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Stiffeners
Stiffeners are secondary plates or sections which are attached to beam webs or flanges to stiffen them against out of
plane deformations.
Almost all main bridge beams will have stiffeners. However, most will only have transverse web stiffeners, i.e. vertical
stiffeners attached to the web. Deep beams sometimes also have longitudinal web stiffeners. Flange stiffeners may be
used on large span box girder bridges but are unlikely to be encountered elsewhere.
Guidance on the design of stiffeners is given below and in Guidance Notes GN 2.04 and GN 2.05.
Contents
Types of stiffener
Stiffener sections
Stiffener detailing
Bearing stiffeners
Intermediate stiffeners
Connections to the flange
Cope holes
Bearing, jacking and internediate web stiffeners
References River Eden Bridge, Temple Sowerby Bypass
Resources
See also
External links
Types of stiffener
There are two principal types of stiffener:
Types of stiffeners
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Transverse web stiffeners are usually provided at bearing positions and these are known as bearing stiffeners. For
future maintenance it is good practice to provide bearing stiffeners at jacking points (for when girders have to be
raised to free bearings for replacement). Other transverse stiffeners are called intermediate transverse web stiffeners.
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Box girders usually have diaphragms at the positions of supports instead of stiffeners. These are usually solid plates
across the inside of the box.
Stiffener sections
Stiffener sections
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A variety of sections have been historically used as stiffeners, however the simple flat stiffener is the type almost
always used in modern designs. Stiffeners can be attached on one side of the plate (single sided), or on both sides
(double sided). Usually bearing stiffeners are double sided, while intermediate web stiffeners are single sided.
Stiffeners can also be doubled up, or even trebled, to form multi-leg stiffeners.
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Bearing stiffeners
EN 1993-1-5[1], clause 5.1 (2) gives a criterion for when bearing stiffeners are mandatory. Most bridge beams will
require bearing stiffeners according to this criterion. Even if bearing stiffeners are not required by this clause they may
still be provided if desired - this may benefit the shear resistance as calculated by EN 1993-1-5[1] clause 5.3.
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The loads to be considered for the design of bearing stiffeners are given in PD 6695-2[2] clause 15. Loads on
intermediate stiffeners are usually much less than for bearing stiffeners but stiffeners may be still subject to forces and
moments due to interaction with transverse beams or bracing. For example, in a ladder deck bridge, the shear in the
transverse beams will cause an axial force in the main beam stiffener. There may also be horizontal loading to consider
from the bracing which may generate bending moments in the stiffener section. Having determined the loading, verify
the chosen stiffener size by checking the adequacy of the effective stiffener section to act as a column for combined
axial force and bending moment (if any) as required by EN 1993-1-5[1] clause 9.4.
If there is no direct loading on the stiffener from any of the above, it is only necessary to ensure the effective stiffener
section satisfies the stiffness criterion given in EN 1993-1-5[1] clause 9.2.1 (5). Further guidance on design of
intermediate stiffeners is given in Section 8.3.1 of SCI P356.
Longitudinal stiffeners
As noted before, most bridges do not have longitudinal stiffeners. Longitudinal stiffeners should not be necessary on
any part of a section that is never in compression nor on any part of the section that is classified as class 1, 2 or 3 in
accordance with EN 1993-1-1[3] clause 5.2.2 (8). Even if the part of the section is classified as class 4, longitudinal
stiffeners may still not be required. To determine if the beams have sufficient bending strength without longitudinal
stiffeners, the procedure is to follow EN 1993-1-5[1] clause 4.4. To determine if longitudinal stiffeners are required on
the web to give the main beams sufficient shear strength, the procedure is as for intermediate stiffeners, i.e. to verify
the shear resistance of the beam to EN 1993-1-5[1] clauses 5.2(1) and 5.3(1).
If they exist, longitudinal stiffeners can be continuous or discontinuous, depending on whether they are continuous
through transverse stiffeners and diaphragms. Discontinuous longitudinal stiffeners stop and start again either side of
the transverse stiffener so that they do not pick up global longitudinal stresses from the web or flange to which they
are attached. They are there simply to resist buckling to the web or flange. Continuous longitudinal stiffeners,
however, do pick up global stresses and add to the cross section.
If longitudinal stiffeners are to be provided they are to be verified by checking the adequacy of the effective stiffener
section to act as a column as required by EN 1993-1-5[1] clause 9.2.2 (3).
Stiffener detailing
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Bearing stiffeners
At bearings, the stiffeners usually have to be quite substantial to resist the high compressive forces and may possibly
have to be multi-leg stiffeners. Usually a double sided stiffener is required to avoid a high eccentricity of loading.
Bearing stiffeners are usually thicker than the web.
It is important to make sure the stiffener is “fitted” to the bottom flange, which means the stiffener is ground to make
good contact with the flange. This means the stiffener's share of the axial force in the effective stiffener section can be
transmitted through direct contact between the flange and stiffener. A simple way to determine the stiffener's share of
the axial force is to calculate the stress at its centroid, taking into account eccentricity of axial force on the effective
section, and then multiply this stress by the stiffener area.
Welds are almost always continuous fillet welds all round both sides of the stiffener. A simple 6mm leg length weld
may be adequate but often may have to be 8mm or 10mm. The weld has to be sized so as to be able to transmit the
stiffener's share of the bearing load into the web.
Intermediate stiffeners
For intermediate transverse web stiffeners,
the stiffener probably does not need to be
very big. Typically a single sided 150x15mm
plate has adequate strength and stiffness.
Sometimes the stiffener size will have to be
increased to accommodate connections. This
can be done by increasing the plate size to
200x20mm or perhaps 250x 5mm.
Alternatively, the stiffener width can be
locally increased to provide connection area,
as shown.
Traditionally the stiffener width to thickness
Stiffener widened to allow room for connections
ratio has been limited to no more than 10 to
avoid local buckling. However, the Eurocodes
have no restriction on this ratio, and more slender stiffeners are permitted, although checks may need to be made that
they will not be at risk from local buckling. It does not matter if the stiffener if thicker than the web, so generally
thicker stiffeners are recommended.
To give a clean appearance to the bridge, it is normal to design the outer beams such that the intermediate transverse
stiffeners are on the inner face of the web and hence not visible on the elevation.
Unless there is a substantial axial force on the stiffener, a simple weld detail such as a 6mm leg length continuous fillet
weld all round both sides of the stiffener should be sufficiently strong and durable.
Further guidance on connection of bracing is given in Guidance Note 2.03.
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Cope holes
At the corner of a transverse web stiffener where the stiffener plate meets the web to flange weld, it will be necessary to
shape the stiffener to avoid the weld. There are two options, either snipe the stiffener to suit the web to flange weld
and weld up all the interfaces, or provide a cope hole. Although the first option requires welding one weld on top of
another, this detail may be easier to fabricate than the second, because it is difficult to satisfactorily complete
continuous welds around cope holes and apply paint to all of the surfaces.
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References
1. BS EN 1993-1-5:2006+A2:2019. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. Plated structural elements. BSI
2. PD 6695-2:2008+A1:2012 Recommendations for the design of bridges to BS EN 1993. BSI
3. BS EN 1993-1-1:2005+A1:2014, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. General rules and rules for buildings, BSI
Resources
Iles, D.C. (2010) Composite highway bridge design. (P356 including corrigendum, 2014). SCI
Hendy, C.R.; Iles, D.C. (2015) Steel Bridge Group: Guidance Notes on best practice in steel bridge construction
(6th Issue). (P185). SCI
Guidance Note 2.03 Bracing and cross beam connections
Guidance Note 2.04 Bearing stiffeners
Guidance Note 2.05 Intermediate transverse web stiffeners
See also
Multi-girder composite bridges
Ladder deck composite bridges
Box girder bridges
Weathering steel
Bridges - initial design
Design of beams in composite bridges
Fatigue design of bridges
Bracing systems
Connections in bridges
Bridge articulation and bearing specification
Design for steel bridge construction
External links
Highways England DMRB (Design Manual for Roads and Bridges) (http://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/ha/sta
ndards/dmrb/index.htm)
Highways England MCDHW (Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works) (http://www.standardsforhighwa
ys.co.uk/ha/standards/mchw/index.htm)
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