Powder Technology 166 (2006) 113 – 122

www.elsevier.com/locate/powtec

Effect of agitation on fluidization characteristics of fine

particles in a fluidized bed
Jimin Kim a , Gui Young Han b,⁎
a
Chemical Process Technology Lab, SK Corporation, Daejeon 305-712, Republic of Korea
b
Department of Chem. Eng., Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
Received 19 December 2005; received in revised form 8 April 2006; accepted 5 June 2006
Available online 14 July 2006

Abstract

The effect of agitation on the fluidization characteristics of fine particles was investigated in a fluidized bed with an I.D. of 6 cm and a height of
70 cm. The agitator used was of the pitched-blade turbine type and phosphor particles were employed as the bed material. The particle size was
22 μm and the particle density was 3938 kg/m3. The effect of the agitation speed on the fluidization characteristics was examined by statistical
(average absolute deviation (AAD), probability density function (PDF)), spectral (auto-correlation function, power spectrum) and chaos analysis
(strange attractor, Hurst exponent, correlation dimension). The results showed that smoother fluidization was observed with increasing agitation
speed, because the agglomeration and channeling were reduced by the mechanical agitation. The signals of the pressure drop fluctuation had the
shape of a short-term correlation with different agitation speed. The void fraction increased with increasing agitation speed at the constant
fluidizing gas velocity.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Fine particles; Agitation; Fluidized bed; Pressure drop analysis

1. Introduction [2,3,6]. Therefore, achieving and maintaining the smooth

In a fluidized bed, the fluidization characteristics are strongly
dependent on the particle size and density. This is particularly
pronounced in the case of the fluidization of fine particles
(Geldart's group C particles), whose large surface area improves
the chemical reaction between the gas and solids. Many studies
have been performed on the fluidization of group C particles
[1]. Recently, the fluidization of fine particles was applied to
ceramics, plastics, metals, composite materials, food, drugs, and
so on [2]. However, it is known that fine particles are difficult to
fluidize, due to their cohesive properties [3,4]. This difficulty is
related to the cohesive forces that are greater than those trans-
mitted to the particles by the fluidizing gas. These cohesive
forces cause the agglomeration of the particles, bridging be-
tween the resulting agglomerates [5] and severe channeling
⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: gyhan@skku.ac.kr (G.Y. Han).
0032-5910/$ - see front matter © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2006.06.001
fluidization of fine particles is important for the stable operation
of a fluidized bed [7]. It is known that such phenomena as
agglomeration, bridging and channeling caused irregular
pressure drops in the fine particles in the fluidized bed. There
are two methods of improving the fluidization quality of fine
particles [4]. The first method is to apply external forces such as
vibration and magnetic fields to the fluidized bed [7–12]. The
second method is to alter the intrinsic properties of the particles,
e.g. to modify the characteristics of the particle surface [13] or
to mix them with other particles having different sizes or shapes
[14]. In this study, mechanical agitation was employed to
improve the fluidization of the fine particles. It is known that
agitation in a fluidized bed improves the fluidization of the fine
particles by preventing their channeling, agglomeration and so
on.
The measurement of the pressure fluctuation has frequently
been used to study the hydrodynamics of fluidized beds. In a
fluidized bed containing fine particles, however, the fluidization
behavior is usually examined by visual methods (e.g. with a
114 J. Kim, G.Y. Han / Powder Technology 166 (2006) 113–122
camera) [4] or by measuring the average pressure drop [5],
because analyzing the pressure fluctuation is difficult due to its
irregularity.
In this paper, the effect of agitation on the fluidization char-
acteristics of fine particles was examined by analyzing the
pressure fluctuation using statistical, spectral and chaos analysis
methods.
2. Experimental
A schematic diagram of the experimental facility is shown in
Fig. 1. The fluidized bed column with an I.D. of 6 cm and a length
of 70 cm was made of an acrylic pipe and four pressure taps were
mounted along its axial height. The pressure tap at the bottom of
the bed was located 2 cm above the distributor and the interval of
the pressure taps in the bottom and top regions was 5 cm, while
the interval of those in the middle region was 8 cm. Three pres-
sure transducers were connected to the pressure taps, and the
output voltage signals were transferred to a personal computer
through the data acquisition unit. The number of samplings per
channel was 6000. In analyzing the pressure fluctuation, the
number of data used was 1000. The agitator that was employed
had four blades and was of the pitched-blade turbine type, as
shown in Fig. 2, and the agitation speed was controlled by the
digital controller. The agitator was located about 4 cm above the
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of experimental facility for fluidized bed with agitator.
gas distributor. In general, agglomeration was more prominent in
the bottom bed [4], so the agitator was located in the bottom zone.
Phosphor particles were employed as the bed materials. Phos-
phor particles are used in a variety of applications, such as flat
panel displays, decorations, cathode ray tubes, and fluorescent
lighting fixtures, where it is necessary to encapsulate the phos-
phor in order to enable the brightness of the phosphor to be
maintained for a longer period of time. In a recent study, the use
of the fluidized bed CVD process was investigated for the en-
capsulation of phosphor particles [15]. In this study, the average
particle size was 22 μm, the particle density was 3938 kg/m3, and
the bed height was about 20 cm. The average particle size was
determined by sieve analysis and the average particle size was
determined at the 50% of cumulative mass fraction as shown in
Fig. 3. The compressed air was used as the fluidizing gas. The
minimum fluidizing velocity was found to be 0.24 cm/s by the
Ergun Eq. (1).
ð1−emf Þ2 lg Umf 1−emf qg Umf
2

150 þ 1:75 ¼ ð1−emf Þ qp −qg g
emf
3
/ dp
2 2
emf / dp
3 2
ð1Þ
The experiment was carried out at room temperature and
atmospheric pressure. In general, a data sampling rate of 100 Hz
 J. Kim, G.Y. Han / Powder Technology 166 (2006) 113–122
Fig. 2. Shape and size of agitator.
Fig. 3. Cumulative mass fraction with particle size for employed particle.
115
Fig. 4. Average absolute deviation with agitation speed at Ug = 0.92 cm/s.
is considered to be reasonable in a fluidized bed [16] and, in this
study, the sampling rate used for the pressure drop fluctuation
was 100 Hz.
3. Results and discussion
The minimum fluidizing velocity (Umf) was experimentally
determined from the fluidizing gas velocity and pressure drop
data and it was 0.5 cm/s. However, the value calculated
theoretically based on the Ergun equation was 0.24 cm/s and it
was believed that this discrepancy is due to the change in the
effective particle diameter. Because of particle–particle inter-
action resulting from inter-particle forces, fine particles can
easily agglomerate and this causes the effective particle size in
the fluidization process to increase. Therefore, it can be said that
the phosphor particles that we employed were subjected to
strong cohesive forces. These strongly agglomerating charac-
teristics also appear for Geldart's group C particles.
Statistical analysis is the conventional and general method of
measuring the void fraction in a fluidized bed [17]. In this study,
Fig. 5. Probability density function of bottom zone of the bed for different
agitation speed at Ug = 0.92 cm/s.
116 J. Kim, G.Y. Han / Powder Technology 166 (2006) 113–122

the pressure drop fluctuation data were analyzed by the

statistical analysis of the average absolute deviation (AAD)
and probability density function (PDF) at Ug = 0.92 cm/s. Figs.
4 and 5 show the pressure drop fluctuations as a function of the
agitation speed determined in the analyses of the AAD and PDF
respectively. The analysis of the AAD provides a general and
simple method of evaluating fluidization regimes [16]. The
AAD represents the value of the mean amplitude of the signals
and is calculated by Eq. (2) [18].

1X N
AAD ¼ jxt −x̄j ð2Þ
N t¼1

As shown in Fig. 4, the experimentally determined values of

the AAD decreased with increasing agitation speed. This means
Fig. 6. Auto-correlation coefficient of bottom zone of the bed for different that the pressure fluctuation decreased and that the fluidization
agitation speed at Ug = 0.92 cm/s. became smoother with increasing agitation speed. It is known
that agglomeration is caused by the cohesive force of the

Fig. 7. Power spectrum of bottom zone of the bed for different agitation speed at Ug = 0.92 cm/s.
 J. Kim, G.Y. Han / Powder Technology 166 (2006) 113–122 117

particles in a fine particle fluidized bed and that considerable
agglomeration occurs in the bottom of the bed, which results in
the subsequent collision of the rising particles. Because of these
characteristics, the pressure drop fluctuates irregularly with time
in a fine particle fluidized bed. The PDF is unrelated to the
sampling time and indicates the probability distribution of the
data [19]. The PDF of the bottom zone of the bed is shown in
Fig. 5 for different agitation speed. The PDF values were
calculated using Eq. (3).
! of the bed are shown in Fig. 6 for different agitation speed.
1 ðx− x̄ Þ2
fxðtÞ ð xÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi exp − ð3Þ
2pr 2r2
As shown in Fig. 5, the PDF profile becomes narrower with
increasing agitation speed. This means that the pressure
fluctuation decreased with increasing agitation speed. Both
the PDF profile and the AAD analysis show the effect of
agitation on the pressure drop fluctuation.
Spectral analysis is useful for the evaluation of flow regimes
[17]. Spectral analysis indicates the variation of the frequency
information with time and is useful for distinguishing the flow
regimes in a fluidized bed [20]. In this study, the pressure drop
fluctuation data were analyzed by the spectral analysis of the
auto-correlation function and power spectrum at Ug = 0.92 cm/s.
The auto-correlation function provides a useful method of
estimating the periodicity of a signal. The auto-correlation coeffi-
cient was calculated using Eq. (4) and its values in the bottom zone
P
N −k
ðxt − x̄ Þðxtþk − x̄ Þ
gxx ¼ t¼1
ð4Þ
P
N
ðxt − x̄Þ2
t¼1
Generally, the plot of the auto-correlation coefficient is similar
to a cosine curve. However, the auto-correlation coefficient

Fig. 8. Phase space portrait of bottom zone of the bed for different agitation speed at τ = 0.2 s, m = 2 and Ug = 0.92 cm/s.
118 J. Kim, G.Y. Han / Powder Technology 166 (2006) 113–122

slowly approached zero with increasing delay time (k), as shown high value in the low frequency domain and a broad distribution
in Fig. 6. This shape corresponds to the autoregressive model [22,23]. The power spectrum was calculated using Eq. (5) and
[21], which appears when the signal is irregular and does not have the power spectrum of the bottom zone of the bed is shown in
regular peaks. This shape has also been referred to as short-term Fig. 7 for different agitation speed.
correlation [21]. This characteristic appeared because of the
2 !2 !2 3
severe agglomeration, channeling and disruption of the fine X
N X
N
24
particles in the fluidized bed. To measure the cycle of bubble and 2
jFðxk Þj ¼ Dt xn cosðx0 knÞ þ xn sinðx0 knÞ 5
slug generation, the auto-correlation function was used. However, n¼1 n¼1
it was impossible to estimate the frequency of the bubble and slug
ð5Þ
generation from the data in Fig. 6. In the case of the autoregressive
model, the fluidization is more stable, because the auto-correlation 2p
coefficient comes close to zero. As shown in Fig. 6, the auto- x0 ¼ ð6Þ
N
correlation coefficient eventually dropped to zero without agitation.
This means that there was less channeling and disruption of the fine As shown in Fig. 7, the distribution of the power spectrum was
particles with agitation than without agitation. narrow and the magnitude of the power spectrum peak
The power spectrum shows the energy distribution in a decreased with increasing agitation speed. It is believed that
system. When the signal is irregular, the power spectrum has a the frequency of bubble generation and bubble coalescence was

Fig. 9. Log–log plot of rescale range of bottom zone of the bed with time delay for different agitation speed at Ug = 0.92 cm/s.
 J. Kim, G.Y. Han / Powder Technology 166 (2006) 113–122 119

subsequently, Madelbrot and van Ness determined that R(t, τ)/S

(t, τ) is a random function with a scaling relationship [29]. In
this paper, the calculations of the Hurst exponent were
performed using Eqs. (7)–(12). This theory was proposed by
Fan et al. [30].
Let X⁎(t) be a subset of the pressure fluctuation signals from
time t = 1 to t = t.
X t
X *ðtÞ ¼ xðuÞ ð7Þ
u¼1

Then, the average of the signals within the sub-record from time
t + 1 to time t + s can be expressed as follows.
1
½X *ðt þ sÞ−X *ðtÞ ð8Þ
s
Let B(t,u) be the cumulated departure from the mean for the
sub-record between time t + 1 and time t + s.
 u
Fig. 10. Hurst exponent with agitation speed at Ug = 0.92 cm/s. Bðt; uÞ ¼ ½X *ðt þ uÞ−X *ðtÞ− ½X *ðt þ sÞ−X *ðtÞ ð9Þ
t
The sample sequential range of x(t) for time delay is defined as
reduced with the action of mechanical agitation as well as action
of gas. Rðt; sÞ ¼ Max Bðt; uÞ−Min Bðt; uÞ ; 0VuVs ð10Þ
From the results obtained from the spectral analysis, it can be and the sample sequential variance of x(t), S2(t, τ) is defined as
concluded that for the fine particles, fluidization was more
" #2
stable with agitation than without agitation.
1 Xtþs
1 Xtþs
Recently, the hydrodynamic characteristics of a multiphase S 2 ðt; sÞ ¼ x2 ðuÞ− x ð uÞ ð11Þ
s u¼tþ1 s u¼tþ1
system were investigated by chaos theory [23–27]. Bai et al.
proposed that the fluidization quality could be investigated by
The ratio, R(t, τ)/S(t, τ), is termed the rescaled range.
chaos analysis, because the fluidized bed exhibits turbulence flow
and irregular behavior [28]. The chaos analysis method includes Rðt; sÞ H
strange attractors, Hurst analysis, correlation dimensions, and so on. ∝s ð12Þ
Sðt; sÞ
An attractor is a phase or an assembly of phases in the system
at a finite time. The pressure drop in a fluidized bed exhibits The Hurst exponent is the slope of the log(R/S) vs. log τ plot.
irregular behavior and this behavior has many degrees of At Ug = 0.92 cm/s, the log–log plots of the rescaled range
freedom. With regard to this characteristic, the strange attractor with the time delay of the bottom zone of the bed for different
was constructed in imaginary m-dimension. This is called the agitation speed are shown in Fig. 9. As shown in Fig. 9, the
phase space portrait, and was constructed using the following
procedure. The signals at increasing times are {x1, x2, x3, …, xn}.
For τ = a, m = b→X1 = {x1, x1+a, x1+2a, … }, X2 = {x2, x2+a,
x2+2a, … }, ….
In this case, assembly X has the number of b elements. It was
known that τ was determined when auto-correlation or mutual
information had the first minimum value [23]. A trace of the
phase space portrait was large when the energy of the system
was high. Namely, the solid–gas flow was stable and regular
when the trace of the phase portrait was small. The phase space
portrait in the bottom zone of the bed is shown in Fig. 8 for
different agitation speed in the case where τ = 0.2 s, m = 2 and
Ug = 0.92 cm/s. As shown in Fig. 8, the trace of the phase space
portrait decreased with increasing agitation speed. This means
that the amount of channeling, agglomeration and disruption
decreased with increasing agitation speed. However, as shown
in Fig. 8, the traces of the phase space portrait had similar sizes
at 60 rpm and 120 rpm. This means that the effect of agitation
did not vary linearly with the agitation speed.
To analyze chaotic motions such as a pressure fluctuation, Fig. 11. Log C(r) vs. log r plot of bottom zone of the bed for different agitation
rescale range (R/S) analysis was proposed by Hurst and, speed at Ug = 0.92 cm/s.
120 J. Kim, G.Y. Han / Powder Technology 166 (2006) 113–122
Fig. 12. Correlation dimension with agitation speed at Ug = 0.92 cm/s.
slope was irregular, regardless of the agitation speed. This
implies that the pressure fluctuation signals in the fine particle
fluidized bed were of the short-term correlation type, regardless
of the agitation speed. Because the slope was irregular, the
Hurst exponent was calculated from the average of the slope at
the corresponding point. The variation of the Hurst exponent
with the agitation speed is presented in Fig. 10. As shown in
Fig. 10, the Hurst exponent increased with increasing agitation
speed, but the trend of this increase was not clear. Therefore, it
was concluded that the analysis of the Hurst exponent was not
useful for the evaluation of the fluidization characteristics of
fine particles.
The correlation dimension characterizes the spatial correla-
tion between different points on the attractor. The common
method of determining the correlation dimension was proposed
by Grassberger and Procaccia [31].
Zi ðtÞ ¼ ½xðidDtÞ; xðidDt þ sÞ; N ; xðidDt þ ðd−1ÞsÞ
Zj ðtÞ ¼ ½xðjdDtÞ; xðjdDt þ sÞ; N ; xðjdDt þ ðd−1ÞsÞ
where x(i) is the measured pressure fluctuation signal, are the
time delay for attractor reconstruction, and d is the embedding
dimension in phase space. The correlation integral, C(r), is
defined as the cumulative probability distribution points on the
attractor, Zi(t) and Zj(t), whose distance from each other is an
arbitrary distance r.
1
C ðrÞ ¼ lim 2
mYl m
 
number of pairs ði; jÞ whose distance jZi ðtÞ−Zj ðtÞj < r
1 X m X m  
¼ lim H r−jZi ðt Þ−Zj ðt Þj
mYl m2
i¼1 j¼1
where H is the Heaviside function
1 if r > jZi ðtÞ−Zj ðtÞj
H½r−jZi ðtÞ−Zj ðtÞj ¼
0 if rVjZi ðtÞ−Zj ðtÞj
The correlation dimension is related to the correlation
integral C(r) and the distance r between the two points on the
attractor.
CðrÞ ¼ r D ð16Þ
The slope would be the correlation dimension (D) in a log C
(r) vs. log r plot in an embedding space of sufficient dimension.
The correlation dimension contains information about the
attractor complexity. The correlation dimension increased
when the system was unstable and irregular. In this study, the
correlation dimension was calculated using Eqs. (13)–(16). At
Ug = 0.92 cm/s, the log–log plot of C(r) vs. r in the bottom zone
of the bed is shown in Fig. 11 for different agitation speed. As
shown in Fig. 11, the slope was irregular and similar to that
shown in Fig. 11, and it can be said that the shape of the signals
was of the short-term correlation type. From the data shown in
Fig. 11, the correlation dimension was calculated by taking the
average value of the slope at corresponding point and the
calculated values were plotted in Fig. 12. As shown in Fig. 12,
the correlation dimension decreased with increasing agitation
speed, but the trend of this increase was not clear, as in the case
of the Hurst exponent. Therefore, it was also concluded that the
analysis of the correlation dimension was not useful for
evaluating the fluidization characteristics of fine particles.
The void fraction in the fluidized bed of fine particles was
also determined from the pressure drop signals. The effect of the
agitation speed on the void fraction in the bed of fine particles at
Ug = 0.92 cm/s is shown in Fig. 13. As shown in this figure, the
void fraction increased with increasing agitation speed. This
means that Ug/Umf increased with increasing agitation speed.
Generally, the void fraction increases with increasing Ug/Umf in
a solid–gas fluidized bed. In Fig. 13, the value of Ug = 0.92 cm/s
was fixed. Therefore Umf decreased with increasing agitation
speed. This implies that the amount of agglomeration was
reduced and, thus, the effective particle size decreased with
increasing agitation speed.
In this study, it was found that both the pressure drop fluc-
tuation and the amount of agglomeration and channeling in a
ð13Þ
ð14Þ
ð15Þ
Fig. 13. Void fraction with agitation speed at Ug = 0.92 cm/s.
 J. Kim, G.Y. Han / Powder Technology 166 (2006) 113–122 121

fluidized bed of fine particles decreased with increasing agitation i sampling time [s]
speed, and that the smooth fluidization of the fine particles was Ug superficial fluidizing gas velocity [m/s]
Umf minimum fluidizing velocity [m/s]
obtained with the application of mechanical agitation. Similar x(t) pressure signal with time [Pa]
results were reported by other researchers. Gordard and Rich- x̄ average of x
ardson found that a slow agitator is capable of breaking down the X⁎(t) subset of pressure fluctuation signals
channels within a packed bed and enabling good quality Z(t) reconstructed phase space vector
particulate fluidization to be obtained in beds of solids which
otherwise would not be fluidized [6]. Marring et al. found that the Greek symbols
minimum fluidizing velocity was smaller with vibration than ρg density of gas [kg/m3]
without vibration when a 35–80 μm glass ballotini was employed ρp density of particles [kg/m3]
εmf void fraction in the bed at minimum fluidizing conditions
as the bed material [7]. Noda et al. found that the minimum σ standard deviation [Pa]
fluidizing velocity decreased with increasing vibration strength τ time delay [s]
and that the fluidization achieved by applying vibration was μg viscosity of gas [cP]
easier to accomplish when a 6 μm glass bead was employed as the γxx auto-correlation coefficient
bed material [10]. Park et al. found that the minimum fluidizing ω0 fundamental frequency [rad/s]
ϕ sphericity of particle [kg/m3]
velocity decreased with increasing agitator velocity when ZnO/
TiO2/Bentonite with a particle size of 1.3–3.9 μm was employed
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