3.

Orifice Under Constant Head

Group Members: Date of submission: 15th September 2020
1) Abhishek Gaur - 2017B2A21037P
2) Devansh Sharma - 2017B2A21057P
3) Harshit Kansal – 20!7B2A20992P

Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge, coefficient of velocity and coefficient of contraction for
an orifice under constant head.

Apparatus: orifice fitted tank, volume measuring tank, hook gauge, etc.

Theory: An orifice is an opening made in side or bottom of a fluid container and having the closed
perimeter. Through the orifice the fluid may be discharged and it is used to measure the flow rate of fluid.
The liquid approaching the orifice gradually converges towards it and emerges from it in the form of a jet.
The section of jet at which the streamlines are straight, parallel to each other and having minimum cross-
sectional area is known as Vena Contracta.
The ratio of area of jet at vena contracta and area of orifice is called the coefficient of contraction.
Due to the friction the velocity is reduced. So, the actual velocity of the jet at vena contracta is less than
that of the theoretical velocity. The ratio of the two is called the coefficient of velocity.
Due to the effect of friction and contraction of the jet the actual discharge of liquid is less than the
theoretical discharge. The ratio of them is called the coefficient of discharge.

Procedure:
1. Open the supply valve in the orifice tank to attain the maximum depth of water.
2. allow the water to discharge through the orifice and adjust the supply valve in such a way that
depth of water in the tank remains constant.
3. When the depth in the tank stabilizes, collect the discharge in the measuring tank for a
predetermined period of time. Read x and y, the coordinates of several points (at least 3) on the
jet.
4. Reduce slightly the discharge by the supply valve and repeat step No. 3. Do three different trials.

Observation:
Diameter of orifice = 1cm Area of measuring tank = 800cm 2

Depth of Co-ordinates (Cm) Rise in level of

S. Velocity Time of
water in water in measuring
No. (Cm/s) collection
orifice tank tank
x y

- - I II III I II III --- --- ---

1 10 Cm 9 9.1 9.2 3 3.2 3.3 113.244 1 cm 10 Sec

2 9 Cm 9 9.1 9.2 3 3.2 3.3 113.244 0.8 Cm 10 Sec

3 8 Cm 9 9.1 9.2 3 3.2 3.3 113.244 0.7 Cm 10 Sec

Calculations:
 (a) Volume of water collected = (Rise in level x Area of measuring tank)
For H= 10Cm, Volume = 800 Cm3
For H= 9Cm, Volume = 640 Cm3
For H= 8Cm, Volume = 560 Cm3
 (b) Time taken in collecting water = 10 Seconds
(a )
=> Q = ;
(b )
For H= 10Cm, Q = 80 Cm3/s
For H= 9Cm, Q = 64 Cm3/s
For H= 8Cm, Q = 56 Cm3/s

=> V = (x2g/2y)0.5;
V = (V1+V2+V3)/3
V = (115.021+112.606+112.106)/3
V = 113.244 Cm/s

=> Vth = √ 2 g h ;
For H= 10Cm, Vth = 140 Cm/s
For H= 9Cm, Vth = 132.815 Cm/s
For H= 8Cm, Vth = 125.219 Cm/s

=> Qth = AxVth;

For H= 10Cm, Qth = 109.9 Cm3/s
For H= 9Cm, Qth = 104.259 Cm3/s
For H= 8Cm, Qth = 98.296 Cm3/s

Q
=> Cd = Qt h ;
For H= 10Cm, Cd = 0.727
For H= 9Cm, Cd = 0.613
For H= 8Cm, Cd = 0.569

=> Cv = V/ Vth = (x2/4yh)0.5

For H= 10Cm, Cv = 0.808
For H= 9Cm, Cv = 0.852
For H= 8Cm, Cv = 0.904

Cd
=> Cc = C v
For H= 10Cm, Cc = 0.899
For H= 9Cm, Cc = 0.719
For H= 8Cm, Cc = 0.629
Results:
Coefficient of discharge, Cd = 0.636
Coefficient of velocity, Cv = 0.854
Coefficient of contraction, Cc = 0.749

Conclusions: We have the the type of orifice and the friction caused in the motion of fluid in the
given apparatus.