2+2 cos θ ˆ π/2 ˆ 2+2 cos θ
k
Mx = y r dr dθ = k r sin θ dr dθ
0 2 r 0 2
ˆ π/2 2+2 cos θ ˆ π/2
1 2 1
=k r sin θ dθ = k (8 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ) sin θ dθ
0 2 2 0
2
π/2
1 4 1 4 8
= k −4 cos2 θ − cos3 θ = k − −4 − = k

2 3 2 3 3

0
(3π + 4)k/3 3π + 4 8k/3 4

x̄ = My /m = = ; ȳ = Mx /m = = . The center of mass is
2k 6 2k 3
((3π + 4)/6, 4/3).
2+2 cos θ
π 2+2 cos θ π
1 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
16. m = kr dr dθ = k r dθ
0 0 0 2
0 2
ˆ π ˆ π
= 2k (1 + cos θ)2 dθ = 2k (1 + 2 cos θ + cos2 θ) dθ
0 0 4 polar
π axis
1 1
= 2k θ + 2 sin θ + θ + sin 2θ = 3πk

2 4
0
2+2 cos θ
π 2+2 cos θ π 2+2 cos θ π
1 3
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
2
My = kxr dr dθ = k r cos θ dr dθ = k r cos θ dθ
0 0 0 0 0 3
0
π π
8 8
ˆ ˆ
= k (1 + cos θ)3 cos θ dθ = k (cos θ + 3 cos2 θ + 3 cos3 θ + cos4 θ) dθ
3 0 3 0
π
8 3 3 3 1 1
My = k sin θ + θ + sin 2θ + (3 sin θ − sin3 θ) + θ + sin 2θ + sin 4θ

3 2 4 8 4 32
0

8 15
= k π = 5πk
3 8
ˆ π ˆ 2+2 cos θ ˆ π ˆ 2+2 cos θ ˆ π 2+2 cos θ
1
Mx = kyr dr dθ = k r 2 sin θ dr dθ = k r3 sin θ dθ

0 0 0 0 0 3
0
ˆ π ˆ π
8 8
= k (1 + cos θ)3 sin θ dθ = k (1 + 3 cos θ + 3 cos2 θ + cos3 θ) sin θ dθ
3 0 3 0
π
8 3 2 3 1 4 8 1 15 32
= k − cos θ − cos θ − cos θ − cos θ = k − − = k

3 2 4 3 4 4 3
0
5πk 32k/3
x̄ = My /m = = 5/3; ȳ = Mx /m = = 32/9π. The center of mass is (5/3, 32/9π).
3πk 3πk
ˆ 2π ˆ a ˆ 2π ˆ a
17. Ix = y 2 kr dr dθ = k r 3 sin2 θ dr dθ
0 0 0 0
a
2π
1 4 2 ka4 2π 2
ˆ ˆ
=k r sin θ dθ = sin θ dθ a polar
0 4 4 0 axis
0
2π
ka4 kπa4

1 1
= θ − sin 2θ =

4 2 4 4
0
2π a ˆ 2π ˆ a
1 r3
ˆ ˆ
2
18. Ix = y r dr dθ = sin2 θ dr dθ
0 0 1 + r4 0 0 1+r
4
a 2π
2π
1 1 1 1
ˆ
= 4 2
ln (1 + r ) sin θ dθ = ln (1 + a ) 4
θ − sin 2θ
a polar
0 4 4 2 4 axis
0 0
π
= ln (1 + a4 )
4
19. Solving a = 2a cos θ, cos θ = 1/2 or θ = π/3. The density is k/r 3 . a

Using symmetry, 2a
ˆ π/3 ˆ 2a cos θ ˆ π/3 ˆ 2a cos θ polar
2 k
Iy = 2 x 3 r dr dθ = 2k cos2 θ dr dθ axis
0 a r 0 a
π/3 π/3
2 1 1
ˆ
Iy = 2k (2a cos θ − a cos θ) dθ = 2ak 2 sin θ − sin3 θ − θ − sin 2θ
3 2
3 2 4

0
0
√ √ ! √
√ 3 π 3 5ak 3 akπ
= 2ak 3− − − = −
4 6 8 4 3
20. Solving 1 = 2 sin 2θ, we obtain sin 2θ = 1/2 or θ = π/12 and θ =

5π/12.
ˆ 5π/12 ˆ 2 sin 2θ ˆ 5π/12 ˆ 2 sin 2θ
1 polar
Iy = x2 sec2 θ r dr dθ = r 3 dr dθ axis
π/12 1 π/12 1
2 sin 2θ 5π/12
5π/12 ˆ 5π/12
1 4 3 1 1
ˆ
Iy = r dθ = 4 sin4 2θ dθ = 2 θ − sin 4θ + sin 8θ

π/12 4 π/12 4 4 32
1 π/12
" √ ! √ √ √ !# √
5π 3 3 π 3 3 8π + 7 3
=2 + − − − + =
16 8 64 16 8 64 16
21. From the solution to Problem 17, Ix = kπa4 /4. By symmetry, Iy = Ix .

Thus I0 = kπa4 /2.
a polar
axis
22. The density is ρ = kr.

ˆ πˆ θ θ
π θ π
1 5
ˆ ˆ ˆ
2
I0 = r (kr)r dr dθ = k r 4 dr dθ = k r dθ
0 0 0 0 0 5
0 1 polar
ˆ π π axis
kπ 6

1 1 1
= k θ 5 dθ = k θ6 =

5 0 5 6 30
0
23. The density is ρ = k/r.

ˆ 3 ˆ 1/r ˆ 3 ˆ 1/r ˆ 3
2 k 2 1
I0 = r r dθ dr = k r dθ dr = k r2 dr
1 0 r 1 0 1 r
3 3 polar
1 2 axis
=k r = 4k
2
1
2a cos θ
π 2a cos θ ˆ π π
1 4
ˆ ˆ ˆ
2
24. I0 = r kr dr dθ = k r dθ = 4ka4 cos4 θ dθ
0 0 0 4 0
0
π

2a polar
3kπa4

4 3 1 1 4 3π
= 4ka θ + sin 2θ + sin 4θ = 4ka = axis

8 4 32 8 2
0
√ 3
3 9−x2 π 3 π
1 3
ˆ ˆ p ˆ ˆ ˆ
25. x2 + y 2 dy dx = |r|r dr dθ = r dθ
−3 0 0 0 0 3 r=3
0
ˆ π
=9 dθ = 9π 3 polar
0 axis
√ √
2/2 ˆ 1−y 2 π/4 ˆ 1
y2 r 2 sin2 θ
ˆ ˆ
26. p dx dy = r dr dθ
0 y x2 + y 2 0 0 |r|
r=1
1
π/4 ˆ 1 π/4
1 3 2 1 π/4 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
= r 2 sin2 θ dr dθ = r sin θ dθ = sin θ dθ 1 polar
0 0 0 3 3 0 axis
0
π/4
1 1 1 π−2
= θ − sin 2θ =

3 2 4 24
0
ˆ 1 ˆ √1−y2 π/2 ˆ 1 π/2

1
1 r2
ˆ ˆ
x2 +y 2 r2
27. e dx dy = e r dr dθ = e dθ r=1
0 0 0 0 0 2
0
π/2
1 π(e − 1)
ˆ
= (e − 1) dθ = 1 polar
2 0 4 axis
√ √ √
ˆ π ˆ π−x2 ˆ π ˆ π
2 2
28. √
sin(x + y ) dy dx = (sin r 2 )r dr dθ
− π 0 0 0 r =√π
ˆ π √π
1 1 π
ˆ
√π polar

2
= − cos r dθ = − (−1 − 1) dθ = π axis
0 2 2 0
0
√ ˆ 2 ˆ √4−x2
1ˆ 4−x2
x2 x2
ˆ
29. dy dx + dy dx r=2
√ 2
x +y 2 x + y2
2
0 1−x2 1 0
ˆ π/2 ˆ 2 2 ˆ π/2 ˆ 2 r=1
r cos2 θ 2
= r dr dθ = r cos θ dr dθ
0 1 r2 0 1 2 polar
ˆ π/2 2 π/2 axis
3 π/2

1 2 3 1 1 3π
ˆ
2 2
= r cos θ dθ = cos θ dθ = θ + sin 2θ =

0 2 2 0 2 2 4 8
1 0
√
ˆ 1ˆ 2y−y 2
30. (1 − x2 − y 2 ) dx dy r = cscθ
0 0
ˆ π/4 ˆ 2 sin θ ˆ π/2 ˆ csc θ
= (1 − r 2 )r dr dθ + (1 − r 2 )r dr dθ r = 2sinθ
0 0 π/4 0
1 polar
π/4 2 sin θ ˆ π/2 csc θ axis
1 2 1 4 1 2 1 4
ˆ
= r − r dθ + r − r dθ
0 2 4 π/4 2 4
0 0
ˆ π/4 ˆ π/2
2 4 1 2 1 4
= (2 sin θ − 4 sin θ) dθ + csc θ − csc θ dθ
0 π/4 2 4
π/2
1 3 1 1 1 1
= θ − sin 2θ − θ − sin 2θ + sin 4θ + − cot θ − − cot θ − cot3 θ

2 2 8 2 4 3
π/4

π 1 1 1 16 − 3π
= − + + 0− − + =
8 2 4 12 24
√
ˆ 5 ˆ 25−x2 ˆ π ˆ 5
31. (4x + 3y) dy dx = (4r cos θ + 3r sin θ)r dr dθ 5
−5 0 0 0 r=5
ˆ πˆ 5 ˆ π 5
2 2 4 3 3
= (4r cos θ + 3r sin θ) dr dθ = r cos θ + r sin θ dθ

5 polar
0 0 0 3
axis

0
ˆ π π
500 500
= cos θ + 125 sin θ dθ = sin θ − 125 cos θ = 250

0 3 3
0
ˆ 1 ˆ √1−y2 ˆ π/2 ˆ 1
1 1
32. p dx dy = r dr dθ 1
0 0 1+ x +y 2 2 0 0 1+r r=1
ˆ π/2 ˆ 1 ˆ π/2
1 1
= 1− dr dθ = [r − ln (1 + r)] dθ

1 + r 0 1 polar
0 0 0
axis
ˆ π/2
π
= (1 − ln 2) dθ = (1 − ln 2)
0 2
33. The volume of the cylindrical portion of the tank is Vc = π(4.2)2 19.3 ≈ 1069.56 m3 . We take
the equation of the ellipsoid to be
x2 z2 5.15 p
+ =1 or z=± (4.2)2 − x2 − y 2 .
(4.2)2 (5.15)2 4.2
The volume of the ellipsoid is

10.3 2π 4.2
¨ p
5.15
ˆ ˆ
Ve = 2 2 2 2
(4.2) − x − y dx dy = [(4.2)2 − r 2 ]1/2 r dr dθ
4.2 R 4.2 0 0
 4.2 
10.3 2π  10.3 1 2π

1 2
ˆ ˆ
2 2 3/2 
= − [(4.2) − r ] dθ = (4.2)3 dθ
4.2 0 2 3 4.2 3 0
0
2π 10.3
= (4.2)3 ≈ 380.53.
3 4.2
The volume of the tank is approximately 1069.56 + 380.53 = 1450.09 m3 .

¨ ˆ π/2 ˆ 2 ˆ π/2 ˆ 2
34. (x + y) dA = (r cos θ + r sin θ) r dr dθ = r 2 (cos θ + sin θ) dr dθ
R 0 2 sin θ 0 2 sin θ
2
π/2
1 3
ˆ
= r (cos θ + sin θ) dθ

0 3
2 sin θ
π/2
8
ˆ
= (cos θ + sin θ − sin3 θ cos θ − sin4 θ) dθ
3 0
π/2
8 1 1 3 3
= sin θ − cos θ − sin4 θ + sin3 θ cos θ − θ + sin 2θ

3 4 4 8 16

0

8 1 3π 28 − 3π
= 1− − − (−1) =
3 4 16 6
9.12 Green’s Theorem 731
t
∞ˆ ∞ π/2 ˆ ∞ π/2
1 −r2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
−(x2 +y 2 ) −r 2
35. I 2 = e dx dy = e r dr dθ = lim − e dθ
0 0 0 0 0 t→∞ 2
0
π/2 π/2 √
1 2 1 1 π π
ˆ ˆ
= lim − e−t + dθ = dθ = ; I=
0 t→∞ 2 2 0 2 4 2
9.12 Green’s Theorem
1. The sides of the triangle are C1 : y = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1; C2 : x = 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3; C3 : 3
y = 3x, 0 ≤ −x ≤ 1.
˛ ˆ 1 ˆ 3 ˆ 0 ˆ 0 x=1
(x − y) dx + xy dy = x dx + y dy + (x − 3x) dx + x(3x) 3 dx
C 0 0 1 1
1
1 3 1 0
1 2 1 2
2

2
= x + y + (−x ) + (3x )
2 2
0 0 0 1
1 9
+ +1−3 =3 =
2 2
ˆ 1 ˆ 3x 1 3x ˆ 1
1 2 9 2
¨ ˆ
(y + 1) dA = (y + 1) dy dx = y +y dx = x + 3x dx

R 0 0 0 2 0 2
0
1
3 3 3 2
= x + x =3
2 2
0
2. The sides of the rectangle are C1 : y = 0, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1; C2 : x = 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; C3 : y = 1,

1 ≥ x ≥ −1; C4 : x = −1, 1 ≥ y ≥ 0.
˛ ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1
3x2 y dx + (x2 − 5y) dy = 0 dx + (1 − 5y) dy = 0 dx + (1 − 5y) dy
C −1 0 −1 0
−1 0 1 −1 0
5 5
ˆ ˆ
= 3x2 dx + (1 − 5y) dy = y − y2 + x3 + y − y 2 = −2

1 1 2 2
0 1 1
¨ ˆ 1ˆ 1 ˆ 1 1 ˆ 1

(2x − 3x2 ) dA = (2x − 3x2 ) dx dy = (x2 − x3 ) dy = (−2) dy = −2

R 0 −1 0 0
−1
˛ ˆ 2π ˆ 2π
3. −y 2 dx + x2 dy = (−9 sin2 t)(−3 sin t) dt + 9 cos2 t(3 cos t) dt
C 0 0
ˆ 2π
= 27 [(1 − cos2 t) sin t + (1 − sin2 t) cos t] dt
0
2π
1 1
= 27 − cos t + cos3 t + sin t − sin3 t = 27(0) = 0

3 3
0
¨ ˆ 2π ˆ 3 ˆ 2π ˆ 3
(2x + 2y) dA = 2 (r cos θ + r sin θ)r dr dθ = 2 r 2 (cos θ + sin θ) dr dθ
R 0 0 0 0
2π 3 ˆ 2π
1 3
ˆ
=2 r (cos θ + sin θ) dθ = 18 (cos θ + sin θ) dθ

0 3 0
0
2π

= 18(sin θ − cos θ) = 18(0) = 0

0
y
4. The sides of the region are C1 : y = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2; C2 : y = −x + 2, 2
√
2 ≥ x ≥ 1; C3 : y = x , 1 ≥ x ≥ 0.
˛ ˆ 2 ˆ 1
2
−2y dx + 4xy dy = 0 dx + −2(−x + 2)2 dx
C 0 2 R
1 0 0 √

1
ˆ ˆ ˆ
2 x
+ 4x(−x + 2)(−dx) + −2x dx + 4x x √ dx
2 1 1 2 x
2 8 10
=0+ + +1−1 =
3 3 3
1 ˆ 2−y 1 1
8 10
¨ ˆ ˆ
8y dA = 8y dx dy = 8y(2 − y − y 2 ) dy = 8y 2 − y 3 − 2y 4 =

R 0 y2 0 3 3
0
5. P = 2y, Py = 2, Q = 5x, Qx = 5 y
˛ ¨ ¨ 4
2y dx + 5x dy = (5 − 2) dA = 3 dA = 3(25π) = 75π
8 x
C R R
R
6. P = x + y 2 , Py = 2y, Q = 2x2 − y, Qx = 4x y
4
˛ ¨ ˆ 2 ˆ 4
2 2
(x + y ) dx + (2x − y) dy = (4x − 2y) dA = (4x − 2y) dy dx R y = x2
C R −2 x2
4
ˆ 2 ˆ 2 2 x
2
= (4xy − y ) dx = (16x − 16 − 4x3 + x4 ) dx
−2 2 −2
x
2
1 96
= 8x2 − 16x − x4 + x5 =−

5 5
−2
7. P = x4 − 2y 3 , Py = −6y 2 , Q = 2x3 − y 4 , Qx = 6x2 . Using polar coordinates, y

˛ ¨ ˆ 2π ˆ 2 2 r=2
4 3 3 4 2 2
(x − 2y ) dx + (2x − y ) dy = (6x + 6y ) dA = 6r 2 r dr dθ
C R 0 0
R 2 x
ˆ 2π 2 ˆ 2π
3 4
= r dθ = 24 dθ = 48π.
0 2 0
0
8. P = x − 3y, Py = −3, Q = 4x + y, Qx = 4 y
˛ ¨ 3
(x − 3y) dx + 4(x + y) dy = (4 + 3) dA = 7(10) = 70 R
C R
3 x
9. P = 2xy, Py = 2x, Q = 3xy 2 , Qx = 3y 2 y

4
˛ ¨ ˆ 2 ˆ 2x
2xy dx + 3xy 2 dy = (3y 2 − 2x) dA = (3y 2 − 2x) dy dx y = 2x R
C R 1 2
2x
ˆ 2 ˆ 2
3
= (y − 2xy) dx = (8x3 − 4x2 − 8 + 4x) dx 2 x

1 1
2
2
4 40 16 56
= 2x4 − x3 − 8x + 2x2 = − − =

3 3 3 3
1
10. P = e2x sin 2y, Py = 2e2x cos 2y, Q = e2x cos 2y, Qx = 2e2x cos 2y
˛ ¨
e2x sin 2y dx + e2x cos 2y dy = 0 dA = 0
C R
11. P = xy, Py = x, Q = x2 , Qx = 2x. Using polar coordinates, y

1
˛ ¨ ˆ π/2 ˆ 1 r=1
2
xy dx + x dy = (2x − x) dA = r cos θ r dr dθ R
C R −π/2 0
1 x
ˆ π/2 1 ˆ π/2 π/2
1 3 1 1 2
= r cos θ dθ = cos θ dθ = sin θ =

−π/2 3 −π/2 3 3 3
0 −π/2
2 2 y
12. P = ex , Py = 0, Q = 2 tan−1 x, Qx =
1 + x2 1
0 1
2 2
˛ ¨ ˆ ˆ
x2 −1 y = –x R
e dx + 2 tan x dy = dA = dy dx
C R 1 + x2 −1 −x 1 + x2
–1 x
ˆ 0 1 ˆ 0
2y 2 2x
= dx = + dx

2 2 1 + x2
−1 1 + x −1 1 + x
−x
0
π π
−1 2
= [2 tan x + ln (1 + x )] = 0 − − + ln 2 = − ln 2

2 2
−1
1
13. P = y 3 , Py = y 2 , Q = xy + xy 2 , Qx = y + y 2 y
3 x = y2
ˆ 1/√2 ˆ 1−y2 1
1 3
˛ ¨
y dx + (xy + xy 2 ) dy = y dA = y dx dy x = 1Ê–Êy2
C 3 R 0 y2 R
ˆ 1/√2 1−y2 ˆ 1/√2 1 x

= (xy) dy = (y − y 3 − y 3 ) dy

0 2 0
y
√
1/ 2
1 2 1 4 1 1 1
= y − y = − =
2 2 4 8 8
0
14. P = xy 2 ,
Py = 2xy, Q = 3 cos y, Qx = 0 y
˛ ¨ ˆ 1ˆ x2
2 1
xy dx + 3 cos y dy = (−2xy) dA = − 2xy dy dx
C R 0 x3
y = x2
ˆ 1 x2 ˆ 1 1 y = x3
1 1 1 R
=− (xy) dx = − (x3 − x4 ) dx = x4 − x5 = −

0 3 0 4 5 20 1 x
x 0
15. P = ay, Py = a, Q = bx, Qx = b.
˛ ¨
ay dx + bx dy = (b − a) dA = (b − a) × (area bounded by C)
C R
16. P = P (x), Py = 0, Q = Q(y), Qx = 0.

˛ ¨
P (x) dx + Q(y) dy = 0 dA = 0
C R
17. For the first integral: ˛ ¨
P = 0, Py = 0, Q = x, Qx = 1; x dy = 1 dA = area of R.
C R
For the second integral: ˛ ¨

P = y, Py = 1, Q = 0, Qx = 0; − y dx = − −1 dA = area of R.
C R
˛ ˛
Thus, x dy = − y dx.
C C
1 1
˛ ¨ ¨
18. P = −y, Py = −1, Q = x, Qx = 1. −y dx + x dy = 2 dA = dA = area of R
2 C 2 R R
¨ ˛ ˆ 2π ˆ 2π
3 2 2
19. A = dA = x dy = a cos t(3a sin t cos t dt) = 3a sin2 t cos4 t dt
R C 0 0
2π
2 1 1 1 3
= 3a t− sin 4t + sin 2t = πa2
3
16 64 48 8
0
2π 2π 2π
1 1
¨ ˛ ˆ ˆ
2
20. A = dA = x dy = a cos t(b cos t dt) = ab cos t dt = ab t + sin 2t

2 4

R C 0 0
0
= πab
21. (a) Parameterize C by x = x1 + (x2 − x1 )t and y = y1 + (y2 − y1 )t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Then

ˆ ˆ 1
−y dx + x dy = −[y1 + (y2 − y1 )t](x2 − x1 ) dt
C 0
ˆ 1
+ [x1 + (x2 − x1 )t](y2 − y1 ) dt
0
1 1
1 1
= −(x2 − x1 ) y1 t + (y2 − y1 )t2 + (y2 − y1 ) x1 t + (x2 − x1 )t2

2 2
0 0

1 1
= −(x2 − x1 ) y1 + (y2 − y1 ) + (y2 − y1 ) x1 + (x2 − x1 ) = x1 y2 − x2 y1 .
2 2
(b) Let Ci be the line segment from (xi , yi ) to (xi+1 , yi+1 ) for i = 1, 2, . . . , n − 1, and C2
the line segment from (xn , yn ) to (x1 , y1 ). Then
1
˛
A= −y dx + x dy Using Problem 18
2 C
ˆ
1
ˆ
= −y dx + x dy + −y dx + x dy + · · ·
2 C1 C2
ˆ ˆ #
+ −y dx + x dy + −y dx + x dy
Cn−1 Cn
1 1 1 1
= (x1 y2 − x2 y1 ) + (x2 y3 − x3 y2 ) + (xn−1 yn − xn yn−1 ) + (xn y1 − x1 yn ).
2 2 2 2
22. From part (b) of Problem 21
1 1 1 1
A = [(−1)(1) − (1)(3)] + [(1)(2) − (4)(1)] + [(4)(5) − (3)(2)] + [(3)(3) − (−1)(5)]
2 2 2 2
1
= (−4 − 2 + 14 + 14) = 11.
2
23. P = 4x2 − y 3 , Py = −3y 2 ; Q = x3 + y 2 , Qx = 3x2 .

˛ ¨ ˆ 2π ˆ 2
(4x2 − y 3 ) dx + (x3 + y 2 ) dy = (3x2 + 3y 2 ) dA = 3r 2 (r dr dθ)
C R 0 1
2π 2 ˆ 2π
3 4 45 45π
ˆ
= r dθ = dθ =
0 4 0 4 2
1
p
24. P = cos x2 − y, Py = −1; Q = y 3 + 1 , Qx = 0
˛
2
p ¨ ¨ √
3
(cos x − y) dx + y + 1 dy = (0 + 1) dA = dA = (6 2)2 − π(2)(4) = 72 − 8π
C R R
1
25. We first observe that Py = (y 4 − 3x2 y 2 )/(x2 = y 2 )3 = Qx . Letting C ′ be the circle x2 + y 2 = 4
we have
−y 3 dx + xy 2 dy
˛
C (x2 + y 2 )2
−y 3 dx + xy 2 dy 1 1 1 1
˛
= x= cos t, dx = − sin t dt, y = sin t, dy = cos t dt
C′ (x2 + y 2 )2 4 4 4 4
1
− 64 2πsin3 t(− 41 sin t dt) + 14 cos t( 16
1
sin2 t)( 14 cos t dt)
ˆ
=
0 1/256
ˆ 2π ˆ 2π
4 2 2
= (sin t + sin t cos t) dt = (sin4 t + (sin2 t − sin4 t) dt
0 0
ˆ 2π 2π
1 1
= sin2 t dt = t − sin 2t = π

0 2 4
0
26. We first observe that Py = [4y 2 − (x + 1)2 ]/[(x + 1)2 + 4y 2 ]2 = Qx . Letting C ′ be the ellipse
(x + 1)2 + 4y 2 = 4 we have
−y x+1 −y x+1
˛ ˛
2 2
dx + dy = dx + dy
C (x + 1) + 4y (x + 1)2 + 4y 2 C′
2
(x + 1) + 4y 2 (x + 1)2 + 4y 2
x + 1 = 2 cos t, dx = −2 sin t dt, y = sin t, dy = cos t dt
2π
1 2π

− sin t 2 cos t
ˆ ˆ
= (−2 sin t) + cos t dt = (sin2 t + cos2 t) dt = π.
0 4 4 2 0
¨ ¨
2
27. Writing x dA = (Qx − Py ) dA we identify Q = 0 and P = −x2 y. Then, with
R R
C: x = 3 cos t, y = 2 sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π, we have
¨ ˛ ˛ ˆ 2π
x2 dA = P dx + Q dy = −x2 y dx = − 9 cos2 t(2 sin t)(−3 sin t) dt
R C C 0
2π 2π 2π
54 27 27
ˆ ˆ ˆ
2 2 2
= 4 sin t cos t dt = sin 2t dt = (1 − cos 4t) dt
4 0 2 0 4 0
2π

27 1 27π
= t − sin 4t = .

4 4 2
0
¨ ¨
28. Writing [1 − 2(y − 1)] dA = (Qx − Py ) dA we identify Q = x and P = (y − 1)2 . Then,
R R
with C1 : x = cos t, y − 1 = sin t, −π/2 ≤ t ≤ π/2, and C2 : x = 0, 2 ≥ y ≥ 0,

¨ ˆ ˆ
[1 − 2(y − 1)] dA = P dx + Q dy + P dx + Q dy
R C1 C2
ˆ ˆ
= (y − 1)2 dx + x dy + 0 dy
C1 C2
ˆ π/2
= [sin2 t(− sin t) + cos t cos t] dt
−π/2
ˆ π/2
= [cos2 t − (1 − cos2 t) sin t] dt
−π/2
π/2
1
ˆ
2
= (1 + cos 2t) − sin t + cos t sin t dt
−π/2 2
π/2
1 1 1 π π π
= t + sin 2t + cos t − cos3 t = − − = .

2 4 3 4 4 2
−π/2

3π 3
˛ ¨
29. P = x−y, Py = −1, Q = x+y, Qx = 1; W = F · dr = 2 dA = 2×area = 2 = π
C R 4 2
30. P = −xy 2 , Py = −2xy, Q = x2 y, Qx = 2xy. Using polar coordinates,

2
˛ ¨ ˆ π/2 ˆ 2 ˆ π/2
4
W = F · dr = 4xy dA = 4(r cos θ)(r sin θ)r dr dθ = (r cos θ sin θ) dθ

C R 0 1 0
1
ˆ π/2 π/2
15 2
15
= 15 sin θ cos θ dθ = sin θ = .
0 2 2
0
ˆ B
31. Since P dx + Q dy is independent of path, Py = Qx by Theorem 9.9. Then, by Green’s
A
Theorem ˛ ¨ ¨
P dx + Q dy = (Qx − Py ) dA = 0 dA = 0.
C R R
32. Let P = 0 and Q = x2 . Then Qx − Py = 2x and

˜
1 1 R x dA
˛ ¨
2
x dy = 2x dA = = x̄.
2A C 2A R A
Let P = y 2 and Q = 0. Then Qx − Py = −2y and

˜
1 1 R y dA
˛ ¨
2
− y dx = − −2y dA = = ȳ.
2A C 2A R A
33. Using Green’s Theorem,

˛ ˛ ¨ ˆ 2π ˆ 1+cos θ
W = F · dr = −y dx + x dy = 2 dA = 2 r dr dθ
C C R 0 0
2π 1+cos θ ˆ 2π
1 2
ˆ
=2 r dθ = (1 + 2 cos θ + cos2 θ) dθ

2

0 0
0
2π
1 1
= θ + 2 sin θ + θ + sin 2θ = 3π.

2 4
0
9.13 Surface Integrals
1 3 y
1. Letting z = 0, we have 2x + 3y = 12. Using f (x, y) = z = 3 − x − y
2 4 4
1 3 2 2 29 y = 4 – 2x/3
we have fx = − , fy = − , 1 + fx + fy = . Then
2 4 16
√ ˆ 6
ˆ 6 ˆ 4−2x/3 p 6 x

29 2
A= 29/16 dy dx = 4 − x dx
0 0 4 0 3
√ 6 √

29 1 2 29 √
= 4x − x = (24 − 12) = 3 29 .
4 3 4
0
2. We see from the graph in Problem 1 that the plane is entirely

above the region bounded by r = sin 2θ in the first octant. Using r = sin 2θ
1 3 1 3 29
f (x, y) = z = 3− x− y we have fx = − , fy = − , 1+fx2 +fy2 = .
2 4 2 4 16
Then 1 polar
axis
π/2 ˆ sin 2θ
√ ˆ π/2 sin 2θ √ ˆ π/2
29 1 2 29
ˆ
sin2 2θ dθ
p
A= 29/16 r dr dθ = r dθ =
0 0 4 0 2 8 0
0
√ π/2 √
29 1 1 29 π
= θ − sin 4θ = .

8 2 8 32
0
√
3. Using f (x, y) = z = 16 − x2 we see that for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 5, z > 0. y
x 5
Thus, the surface is entirely above the region. Now fx = − √ , fy = 0,
16 − x2 x=2
x2 16
1 + fx2 + fy2 = 1 + = and
16 − x2 16 − x2
2 2 x
ˆ 5ˆ 2 ˆ 5 ˆ 5
4 x
−1
π 10π
A= √ dx dy = 4 sin dy = 4 dy = .
0 0 16 − x 2
0 4 0 6 3
0
9.13 Surface Integrals 739
4. The region in the xy-plane beneath the surface is bounded by the graph r =√ 2
of x2 + y 2 = 2. Using f (x, y) = z = x2 + y 2 we have fx = 2x, fy = 2y,
1 + fx2 + fy2 = 1 + 4(x2 + y 2 ). Then, √ 2 polar
axis
√ √2
2π 2p 2π ˆ 2π
1 1 13π
ˆ ˆ ˆ
A= 1 + 4r 2 r dr dθ = (1 + 4r 2 )3/2 dθ = (27 − 1) dθ = .

0 0 0 12 12 0 3
0
5. Letting z = 0 we have x2 + y 2 = 4. Using f (x, y) = z = 4 − (x2 + y 2 ) we r=2

have fx = −2x, fy = −2y, 1 + fx2 + fy2 = 1 + 4(x2 + y 2 ). Then
2 2 polar
2π 2p 2π axis
1
ˆ ˆ ˆ
A= 1 + 4r 2 r dr dθ = (1 + 4r 2 )3/2 dθ

0 0 0 3
0
2π
1 π
ˆ
= (173/2 − 1) dθ = (173/2 − 1).
12 0 6
6. The surfaces x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2 and z 2 = x2 + y 2 intersect on the cylinder

r=1
2x2 + 2y 2 = 2 or x2 + y 2 = 1. There are portions of the sphere within the
p
cone both above and below the xy-plane. Using f (x, y) = 2 − x2 − y 2 1 polar
x y axis
we have fx = − p , fy = − p ,
2−x −y2 2 2 − x2 − y 2
2
1 + fx2 + fy2 = . Then
2 − x2 − y 2
"ˆ √ # 1
2π ˆ 1
2 √ ˆ 2π p √ ˆ 2π √
A=2 √ r dr dθ = 2 2 2
− 2 − r dθ = 2 2

( 2 − 1) dθ
0 0 2 − r2 0
0
0
√ √
= 4π 2( 2 − 1).
p x y
7. Using f (x, y) = z = 25 − x2 − y 2 we have fx = − p ,
25 − x2 − y 2 5
y 25 x = √ 25 – y2/2
fy = − p , 1 + fx2 + fy2 = . Then
2
25 − x − y 2 25 − x2 − y 2
ˆ 5 ˆ √25−y2 /2 3 x
5
A= p dx dy
0 0 25 − x2 − y 2
ˆ 5 √25−y2 /2 ˆ 5
−1 x π 25π
=5 sin p dy = 5 dy = .

0 6 6

0 2
25 − y 0
8. In the first octant, the graph of z = x2 − y 2 intersects the xy-plane

r=2
in the line y = x. The surface is in the firt octant for x > y. Using
f (x, y) = z = x2 − y 2 we have fx = 2x, fy = −2y, polar
2
1 + fx2 + fy2 = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 . Then axis
ˆ π/4 ˆ 2 p ˆ π/4 2
1
A= 1 + 4r 2 r dr dθ = (1 + 4r 2 )3/2 dθ

0 0 0 12
0
π/4
1 π
ˆ
= (173/2 − 1) dθ = (173/2 − 1).
12 0 48
9. There are portions of the sphere within the cylinder both above and
p r = a sin θ
below the xy-plane. Using f (x, y) = z = a2 − x2 − y 2 we have
x y
fx = − p , fy = − p ,
2 2
1 −x −y 2 a − x2 − y 2
2
a polar
a2 axis
1+ fx2 + fy2
= 2 . Then, using symmetry,
a − x2 − y 2
" ˆ # a sin θ
π/2 ˆ a sin θ ˆ π/2 p
a
A=2 2 √ r dr dθ = 4a − a2 − r 2 dθ

2
a −r 2
0 0 0
0
ˆ π/2 p ˆ π/2
= 4a (a − a 1 − sin2 θ ) dθ = 4a2 (1 − cos 2θ) dθ
0 0
π/2
π
2
= 4a (θ − sin θ) = 4a2 − 1 = 2a2 (π − 2).

2
0
10. There are portions of the cone within the cylinder both above and below
x r = 2 cosθ
the xy-plane. Using f (x, y) = 12 x2 + y 2 , we have fx = p
p
,
2 x2 + y 2
y 2 polar
fy = p , 1 + fx2 + fy2 = 45 . Then, using symmetry, axis
2
2 x +y 2
" ˆ # 2 cos 2θ
π/2 ˆ 2 cos 2θ √ ˆ π/2 1 2
r
5
A=2 2 r dr dθ = 2 5 r dθ
0 0 4 0 2
0
π/2
√ ˆ π/2 √ √

1 1
=4 5 cos2 θ dθ = 4 5 θ + sin 2θ = 5 π.

0 2 4
0
11. There are portions of the surface in each octant with areas equal to the
p x = √ a2 – y2
area of the portion in the first octant. Using f (x, y) = z = a2 − y 2
y a2 a polar
we have fx = 0, fy = p , 1 + fx2 + fy2 = . Then axis
a2 − y 2 a2 − y 2
√ √a2 −y2
aˆ a2 −y 2 ˆ a ˆ a
a x
ˆ
A=8 dx dy = 8a dy = 8a dy = 8a2 .

p p
0 0 a2 − y 2 0 a2 − y 2 0 0
12. From Example 1, the area of the portion of the hemisphere within
√
x2 + y 2 = b2 is 2πa(a − a2 − b2 ). Thus, the area of the sphere is
p
A = 2 lim 2πa(a − a2 − b2 ) = 2(2πa2 ) = 4πa2 .
b→a
13. The projection of the surface onto the xz-plane is shown in z

√ r = √ a2 – c12
the graph. Using f (x, z) = y = a2 − x2 − z 2 we have
x z r = √ a2 – c22
fx = − √ , fz = − √ , x
2
a −x −z2 2 a − x2 − z 2
2
a2
1 + fx2 + fz2 = . Then
a2 − x2 − z 2
ˆ √a2 −c2 √a2 −c2

2π 2π 1
a
ˆ ˆ
1 p
A= √ r dr dθ = a − a2 − r 2 dθ

√ √ 2 2
0 a2 −c22 a − r2
2
0
a −c2
ˆ 2π
=a (c2 − c1 ) dθ = 2πa(c2 − c1 ).
0
14. The surface area of the cylinder x2 + z 2 = a2 from y = c1 to y = c2 is the area of a cylinder
of radius a and height c2 − c1 . This is 2πa(c2 − c1 ).
√
15. zx = −2x, zy = 0; dS = 1 + 4x2 dA z
2
√
¨ ˆ 4ˆ 2
z = 2 – x2
p
x dS = x 1 + 4x2 dx dy
S 0 0 R 4 y
2
√2
4 ˆ 4
1 13 26
ˆ
x

= (1 + 4x2 )3/2 dy = dy =

0 12 0 6 3
0
16. See Problem 15.
√
¨ ¨ ˆ 4ˆ 2
2
xy(9 − 4z) dS = xy(1 + 4x ) dS = xy(1 + 4x2 )3/2 dx dy
S S 0 0
√2 4
4 ˆ 4
121 4

y 242 121 1 2
ˆ ˆ
2 5/2
= (1 + 4x ) dy = y dy = y dy = y
0 20 0 20 10 0 10 2
0 0
484
=
5
x y √ z
17. zx = p , zy = p ; dS = 2 dA.
x2 + y2 x2 + y2 1
Using polar coordinates,
z = √ x2 + y2
¨
3
¨ √
xz dS = x(x2 + y 2 )3/2 2 dA R 1 y
S R
1
√ ˆ 2π ˆ 1
= 2 (r cos 2θ)r 3/2 r dr dθ x
0 0
1
¨ √ ˆ 2π ˆ 1 √ ˆ 2π
2 9/2
xz 3 dS = 2 r 7/2 cos 2θ dr dθ = 2 r cos 2θ dθ

S 0 0 0 9
0
√ 2π
√ ˆ 2π
2 2 2
= 2 cos 2θ dθ = sin θ = 0.

0 9 9
0
x y √ z
18. zx = p , zy = p ; dS = 2 dA.
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 4
Using polar coordinates, z = √ x2 + y2

¨ ¨ p √
(x + y + z) dS = (x + y + x2 + y 2 ) 2 dA R 4 y
S R
4
√ ˆ 2π ˆ 4
x
= 2 (r cos 2θ + r sin θ + r)r dr dθ
0 1
4
¨ √ ˆ 2π ˆ 4
2
√ ˆ 2π
1 3
=z) dS
(x + y + 2 r (1 + cos 2θ + sin θ) dr dθ = 2 r (1 + cos 2θ + sin θ) dθ

S 0 1 0 3
1
√ ˆ
63 2 2π √ 2π √
= (1 + cos 2θ + sin θ) dθ = 21 2(θ + sin θ − cos 2θ) = 42 2 π.

3 0 0
p x z
19. z = 36 − x2 − y 2 , zx = − p , z = √ 36 – x2 – y2
36 − x2 − y 2 6
y
zy = − p ;
36 − x2 − y 2
s R 6 y
x2 y2 6
dS = 1 + 2 2
+ dA x
36 − x − y 36 − x2 − y 2
6
=p dA.
36 − x2 − y 2
6
¨ ¨ p
2 2
(x + y )z dS = (x2 + y 2 ) 36 − x2 − y 2 p dA
S R 36 − x2 − y 2
6
2π 6 2π ˆ 2π
1 4
ˆ ˆ ˆ
=6 r 2 r dr dθ = 6 r dθ = 6 324 dθ = 972π.
0 0 0 4 0
0
√
20. zx = 1, zy = 0; dS = 2 dA z
2 z=x+1
¨ ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x2 √ √ ˆ 1 1−x2
2 2
z dS = (x + 1) 2 dy dx = 2 y(x + 1)2 dx

S −1 0 −1 0
√ ˆ 1
2 2
√ ˆ 1 1 y
= 2 (1 − x )(x + 1) dx = 2 (1 + 2x − 2x3 − x4 ) dx 1
−1 −1
R
x
1 √
√

1 1 8 2
= 2 x + x − x4 − x5 2
=

2 5 5
−1
z
p
21. zx = −x, zy = −y; dS = 1 + x2 + y 2 dA
¨ ˆ 1ˆ 1 p 2
xy dS = xy 1 + x2 + y 2 dx dy z = 2 – x2/2 – y2/2
S 0 0
1
1
1 1 y
ˆ
= y(1 + x2 + y 2 )3/2 dy 1

0 3
x R
0
1 1
1 1 1 1
¨ ˆ
xy dS = y(2 + y 2 )3/2 − y(1 + y 2 )3/2 dy = (2 + y 2 )5/2 − (1 + y 2 )5/2

S 0 3 3 15 15
0
1 5/2
= (3 − 27/2 + 1)
15
1 1 2 1 2 z
22. z = + x + y , zx = x, zy = y;
2 2 2 1
p
dS = 1 + x + y 2 dA
2
z = 1/2 + x2/2 + y2/2
¨ ¨ 1 y
p
2z dS = (1 + x2 + y 2 ) 1 + x2 + y 2 dA 1
R
S R
x
ˆ π/2 ˆ 1 p
= (1 + r 2 ) 1 + r 2 r dr dθ
π/3 0
1
π/2 ˆ 1 π/2
1 1 π/2 5/2
¨ ˆ ˆ ˆ
2 3/2 2 5/2
2z dS = (1 + r ) r dr dθ = (1 + r ) dθ = (2 − 1) dθ
S π/3 0 π/3 5 5 π/3
0
√ √
4 2 − 1 π π (4 2 − 1)π
= − = .
5 2 3 30
√
23. yx = 2x, yz = 0; dS = 1 + 4x2 dA z
3
ˆ 3ˆ 2 3 y = x2
√ 2
¨ p ˆ
2 3/2
24 y z dS = 24xz 1 + 4x2 dx dz = 2z(1 + 4x ) dz

R
S 0 0 0 0
2 4 y
3 3
1 2
ˆ
x
= 2(173/2 − 1) z dz = 2(173/2 − 1) z
0 2
0
3/2
= 9(17 − 1)
p
24. xy = −2y, xz = −2z; dS = 1 + 4y 2 + 4z 2 dA z
2
R
¨ ˆ π/2 ˆ 2
2 2 1/2
(1 + 4y + 4z ) dS = (1 + 4r 2 )r dr dθ
S 0 1 2 y
2
π/2
1
ˆ
2 2 x = 4 – y2 – z2
= (1 + 4r ) dθ 3
0 16 x
1
π/2
1 3π
ˆ
= 12 dθ = .
16 0 8
1 1 3
25. Write the equation of the surface as y = (6 − x − 3z). Then yx = − , yz = − ;
√ 2 2 2
p 14
dS = 1 + 1/4 + 9/4 = .
2
2 ˆ 6−3z √
1 14
¨ ˆ
2 2
(3z + 4yz) dS = 3z + 4z (6 − x − 3z) dx dz
S 0 0 2 2
√ ˆ 2 6−3z
14
= [3z 2 x − z(6 − x − 3z)2 ] dz

2 0
0
√ ˆ 2
14
[3z 2 (6 − 3z) − 0] − [0 − z(6 − 3z)2 ] dz

=
2 0
√ ˆ 2 √ 2 √
14 2 14 2

3 14
= (36z − 18z ) dz = (18z − 6z ) = (72 − 48)
2 0 2 2
0
√
= 12 14
26. Write the equation of the surface as x = 6 − 2y − 3z. Then xy = −2, xz = −3;
√ √
dS = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14 .
3−3z/2
¨ ˆ 2 ˆ 3−3z/2 √ √ ˆ 2
(3z 2 + 4yz) dS = 2
(3z + 4yz) 14 dy dz = 14 (3yz + 2y 2 z) dz

S 0 0 0
0
√ 2 √ ˆ 2

z z 2 45 2 9 3
ˆ
= 14 9z 1 − + 18z 1 − dz = 14 27z − z + z dz
0 2 2 0 2 2
2
√ √ √

27 2 15 3 9 4
= 14 z − z + z = 14(54 − 60 + 18) = 2 14
2 2 8
0
27. The density is ρ = kx2 . The surface is z = 1 − x − y. Then zx = −1, z

√ 1 z=1–x–y
zy = −1; dS = 3 dA.
1−x
¨
2
ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x
2
√ √ ˆ 1
1 3 1 y
m= kx dS = k x 3 dy dx = 3k x dx 1
S 0 0 0 3 R
0
x
√ ˆ 1 1 √ √
3 3 3 1 4 3
= k (1 − x) dx = k − (1 − x) = k
3 0 3 4 12
0
x y z
28. zx = − p , zy = − p ; z = √ 4 – x2 – y2
4 − x2 − y 2 4 − x2 − y 2 2
s
x2 y2 2
dS = 1 + + dA = p dA.
2
4−x −y 2 2
4−x −y 2
4 − x2 − y 2 R 2 y
2
x
Using symmetry and polar coordinates,
π/2 ˆ 2
2
¨ ˆ
m=4 |xy| dS = 4 (r 2 cos 2θ sin θ) √ r dr dθ
S 0 0 4 − r2
ˆ π/2 ˆ 2
=4 r 2 (4 − r 2 )−1/2 sin 2θ(r dr) dθ u = 4 − r 2 , du = −2r dr, r 2 = 4 − u
0 0
π/2 ˆ 0 ˆ π/2 ˆ 0
1
ˆ
=4 (4 − u)u sin 2θ − du dθ = −2−1/2
(4u−1/2 − u1/2 ) sin 2θ du dθ
0 4 2 0 4
ˆ π/2 0 ˆ π/2
1/2 2 3/2 32
= −2 8u − u sin 2θ dθ = −2 − sin 2θ dθ
0 3 0 3
4
π/2
64 1 64
= − cos 2θ = .

3 2 3
0
29. The surface is g(x, y, z) = y 2 + z 2 − 4 = 0. ∇g = 2yj + 2zk, z

2 z = √ 4 – y2
p yj + zk
|∇g| = 2 y 2 + z 2 ; n = p ;
y2 + z2 2
2yz yz 3yz p y
F·n= p +p =p ; z = 4 − y 2 , zx = 0, RR
y2 + z2 y2 + z2 y2 + z2
3
x
s
y y2 2
zy = − p ; dS = 1+ 2
dA = p dA
4 − y2 4−y 4 − y2
p
3yz 2 3y 4 − y 2 2
¨ ¨ ¨
Flux = F · n dS = p p dA = p p dA
S y2 + z2 4 − y2
R R y2 + 4 − y2 4 − y2
ˆ 3ˆ 2 ˆ 3 2 ˆ 3
3 2
= 3y dy dx = y dx = 6 dx = 18
0 0 0 2 0
0
30. The surface is g(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z − 5 = 0. ∇g = 2xi + 2yj + k, z

5
p 2xi + 2yj + k
|∇g| = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 ; n = p ;
1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 z = 5 – x2 – y2
z
F·n= p ; zx = −2x, zy = −2y,
1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 2 y
2
p R
dS = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA. Using polar coordinates, x
z
¨ ¨ p ¨
Flux = F · n dS = p 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA = (5 − x2 − y 2 ) dA
S R 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 R
ˆ 2π ˆ 2 ˆ 2π 2 ˆ 2π
2 5 2 1 4
= (5 − r )r dr dθ = r − r dθ = 6 dθ = 12π.
0 0 0 2 4 0
0
2xi + 2yj + k 2x2 + 2y 2 + z

31. From Problem 30, n = p . Then F · n = p . Also, from Problem
1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2
p
30, dS = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA. Using polar coordinates,
2x2 + 2y 2 + z p
¨ ¨
Flux = F · n dS =
p 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA
S R 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2
¨ ˆ 2π ˆ 2
2 2 2 2
= (2x + 2y + 5 − x − y ) dA = (r 2 + 5)r dr dθ
R 0 0
ˆ 2π 2 ˆ 2π
1 4 5 2
= r + r dθ = 14 dθ = 28π.
0 4 2 0
0
√
32. The surface is g(x, y, z) = z − x − 3 = 0. ∇g = −i + k, |∇g| = 2; z
3
−i + k 1 1
n= √ ; F · n = √ x3 y + √ xy 3 ; zx = 1, zy = 0, z=x+3
2 2 2
√
dS = 2 dA. Using polar coordinates,
¨ ¨
1 √
Flux = F · n dS = √ (x3 y + xy 3 ) 2 dA
S R 2 1 y
¨ ˆ π/2 ˆ 2 cos 2θ R
= xy(x2 + y 2 ) dA = (r 2 cos 2θ sin θ)r 2 r dr dθ 2 r = 2cosθ
R 0 0 x
2 cos 2θ
π/2 ˆ 2 cos 2θ π/2
1 6
ˆ ˆ
5
Flux = r cos 2θ sin θ dr dθ = r cos 2θ sin θ dθ

0 0 0 6
0
π/2
1 π/2

32 1 4
ˆ
7 8
= 64 cos θ sin θ dθ = − cos θ = .

6 0 3 8 3
0
33. The surface is g(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z − 4. ∇g = 2xi + 2yj + k, z

p 2xi + 2yj + k 4
|∇g| = 4x2 + 4y 2 + 1 ; n = p ;
4x2 + 4y 2 + 1 z = 4 – x2 – y2
x3 + y 3 + z
F·n= p ; zx = −2x, zy = −2y, 2 y
4x2 + 4y 2 + 1 2
R
p
dS = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA. Using polar coordinates, x
¨ ¨ ¨
3 3
Flux = F · n dS = (x + y + z) dA = (4 − x2 − y 2 + x3 + y 3 ) dA
S R R
ˆ 2π ˆ 2
= (4 − r 2 + r 3 cos3 θ + r 3 sin3 θ) r dr dθ
0 0
2π 2
1 1 1
ˆ
= 2r 2 − r 4 + r 5 cos3 θ + r 5 sin3 θ dθ

0 4 5 5
0
2π
2π
32 32
ˆ
= 4+ cos3 θ + sin3 θ dθ = 4θ + 0 + 0 = 8π.

0 5 5
0
√ z
34. The surface is g(x, y, z) = x + y + z − 6. ∇g = i + j + k, |∇g| = 3 ;
√ √ 6 z=6–x–y
n = (i + j + k)/ 3 ; F · n = (ey + ex + 18y)/ 3 ; zx = −1, zy = −1,
√ √
dS = 1 + 1 + 1 dA = 3 dA.
¨ ¨ 6 y
Flux = F · n dS = (ey + ex + 18y) dA 6 R
S R x
6−x
ˆ 6 ˆ 6−x ˆ 6
= (ey + ex + 18y) dy dx = (ey + yex + 9y 2 ) dx

0 0 0
0
ˆ 6
textf lux = [e6−x + (6 − x)ex + 9(6 − x)2 − 1] dx
0
6
= [−e6−x + 6ex − xex + ex − 3(6 − x)3 − x]

0
= (−1 + 6e − 6e + e − 6) − (−e + 6 + 1 − 648) = 2e6 + 634 ≈ 1440.86

6 6 6 6
p
35. For S1 : g(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 − z, ∇g = 2xi + 2yj − k, |∇g| = 4x2 + 4y 2 + 1 ;
2xi + 2yj − k 2xy 2 + 2x2 y − 5z
n1 = p ; F · n1 = p ; zx = 2x, zy = 2y,
4x2 + 4y 2 + 1 4x2 + 4y 2 + 1
p
dS1 = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA. For S2 : g(x, y, z) = z − 1, ∇g = k, |∇g| = 1;
n2 = k; F · n2 = 5z; zx = 0, zy = 0, dS2 = dA. Using polar coordinates and R: x2 + y 2 ≤ 1
we have
¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
2 2
Flux = F · n1 dS1 + F · n2 dS2 = (2xy + 2x y − 5z) dA + 5z dA
S1 S2 R R
¨
= [2xy 2 + 2x2 y − 5(x2 + y 2 ) + 5(1)] dA
R
ˆ 2π ˆ 1
= (2r 3 cos 2θ sin2 θ + 2r 3 cos2 θ sin θ − 5r 2 + 5)r dr dθ
0 0
2π 1
2 5 2 5 5
ˆ
= r cos 2θ sin2 θ + r 5 cos2 θ sin θ − r 4 + r 2 dθ

0 5 5 4 2
0
2π 2π 2π
2 5 2 1 1 5
ˆ
2 2 3 3
= (cos 2θ sin θ + cos θ sin θ) + dθ = sin θ − cos θ + θ

0 5 4 5 3 3 4
0 0

2 1 1 5 5
= − − − + π = π.
5 3 3 2 2
p
36. For S1 : g(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z − 4, ∇g = 2xi + 2yj + k, |∇g| = 4x2 + 4y 2 + 1 ;
2xi + 2yj + k p
n1 = p ; F · n1 = 6z 2 / 4x2 + 4y 2 + 1 ; zx = −2x, zy = −2y,
4x2 + 4y 2 + 1
p
dS1 = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA. For S2 : g(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 − z,
p 2xi + 2yj − k
∇g = 2xi + 2yj − k, |∇g| = 4x2 + 4y 2 + 1 ; n2 = p ;
4x2 + y 2 + 1
p p
F · n2 = −6z 2 / 4x2 + 4y 2 + 1 ; zx = 2x, zy = 2y, dS2 = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA.
Using polar coordinates and R: x2 + y 2 ≤ 2 we have
¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
2
Flux = F · n1 dS1 + F · n2 dS2 = 6z dA + −6z 2 dA
S1 S1 R R
√
¨ ˆ 2π ˆ 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
= [6(4 − x − y ) − 6(x + y ) ] dA = 6 [(4 − r 2 )2 − r 4 ] r dr dθ
R 0 0
√
2
ˆ 2π
1 1
ˆ 2π √ ˆ 2π
=6 − (4 − r 2 )3 − r 6 dθ = − [(23 − 43 ) + ( 2 )6 ] dθ = 48 dθ = 96π.

0 6 6 0 0
0
p
37. The surface is g(x, y, z) = x2 +y 2 +z 2 −a2 = 0. ∇g = 2xi+2yj+2zk, |∇g| = 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 ;
xi + yj + zk
n= p ;
x2 + y 2 + z 2
xi + yj + zk 2x2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 p
F · n = −(2xi + 2yj + 2zk) · p =−p = −2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 = −2a.
x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
¨
Flux = −2a dS = −2a × area = −2a(4πa2 ) = −8πa3
S
38. n1 = k, n2 = −i, n3 = j, n4 = −k, n5 = i, n6 = −j; F · n1 = z = 1, F · n2 = −x = 0,

F · n3 = y = 1, F · n4 = −z = 0, F · n5 = x = 1, F · n6 = −y = 0;
¨ ¨ ¨
Flux = 1 dS + 1 dS + 1 dS = 3
S1 S3 S5
xi + yj + zk
39. Refering to the solution to Problem 37, we find n = p and
x2 + y 2 + z 2
a
dS = p dA.
a2 − x2 − y 2
Now
r r kq kq kq kq
F · n = kq 3
· = 4 |r|2 = 2 = 2 2 2
= 2
|r| |r| |r| |r| x +y +z a
and
kq kq kq
¨ ¨
Flux = F · n dS = 2
dS = 2 × area = 2 (4πa2 ) = 4πkq.
S S a a a
x z
40. We are given σ = kz. Now zx − p ,
16 − x2 − y 2 4 z = √ 16 – x2 + y2
y
zy = − p ;
16 − x2 − y 2
3 y
s
R
x2 y2 4
dS = 1+ + dA = p dA 3
2
16 − x − y 2 2
16 − x − y 2
16 − x2 − y 2 x
2π 3
4
¨ ¨ p ˆ ˆ
Q= kz dS = k 16 − x2 − y2 p dA = 4k r dr dθ
S R 16 − x2 − y 2 0 0
3
2π ˆ 2π
1 2 9
ˆ
= 4k r dθ = 4k dθ = 36πk.
0 2 0 2
0
z
41. The surface is z = 6 − 2x − 3y. Then zx = −2, zy = −3,
√ √ 6
dS = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14 dA. The area of the surface is
ˆ 3 ˆ 2−2x/3 √ √ ˆ 3

2
¨
A(s) = dS = 14 dy dx = 14 2 − x dx z = 6 – 2x – 3y
S 0 0 0 3
2 y
3
√ √

1 2 3 R
= 14 2x − x = 3 14 .
3 x
0
ˆ 3 ˆ 2−2x/3 √ 2−2x/3
1 1 1 3
¨ ˆ
x̄ = √ x dS = √ 14 x dy dx = xy dx
3 14 S 3 14 0 0 3 0
0
3
1 3
ˆ
2 2 1 2
= 2x − x dx = x2 − x3 = 1

3 0 3 3 9
0
2−2x/3
3 ˆ 2−2x/3 √ 3
1 1 1 1 2
¨ ˆ ˆ
ȳ = √ y dS = √ 14 y dy dx = y dx
3 14 S 3 14 0 0 3 0 2
0
#3 "
1 3 2 2 2 3
ˆ
1 1 2
= 2− x dx = − 2− x =
6 0 3 6 2 3 3
0
1
¨
1 2−2x/3 ˆ 3ˆ √
z̄ = √ z dS = √ (6 − 2x − 3y) 14 dy dx
3 14 S 3 14 0 0
2−2x/3 3
1 3 1 3
ˆ ˆ
3 2 2 2 1 2 2 3
= 6y − 2xy − y dx = 6 − 4x + x dx = 6x − 2x + x
3 0 2 3 0 3 3 9
0 0
=2
The centroid is (1, 2/3, 2).
42. The area of the hemisphere is A(s) = 2πa2 . By symmetry, x̄ = ȳ = 0.

x y
zx = − p , zy = − p ;
2
a −x −y2 2 a − x2 − y 2
2
s
x2 y2 a
dS = 1 + 2 2 2
+ 2 2 2
dA = p dA
a −x −y a −x −y a2 − x 2 − y 2
9.14 Stokes’ Theorem 751
ˆ 2π ˆ a
z dS 1 a 1
¨ ¨ p
z= = a 2 − x2 − y 2 p dA = r dr dθ
2 2πa2 R
S 2πa a2 − x 2 − y 2 2πa 0 0
ˆ 2π a ˆ 2π
1 1 2 1 1 2 a
= r dθ = s dθ = .
2πa 0 2 2πa 0 2 2
0
The centroid is (0, 0, a/2).
q
43. The surface is g(x, y, z) = z − f (x, y) = 0. ∇g = −fx i − fy j + k, |∇g| = fx2 + fy2 + 1 ;
−fx i − fy j + k −P fx − Qfy + R q
n= q ; F·n= q ; dS = 1 + fx2 + fy2 dA
1 + fx2 + fy2 1 + fx2 + fy2
−P fx − Qfy + R q
¨ ¨ ¨
F · n dS = q 1 + fx2 + fy2 dA = (−P fx − Qfy + R) dA
S R 2 2
1 + fx + fy R
9.14 Stokes’ Theorem
1. Surface Integral: curl F = −10k. Letting g(x, y, z) = z − 1, we have z

3 z=1
∇g = k and n = k. Then C
¨ ¨
(curl F) · n dS = (−10) dS = −10 × (area of S) = −10(4π) = −40π. 3 y
R
S S 3
x
Line Integral: Parameterize the curve C by x = 2 cos t, y = 2 sin t, z = 1,
for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Then
˛ ˛ ˆ 2π
F · dr = 5y dx − 5x dy + 3 dz = [10 sin t(−2 sin t) − 10 cos t(2 cos t)] dt
C C 0
ˆ 2π ˆ 2π
2 2
= (−20 sin t − 20 cos t) dt = −20 dt = −40π.
0 0
2. Surface Integral: curl F = 4i − 2j − 3k. Letting z

16
g(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z − 16, ∇g = 2xi + 2yj + k, and
p z = 16 – x2 – y2
n = (2xi + 2yj + k)/ 4x2 + 4y 2 + 1 . Thus,
8x − 4y − 3
¨ ¨
(curl F) · n dS = p dS.
S S 4x2 + 4y 2 + 1
R 4 y
Letting the surface be z = 16 − x2 − y 2 , we have zx = −2x, zy = −2y, 4 C
p x r=4
and dS = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA. Then, using polar coordinates,
¨ ¨ ˆ 2π ˆ 4
(curl F) · n dS = (8x − 4y − 3) dA = (8r cos θ − 4r sin θ − 3) r dr dθ
S R 0 0
2π 4
8 3 4 3 3 2
ˆ
= r cos θ − r sin θ − r dθ
0 3 3 2
0
ˆ 2π
512 256
= cos θ − sin θ − 24 dθ
0 3 3
2π
512 256
= sin θ + cos θ − 24θ = −48π.

3 3
0
Line Integral: Parameterize the curve C by x = 4 cos t, y = 4 sin t, z = 0, for

0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Then,
˛ ˛ ˆ 2π
F · dr = 2z dx − 3x dy + 4y dz = [−12 cos t(4 cos t)] dt
C C 0
2π
ˆ 2π
2
= −48 cos t dt = (−24t − 12 sin 2t) = −48π.

0
0
3. Surface Integral: curl F = i + j + k. Letting z z = 3 – y/2 – x

3
g(x, y, z) = 2x + y + 2z − 6, we have ∇g = 2i + j + 2k and
C3
¨ ¨
5 C1
n = (2i + j + 2k)/3. Then (curl F) · n dS = dS. Letting
S S 3 6 y
3 C2
the surface be z = 3 − 21 y − x we have zx = −1, zy = − 12 , x
R
q
and dS = 1 + (−1)2 + (− 12 )2 dA = 32 dA. Then

5 3 5 5 45
¨ ¨
(curl F) · n dS = dA = × (area of R) = (9) = .
S R 3 2 2 2 2
Line Integral: C1 : z = 3 − x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, y = 0; C2 : y = 6 − 2x, 3 ≥ x ≥ 0, z = 0;

C3 : z = 3 − y/2, 6 ≥ y ≥ 0, x = 0.
˛ ˆ ˆ ˆ
z dx + x dy + y dz = z dx + x dy + y dz
C C1 C2 C3
ˆ 3 ˆ 0 ˆ 0
= (3 − x) dx + x(−2 dx) + y(−dy/2)
0 3 6
3 0 0
1 1 9 1 45
= 3x − x2 − x2 − y 2 = − (0 − 9) − (0 − 36) =

2 4 2 4 2
0 3 6
¨
4. Surface Integral: curl F = 0 and (curl F) · n dS = 0.
S
Line Integral: the curve is x = cos t, y = sin t, z = 0, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
˛ ˆ 2π
x dx + y dy + z dz = [cos t(− sin t) + sin t(cos t)] dt = 0.
C 0
5. curl F = 2i + j. A unit vector normal to the plane is z

√
n = (i + j + k)/ 3 . Taking the equation of the plane to be 1
C
z = 1 − x − y, we have zx = zy = −1. Thus, z=1–x–y
√ √
dS = 1 + 1 + 1 dA = 3 dA and
¨ √
R 1 y
˛ ¨ √ ¨ √ 1
F · dr = (curl F) · n dS = 3 dS = 3 3 dA
C S S R x
= 3 × (area of R) = 3(1/2) = 3/2.
√
6. curl F = −2xzi + z 2 k. A unit vector normal to the plane is n = (j + k)/ 2 . From z = 1 − y,
√ √
we have zx = 0 and zy = −1. Thus, dS = 1 + 1 dA = 2 dA and
1 2√
˛ ¨ ¨ ¨
F · dr = (curl F) · n dS = √ z 2 dA = (1 − y)2 dA
C S R 2 R
ˆ 2ˆ 1 ˆ 2 1 ˆ 2
2 1
3 1 2
= (1 − y) dy dx = − (1 − y) dx = dx = .
0 0 0 3 0 3 3
0
√
7. curl F = −2yi− zj− xk. A unit vector normal to the plane is n = (j+ k)/ 2 . From z = 1− y
√ √
we have zx = 0 and zy = −1. Then dS = 1 + 1 dA = 2 dA and
¨ √

1
˛ ¨ ¨
F · dr = (curl F) · n dS = − √ (z + x) 2 dA = (y − x − 1) dA
C S R 2 R
ˆ 2ˆ 1 ˆ 2 1 ˆ 2
1 2 1
= (y − x − 1) dy dx = y − xy − y dx = −x − dx

0 0 0 2 0 2
0
2
1 2 1
= − x − x = −3.
2 2
0
8. curl F = 2i + 2j + 3k. Letting g(x, y, z) = x + 2y + z − 4, we have z

√
∇g = i + 2j + k and n = (i + 2j + k)/ 6 . From z = 4 − x − 2y we 4
√ z = 4 – x – 2y
have zx = −1 and zy = −2. Then dS = 6 dA and
C
˛ ¨ ¨
1 √ ¨
F · dr = (curl F) · n dS = √ (9) 6 dA = 9 dA
C S R 6 R
R 2 y
= 9(4) = 36. 4
x
9. curl F = (−3x2 − 3y 2 )k. A unit vector normal to the plane is z

√ 3
n = (i + j + k)/ 3 . From z = 1 − x − y, we have zx = zy = −1 and C
√
dS = 3 dA. Then, using polar coordinates, z=1–x–y
˛ ¨ ¨ √ √ √
F · dr = (curl F) · n dS = (− 3 x2 − 3 y 2 ) 3 dA R
C S R 1 y
¨ ˆ 2π ˆ 1
x
=3 (−x2 − y 2 ) dA = 3 (−r 2 )r dr dθ
R 0 0
1
2π ˆ 2π
1 4 1 3π
ˆ
=3 − r dθ = 3 − dθ = − .
0 4 0 4 2
0
2yj + k
10. curl F = 2xyzi − y 2 zj + (1 − x2 )k. A unit vector normal to the surface is n = p .
4y 2+1
p
From z = 9 − y 2 we have zx = 0, zy = −2y and dS = 1 + 4y 2 dA. Then
˛ ¨ ¨
F · dr = (curl F) · n dS = (−2y 3 z + 1 − x2 ) dA
C S R
3ˆ y/2 3 y/2
1
ˆ ˆ
= [−2y 3 (9 − y 2 ) + 1 − x2 ] dx dy = −18y 3 x + 2y 5 x + x − x3 dy

0 0 0 3
0
3 3
1 1 9 5 1 7 1 2 1 4
ˆ
= −9y 4 + y 6 + y − y 3 dy = − y + y + y − y
0 2 24 5 7 4 96
0
≈ 123.57.
11. curl F = 3x2 y 2 k. A unit vector normal to the surface is
8xi + 2yj + 2zk 4xi + yj + zk

n= p =p .
2 2
64x + 4y + 4z 2 16x2 + y 2 + z 2
s
4x y 1 + 3x2
From zx = − p , zy = − p we obtain dS = 2 dA.
4 − 4x2 − y 2 4 − 4x2 − y 2 4 − 4x2 − y 2
Then
s !
3x2 y 2 z 1 + 3x2
˛ ¨ ¨
F · dr = (curl F) · n dS = 2 dA
4 − 4x2 − y 2
p
C S R 16x2 + y 2 + z 2
¨
= 3x2 y 2 dA Using symmetry
R
√
√ 2 1−x2
1 ˆ 2 1−x2 1
1 2 3
ˆ ˆ
= 12 x2 y 2 dy dx = 12 x y dx
0 0 0 3
0
ˆ 1
= 32 x2 (1 − x2 )3/2 dx x = sin t, dx = cos t dt
0
ˆ π/2
= 32 sin2 t cos4 t dt = π.
0
12. curl F = i + j + k. Taking the surface S bounded by C to be the portion of z

√ √ 1 R
the plane x+ y + z = 0 inside C, we have n = (i+ j+ k)/ 3 and dS = 3 dA.
˛ ¨ ¨ √ √ ¨ √ y
1
F · dr = (curl F) · n dS = 3 dS = 3 3 dA = 3× (area of R)
C S S R x
The region R is obtained by eliminating z from the equations of the plane and the sphere.
This gives x2 + xy + y 2 = 12 . Rotating axes, we see that R is enclosed by the ellipse
X 2 /(1/3) + Y 2 /1 = 1 in a rotated coordinate system. Thus,
√

1
˛
F · dr = 3 × (area of R) = 3 π √ 1 = 3 π.
C 3
13. Parameterize C by x = 4 cos t, y = 2 sin t, z = 4, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Then
¨ ˛ ˛
2
(curl F) · n dS = F · dr = 6yz dx + 5x dy + yzex dz
S C C
ˆ 2π
= [6(2 sin t)(4)(−4 sin t) + 5(4 cos t)(2 cos t) + 0] dt
0
ˆ 2π ˆ 2π
2 2
=8 (−24 sin t + 5 cos t) dt = 8 (5 − 29 sin2 t) dt = −152π.
0 0
14. Parameterize C by x = 5 cos t, y = 5 sin t, z = 4, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Then, z

10
¨ ˛ ˛
(curl F) · n dS = F·r= y dx + (y − x) dy + z 2 dz
S C C C
ˆ 2π
= [(5 sin t)(−5 sin t) + (5 sin t − 5 cos t)(5 cos t)] dt 4 y
4 R
0
2π x
2π
25
ˆ
= (25 sin t cos t − 25) dt = sin2 t − 25t

2

0
0
= −50π.
15. Parameterize C by C1 : x = 0, z = 0, 2 ≥ y ≥ 0; C2 : z = x, y = 0, z
2
0 ≤ x ≤ 2; C3 : x = 2, z = 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2; C4 : z = x, y = 2, 2 ≥ x ≥ 0.
C3
Then C4
¨ ˛ ˛ C2
C1 2 y
(curl F) · n dS = F·r = 3x2 dx + 8x3 y dy + 3x2 y dz
S C C 2 x
ˆ ˆ ˆ
2 x
= 0 dx + 0 dy + 0 dz + 3x dx + 64 dy
C1 C2 C3
ˆ
+ 3x2 dx + 6x2 dx
C4
ˆ 2 ˆ 2 ˆ 0
2
= 3x dx + 64 dy + 9x2 dx
0 0 2
2 2 0

3 3
= x + 64y + 3x = 112.

0 0 2
16. Parameterize C by x = cos t, y = sin t, z = sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Then
¨ ˛ ˛
(curl F) · n dS = F·r = 2xy 2 z dx + 2x2 yz dy + (x2 y 2 − 6x) dz
S C C
ˆ 2π
= [2 cos t sin2 t sin t(− sin t) + 2 cos2 t sin t sin t cos t
0
+ (cos2 t sin2 t − 6 cos t) cos t] dt

ˆ 2π
= (−2 cos t sin4 t + 3 cos3 t sin2 t − 6 cos2 t) dt = −6π.
0
17. We take the surface to be z = 0. Then n = k and dS = dA.

1 2
Since curl F = 2
i + 2zex j + y 2 k,
1+y
˛ ¨ ¨ ¨
2 x2 2
z e dx + xy dy + tan −1
y dz = (curl F) · n dS = y dS = y 2 dA
C S S R
3
2π 3 2π
1 4 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
2 2
= r sin θ r dr dθ = r sin θ dθ
0 0 0 4
0
2π
81 81π
ˆ
= sin2 θ dθ = .
4 0 4
9.15 Triple Integrals 757
2xi + 2yj + k
18. (a) curl F = xzi − yzj. A unit vector normal to the surface is n = p and
p 4x2 + 4y 2 + 1
dS = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA. Then, using x = cos t, y = sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π, we have
¨ ¨ ¨
2 2
(curl F) · n dS = (2x z − 2y z) dA = (2x2 − 2y 2 )(1 − x2 − y 2 ) dA
S R R
¨
= (2x2 − 2y 2 − 2x4 + 2y 4 ) dA
R
ˆ 2π ˆ 1
= (2r 2 cos2 θ − 2r 2 sin2 θ − 2r 4 cos4 θ + 2r 4 cos4 θ) r dr dθ
0 0
ˆ 2π ˆ 1
=2 [r 3 cos 2θ − r 5 (cos2 θ − sin2 θ)(cos2 θ + sin2 θ)] dr dθ
0 0
2π 1 2π 1
1 4 1 6
ˆ ˆ ˆ
=2 (r 3 cos 2θ − r 5 cos 2θ) dr dθ = 2 cos 2θ r − r dθ

0 0 0 4 6
0
2π
1
ˆ
= cos 2θ dθ = 0.
6 0
(b) We
¨ take the surface to be z = 0. Then n = k, curl F · n = curl F · k = 0 and
(curl F) · n dS = 0.
S
(a) By Stokes’ Theorem, using z = 0, we have

¨ ˛ ˛ ˛
(curl F) · n dS = F · dr = xyz dz = xy(0) dz = 0.
S C C C
9.15 Triple Integrals
4ˆ 2 1 4ˆ 2 1
1 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
1. (x + y + z) dx dy dz = x + xy + xz dy dz

2 −2 −1 2 −2 2
−1
ˆ 4ˆ 2 ˆ 4 2 ˆ 4 4

= (2y + 2z) dy dz = (y 2 + 2yz) dz = 8z dz = 4z 2 = 48

2 −2 2 2
−2 2
xy
ˆ 3 ˆ x ˆ xy ˆ 3ˆ x ˆ 3ˆ x
2. 24xy dz dy dx = 24xyz dy dx = (24x2 y 2 − 48xy) dy dx

1 1 2 1 1 1 1
2
ˆ 3 x ˆ 3

2 3 2
= (8x y − 24xy ) dx = (8x5 − 24x3 − 8x2 + 24x) dx
1 1
1
3
4 6 8 14 1552
= x − 6x4 − x3 + 12x2 = 522 − =

3 3 3 3
1
6 ˆ 6−x ˆ 6−x−z 6 ˆ 6−x 6−x 6

1 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
3. dy dz dx = (6 − x − z) dz dx = 6z − xz − z dx
0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0
ˆ 6 ˆ 6
1 1
= 6(6 − x) − x(6 − x) − (6 − x)2 dx = 18 − 6x + x2 dx
0 2 0 2
6

2 1 3
= 18x − 3x + x = 36
6
0
√ √y
ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x ˆ y ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x
4. 4x2 z 3 dz dy dx = 2 4
x z dy dx = x2 y 2 dy dx
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1−x
1
1 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
= x y dx = x (1 − x)3 dx = (x − 3x3 + 3x4 − x5 ) dx
0 3 3 0 3 0
0
1
1 1 3 3 4 3 5 1 6 1
= x − x + x − x =

3 3 4 5 6 180
0
y 2
π/2 ˆ y 2 y π/2 ˆ y 2 π/2
x x x
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
2
5. cos dz dx dy = y cos dx dy = y sin dy
0 0 0 y 0 0 y 0 y
0
ˆ π/2
= y 2 sin y dy Integration by parts
0
π/2

= (−y 2 cos y + 2 cos y + 2y sin y) =π−2

0
√ 2 √ ˆ √ 2 ˆ √2
2ˆ 2 ex 2 2 2
1 x2 1
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
x2
6. x dz dx dy = xe dx dy = e dy = (e4 − ey ) dy
0
√
y 0 0
√
y 0 2 √ 2 0
y
√2
1 1 √ √ 1 √ √
= (ye4 − ey ) = [(e4 2 − e 2 ) − (−1)] = (1 + e4 2 − e 2 )

2 2 2
0
2−x2 −y2
ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 2−x2 −y 2 ˆ 1ˆ 1 ˆ 1ˆ 1
2 2
7. xyez dz dx dy = z
xye dx dy = (xye2−x −y − xy) dx dy
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1 1 ˆ 1
1 1 2 1 1−y2 1 1 2−y2
ˆ
2 2
= − ye2−x −y − x y dy = − ye − y + ye dy
0 2 2 0 2 2 2
0
1
1 1−y2 1 2 1 2−y2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
= e − y − e = − − e − e − e = e2 − e
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2
0
x2
4 ˆ 1/2 ˆ x2 4 ˆ 1/2
1 y
ˆ ˆ
−1
8. p dy dx dz = sin dx dz
0 0 0 x2 − y 2 0 0 x
0
ˆ 4 ˆ 1/2
= sin−1 x dx dz Integration by parts
0 0
1/2 √ !
ˆ 4
−1
p ˆ 4
1π 3 π √
= (x sin x+ 1 − x2 ) dz = + − 1 dz = + 2 3 − 4

0 0 2 6 2 3
0
y+2
˚ ˆ 5 ˆ 3 ˆ y+2 ˆ 5ˆ 3
9. z dV = z dx dy dz = xz

dy dz z
D 0 1 y 0 1 5
y
ˆ 5ˆ 3 ˆ 5 3 ˆ 5 5

= 2z dy dz = 2yz dz = 4z dz = 2z 2 = 50

0 1 0 0
1 0 3 y
x=y
3
x=y+2
x
10. Using symmetry, z

˚ ˆ 2ˆ 4ˆ 4−y 4
2 2
(x + y ) dV = 2 (x2 + y 2 ) dz dy dx
D 0 x2 0
4−y
ˆ 2ˆ 4 y
4

=2 (x2 + y 2 )z dy dx 2

2
y=x
0 x2 x
0
ˆ 2ˆ 4
(4x2 − x2 y + 4y 2 − y 3 ) dy dx
=2
0 x2
ˆ 2 4
1 2 2 4 3 1 4
˚
2 2 2
(x + y ) dV = 2 4x y − x y + y − y dx
D 0 2 3 4 2
x
2
5 6 1 8
64
ˆ
2 4
=2 − 4x + x − x
8x + dx
0 6 34
2
8 3 64 4 5 5 7 1 9 23,552
=2 x + x− x − x + x = .
3 3 5 42 36 315
0
ˆ 4 ˆ 2−x/2 ˆ 4
11. The other five integrals are F (x, y, z) dz dy dx, z
0 0 x+2y 4
ˆ 4ˆ z ˆ (z−x)/2 ˆ 4 ˆ 4 ˆ (z−x)/2 z = 2y
F (x, y, z) dy dx dz, F (x, y, z) dy dz dx, z = x
0 0 0 0 x 0 y
2
ˆ 4 ˆ z/2 ˆ z−2y ˆ 2 ˆ 4 ˆ z−2y x + 2y = 4
F (x, y, z) dx dy dz, F (x, y, z) dx dz dy. 4
0 0 0 0 2y 0 x
12. The other five integrals are z

ˆ 3 ˆ √36−4y2 /3 ˆ 3 3
F (x, y, z) dz dx dy,
0 0 1 y = √ 36 – 9x2/2
√
ˆ 3ˆ 2ˆ 36−9x2 /2 4 y
2
F (x, y, z) dy dx dz, x = √ 36 – 4y2/3
1 0 0 x
√
ˆ 3ˆ 3ˆ 36−4y 2 /3
F (x, y, z) dx dy dz,
1 0 0
√ √
ˆ 3ˆ 3ˆ 36−4y 2 /3 ˆ 2ˆ 3ˆ 36−9x2 /2
F (x, y, z) dx dz dy, F (x, y, z) dy dz dx.
0 1 0 0 1 0
ˆ 2ˆ 8ˆ 4 ˆ 8 ˆ 4 ˆ y 1/3
ˆ 4ˆ 2ˆ 8
13. (a) V = dz dy dx (b) V = dx dz dy (c) V = dy dx dz
0 x3 0 0 0 0 0 0 x2
√
14. Solving z = x and x + z = 2, we obtain x = 1, z = 1.
ˆ 3 ˆ 1 ˆ 2−z ˆ 1 ˆ 2−z ˆ 3
(a) V = dx dz dy (b) V = dy dx dz
0 0 z2 0 z2 0
ˆ 3ˆ 1 ˆ √ x ˆ 3 ˆ 2 ˆ 2−x
(c) V = dz dx dy + dz dx dy
0 0 0 0 1 0
15. z 16. z
3 5
x = 2 – 2z/3
4 y
2
3 y
x 3
x y = √ 9 – y2
The region in the first octant is shown.
17. z 18. z
6 4
y = –√ 1 – x2 2 y
2 y 2
2 x y = √ 4 – x2
x y=√1–x 2
19. z 20. z
2 3
x = 2 – 2z/3
2 y 4 y
1 2
x x
√
21. Solving x = y 2 and 4 − x = y 2 , we obtain x = 2, y = ± 2 . Using z
5
symmetry,
√ ˆ √
ˆ 3ˆ 2 4−y 2 ˆ 3ˆ 2
V =2 dx dy dz = 2 (4 − 2y 2 )dy dz x = y2 4 y
0 0 y2 0 0
x = 4 – y2
√
2 √ 5
ˆ 3
1 3
ˆ 3
8 2 √
=2 4y − y dz = 2 dz = 16 2 . x
0 3 0 3
0
√ √ x+y
ˆ 2ˆ 4−x2 ˆ x+y ˆ 2ˆ 4−x2
22. V = dz dy dx = z

dy dx z
0 0 0 0 0 2
0
√
√ 4−x2
2ˆ 4−x2 2
1 2
ˆ ˆ
= (x + y) dy dx = xy + y dx 2 y
0 0 0 2
0 y = √ 4 – x2
2
2 p 2 x
1 1 1
ˆ
2 2 3/2 3
= x 4 − x2 + (4 − x ) dx = − (4 − x ) + 2x − x

0 2 3 6
0

4 8 16
V = 4− − − =
3 3 3 z
2
23. Adding the two equations, we obtain 2y = 8. Thus, the
z = √ 4 – x2
paraboloids intersect in the plane y = 4. Their intersection 8 y
2
is a circle of radius 2. Using symmetry,
x
√ √
ˆ 2ˆ 4−x2 ˆ 8−x2 −z 2 ˆ 2ˆ 4−x2
V =4 dy dz dx = 4 (8 − 2x2 − 2z 2 ) dz dx
0 0 x2 +z 2 0 0
√
4−x2
2 2
2 4
ˆ ˆ
=4 2(4 − x2 )z − z 3 dx = 4 (4 − x2 )3/2 dx Trig substitution

0 3 0 3
0
i2

16 h x p x
= − (2x2 − 20) 4 − x2 + 6 sin−1 = 16π.

3 8 2
0
24. Solving x = 2, y = x, and z = x2 + y 2 , we obtain the point (2, 2, 8). z

(2, 2, 8)
ˆ 2 ˆ x ˆ x2 +y2 ˆ 2ˆ x 5
V = dz dy dx = (x2 + y 2 ) dy dx
0 0 0 0 0
ˆ 2 x ˆ 2 2
2 1 3 4 3 1 4 16 2 y
= x y + y dx = x dx = x = . y=x
0 3 0 3 3 3 2
0 0
x
25. We are given ρ(x, y, z) = kz.

y1/3
ˆ 8 ˆ 4 ˆ y 1/3 ˆ 8ˆ 4 ˆ 8ˆ 4
m= kz dx dz dy = k xz dz dy = k y 1/3 z dz dy

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
4 8
8 ˆ 8
1 1/3 2 3
ˆ
=k y z dy = 8k y 1/3 dy = 8k y 4/3 = 96k

0 2 0 4
0 0
y1/3
ˆ 8 ˆ 4 ˆ y 1/3 ˆ 8ˆ 4 ˆ 8ˆ 4
2 2
Mxy = kz dx dz dy = k xz dz dy = k y 1/3 z 2 dz dy
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
4 8
8 ˆ 8
1 1/3 3 64 64 3 4/3
ˆ
1/3
=k y z dy = k y dy = k y = 256k
0 3 3 0 3 4
0 0
y1/3
ˆ 8 ˆ 4 ˆ y 1/3 ˆ 8ˆ 4 ˆ 8ˆ 4
Mxz = kyz dx dz dy = k xyz dz dy = k y 4/3 z dz dy

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
4 8
8 ˆ 8
1 4/3 2 3 3072
ˆ
=k y z dy = 8k y 4/3 dy = 8k y 7/3 = k

0 2 0 7 7
0 0
y1/3
8 ˆ 4 ˆ y 1/3 8ˆ 4 ˆ 8ˆ 4
1 2 1
ˆ ˆ
Myz = kxz dx dz dy = k x z dz dy = k y 2/3 z dz dy
0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0
0
4 8
8 ˆ 8
1 1 2/3 2 3 384
ˆ
= k y z dy = 4k y 2/3 dy = 4k y 5/3 = k

2 0 2 0 5 5
0 0
384k/5 3072k/7 256k

x̄ = Myz /m = = 4/5; ȳ = Mxz /m = = 32/7; z̄ = Mxy /m = = 8/3
96k 96k 96k
The center of mass is (4/5, 32/7, 8/3).
26. We use the form of the integral in Problem 14(b) of this section. Without loss of generality,
we take ρ = 1.
ˆ 1 ˆ 2−z ˆ 3 ˆ 1 ˆ 2−z ˆ 1
m= dy dx dz = 3 dx dz = 3 (2 − z − z 2 ) dz
0 z2 0 0 z2 0
1
1 2 1 3 7
= 3 2z − z − z =
2 3 2
0
3
ˆ 1 ˆ 2−z ˆ 3 ˆ 1 ˆ 2−z ˆ 1 ˆ 2−z
Mxy = z dy dx dz = yz dx dz = 3z dx dz

0 z2 0 0 z2 0 z2
0
ˆ 1 2−z ˆ 1 1
2 3 2 1 3 1 4 5
=3 xz dz = 3 (2z − z − z ) dz = 3 z − z − z =

0 2 0 3 4 4
z 0
3
1 ˆ 2−z 3 1 ˆ 2−z
1 2 9 1 2−z
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
Mxz = y dy dx dz = y dx dz = dx dz
0 z2 0 0 z2 2 2 0 z2
0
1 1
9 9 1 1 21
ˆ
= (2 − z − z 2 ) dz = 2z − z 2 − z 3 =

2 0 2 2 3 4
0
3
ˆ 1 ˆ 2−z ˆ 3 ˆ 1 ˆ 2−z ˆ 1 ˆ 2−x
Myz = x dy dx dz = xy dx dz = 3x dx dz

0 z2 0 0 z2 0 z2
0
2−z 1
1
3 1

1 2 3 1 1 16
ˆ ˆ
=3 x dz = (4 − 4z + z 2 − z 4 ) dz = 4z − 2z 2 + z 3 − z 5 =

0 2 2 2 0 2 3 5 5
z 0
16/5 21/4 5/4

x̄ = Myz /m = = 32/35, ȳ = Mxz /m = = 3/2, z̄ = Mxy /m = = 5/14.
7/2 7/2 7/2
The centroid is (32/35, 3/2, 5/14).
27. The density is ρ(x, y, z) = ky. Since both the region and the density z
2
function are symmetric with respect to the xy-and yz-planes, x̄ = z̄ = z = √ 4 – x2
0. Using symmetry, 2 3 y
x
√ √4−x2
ˆ 3ˆ 2ˆ 4−x2 ˆ 3ˆ 2 ˆ 3ˆ 2 p
m=4 ky dz dx dy = 4k yz dx dy = 4k y 4 − x2 dx dy

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2 3
3 xp ˆ 3
x 1 2
ˆ
= 4k y 4 − x2 + 2 sin−1 dy = 4k πy dy = 4πk y = 18πk
0 2 2 0 2
0 0
√ √ 4−x2
ˆ 3ˆ 2ˆ 4−x2 ˆ 3ˆ 2 ˆ 3ˆ 2 p
2 2
Mxz = 4 ky dz dx dy = 4k y z dx dy = 4k y2 4 − x2 dx dy

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2 3
3 xp ˆ 3
x 1
ˆ
= 4k y2 4 − x2 + 2 sin−1 dy = 4k πy 2 dy = 4πk y 3 = 36πk.

0 2 2 0 3
0 0
36πk
ȳ = Mxz /m = = 2. The center of mass is (0, 2, 0).
18πk
28. The density is ρ(x, y, z) = kz. z
ˆ 1 ˆ x ˆ y+2 y+2 2
1ˆ x
1 2
ˆ
m= kz dz dy dx = k z dy dx
0 x2 0 0 x2 2
0
x y
y=x1
ˆ 1ˆ x ˆ 1
1 1 1
= k (y + 2)2 dy dx = k (y + 2)3 dx

2 0 x2 2 0 3 2 1 y = x2
x x
1 1
1 1
ˆ ˆ
3 2 3
m= k [(x + 2) − (x + 2) ] dx = k [(x + 2)3 − (x6 + 6x4 + 12x2 + 8)] dx
6 0 6 0
1
1 1 1 6 407
= k (x + 2)4 − x7 − x5 − 4x3 − 8x = k

6 4 7 5 840
0
ˆ 1 ˆ x ˆ y+2 ˆ 1ˆ x y+2 ˆ 1ˆ x
2 1 3 1
Mxy = kz dz dy dx = k z dy dx = k (y + 2)3 dy dx
0 x 2 0 0 x 2 3 3 0 x 2
0
x
ˆ 1 ˆ 1
1 1 4 1
= k (y + 2) dx = k [(x + 2)4 − (x2 + 2)4 ] dx
3 0 4 2 12 0
x
1
1
ˆ
= k [(x + 2)4 − (x8 + 8x6 + 24x4 + 32x2 + 16)] dx
12 0
1
1 1 1 8 24 32 3 1493
= k (x + 2)5 − x9 − x7 − − x − 16x = k

12 5 9 7 5 3 1890
0
y+2
1 ˆ x ˆ y+2 ˆ 1ˆ x
1ˆ x
1 2 1
ˆ ˆ
Mxz = kyz dz dy dx = k yz dy dx = k y(y + 2)2 dy dx
0 x 2 0 0 x 2 2 2 0 x 2
0
ˆ 1ˆ x ˆ 1 x

1 3 2 1 1 4 4 3 2
= k (y + 4y + 4y) dy dx = k y + y + 2y dx
2 0 x2 2 0 4 3 2
x
1
1 1 4 4
ˆ
= k − x8 − x6 − 74x4 + x3 + 2x2 dx
2 0 4 3 3
1
1 1 9 4 7 7 5 1 4 2 3 68
= k − x − x − x + x + x = k
2 36 21 20 3 3 315
0
y+2
1 ˆ x ˆ y+2 1ˆ x ˆ 1ˆ x
1 2 1
ˆ ˆ
Myz = kxz dz dy dx = k xz dy dx = k x(y + 2)2 dy dx
0 x2 0 0 x2 2 2 0 x2
0
x
1 ˆ 1
1 1 1
ˆ
3
= k x(y + 2) dx = k [x(x + 2)3 − x(x2 + 2)3 ] dx
2 0 3 2 6 0
x
1
1
ˆ
= k [x4 + 6x3 + 12x2 + 8x − x(x2 + 2)3 ] dx
6 0
1
1 1 5 3 4 3 2 1 2 4 21
= k x + x + 4x + 4x − (x + 2) = k
6 5 2 8 80
0
21k/80 68k/315
x̄ = Myz /m = = 441/814, ȳ = Mxz /m = = 544/1221,
407k/840 407k/840
1493k/1890
z̄ = Mxy /m = = 5972/3663. The center of mass is
407k/840
(441/814, 544/1221, 5972/3663).
√ z
ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x2 ˆ 8−y
29. m = (x + y + 4) dz dy dx 8
√
−1 − 1−x2 2+2y
y = – √ 1 – x2 1 y
2
x y = √ 1 – x2
30. Both the region and the density function are symmetric with respect to z
the xz- and yz-planes. Thus, 2

y = √ 1 + z2
ˆ ˆ √ 2ˆ √ 2 2 2 1+z 1+z −y y
2
m=4 z 2 dx dy dz. 2
−1 0 0 x
31. We are given ρ(x, y, z) = kz.
8 ˆ 4 ˆ y 1/3 8ˆ 4 y1/3
1 3
ˆ ˆ
2 2
Iy = kz(x + z ) dx dz dy = k x z + xz 3 dz dy

3

0 0 0 0 0
0
ˆ 8ˆ 4 ˆ 8 4
1 1/3 3 1 2 1 1/3 4
=k yz + y z dz dy = k yz + y z dy
0 0 3 0 6 4
0
8 8
8 4 2560
ˆ
=k y + 64y 1/3 dy = k y 2 + 48y 4/3 = k

0 3 3 3
0
r √
2560k/3 4 5
q
From Problem 25, m = 96k. Thus, Rg = Iy /m = = .
96k 3
32. We are given ρ(x, y, z) = k.
1 ˆ 2−z 3 1 ˆ 2−z 3
1 3
ˆ ˆ ˆ
2 2
Ix = k(y + z ) dy dx dz = k y + yz 2 dx dz

0 z2 0 0 z2 3
0
ˆ 1 ˆ 2−z ˆ 1 2−z ˆ 1

2 2
=k (9 + 3z ) dx dz = k (9x + 3xz ) dz = k (18 − 9z − 3z 2 − 3z 3 − 3z 4 ) dz
0 z 2 0 0
2 z
1
9 2 3 3 223
= k 18z − z − z 3 − z 4 − z 5 = k

2 4 5 20
0
ˆ 1 ˆ 2−z ˆ 3 ˆ 1 ˆ 2−z ˆ 1
m= k dy dx dz = k 3 dx dz = 3k (2 − z − z 2 ) dz
0 z2 0 0 z2 0
1
1 1 7
= 3k 2z − z 2 − z 3 = k

2 3 2
0
r s r
Ix 223k/20 223
Rg = = =
m 7k/2 70
ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x ˆ 1−x−y
33. Iz = k (x2 + y 2 ) dz dy dx z
0 0 0 1
ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x
=k (x2 + y 2 )(1 − x − y) dy dx
0 0 1 y
1 y=1–x
ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x
x
=k (x2 − x3 − x2 y + y 2 − xy 2 − y 3 ) dy dx
0 0
1 1−x
1 2 2 1 1 4
ˆ
2 3 3
=k (x − x )y − x y + (1 − x)y − y dx
0 2 3 4
0
1 1
1 2 1 4 1 1 6 1 4 1 5 1 k
ˆ
3 4 5
=k x − x + x + (1 − x) dx = k x − x + x − (1 − x) =
0 2 2 12 6 4 10 60 30
0
34. We are given ρ(x, y, z) = kx. z

ˆ 1 ˆ 2 ˆ 4−z y=z
1 y=4–z
Iy = kx(x2 + z 2 ) dy dx dz
0 0 z 2 4 y
ˆ 1ˆ 2 4−z
x
=k (x3 + xz 2 )y dx dz

0 0
z
2
1ˆ 2 1
1 4 1 2 2
ˆ ˆ
3 2
Iy = k (x + xz )(4 − 2z) dx dz = k x + x z (4 − 2z) dz

0 0 0 4 2
0
ˆ 1 ˆ 1
=k (4 + 2z 2 )(4 − 2z) dz = 4k (4 − 2z + 2z 2 − z 3 ) dz
0 0
1
2 1 41
= 4k 4z − z 2 + z 3 − z 4 = k

3 4 3
0
√ √ √ √
35. x = 10 cos 3π/4 = −5 2 ; y = 10 sin 3π/4 = 5 2 ; (−5 2 , 5 2 , 5)
√ √
36. x = 2 cos 5π/6 = − 3 ; y = 2 sin 5π/6 = 1; (− 3 , 1, −3)
√ √ √ √
37. x = 3 cos π/3 = 3/2; y = 3 sin π/3 = 3/2; ( 3/2, 3/2, −4)
√ √ √ √
38. x = 4 cos 7π/4 = 2 2 ; y = 4 sin 7π/4 = −2 2 ; (2 2 , −2 2 , 0)
√
39. With x = 1 and y = −1 we have r 2 = 2 and tan θ = −1. The point is ( 2 , −π/4, −9).
√ √
40. With x = 2 3 and y = 2 we have r 2 = 16 and tan θ = 1/ 3 . The point is (4, π/6, 17).
√ √ √ √
41. With x = − 2 and y = 6 we have r 2 = 8 and tan θ = − 3 . The point is (2 2 , 2π/3, 2).
√
42. With x = 1 and y = 2 we have r 2 = 5 and tan θ = 2. The point is ( 5 , tan−1 2, 7).
43. r 2 + z 2 = 25 44. r cos θ + r sin θ − z = 1

45. r 2 − z 2 = 1 46. r 2 cos2 θ + z 2 = 16
47. z = x2 + y 2 48. z = 2y
√ √ √
49. r cos θ = 5, x = 5 50. tan θ = 1/ 3 , y/x = 1/ 3 , x = 3 y, x > 0
51. The equations are r 2 = 4, r 2 + z 2 = 16, and z = 0. z z = √ 16 – r2

ˆ 2π ˆ 2 ˆ √16−r2 ˆ 2π ˆ 2 p 4
V = r dz dr dθ = r 16 − r 2 dr dθ
0 0 0 0 0
2
ˆ 2π
1 ˆ 2π
1 √ 2π √ 2 y
2 3/2 2 r=2
= − (16 − r ) dθ = (64 − 24 3 ) dθ = (64 − 24 3 )
0 3 0 3 3 x
0
52. The equation is z = 10 − r 2 . z

ˆ 2π ˆ 3 ˆ 10−r2 10
ˆ 2π ˆ 3
V = r dz dr dθ = r(9 − r 2 ) dr dθ z = 10 – r2
0 0 1 0 0
ˆ 2π 3 ˆ 2π
9 2 1 4 81 81π
= r − r dθ = dθ = . 3 3 y
0 2 4 0 4 2 r=3
0 x
53. The equations are z = r 2 , r = 5, and z = 0. z

5 25
ˆ 2π ˆ 5 ˆ r2 ˆ 2π ˆ 5 2π
1 4
ˆ
V = r dz dr dθ = r 3 dr dθ = r dθ z = r2
0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0
2π
625 625π
ˆ
5 y
= dθ = 5 r=5
0 4 2 x
54. Substituting the first equation into the second, we see that the z
y = r2
2
surfaces intersect in the plane y = 4. Using polar coordinates in
the xz-plane, the equations of the surfaces become y = r 2 and 4 y
2
y = 21 r 2 + 2. y = r /2 + 22
x
2π 2 ˆ r 2 /2+2 2π 2
r2
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
2
V = r dy dr dθ = r +2−r dr dθ
0 0 r2 0 0 2
ˆ 2π ˆ 2 ˆ 2π 2 ˆ 2π
1 3 2 1 4
= 2r − r dr dθ = r − r dθ = 2 dθ = 4π
0 0 2 0 8 0
0
√
55. The equation is z = a2 − r 2 . By symmetry, x̄ = ȳ = 0. z z = √ a2 – r2
ˆ 2π ˆ a ˆ √a2 −r2 ˆ 2π ˆ a p a
m= r dz dr dθ = r a2 − r 2 dr dθ
0 0 0 0 0
a a y
2π ˆ 2π a
1 2 1 3 2
ˆ
2 3/2
= − (a − r ) dθ = a dθ = πa3 x
0 3 0 3 3
0
√ √a2 −r2
2π aˆ a2 −r 2 2π a
1 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
Mxy = zr dz dr dθ = rz dr dθ
0 0 0 0 0 2
0
a
1 2π a
ˆ 2π
1 1 1 1 2π 1 4 1
ˆ ˆ ˆ
2 2 2 2 4
= r(a − r ) dr dθ = a r − r dθ = a dθ = πa4
2 0 0 2 0 2 4 2 0 4 4
0
πa4 /4
z̄ = Mxy /m = = 3a/8. The centroid is (0, 0, 3a/8).
2πa3 /3
56. We use polar coordinates in the yz-plane. The density is ρ(x, y, z) = kz. By z
4 r=4
symmetry, ȳ = z̄ = 0.
ˆ 2π ˆ 4 ˆ 5 ˆ 2π ˆ 4 5
1 2 4 y
m= kxr dx dr dθ = k rz dr dθ 5
0 0 0 0 0 2
0 x
4
2π ˆ 4 2π
k 25k 1 2 25k 2π
ˆ ˆ ˆ
= 25r dr dθ = r dθ = 8 dθ = 200kπ
2 0 0 2 0 2 2 0
0
5
2π 4ˆ 5 2π 4 ˆ 2π ˆ 4
1 3 1
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
2
Myz = kx r dx dr dθ = k rx dr dθ = k 125r dr dθ
0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0
0
4
2π ˆ 2π
1 125 2 1 2000
ˆ
= k r dθ = k 1000 dθ = kπ
3 0 2 3 0 3
0
2000kπ/3
x̄ = Myz /m = = 10/3. The center of mass of the given solid is (10/3, 0, 0).
200kπ
√
57. The equation is z = 9 − r 2 and the density is ρ = k/r 2 . When z = 2, z z = 9 – r2
√
√ 3
r = 5.
√
ˆ 2π ˆ √5 ˆ √9−r2 ˆ 2π ˆ √5 9−r2
Iz = r 2 (k/r 2 )r dz dr dθ = k rz dr dθ 3 y

0 0 2 0 0 3
2
x
√
√ 5
2π 5 2π
1
ˆ ˆ p ˆ
Iz = k (r 9− r2 − 2r) dr dθ = k − (9 − r 2 )3/2 − r 2 dθ

0 0 0 3
0
2π
4 8
ˆ
=k dθ = πk
0 3 3
58. The equation is z = r and the density is ρ = kr. z
ˆ 2π ˆ 1 ˆ 1 1
Ix = (y 2 + z 2 )(kr)r dz dr dθ z=r
0 0 r
ˆ 2π ˆ 1ˆ 1 1 1 y
4 2 2 2
=k (r sin θ + r z ) dz dr dθ x
0 0 r
2π 1 1
1
ˆ ˆ
=k (r 4 sin2 θ)z + r 2 z 3 dr dθ

0 0 3
r
2π 1
1 1
ˆ ˆ
Ix = k 4 2
r sin θ + r 2 − r 5 sin2 θ − r 5 dr dθ
0 0 3 3
2π 1 ˆ 2π
1 5 2 1 1 1 1 1
ˆ
=k r sin θ + r 3 − r 6 sin2 θ − r 6 dθ = k 2
sin θ + dθ

0 5 9 6 18 0 30 18
0
2π
1 1 1 13
=k θ− sin 2θ + θ = πk

60 120 18 90
0
√
59. (a) x = (2/3) sin (π/2) cos (π/6) = 3/3; y = (2/3) sin (π/2) sin (π/6) = 1/3;
√
z = (2/3) cos (π/2) = 0; ( 3/3, 1/3, 0)
√ √
(b) With x = 3/3 and y = 1/3 we have r 2 = 4/9 and tan θ = 3/3. The point is
(2/3, π/6, 0).
√ √
60. (a) x = 5 sin (5π/4) cos (2π/3) = 5 2/4; y = 5 sin (5π/4) sin (2π/3) = −5 6/4;
√ √ √ √
z = 5 cos (5π/4) = −5 2/2; (5 2/4, −5 6/4, −5 2/2)
√ √ √
(b) With x = 5 2/4 and y = −5 6/4 we have r 2 = 25/2 and tan θ = − 3 . The point is
√ √
(5/ 2 , 2π/3, −5 2/2).
√
61. (a) x = 8 sin (π/4) cos (3π/4) = −4; y = 8 sin (π/4) sin (3π/4) = 4; z = 8 cos (π/4) = 4 2 ;
√
(−4, 4, 4 2)
√ √
(b) With x = −4 and y = 4 we have r 2 = 32 and tan θ = −1. The point is (4 2 , 3π/4, 4 2 ).
√
62. (a) x = (1/3) sin (5π/3) cos (π/6) = −1/4; y = (1/3) sin (5π/3) sin (π/6) = − 3/12;
√
z = (1/3) cos (5π/3) = 1/6; (−1/4, − 3/12, 1/6)
√ √
(b) With x = −1/4 and y = − 3/12 we have r 2 = 1/12 and tan θ = 3/3. The point is
√
(1/2 3 , π/6, 1/6).
63. With x = −5, y = −5, and z = 0, we have ρ2 = 50, tan θ = 1, and cos φ = 0. The point is
√
(5 2 , π/2, 5π/4).
√ √ √
64. With x = 1, y = − 3 , and z = 1, we have ρ2 = 5, tan θ = − 3 , and cos φ = 1/ 5 . The
√ √
point is ( 5 , cos−1 1/ 5 , −π/3).
√ √ √
65. With x = 3/2, y = 1/2, and z = 1, we have ρ2 = 2, tan θ = 1/ 3 , and cos φ = 1/ 2 . The
√
point is ( 2 , π/4, π/6).
√
66. With x = − 3/2, y = 0, and z = −1/2, we have ρ2 = 1, tan θ = 0, and cos φ = −1/2. The
point is (1, 2π/3, 0).
67. ρ = 8
68. ρ2 = 4ρ cos φ; ρ = 4 cos φ

√
69. 4z 2 = 3x2 + 3y 2 + 3z 2 ; 4ρ2 cos2 φ = 3ρ2 ; cos φ = ± 3/2; φ = π/6 or equivalently, φ = 5π/6
70. −x2 − y 2 − z 2 = 1 − 2z 2 ; −ρ2 = 1 − 2ρ2 cos2 φ; ρ2 (2 cos2 φ − 1) = 1
71. x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 100
72. cos φ = 1/2; ρ2 cos2 φ = ρ2 /4; 4z 2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 ; x2 + y 2 = 3z 2
73. ρ cos φ = 2; z = 2
74. ρ(1 − cos2 φ) = cos φ; ρ2 − ρ2 cos2 φ = ρ cos φ; x2 + y 2 + z 2 − z 2 = z; z = x2 + y 2
75. The equations are φ = π/4 and ρ = 3. z

ρ=3
ˆ 2π ˆ π/4 ˆ 3 3 3
2π π/4
1 3
ˆ ˆ
V = ρ2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ = ρ sin φ dφ dθ

0 0 0 0 0 3
0
2 y
ˆ 2π ˆ π/4 ˆ 2π π/4 ˆ 2π √ ! 2
2 x
= 9 sin φ dφ dθ = −9 cos φ dθ = −9 −1 dθ

0 0 0 0 2
0
√
= 9π(2 − 2 )
76. The equations are ρ = 2, θ = π/4, and θ = π/3. z

2 2
ˆ π/3 ˆ π/2 ˆ 2 ˆ π/3 ˆ π/2
2 1 3 ρ=2
ρ sin φ dρ dφ dθ = ρ sin φ dφ dθ

π/4 0 0 π/4 0 3
0
π/2 2 y
π/3 ˆ π/2 π/3
8 8
ˆ ˆ
= sin φ dφ dθ = − cos φ dθ 2

π/4 0 3 3 π/4
0 x
π/3
8 2π
ˆ
= (0 + 1) dθ =
3 π/4 9
77. From Problem 69, we have φ = π/6. Since the figure is in the first octant z ρ = 2 sec φ
2
and z = 2 we also have θ = 0, θ = π/2, and ρ cos φ = 2.
ˆ π/2 ˆ π/6 ˆ 2 sec φ ˆ π/2 ˆ π/6 2 sec φ
1
V = ρ2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ = ρ3 sin φ dφ dθ

0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 y
0
x
8 π/2 π/6 3 8 π/2 π/6 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
= sec φ sin φ dφ dθ = sec φ tan φ dφ dθ
3 0 0 3 0 0
π/6
8 π/2 1 4 π/2 1 2
ˆ ˆ
2
= tan φ dθ = dθ = π
3 0 2 3 0 3 9
0
78. The equations are ρ = 1 and φ = π/4. We find the volume above the z
1
xy-plane and double.
1
ˆ 2π ˆ π/2 ˆ 1 ˆ 2π ˆ π/2 ρ=1
2 1 3
V =2 ρ sin φ dρ dφ dθ = 2 ρ sin φ dφ dθ

3 1 y
0 π/4 0 0 π/4
0
1
x
2π π/2 2π
π/2 √ √
2 2 2 2π 2 2π 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
V = sin φ dφ dθ = − cos φ dθ = dθ =

3 0 π/4 3 0 3 0 2 3
π/4
z
79. By symmetry, x̄ = ȳ = 0. The equations are φ = π/4 and ρ = 2 cos φ. 1
ˆ 2π ˆ π/4 ˆ 2 cos φ
ρ = 2 cos φ
m= ρ2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ
0 0 0
2 cos φ
2π π/4
1 3 8 2π π/4
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
= ρ sin φ dφ dθ = sin φ cos3 φ dφ dθ 1 y

0 0 3 3 0 0 1
0
x
π/4
8 2π 1 2 2π 1
ˆ ˆ
4
= − cos φ dθ = − − 1 dθ = π
3 0 4 3 0 4
0
ˆ 2π ˆ π/4 ˆ 2 cos φ ˆ 2π ˆ π/4 ˆ 2 cos φ

2
Mxy = zρ sin φ dρ dφ dθ = ρ3 sin φ cos φ dρ dφ dθ
0 0 0 0 0 0
2 cos φ
2π ˆ π/4 ˆ 2π ˆ π/4
1 4
ˆ
= ρ sin φ cos φ dφ dθ = 4 cos5 φ sin φ dφ dθ

0 0 4 0 0
0
ˆ 2π π/4
2 2π 1

1 7
ˆ
6
=4 − cos φ dθ = − − 1 dθ = π
0 6 3 0 8 6
0
7π/6
z̄ = Mxy /m = = 7/6. The centroid is (0, 0, 7/6).
π
80. We are given density = kz. By symmetry, x̄ = ȳ = 0. The equation is z

1
ρ = 1.
ˆ 2π ˆ π/2 ˆ 1 ρ= 1
m= kzρ2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ 1 y
0 0 0 1
ˆ 2π ˆ π/2 ˆ 1 x
=k ρ3 sin φ cos φ dρ dφ dθ
0 0 0
1
2π π/2 ˆ 2π ˆ π/2
1 4 1
ˆ ˆ
m=k ρ sin φ cos φ dφ dθ = k sin φ cos φ dφ dθ

0 0 4 4 0 0
0
π/2
2π ˆ 2π
1 1 1 kπ
ˆ
2
= k sin φ dθ = k dθ =
4 0 2 8 0 4
0
ˆ 2π ˆ π/2 ˆ 1 ˆ 2π ˆ π/2 ˆ 1
2 2
Mxy = kz ρ sin φ dρ dφ dθ = k ρ4 cos2 φ sin φ dρ dφ dθ
0 0 0 0 0 0
1
2π ˆ π/2 ˆ 2π ˆ π/2
1 5 1
ˆ
2
=k ρ cos φ sin φ dφ dθ = k cos2 φ sin φ dφ dθ

0 0 5 5 0 0
0
ˆ 2π π/2 ˆ 2π
1 1
3 1 2
= k − cos φ dθ = − k (0 − 1) dθ = kπ
5 0 3 15 0 15
0
2kπ/15
z̄ = Mxy /m = = 8/15. The center of mass is (0, 0, 8/15).
kπ/4
81. We are given density = k/ρ. z ρ= 5
ˆ 2π ˆ cos−1 4/5 ˆ 5 5
k 2
m= ρ sin φ dρ dφ dθ
0 0 4 sec φ ρ
ρ = 4 sec φ
ˆ 2π ˆ cos−1 4/5 5
1 2
=k ρ sin φ dφ dθ 3 y

0 0 2 3
4 sec φ
x
2π cos−1 4/5
1
ˆ ˆ
= k (25 sin φ − 16 tan φ sec φ) dφ dθ
2 0 0
cos−1 4/5
2π ˆ 2π
1 1
ˆ
m= k (−25 cos φ − 16 sec φ) dθ = k [−25(4/5) − 16(5/4) − (−25 − 16)] dθ

2 0 2 0
0
2π
1
ˆ
= k dθ = kπ
2 0
82. We are given density = kρ. z

ˆ 2π ˆ π ˆ a a
Iz = (x2 + y 2 )(kρ)ρ2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ ρ= a
0 0 0
ˆ 2π ˆ π ˆ a a y
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 a
=k (ρ sin φ cos θ + ρ sin φ sin θ)ρ sin φ dρ dφ dθ
0 0 0 x
a
2π π a 2π π
1 6 3
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
=k ρ5 sin3 φ dρ dφ dθ = k ρ sin φ dφ dθ
0 0 0 0 0 6
0
2π π 2π π
1 6 1
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
= ka sin3 φ dφ dθ = ka3 (1 − cos2 φ) sin φ dφ dθ
6 0 0 6 0 0
ˆ 2π π
1 3 1 1 3 2π 4 4π 6
ˆ
3
= ka − cos φ + cos φ dθ = ka dθ = ka

6 0 3 6 0 3 9
0
9.16 Divergence Theorem 773
9.16 Divergence Theorem
1. div F = y + z + x z
1
The Triple Integral:
˚ ˆ 1ˆ 1ˆ 1 S4
div F dV = (x + y + z) dx dy dz
D 0 0 0 S6 1 y
ˆ 1ˆ 1 1 1
1 2
= x + xy + xz dy dz x

S1
0 0 2
0
1ˆ 1 1 1
1 1 1
˚ ˆ ˆ
div F dV = +y+z dy dz = y + y 2 + yz dz

D 0 0 2 0 2 2
0
ˆ 1 1
1 1 3
= (1 + z) dz = (1 + z 2 ) = 2 − =

0 2 2 2
0
The Surface Integral: Let the surfaces be S1 in z = 0, S2 in z = 1, S3 in y = 0, S4 in

y = 1, S5 in x = 0, and S6 in x = 1. The unit outward normal vectors are −k, k, −j, j, −i
and i, respectively. Then
¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
F · n dS = F · (−k) dS1 + F · k dS2 + F · (−j) dS3 + F · j dS4
S S1 S2 S3 S4
¨ ¨
+ F · (−i) dS5 + F · i dS6
S5 S6
¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
= (−xz) dS1 + xz dS2 + (−yz) dS3 + yz dS4
S1 S2 S3 S4
¨ ¨
+ (−xy) dS5 + xy dS6
S5 S6
¨ ¨ ¨
= x dS2 + z dS4 + y dS6
S2 S4 S6
ˆ 1ˆ 1 ˆ 1ˆ 1 ˆ 1ˆ 1
= x dx dy + z dz dx + y dy dz
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1
1 1 1 3
ˆ ˆ ˆ
= dy + dx + dz = .
0 2 0 2 0 2 2
2. div F = 6y + 4z z
1 S1
The Triple Integral:
˚ ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x ˆ 1−x−y
S4 S3
div F dV = (6y + 4z) dz dy dx
D 0 0 0 1 y
1−x−y
ˆ 1ˆ 1−x 1 S2
= (6yz + 2z 2 ) dy dx

0 0 x
0
ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x
= (−4y 2 + 2y − 2xy + 2x2 − 4x + 2) dy dx
0 0
1 1−x
4
ˆ
= − y 3 + y 2 − xy 2 + 2x2 y − 4xy + 2y dx

3

0
0
1 1
5 5 5 4 5 3 5 2 5 5
ˆ
= − x3 + 5x2 − 5x + dx = − x + x − x + x =
0 3 3 12 3 2 3 12
0
The Surface Integral: Let the surfaces be S1 in the plane x + y + z = 1, S2 in z = 0, S3 in

√
x = 0, and S4 in y = 0. The unit outward normal vectors are n1 = (i + j + k)/ 3 , n2 = −k,
√
n3 = −i, and n4 = −j, respectively. Now on S1 , dS1 = 3 dA1 , on S3 , x = 0, and on S4 ,
y = 0, so
¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
F · n dS = F · n1 dS1 + F · (−k) dS2 + F · (−j) dS3 + F · (−i) dS4
S S1 S2 S3 S4
ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x
−y
= (6xy + 4y(1 − x − y) + xe ) dy dx + (−xe−y ) dy dx
0 0 0 0
¨ ¨
+ (−6xy) dS3 + (−4yz) dS4
S3 S4
1 1−x ˆ 1 1−x
4
ˆ
= xy 2 + 2y 2 − y 3 − xe−y dx + xe−y dx + 0 + 0

3

0 0
0 0
1 1
4
ˆ ˆ
= [x(1 − x)2 + 2(1 − x)2 − (1 − x)3 − xex−1 + x] dx + (xex−1 − x) dx
0 3 0
1
1 2 2 3 1 4 2 1 5
= x − x + x − (1 − x)3 + (1 − x)4 = .

2 3 4 3 3 12
0
3. div F = 3x2 + 3y 2 + 3z 2 . Using spherical coordinates,

¨ ˚ ˆ 2π ˆ π ˆ a
2 2 2
F · n dS = 3(x + y + z ) dV = 3ρ2 ρ2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ
S D 0 0 0
a
2π π
3 5 3a5 2π π
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
= ρ sin φ dφ dθ = sin φ dφ dθ

0 0 5 5 0 0
0
π
3a5 2π 6a5 2π 12πa5
ˆ ˆ
= − cos φ dθ = dθ = .

5 0 5 0 5
0
4. div F = 4 + 1 + 4 = 9. Using the formula for the volume of a sphere,

4 3
¨ ˚
F · n dS = 9 dV = 9 π2 = 96π.
S D 3
5. div F = 2(z − 1). Using cylindrical coordinates,
5
¨ ˚ ˆ 2π ˆ 4ˆ 5 ˆ 2π ˆ 4
F · n dS = 2(z − 1) dV = 2(z − 1) dz r dr dθ = (z − 1)2 r dr dθ

S D 0 0 1 0 0
1
ˆ 2π ˆ 4 ˆ 2π 4 ˆ 2π

2
= 16r dr dθ = 8r dθ = 128 dθ = 256π.
0 0 0 0
0
6. div F = 2x + 2z + 12z 2 . z
¨ ˚ ˆ 3ˆ 2ˆ 1 3
F · n dS = div F dV = (2x + 2z + 12z 2 ) dx dy dz
S D 0 0 0
ˆ 3ˆ 2 1

2 2
= (x + 2xz + 12xz ) dy dz 1 2 y
0 0
0
x
3
¨ ˆ 3ˆ 2 ˆ 3
F · n dS = (1 + 2z + 12z 2 ) dy dz = 2(1 + 2z + 12z 2 ) dz = (2z + 2z 2 + 8z 3 ) = 240

S 0 0 0
0
7. div F = 3z 2 . Using cylindrical coordinates, z

z = √ 4 – r2
¨ ˚ ˆ 2π ˆ √3 ˆ √
4−r 2 2
F · n dS = div F dV = 3z 2 r dz dr dθ
S D 0 0 0
√ √4−r2
ˆ 2π ˆ 3 2 y
= rz 3 dr dθ

0 0 2 r = √3
0
x
√
¨ ˆ 2π ˆ 3
F · n dS = r(4 − r 2 )3/2 dr dθ
S 0 0
√3
2π ˆ 2π ˆ 2π
1 1 31 62π
ˆ
= − (4 − r 2 )5/2 dθ = − (1 − 32) dθ = dθ = .

0 5 0 5 0 5 5
0
8. div F = 2x. z
¨ ˚ ˆ 3ˆ 9ˆ 9−y
F · n dS = div F dV = 2x dz dy dx 9
S D 0 x2 0
z=9–y
9
ˆ 3ˆ 9 ˆ 3
= 2x(9 − y) dy dx = −x(9 − y)2 dx

0 x2 0 2
x 9 y
ˆ 3 ˆ 3 4
= x(9 − x)2 dx = (x3 − 18x2 + 81x) dx x y = x2
0 0
3
1 4 81 2 891
= x − 6x3 + x =

4 2 4
0
1 y
9. div F = . Using spherical coordinates,
x2 + y 2 + z 2
2π π b
1 2
¨ ˚ ˆ ˆ ˆ
F · n dS = div F dV = 2
ρ sin φ dρ dφ dθ a b x
S D 0 0 a ρ
ˆ 2π ˆ π ˆ 2π π

= (b − a) sin φ dφ dθ = (b − a) − cos φ dθ

0 0 0
0
ˆ 2π
= (b − a) 2 dθ = 4π(b − a).
0
¨ ˚
10. Since div F = 0, F · n dS = 0 dV = 0.
S D
11. div F = 2z + 10y − 2z = 10y.
4−z
¨ ˚ ˆ 2 ˆ 2−x2 /2 ˆ 4−z ˆ 2 ˆ 2−x2 /2
F · n dS = 10y dV = 10y dy dz dx = 5y 2 dz dx

S D 0 0 z 0 0
z
ˆ 2 ˆ 2−x2 /2
= (80 − 40z) dz dx
0 0
2−x2 /2 2
ˆ 2 ˆ 2
= (80z − 20z 2 ) dx = (80 − 5x4 ) dx = (80x − x5 ) = 128

0 0
0 0
12. div F = 30xy. z

¨ ˚ ˆ 2 ˆ 2−x ˆ 3 3
F · n dS = 30xy dV = 30xy dz dy dx
S D 0 0 x+y
3
ˆ 2 ˆ 2−x
= 30xyz dy dx

0 0
x+y
2 y
ˆ 2ˆ 2−x
2 2 2
= (90xy − 30x y − 30xy ) dy dx
0 0 x
2−x
ˆ 2
2 2 2 3
= (45xy − 15x y − 10xy ) dx

0
0
2 2
45
¨ ˆ
F · n dS = (−5x4 + 45x3 − 120x2 + 100x) dx = −x5 + x4 − 40x3 + 50x2 = 28

S 0 4
0
13. div F = 6xy 2 + 1 − 6xy 2 = 1. Using cylindrical coordinates,

¨ ˚ ˆ π ˆ 2 sin θ ˆ 2r sin θ ˆ π ˆ 2 sin θ
F · n dS = dV = dz r dr dθ = (2r sin θ − r 2 )r dr dθ
S D 0 0 r2 0 0
π 2 sin θ ˆ π
2 3 1 4 16
ˆ
4 4
= r sin θ − r dθ = sin θ − 4 sin θ dθ
0 3 4 0 3
0
ˆ π π
4 4 4 3 1 1 π
= sin θ dθ = θ − sin 2θ + sin 4θ =

3 0 3 8 4 32 2
0
14. div F = y 2 + x2 . Using spherical coordinates, we have x2 + y 2 = ρ2 sin2 φ and z = ρ cos φ or

ρ = z sec φ. Then
¨ ˚ ˆ 2π ˆ π/4 ˆ 4 sec φ
2 2
F · n dS = (x + y ) dS = ρ2 sin2 φρ2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ
S D 0 0 2 sec φ
4 sec φ
2π π/4 ˆ 2π ˆ π/4
1 5 4 992
ˆ ˆ
= ρ sin φ dφ dθ = sec5 φ sin4 φ dφ dθ
0 0 5 0 0 5
2 sec φ
π/4
2π π/4 2π
992 992 1 992 2π 1
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
= tan3 φ sec2 φ dφ dθ = 4
tan φ dθ = dθ
0 0 5 5 0 4 5 0 4
0
496π
= .
5
−2x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 − 2y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 − 2z 2

15. (a) div E = q + + 2 =0
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2 (x + y 2 + z 2 )5/2
¨ ˚ ˚
(E · n) dS = div E dV = 0 dV = 0
S∪Sa D D
¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
(b) From (a), (E · n) dS + (E · n) dS = 0 and (E · n) dS = − (E · n) dS. On
S Sa S Sa
Sa , |r| = a, n = −(xi + yj + zk)/a = −r/a and

E · n = (qr/a3 ) · (−r/a) = −qa2 /a4 = −q/a2 . Thus
q q q q
¨ ¨ ¨
(E · n) dS = − − 2 dS = 2 dS = 2 × (area of Sa ) = 2 (4πa2 ) = 4πq.
S Sa a a Sa a a
¨ ˚
16. (a) By Gauss’ Law (E · n) dS = 4πρ dV , and by the Divergence Theorem
D
¨ ˚ ˚ ˚
(E · n) dS = div E dV . Thus 4πρ dV = div E dV and
S D D D
˚
(4πρ − div E) dV = 0. Since this holds for all regions D, 4πρ − div E = 0 and
D
div E = 4πρ.
(b) Since E is irrotational, E = ∇φ and ∇2 φ = ∇ · ∇φ = ∇E = div E = 4πρ.
17. Since div a = 0, by the Divergence Theorem

¨ ˚ ˚
(a · n) dS = div a dV = 0 dV = 0.
S D D
18. By the Divergence Theorem and Problem 30 in Section 9.7,

¨ ˚ ˚
(curl F · n) dS = div (curl F) dV = 0 dV = 0.
S D D
19. By the Divergence Theorem and Problem 27 in Section 9.7,

¨ ˚ ˚ ˚
(f ∇g) · n dS = div (f ∇g) dV = ∇ · (f ∇g) dV = [f (∇ · ∇g) + ∇g · ∇f ] dV
S D D D
˚
= (f ∇2 g + ∇g · ∇f ) dV .
D
20. By the Divergence Theorem and Problems 25 and 27 in Section 9.7,

¨ ˚ ˚
(f ∇g − g∇f ) · n dS = div (f ∇g − g∇f ) dV = ∇ · (f ∇g − g∇f ) dV
S D D
˚
= [f (∇ · ∇g) + ∇g · ∇f − g(∇ · ∇f ) − ∇f · ∇g] dV
D
˚
= (f ∇2 g − g∇2 f ) dV .
D
21. If G(x, y, z) is a vector valued function then we define surface integrals and triple integrals of
G component-wise. In this case, if a is a constant vector it is easily shown that
¨ ¨ ˚ ˚
a · G dS = a · G dS and a · G dV = a · G dV .
S S D D
Now let F = f a. Then

¨ ¨ ¨
F · n dS = (f a) · n dS = a · (f n) dS
S S S
and, using Problem 27 in Section 9.7 and the fact that ∇ · a = 0, we have
˚ ˚ ˚ ˚
div F dV = ∇ · (f a) dV = [f (∇ · a) + a · ∇f ] dV = a · ∇f dV .
D D D D
By the Divergence Theorem,

¨ ¨ ˚ ˚
a · (f n) dS = F · n dS = div F dV = a · ∇f dV
S S D D
and
¨ ˚ ¨ ˚
a· f n dS =a· ∇f dV or a· f n dS − ∇f dV = 0.
S D S D
Since a is arbitrary,
¨ ˚ ¨ ˚
f n dS − ∇f dV = 0 and f n dS = ∇f dV .
S D S D
9.17 Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals 779
¨ ˚ ˚
22. B + W = − pn dS + mG = mG − ∇p dV = mG − ρ G dV
S D D
˚
= mG − ρ dV G = mG − mG = 0
D
9.17 Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals
1. T : (0, 0) → (0, 0); (0, 2) → (−2, 8); (4, 0) → (16, 20); (4, 2) → (14, 28)
2. Writing x2 = v − u and y = v + u and solving for u and v, we obtain u = (y − x2 )/2

and v = (x2 + y)/2. Then the images under T −1 are (1, 1) → (0, 1); (1, 3) → (1, 2);
√
( 2 , 2) → (0, 2).
3. The uv-corner points (0, 0), (2, 0), (2, 2) correspond to xy-points (0, 0), (4, 2), (6, −4).
v y
v = 0:
2 2
x = 2u, y = u implies y = x/2 y = x/2
y = 14 – 3x
u = 2: x
3 6
x = 4 + v, y = 2 − 3v implies 1 v=u u=2
S –2 y = –2x/3
y = 2 − 3(x − 4) = −3x + 14
v=0
v = u: 1 2 u –4
x = 3u, y = −2u implies y = −2x/3
4. Solving for x and y we see that the transformation is x = 2u/3 + v/3, y = −u/3 + v/3.
The uv-corner points (−1, 1), (4, 1), (4, 5), (−1, 5) correspond to the xy-points (−1/3, 2/3),
(3, −1), (13/3, 1/3), (1, 2).
v y
v = 1: x + 2y = 1;
6 6
v=5
v = 5: x + 2y = 5;
u = −1: x − y = −1; u = –1 3 S u=4 3
u = 4: x − y = 4 x – y = –1 x + 2y = 5
v=1
–2 2 4 u –2 3 x – y = 4x
x + 2y = 1
5. The uv-corner points (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 2), (0, 2) correspond to the xy-points (0, 0), (1, 0),
(−3, 2), (−4, 0).
v y
v = 0: x = u2 , y = 0 implies y = 0
and 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 v=2 x = y2/4 – 4
2 2
u=0 S u=1 x = 1 – y2
u = 1: x = 1 − v 2 , y = v implies
–4 2 v=0 2 u 4 2 y=0 2 x
x = 1 − y2
v = 2: x = u2 − 4, y = 2u implies
x = y 2 /4 − 4
u = 0: x = −v 2 , y = 0 implies y = 0
and −4 ≤ x ≤ 0
6. The uv-corner points (1, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2) correspond to the xy-points (1, 1), (2, 1), (4, 4),
(2, 4).
v = 1: x = u, y = 1 implies y = 1, v y
1≤x≤2 y=4
4 4
u = 2: x = 2v, y = v2 implies y =
y = x2
x2 /4 2
v=2
2 y = x2/4
u=1
S u=2
v = 2: x = 2u, y = 4 implies y = 4, v=1 y=1
2≤x≤4 2 4 u 2 4 x
u = 1: x = v, y = v2 implies y = x2

∂(x, y) −ve−u e−u
7. = = −2v
∂(u, v) veu eu

∂(x, y) 3e3u sin v e3u cos v
8. = = −3e6u
∂(u, v) 3e3u cos v −e3u sin v

3 2
∂(u, v) −2y/x 1/x 3y 2 y 2 ∂(x, y) 1 1
9. = = − 4 = −3 2 = −3u2 ; = 2
=− 2
∂(x, y) −y 2 /x2 2y/x x x ∂(u, v) −3u 3u

2(y 2 − x2 )

−4xy
2 2 2 (x2 + y 2 )2
∂(u, v) (x + y ) 4
10. = =
2 2 2
∂(x, y) 4xy 2(y 2 − x2 ) (x + y )

(x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2
From u = 2x/(x2 + y 2 ) and v = −2y(x2 + y 2 ) we obtain u2 + v 2 = 4/(x2 + y 2 ). Then

x2 + y 2 = 4/(u2 + v 2 ) and ∂(x, y)/∂(u, v) = (x2 + y 2 )2 /4 = 4/(u2 + v 2 )2 .
11. (a) The uv-corner points (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1) correspond to the xy-points (0, 0), (1, 0),
(0, 1), (0, 0).
v = 0: x = u, y = 0 implies v y
y = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
v=1
u = 1: x = 1 − v, y = v implies
y=1–x
y =1−x u=0 S u=1 x=0
v = 1: x = 0, y = u implies v=0 u y=0 x

x = 0, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1
u = 0: x = 0, y = 0
(b) Since the segment u = 0, 0 ≤ v ≤ 1 in the uv-plane maps to the origin in the xy-plane,
the transformation is not one-to-one.

∂(x, y) 1 − v v
12. = = u. The transformation is 0 when u is 0, for 0 ≤ v ≤ 1.
∂(u, v) −u u
y v
13. R1:
R4 3
x + y = −1 implies v = −1 R3
2
R –3 S 3
–6 –3 R1 3 6 x u
R2: R2 –2
–3
x − 2y = 6 implies u = 6
R3:
x + y = 3 implies v = 3
R4:
x − 2y = −6 implies u = −6

∂(u, v) 1 −2 ∂(x, y) 1
= = 3 or =
∂(x, y) 1 1 ∂(u, v) 3
ˆ 3ˆ 6 ˆ 3 3
1 1 1 1
¨ ¨
(x + y) dA = v dA′ = v du dv = (12) v dv = 4 v 2 = 16

R S 3 3 −1 −6 3 −1 2
−1
14. R1: v y
y = −3x + 3 implies v = 3 2 2
y = x/2
y = 14 – 3x
R2:
3 6 x
y = x − π implies u = π 1 v=u u=2
S –2 y = –2x/3
R3:
y = −3x + 6 implies v = 6 v=0
u –4
1 2
R4:
y = x implies u = 0

∂(u, v) 1 −1 ∂(x, y) 1
= = 4 or =
∂(x, y) 3 1 ∂(u, v) 4
π
cos 21 (x − y)
ˆ 6ˆ π ˆ 6
cos u/2 1 1 cos u/2 1 2 sin u/2
¨ ¨
dA = dA′ = du dv = dv

R 3x + y S v 4 4 3 0 v 4 3 v
0
6
6
1 dv 1 1
ˆ
= = ln v = ln 2

2 3 v 2 2
3
15. R1: y = x2 implies u = 1 y v

2 R4 2
R2: x = y 2 implies v = 1
R R3 S
1 2
R1
R3: y = 2x implies u = 2
R2
1 2
R4: x = 2y implies v = 2
x u

∂(u, v) 2x/y −x2 /y 2 ∂(x, y) 1
= = 3 or =
∂(x, y) −y 2 /x2 2y/x ∂(u, v) 3
ˆ 2ˆ 2 ˆ 2 2
y2

1 1 1 1 1
¨ ¨
dA = v dA′ = v du dv = v dv = v 2 =

R x S 3 3 1 1 3 1 6 2
1
16. R1: x2 + y 2 = 2y implies v = 1 y v

3 2
R2: x2 + y 2 = 2x implies u = 1
R4
R3: x2 + y 2 = 6y implies v = 1/3
R
R1 R3
R4: x2 + y 2 = 4x implies u = 1/2 S
R2
3 x 2 u
2(y 2 − x2 ) −4xy

2 2 2 (x2 + y 2 )2

∂(u, v) (x + y ) −4
= = 2 2 2
∂(x, y) −4xy 2(x2 − y 2 ) (x + y )

2
(x + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2

Using u2 + v 2 = 4/(x2 + y 2 ) we see that ∂(x, y)/∂(u, v) = −4/(u2 + v 2 )2 .

¨ −3 ˆ 1 ˆ 1
4 −4 dA′ = 1
¨
2 2 −3
(u2 + v 2 ) du dv

(x + y ) dA =
R S u + v2
2 (u2 + v 2 )2 16 1/3 1/2
115
=
5184
17. R1: 2xy = c implies v = c v v

d d
R2: x2 − y 2 = b implies u = b
S
R3: 2xy = d implies v = d
c c
R3
R4: x2 − y2 = a implies u = a R4 R
R2
R1
a b u a b u

∂(u, v) 2x −2y ∂(x, y) 1
= = 4(x2 + y 2 ) or =
∂(x, y) 2y 2x ∂(u, v) 4(x + y 2 )
2
dˆ b
1 1 1
¨ ¨ ˆ
(x2 + y 2 ) dA = (x2 + y 2 ) 2 2
dA′ = du dv = (b − a)(d − c)
R S 4(x + y ) 4 c a 4
y
18. R1: xy = −2 implies v = −2
2
R2: x2 − y 2 = 9 implies u = 9 R3 v
R3: xy = 2 implies v = 2 R4 R R2 2
S
2 4 x 5 10 u
–2
R4: x2 − y 2 = 1 implies u = 1
R1
–2

∂(u, v) 2x −2y ∂(x, y) 1
= = 2(x2 + y 2 ) or =
∂(x, y) y x ∂(u, v) 2(x2 + y 2 )
2 9
1 1
¨ ¨ ˆ ˆ
2 2 2 2 ′
(x + y ) sin xy dA = (x + y ) sin v dA = sin v du dv
R S 2(x + y 2 )
2 2 −2 1
2
1
ˆ
= 8 sin v dv = 0
2 −2
19. R1: y v
y = x2 v + u = v − u implies u = 0
R2
R2:
2 R3 R 2
y = 4 − x2 implies v + u = 4 − (v − u) implies
S
v + u = 4 − v + u implies v = 2 R1
R3:
x = 1 implies v − u = 1 implies v = 1 + u
1 x 1 u
1 1

∂(x, y) − √ √ 1
= 2 v−u 2 v − u = − √
∂(u, v) 1 1 v −u
¨ √
1 1 2 1 1

x v − u 1 1
¨ ˆ ˆ ˆ
′
dA = − √ dA = dv du = [ln 2 − ln (1 + u)] du
R y + x2 S 2v v − u 2 0 1+u v 2 0
1
1 1 1 1
= ln 2 − [(1 + u) ln (1 + u) − (1 + u)] = ln 2 − [2 ln 2 − 2 − (0 − 1)]

2 2 2 2
0
1 1
= − ln 2
2 2
20. Solving x = 2u − 4v, y = 3u + v y v

2
1
for u and v we obtain u = 14 x + 72 y, R3
3
3
v = − 14 x + 71 y. The xy-corner points R1
R R2
S
(−4, 1), (0, 0), (2, 3) correspond to the –4 –2 2 x
2 u
uv-points (0, 1), (0, 0), (1, 0).

∂(x, y) 2 −4
= = 14
∂(u, v) 3 1
1 ˆ 1−u 1 1−u
1
¨ ¨ ˆ ˆ
y dA = (3u + v)(14) dA = 14 ′
(3u + v) dv du = 14 3uv + v 2 du

2

R S 0 0 0
0
ˆ 1 1
1 5 2 35 28
= 14 + 2u − u du = 7u + 14u2 − u3 =

0 2 2 3 3
0
21. R1: y = 1/x implies u = 1 y v

4 4
R2: y = x implies v = 1 R4
R3
R3: y = 4/x implies u = 4 S
2 R 2
R4: y = 4x implies v = 4 R1 R2
2 4 x 2 4 u

∂(u, v) y x 2y ∂(x, y) x
= = or =
∂(x, y) −y/x2 1/x x ∂(u, v) 2y
4
4ˆ 4 4
1 4

1 1 1 1 3
¨ ¨ ˆ ˆ ˆ
y 4 dA = u2 v 2 du dv = u2 v du dv = u v dv = 63v dv
R S 2v 2 1 1 2 1 3 6 1
1
4
21 2 315
= v =
4 4
1
22. Under the transformation u = y + z, v = −y + z, w = x − y the parallelepiped D is mapped

to the parallelepiped E: 1 ≤ u ≤ 3, −1 ≤ v ≤ 1, 0 ≤ w ≤ 3.

0 1 1
∂(u, v, w) ∂(x, y, z) 1
= 0 −1 1 = 2 or =

∂(x, y, z) ∂(u, v, w) 2
1 −1 0
1 1 3 1 3
¨ ¨ ˆ ˆ ˆ
′
(4z + 2x − 2y) dV = (2u + 2v + 2w) dV = (2u + 2v + 2w) du dv dw
D E 2 2 0 −1 1
3
1 3 1 2 1 3 1
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
= (u + 2uv + 2uw) dv dw = (8 + 4v + 4w) dv dw

2 0 −1 2 0 −1
1
1 3
3 ˆ ˆ 3
= (4v + v 2 + 2vw) dw = (8 + 4w) dw = (8w + 2w2 ) = 42

0 0
−1 0
23. We let u = y − x and v = y + x. y v

1
1
R2 S
R1: y = 0 implies u = −x, v = x implies R3
R
v = −u –1 R1 1 x –1 1 u
R2: x + y = 1 implies v = 1
R3: x = 0 implies u = y, v = y implies

v=u

∂(u, v) −1 1 ∂(x, y) 1
= = −2 or =−
∂(x, y) 1 1 ∂(u, v) 2
ˆ 1ˆ v ˆ 1 v
1 1 1
¨ ¨
e(y−x)/(y+x) dA = eu/v − dA′ = eu/v du dv = veu/v dv

R S 2 2 0 −v 2 0
−v
1
1 1 1 1 1
ˆ
= v(e − e−1 ) dv = (e − e−1 ) v 2 = (e − e−1 )

2 0 2 2 4
0
24. We let u = y − x and v = y. y v

2 2
R1: y = 0 implies v = 0, u = −x implies
v = 0, 0 ≤ u ≤ 2
R3
R2: x = 0 implies v = u R S
R2
R3: y = x + 2 implies u = 2 –2 R1 x 2 u

∂(u, v) −1 1 ∂(x, y)
= = −1 or = −1
∂(x, y) 0 1 ∂(u, v)
2
2ˆ u 2
1 u2 1
¨ ¨ ˆ ˆ
y 2 −2xy+x2 u2 u2 u2
e dA = e | − 1| dA′ = e dv du = ue du = e = (e4 − 1)
R S 0 0 0 2 2
0
25. Noting that R2, R3, and R4 have equations y + 2x = 8, y − 2x = 0, and y + 2x = 2, we let
u = y/x and v = y + 2x.
R1: y = 0 implies u = 0, v = 2x implies y v
8
4
u = 0, 2 ≤ v ≤ 8
R3
S
R2: y + 2x = 8 implies v = 8 R2 4
R
R3: y − 2x = 0 implies u = 2
R4
R4: y + 2x = 2 implies v = 2 R1 4 x 2 4 u

2
∂(u, v) −y/x 1/x y + 2x ∂(x, y) x2
= =− 2
or =−
∂(x, y) 2 1 x ∂(u, v) y + 2x
x2
¨ ¨ ¨
x2 dA′
′
(6x + 3y) dA = 3 (y + 2x) −
dA = 3
R S y + 2x S
From y = ux we see that v = ux + 2x and x = v/(u + 2). Then

ˆ 2ˆ 8 ˆ 2 8 ˆ 2 2
¨
v 3 du 504
3 x2 dA′ = 3 v 2 (u + 2)2 dv du = du = 504 = −

2 2
0 (u + 2) 0 (u + 2) u + 2

S 0 2
2 0
= 126.
y v
26. We let u = x + y and v = x − y.
2 R4 2
R3
R1: x + y = 1 implies u = 1 R
R1 R2 S
R2: x − y = 1 implies v = 1 4 x 4 u
R3: x + y = 3 implies u = 3
–2 –2
R4: x − y = −1 implies v = −1

∂(u, v) [r]1 1 ∂(x, y) 1
= = −2 or =−
∂(x, y) 1 −1 ∂(u, v) 2
ˆ 3ˆ 1 ˆ 3 1
1 1 1
¨ ¨
4 x−y 4 v ′ 4 v 4 v
(x + y) e dA = u e − dA = u e dv du = u e du

R S 2 2 1 −1 2 1
−1
3
3
e − e−1 e − e−1 242(e − e−1 ) 121
ˆ
= u4 du = 5
u = = (e − e−1 )
2 1 10 10 5
1
27. Let u = xy and v = xy 1.4 . Then xy 1.4 = c implies v = c; xy = b implies u = b; xy 1.4 = d

implies v = d; xy = a implies u = a.

∂(u, v) y x ∂(x, y) 5
= 1.4 0.4 = 0.4xy 1.4 = 0.4v or =
∂(x, y) y 1.4xy ∂(u, v) 2v
ˆ dˆ b ˆ d
5 5 5 dv 5
¨ ¨
′
dA = dA = du dv = (b − a) = (b − a)(ln d − ln c)
R S 2v c a 2v 2 c v 2
Chapter 9 in Review 787
28. The image of the ellipsoid x2 /a2 + y 2 /b2 + z 2 /c2 = 1 under the transformation u = x/a,
v = y/b, w = z/c, is the unit sphere u2 + v 2 + w2 = 1. The volume of this sphere is 34 π. Now

a 0 0
∂(x, y, z)
= 0 b 0 = abc

∂(u, v, w)
0 0 c
and
4 4
˚ ˚ ˚
′ ′
dV = abc dV = abc dV = abc
πabc. π =
D E E 3 3

∂(x, y) 5 0
29. The image of the ellipse is the unit circle x2 + y 2 = 1. From = = 15 we obtain

∂(u, v) 0 3
1
2π 1 2π
x2 y 2
¨
15
¨ ˆ ˆ ˆ
+ dA = (u2 + v 2 )15 dA′ = 15 r 2 r dr dθ = r 4 dθ

R 25 9 S 0 0 4 0
0
2π
15 15π
ˆ
= dθ = .
4 0 2

sin φ cos θ ρ cos φ cos θ −ρ sin φ sin θ
∂(x, y, z)
30. = sin φ sin θ ρ cos φ sin θ ρ sin φ cos θ

∂(ρ, φ, θ)
cos φ −ρ sin φ 0
= cos φ(ρ2 sin φ cos φ cos2 θ + ρ2 sin φ cos φ sin2 θ)
+ ρ sin φ(ρ sin2 φ cos2 θ + ρ sin2 φ sin2 θ)
= ρ2 sin φ cos2 φ(cos2 θ + sin2 θ) + ρ2 sin3 φ(cos2 θ + sin2 θ)
= ρ2 sin φ(cos2 φ + sin2 φ) = ρ2 sin φ
Chapter 9 in Review
√
1. True; |v(t)| = 2
2. True; for all t, y = 4.
3. True
4. False; consider r(t) = t2 i. In this case, v(t) = 2ti and a(t) = 2i. Since v · a = 4t, the velocity
and acceleration vectors are not orthogonal for t 6= 0.
5. False; ∇f is perpendicular to the level curve f (x, y) = c.
6. False; consider f (x, y) = xy at (0, 0).
7. True; the value is 4/3.

8. True; since 2xy dx − x2 dy is not exact.

ˆ
9. False; x dx + x2 dy = 0 from (−1, 0) to (1, 0) along the x-axis and along the semicircle
C
√
y= 1 − x2 , but since x dx + x2 dy is not exact, the integral is not independent of path.
10. True
11. False; unless the first partial derivatives are continuous.
12. True 13. True
14. True; since curl F = 0 when F is a conservative vector field.
15. True 16. True 17. True 18. True
19. F = ∇φ = −x(x2 + y 2 )−3/2 i − y(x2 + y 2 )−3/2 j

i j k

20. curl F = ∂/∂x ∂/∂y ∂/∂z = 0

f (x) g(y) h(z)
21. v(t) = 6i + j + 2tk; a(t) = 2k. To find when the particle passes through the plane, we solve
−6t + t + t2 = −4 or t2 − 5t + 4 = 0. This gives t = 1 and t = 4. v(1) = 6i + j + 2k,
a(1) = 2k; v(4) = 6i + j + 8k, a(4) = 2k
22. We are given r(0) = i + 2j + 3k.

ˆ ˆ
r(t) = v(t) dt = (−10ti + (3t2 − 4t)j + k) dt = −5t2 i + (t3 − 2t2 )j + tk + c
i + 2j + 3k = r(0) = c
r(t) = (1 − 5t2 )i + (t3 − 2t2 + 2)j + (t + 3)k
r(2) = −19i + 2j + 5k
ˆ ˆ √ √ √ √
23. v(t) = a(t) dt = ( 2 sin ti + 2 cos tj) dt = − 2 cos ti + 2 sin tj + c;
√ √
− i + j + k = v(π/4) = −i + j + c, c = k; v(t) = − 2 cos ti + 2 sin tj + k;
√ √
r(t) = − 2 sin ti − 2 cos tj + tk + b;
i + 2j + (π/4)k = r(π/4) = −i − j + (π/4)k + b, b = 2i + 3j;

√ √
r(t) = (2 − 2 sin t)i + (3 − 2 cos t)j + tk; r(3π/4) = i + 4j + (3π/4)k
p
24. v(t) = ti + t2 j − tk; |v| = t t2 + 2 , t > 0; a(t) = i + 2tj − k; v · a = t + 2t3 + t = 2t + 2t3 ;
√ √
2 2 2
√ 2t + 2t3 2 + 2t2 t2 2 2t
v × a = t i + t k, |v × a| = t 2 ; aT = √ =√ , aN = √ =√ ;
2
t t +2 2
t +2 2
t t +2 2
t +2
√ √
t2 2 2
κ= 3 2 = 2
t (t + 2)3/2 t(t + 2)3/2
25.
26. r′ (t) = sinh ti + cosh tj + k, r′ (1) = sinh 1i + cosh 1j + k;

p p √ √
|r′ (t)| = sinh2 t + cosh2 t + 1 = 2 cosh2 t = 2 cosh t; |r′ (1)| = 2 cosh 1;
1 1 1 1
T(t) = √ tanh ti + √ j + √ sech tk, T(1) = √ (tanh 1i + j + sech 1k);
2 2 2 2
dT 1 1 d 1 1
= √ sech2 ti − √ sech t tanh tk; T(1) = √ sech2 1i − √ sech 1 tanh 1k,
dt 2 2 dt 2 2

d
T(1) = sech 1p
sech2 1 + tanh2 1 =
1

dt √ √ sech 1; n(1) = sech 1i − tanh 1k;
2 2
1 1 1
b(1) = T(1) × N(1) = − √ tanh 1i + √ (tanh2 1 + sech2 1)j − √ sech 1k
2 2 2
1
= √ (− tanh 1i + j − sech 1k)
2
√
d (sech 1)/ 2 1
= sech2 1
′
κ = T(1) /|r (1)| = √

dt 2 cosh 1 2
2 6 1
27. ∇f = (2xy − y 2 )i + (x2 − 2xy)j; u = √ i + √ j = √ (i + 3j);
40 40 10
1 1
Du f = √ (2xy − y 2 + 3x2 − 6xy) = √ (3x2 − 4xy − y 2 )
10 10
2x 2y 2z 2 1 2
28. ∇F = i+ 2 j+ 2 k; u = − i + j + k;
x2 2
+y +z 2 2
x +y +z 2 2
x +y +z 2 3 3 3
−4x + 2y + 4z
Du F =
3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
29. fx = 2xy 4 , fy = 4x2 y 3 .
(a) u = i, Du (1, 1) = fx (1, 1) = 2

√ √ √
(b) u = (i − j)/ 2 , Du (1, 1) = (2 − 4)/ 2 = −2/ 2
(c) u = j, Du (1, 1) = fy (1, 1) = 4
dw ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w dz
30. (a) = + +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
x y z
=p 6 cos 2t + p (−8 sin 2t) + p 15t2
x2 + y2 + z2 x2 + y2 + z2 x2 + y2 + z2
(6x cos 2t − 8y sin 2t + 15zt2 )

= p
x2 + y 2 + z 2
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
(b) = + +
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t ∂z ∂t

x6 2t y 8r 2r z
=p cos + p sin +p 15t2 r 3
2
x +y +z2 2 r r x + y2 + z2
2 t2 t x2 + y2 + z2

6x 2t 8yr 2r
cos + 2 sin + 15zt2 r 3
r r t t
= p
x2 + y 2 + z 2
√ π 1
31. F (x, y, z) = sin xy − z; ∇F = y cos xyi + x cos xyj − k; ∇F (1/2, 2π/3, 3/2) = i + j − k.
3 4
The equation of the tangent plane is
√ !
π 1 1 2π 3
x− + y− − z− =0
3 2 4 3 2
√
or 4πx + 3y − 12z = 4π − 6 3 .
32. We want to find a normal to the surface that is parallel to k. ∇F = (y − 2)i + (x − 2y)j + 2zk.
We need y − 2 = 0 and x − 2y = 0. The tangent plane is parallel to z = 2 when y = 2 and
√ √
x = 4. In this case z 2 = 5. The points are (4, 2, 5 ) and (4, 2, − 5 ).
ˆ 1 ˆ 2x p ˆ 1 p 2x ˆ 1 p

33. (a) V = 2
1 − x dy dx = 2
y 1 − x dx =

x 1 − x2 dx
0 x 0 0
x
1
1 1
= − (1 − x2 )3/2 =

3 3
0
ˆ 1ˆ y p ˆ 2ˆ 1 p
(b) V = 1 − x2 dx dy + 1 − x2 dx dy
0 y/2 1 y/2
34. We are given ρ = k(x2 + y 2 ).
1 ˆ x2 1 x2
1
ˆ ˆ
m= k(x2 + y 2 ) dy dx = k x2 y + y 3 dx

0 x3 0 3 3
x
1 1
1 1 1 5 1 1 1 k
ˆ
=k x + x6 − x5 − x9
4
dx = k x + x7 − x6 − x10 =

0 3 3 5 21 6 30 21
0
1 ˆ x2 1 x2
1
ˆ ˆ
My = k(x3 + xy 2 ) dy dx = k x3 y + xy 3 dx

0 x3 0 3 3
x
1 1
1 1 1 6 1 1 1 65k
ˆ
=k x + x7 − x6 − x10
5
dx = k x + x8 − x7 − x11 =

0 3 3 6 24 7 33 1848
0
1 ˆ x2 1 x2
1 2 2 1 4
ˆ ˆ
2 3
Mx = k(x y + y ) dy dx = k x y + y dx

0 x3 0 2 4 3
x
1 1
1 6 1 8 1 8 1 12 1 7 1 1 20k
ˆ
=k x + x − x − x dx = k x − x9 − x13 =

0 2 4 2 4 14 36 52 819
0
65k/1848 20k/819
x̄ = My /m = = 65/88; ȳ = Mx /m = = 20/39 The center of mass is
k/21 k/21
(65/88, 20/39).
1 ˆ x2 1 x2
1
ˆ ˆ
35. Iy = k(x4 + x2 y 2 ) dy dx = k x4 y + x2 y 3 dx

0 x3 0 3 3
x
1 1
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 41
ˆ
=k x6 + x8 − x7 − x11 dx = k x + x9 − x8 − x12 = k

0 3 3 7 27 8 36 1512
0
36. (a) Using symmetry,

ˆ aˆ
√
a2 −x2 ˆ √a2 −x2 −y2
V =8 dz dy dx
0 0 0
√
ˆ aˆ a2 −x2 p
=8 a2 − x2 − y 2 dy dx Trig substitution
0 0
√
a2 −x2
a
yp 2 a2 − x 2 y
ˆ
=8 a − x2 − y 2 + sin−1 √ dx

2 2 a2 − x 2

0
0
a a
π a2 − x 2

1 4
ˆ
=8 dx = 2π a2 x − x3 = πa3

0 2 2 3 3
0
(b) Using symmetry,

√
ˆ 2π ˆ a ˆ a2 −r 2 ˆ 2π ˆ a p
V =2 r dz dr dθ = 2 r a2 − r 2 dr dθ
0 0 0 0 0
a
2π
1 2 2 2π 3 4
ˆ ˆ
2 3/2
=2 − (a − r ) dθ = a dθ = πa3
0 3 3 0 3
0
a
2π π a 2π π
1 3
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
2
(c) V = ρ sin φ dρ dφ dθ = ρ sin φ dφ dθ

0 0 0 0 0 3
0
ˆ 2π ˆ π ˆ 2π π
1 1 1 2π 3 4
ˆ
3 3
= a sin φ dφ dθ = −a cos φ dθ = 2a dθ = πa3

3 0 0 3 0 3 0 3
0
37. We use spherical coordinates.

ˆ 2π ˆ π/4 ˆ 3 sec φ 3 sec φ
2π π/4
1 3
ˆ ˆ
2
V = ρ sin φ dρ dφ dθ = ρ sin φ dφ dθ

0 tan−1 1/3 0 0 tan−1 1/3 3
0
2π ˆ π/4 2π ˆ π/4
1
ˆ ˆ
= 27 sec3 φ sin φ dφ dθ = 9 tan φ sec2 φ dφ dθ
3 0 tan−1 1/3 0 tan−1 1/3
π/4
2π 2π
1 9 1
ˆ ˆ
=9 tan2 φ dθ = 1− dθ = 8π

0 2 −1 2 0 9
tan 1/3
2
2π π/6 ˆ 2 2π π/6
1 3
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
2
38. V = ρ sin φ dρ dφ dθ = ρ sin φ dφ dθ

0 0 1 0 0 3
1
π/6
2π π/6
7 2π π/6 7 2π

8 1
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
= sin φ − sin φ dφ dθ = sin φ dφ dθ = − cos φ dθ

0 0 3 3 3 0 0 3 0
0
ˆ 2π " √ # √ !
√
7 3 7 3 7π
= − − (−1) dθ = 1− 2π = (2 − 3 )
3 0 2 3 2 3
39. 2xy + 2xy + 2xy = 6xy

i j k
40. ∂/∂x ∂/∂y ∂/∂z = 2xzi − 2yzj + (y 2 − x2 )k

2
xy 2 2xyz

x y
∂ ∂ ∂ 2
41. (2xz) − (2yz) + (y − x2 ) = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
42. ∇(6xy) = 6yi + 6xj
ˆ 2π ˆ 2π √
z2 4t2
ˆ p
43. ds = 2 2
4 sin 2t + 4 cos 2t + 4 dt = 8 2 t2 dt
2
C x +y
2
π cos2 2t + sin2 2t π
√ 2π √
8 2 3 56 2 π 3
= t =
3 3
π
ˆ ˆ 0 √ √ ˆ 0
44. (xy + 4x) ds = [x(2 − 2x) + 4x] 1 + 4 dx = 5 (6x − 2x2 ) dx
C 1 1
0 √
√

2 2 3 7 5
= 5 3x − x = −
3 3
1
45. Since Py = 6x2 y = Qx , the integral is independent of path.
φx = 3x2 y 2 , φ = x3 y 2 + g(y), φy = 2x3 y + g ′ (y) = 2x3 y − 3y 2 ; g(y) = −y 3 ; φ = x3 y 2 − y 3 ;

(1,−2)
ˆ (1,−2)
3x2 y 2 dx + (2x3 y − 3y 2 ) dy = (x3 y 2 − y 3 ) = 12

(0,0)
(0,0)
46. Let x = a cos t, y = a sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Then using dx = −a sin t dt, dy = a cos t dt,
x2 + y 2 = a2 we have
2π 2π
−y dx + x dy 1
˛ ˆ ˆ
= [−a sin t(−a sin t) + a cos t(a cos t)] dt = (sin2 t + cos2 t) dt
C x2 + y 2 0 a2 0
ˆ 2π
= dt = 2π.
0
ˆ ˆ 1
2 y 2
47. y sin πz dx + x e dy + 3xyz dz = [t2 sin πt3 + t2 et (2t) + 3tt2 t3 (3t2 )] dt
C 0
ˆ 1
2
= (t2 sin πt3 + 2t3 et + 9t8 ) dt
0
1 ˆ 1
1 2
= − cos πt3 + t9 +2 t3 et dt Integration by parts

3π 0
0
1
2 2 t2

t2 2
= + 1 + (t e − e ) = +2
3π 3π
0
48. Parameterize C by x = cos t, y = sin t; 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Then
˛ ˆ 2π ˆ 2π
F · dr = [4 sin t(− sin t dt) + 6 cos t(cos t) dt] = (6 cos2 t − 4 sin2 t) dt
C 0 0
2π 2π
5
ˆ
2
= (10 cos t − 4) dt = 5t + sin 2t − 4t = 2π.

0 2
0
˛ ¨
Using Green’s Theorem, Qx − Py = 6 − 4 = 2 and F · dr = 2 dA = 2(π · 12 ) = 2π.
C R
π π π y
49. Let r1 = ti and r2 = i + πtj for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Then dr1 = i, dr2 = πj,
2 2 2 π
F1 = 0,
π π π
F2 = sin πti + πt sin j = sin πti + πtj,
2 2 2 C2
and
1 C1
ˆ 1 2
1 π π /2 x
ˆ ˆ
W = F1 · dr1 + F2 · dr2 = π 2 t dt = π 2 t2 = .

C1 C2 0 2 2
0
50. Parameterize the line segment from (−1/2, 1/2) to (−1, 1) using y = −x as x goes from −1/2
to −1. Parameterize the line segment from (−1, 1) to (1, 1) using y = 1 as x goes from −1 to
√ √
1. Parameterize the line segment from (1, 1) to (1, 3 ) using x = 1 as y goes from 1 to 3 .
Then
√
ˆ ˆ −1 ˆ 1 ˆ 3
W = F · dr = F · (dxi − dxj) + F · (dxi) + F · (dyj)
C −1/2 −1 1
√
−1 1 3
2 1 2 1
ˆ ˆ ˆ
= 2 2
− 2 dx + dx + dy
−1/2 x + (−x) x + (−x)2 −1
2
x +1 1 1 + y2
√
−1 1 3
1 2 1
ˆ ˆ ˆ
= dx + dx + dy
−1/2 2x2 −1 1 + x2 1 1 + y2
−1 1 √3
1
−1

−1 1 π π 13π − 6
=− + 2 tan x + tan y = − + 2 + = .
2x 2 2 12 12
−1/2 −1 1
√ z
51. zx = 2x, zy = 0; dS = 1 + 4x2 dA 4
ˆ 3ˆ 2 2p ˆ 3 2
z x 1 1
¨
dS = 1 + 4x2 dx dy = (1 + 4x2 )3/2 dy z = x2

S xy 1 1 xy 1 y 12
1
3
√ √ 3 3 y
1 173/2 − 53/2 17 17 − 5 5
ˆ
= dy = ln y
2
12 1 y 12 x
1
√ √
17 17 − 5 5
= ln 3
12
52. n = k, F · n = 3; z
2
S
˜ ˜
flux = S F · n dS = 3 S dS = 3 × (area of S) = 3(1) = 3
1 1 y
x
53. The surface is g(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 − a2 = 0. ∇g = 2(xi + yj + zk) = 2r, n = r/|r|,

−xi − yj − zk
F = c∇(1/|r|) + c∇(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−1/2 = c = −cr/|r|3
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2
r r r·r |r|2 c c
F·n=− 3
· = −c 4 = −c 4 = − 2 = − 2
|r| |r| |r| |r| |r| a
c c c
¨ ¨
flux = F · n dS = − 2 dS = − 2 × (area of S) = − 2 (4πa2 ) = −4πc
S a S a a
54. In Problem 53, F is not continuous at (0, 0, 0) which is in any acceptable region containing
the sphere.
55. Since F = c∇(1/r), div F = ∇ · (c∇(1/r)) = c∇2 (1/r) = c∇2 [(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−1/2 ] = 0 by
Problem 37 in Section 9.7. Then, by the Divergence Theorem,
¨ ˚ ˚
flux F = F · n dS = div F dV = 0 dV = 0.
S D D
56. Parameterize C by x = 2 cos t, y = 2 sin t, z = 5, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Then z

9
¨ ˛ ˛
(curl F · n) dS = F · dr = 6x dx + 7z dy + 8y dz
S C C
ˆ 2π
= [12 cos t(−2 sin t) + 35(2 cos t)] dt C
0
2π
ˆ 2π
2 y
= (70 cos t − 24 sin t cos t) dt = (70 sin t − 12 sin t) 2

2
0
0 x
= 0.
57. Identify F = −2yi + 3xj + 10zk. Then curl F = 5k. The curve C lies in z
6
the plane z = 3, so n = k and dS = dA. Thus, C
˛ ¨ ¨
F · dr = (curl F) · n dS = 5 dA R 10 y
C S R 6
x
= 5 × (area of )R = 5(25π) = 125π.
˛ ¨ ¨
58. Since curl F = 0, F · dr = (curl F · n) dS = 0 dS = 0.
C S S
59. div F = 1 + 1 = 1 = 3; z
1
¨ ˚ ˚
F · n dS = div F dV = 3 dV = 3 × (volume of D) = 3π
S D D
1 y
1
x
60. div F = x2 + y 2 + z 2 . Using cylindrical coordinates,

¨ ˚ ˚ ˆ 2π ˆ 1ˆ 1
F · n dS = div F dV = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) dV = (r 2 + z 2 )r dz dr dθ
S D D 0 0 0
2π ˆ 1 1 ˆ 2π ˆ 1
1 1
ˆ
3 3 3
= r z + rz dr dθ = r + r dr dθ
0 0 3 0 0 3
0
2π 1 ˆ 2π
1 4 1 2 5 5π
ˆ
= r + r dθ = dθ = .
0 4 6 0 12 6
0
61. div F = 2x + 2(x + y) − 2y = 4x z

1
¨ ˚ ˚
z = 1 – x2 y=2–z
F · n dS = div F dV = 4x dV
S D D
ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x2 ˆ 2−z 2 y
= 4x dy dz dx 1
0 0 0 x
ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x2
= 4x(2 − z) dz dx
0 0
1−x2
ˆ 1 ˆ 1−x2 ˆ 1
2
= (8x − 4xz) dz dx = (8xz − 2xz ) dx

0 0 0
0
1 1
1 5
ˆ
= [8x(1 − x ) − 2x(1 − x ) ] dx = −2(1 − x ) + (1 − x2 )3
2 2 2 2 2
=

0 3 3
0
z
p
62. For S1 , n = (xi + yj)/ x2 + y 2 ; for S2 , n2 = −k and z = 0; and for S3 , S3
n3 = k and z = c. Then
c
¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
S1
F · n dS = F · n1 dS1 + F · n2 dS2 + F · n3 dS3
S S1 S2 S3
x2 + y 2
¨ ¨ ¨
2 a y
= p dS1 + (−z − 1) dS2 + (z 2 + 1) dS3
S1 x2 + y 2 S2 S3 S2
¨ p ¨ ¨ x
= x2 + y 2 dS1 + (−1) dS2 + (c2 + 1) dS3

S1 S2 S3
¨ ¨ ¨
=a dS1 − dS2 + (c2 + 1) dS3
S1 S2 S3
= a(2πac) − πa2 + (c2 + 1)πa2 = 2πa2 c + πa2 c2 .
63. x = 0 implies u = 0, v = −y 2 implies u = 0, −1 ≤ v ≤ 0
x = 1 implies u = 2y, v = 1 − y 2 = 1 − u2 /4
y = 0 implies u = 0, v = x2 implies u = 0, 0 ≤ v ≤ 1
y = 1 implies u = 2x, v = x2 − 1 = u2 /4 − 1

∂(u, v) 2y 2x ∂(x, y) 1
= = −4(x2 + y 2 ) or =−
∂(x, y) 2x −2y ∂(u, v) 4(x2 + y 2 )
√

1
¨ p ¨
2 2 3 2
(x2 + y 2 ) 3 v
′
2
(x + y ) x − y dA = −
4(x2 + y 2 ) dA

R S
2
1−u2 /4
1 2 1−u /4 1/3 1 2 3 4/3
ˆ ˆ ˆ
= v dv du = v du
4 0 u2 /4−1 4 0 4 2
u /4−1
2h
3
ˆ i
= (1 − u2 /4)4/3 − (u2 /4 − 1)4/3 du
16 0
2h
3
ˆ i
= (1 − u2 /4)4/3 − (1 − u2 /4)4/3 du = 0
16 0
64. y = x implies u + uv = v + uv implies v = u
x = 2 implies u + uv = 2 implies v = (2 − u)/u
y = 0 implies v + uv = 0 implies v = 0 o u = −1 (we take v = 0)

∂(x, y) 1 + w u
= =1+u+v
∂(u, v) v 1 + u
Using x = u + uv and y = v + uv we find
(x − y)2 = (u + uv − v − uv)2 = (u − v)2 = u2 − 2uv + v 2
x + y = u + uv + v + uv = u + v + 2uv
(x − y)2 + 2(x + y) + 1 = u2 + 2uv + v 2 + 2(u + v) + 1 = (u + v)2 + 2(u + v) + 1 = (u + v + 1)2 .
Then
1 ˆ 2/(1+v)
1 1
¨ ¨ ˆ
p dA = (u + v + 1) dA′ = du dv
R (x − y)2 + 2(x + y) + 1 S u+v+1 0 v
1 1
2 1 1
ˆ
= −v dv = 2 ln (1 + v) − v 2 = 2 ln 2 − .

0 1+v 2 2
0
65. The equations of the spheres are x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 and x2 + y 2 + (z − a)2 = 1. Subtracting

these equations, we obtain (z − a)2 − z 2 = 1 − a2 or −2az + a2 = 1 − a2 . Thus, the spheres
intersect on the plane z = a − 1/2a. The region of integration is x2 + y 2 + (a − 1/2a)2 = a2
or r 2 = 1 − 1/4a2 . The area is
ˆ 2π ˆ √1−1/4a2 √1−1/4a2

A=a (a2 − r 2 )−1/r r dr dθ = 2πa[−(a2 − r 2 )1/2 ]

0 0
0
 
1/2 ! " 2 1/2
#
1 1
= 2πa a − a2 − 1 − 2 = 2πa a − a−  = π.
4a 2a
66. (a) Both states span 7 degrees of longitude and 4 degrees of latitude, but Colorado is larger
because it lies to the south of Wyoming. Lines of longitude converge as they go north,
so the east-west dimensions of Wyoming are shorter than those of Colorado.
p
(b) We use the function f (x, y) = R2 − x2 − y 2 to describe
the northern hemisphere, where R ≈ 3960 miles is the
radius of the Earth. We need to compute the surface
R
φ2 φ1
area over a polar rectangle P of the form θ1 ≤ θ ≤ θ2 , R
R cos φ2 ≤ r ≤ R cos φ1 . We have θ2
θ1
−x
fx = p
R 2 − x2 − y 2
and
−y
fy = p
R 2 − x2 − y 2
so that s
q x2 + y 2 R
1 + fx2 + fy2 = 1+ 2 2 2
=√ .
R −x −y R − r2
2
Thus
θ2 R cos φ1
R
¨ q ˆ ˆ
A= 2 2
1 + fx + fy dA = √ r dr dθ
P θ1 R cos φ2 R2− r2
R cos φ2
p
= (θ2 − θ1 )R R2 − r 2 = (θ2 − θ1 )R2 (sin φ2 − sin φ1 ).

R cos φ1
sin 45◦ − sin 41◦

The ratio of Wyoming to Colorado is then ≈ 0.941. Thus Wyoming is
sin 41◦ − sin 37◦
about 6% smaller than Colorado.
(c) 97,914/104,247 ≈ 0.939, which is close to the theoretical value of 0.941. (Our formula
for the area says that the area of Colorado is approximately 103,924 square miles, while
the area of Wyoming is approximately 97,801 square miles.)

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Chapter 9

9.1 Vector Functions

Note: the scale is distorted in this graph. For t = 0, the graph

11. x = t, y = t, z = t2 + t2 = 2t2 ; r(t) = ti + tj + 2t2 k

13. x = 3 cos t, z = 9 − 9 cos2 t = 9 sin2 t, y = 3 sin t; r(t) = 3 cos ti + 3 sin tj + 9 sin2 tk

14. x = sin t, z = 1, y = cos t; r(t) = sin ti + cos tj + k

(b) lim r1 (t) · r2 (t) = (i − 2j + k) · (2i + 5j + 7k) = −1

21. r′ (t) = −2 sin ti + 6 cos tj 22. r′ (t) = 3t2 i + 2tj

8t 24. r′ (t) = −3 sin ti + 3 cos tj + 2k

= r(t) · (r′ (t) × r′′′ (t))

Since r(0) = i − 2j + k = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k, c1 = 1, c2 = −2, and c3 = 1. Thus,

r(t) = (6t + 1)i + (3t2 − 2)j + (t3 + 1)k.

Since r′ (1) = j = (6 + c1 )i + (−6 + c2 )j + (2 + c3 )k, c1 = −6, c2 = 7, and c3 = −2. Thus,

r′ (t) = (6t2 − 6)i + (−6t1/2 + 7)j + (2t − 2)k.

r(t) = (2t3 − 6t + 6)i + (−4t3/2 + 7t − 3)j + (t2 − 2t)k.

= [tan t + c1 ]i + [sin t + c2 ]j + [cos t + c3 ]k

r′ (t) = (tan t + 1)i + (sin t + 1)j + cos tk.

= [ln |sec t| + t + c4 ]i + [− cos t + t + c5 ]j + [sin t + c6 ]k.

r(t) = (ln | sec t| + t)i + (− cos t + t)j + (sin t + 5)k.

42. r′ (t)= i + (cos t − t sin t)j + (sin t + t cos t)k

49. Let r1 (t) = x(t)i + y(t)j. Then

= r1 (t) × r′2 (t) + r′1 (t) × r2 (t)

52. Let v = ai + bj and r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j. Then

9.2 Motion on a Curve

3. v(t) = −2 sinh 2ti + 2 cosh 2tj; v(0) = 2j; kv(0)k = 2; y

a(t) = 6tk; a(2) = 12k

a(t) = 2j + 6tk; a(1) = 2j + 6k a

(d) From (c), impact is when t = 15. The speed at impact is

(d) From (c), impact is when t = 20. The speed at impact is

98 cos θi + 98 sin θj = v(0) = c

Since r(0) = 0, b = 0 and

s cos θi + s sin θj = vp (0) = c

28. We require the fact that dr/dt = v. Then

(b) If τ = 0 then dL/dt = 0 and L is constant.

(b) Using u = r/r we have

(c) From Theorem 9.1.4 (iv) we have

(e) Since u = (1/r)r is a unit vector, u · u = 1 and

(i) At perihelion c = kck = kr × vk = r0 v0 sin (π/r) = r0 v0 . Since r is minimum at this

32. Max range is given by the angle when R′ (t) = 0.

Using substitution with u = cos2 θ and 1 − u = sin2 θ, the equation becomes

Replacing u and rearranging vo gives

9.3 Curvature and Components of Acceleration

(b) When a = b, |v(t)| = a, |v × a| = a2 , and κ = a2 /a3 = 1/a.

26. We use the fact that T · N = 0 and T · T = N · N = 1. Then

|a(t)|2 = a · a = (aN N + aT T) · (aN N + aT T) = a2N N · N + 2aN aT N · T + a2T T · T = a2N + a2T .

9.4 Partial Derivatives

5. y = x2 + ln c, c > 0 6. y = x + tan c, −π/x < c < π/2

7. x2 /9 + z 2 /4 = c; elliptical cylinder 8. x2 + y 2 + z 2 = c; sphere

9. x2 + 3y 2 + 6z 2 = c; ellipsoid 10. 4y − 2z + 1 = c; plane

12. Setting x = −4, y = 2, and z = −3 in x2 /16 + y 2 /4 + z 2 /9 = c we obtain c = 3. The equation

13. zx = 2x − y 2 ; zy = −2xy + 20y 4

14. zx = −3x2 + 12xy 3 ; zy = 18x2 y 2 + 10y

15. zx = 20x3 y 3 − 2xy 6 + 30x4 ; zy = 15x4 y 2 − 6x2 y 5 − 4

16. zx = 3x2 y 2 sec2 (x3 y 2 ); zy = 2x3 y sec2 (x3 y 2 )

18. zx = 12x2 − 10x + 8; zy = 0

2 tan−1 y 2 ; 2x2 y x2 tan−1 y2

(x2 − y 2 )2 y − xy[2(x2 − y 2 )2x] −3x2 y − y 3

31. Fu = 2uw2 − v 3 − vwt2 sin (ut2 ); Fv = −3uv 2 + w cos (ut2 );

∂z 2x ∂2z (x2 + y 2 )2 − 2x(2x) 2y 2 − 2x2 ∂z 2y

(b) P V = kt, P VT = k, VT = k/P

41. zu = 4(4u3 ) − 10y[2(2u − v)(2)] = 16u3 − 40(2u − v)y

2x s 2y st sinh rs xs yst sinh rs

53. With x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ