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અંગ્રેજી ગ્રામર (ઇ-બકુ )
આપના વિદ્યાર્થીઓ અને આપને GPSC, TET1, TET2 ,TAT ,

HTAT અને બીજી સ્પર્ાાત્મક પરીક્ષા માાં ઉપયોગી ર્થાય
તેિા અંગ્રેજી ગ્રામર ના IMP મદ્દુ ાઓનો સમાિેશ કરિામાાં
આવ્યો છે . આશા છે કે આ નાનકડો પ્રયત્ન આપને ખ ૂબ
ઉપયોગી નીિડે.
આભાર.......
----::::લેખન/સાંકલન:::::----
અલ્મય એમ. શાહ (M.sc. B.ed.)

ટુણાદર પ્રાર્થવમક શાળા (તા. માલપુર જિ.અરિલ્લી )
 I am, we are, you are, He/ She / it is /they are
o I sVFIf C]v jIlST 5MTFG[ DF8[ I XaN JF5Z[ K[P I V[SJRG K[P I ;FY[ am J5ZFI K[P Am VG[ To-
Be sALfv CMJ] \ lS|IF5NG]\ JPSF PG]\ ~5 K[P ALHF JPSFPGF ~5 Is, Are K[P
o We sJLf VD[ v We V[ I G]\ AC]JRG K[P We ;FY[ To Be G]\ Are ~5 VFJ[ K[P We ;FY[ to-be G]\
~5 VFJ[ K[P
o You- sI]fv T]\ q TD[P You XaNG]\ APJ 56 you H YFI K[P you ;FY[ to be G]\ are ~5 VFJ[ K[P
o He sCLfvT[P V[S KMSZF S[ V[S 5]Z]QF DF8[ J5ZFI K[P sGZHFlTf
o She sXLfv T[q T[6L VF XaN V[S KMSZL S[ V[S :+L DF8[ J5ZFI K[P sGFZL HFlTf
o It s.8fv T[P VF XaN GFgITZ HFlT 4 lGHL"J J:T] 5|F6L S[ GFGF AF/S DF8[ J5ZFI K[P
o He, She, It 5KL to be lS|IF5NG]\ is ~5 VFJ[ K[P
o They sW[fv T[VMP They V[ He, She VG[ It G]\ AC]JRG G]\ ~5 K[P T[GF 5KL to be lS|IF5NG]\
are ~5 VFJ[ K[P
DOWNLOAD FROM almayshah.blogspot.com
ALMAY M. SHAH (Tunadar Primary School Ta. Malpur Dist. Aravalli) 1

 This, That, These, Those
o This slW;f v VFP this XaN 5F;[GL q GHLSGL jIlST4 5|F6L4 5ÙL S[ J:T]\ NXF"JJF J5ZFI K[P
o That sW[8fv 5[,] P that XaN N}ZGL jIlST4 5|F6L4 5ÙL S[ J:T]\ NXF"JJF J5ZFI K[P
o this VG[ that A\G[ V[SJRG CMJFYL T[DGL ;FY[ JT"DFGSF/DF\ to be lS|IF5NG]\ is ~5 J5ZFI K[
VG[ T[ 5KL VFl8"S, a S[ an J5ZFI K[P
o HM jIlSTG]\ GFD CMI TM T[DF\ VFl8"S, VFJTM GYL4 5Z\T] T[GM 5C[,M VÙZ S[l58,DF\ VFJ[ K[P
Formula:
o CSFZo this / that + is + a / an s H[ ,FU] 50[ T[ VG[ jIlST G]\ GFD CMI TM GF VFJ[Pf +other
words
o GSFZo this / that + is + not + a / an + other words
o 5|`GFY"o Is + this / that + a / an + o.w + ?
o 5|P GSFZo Isn’t this/ that + a / an + o.w+ ?
 A, An, The articale:

o HM SM. XaNGM prRFZ U]HZFTL :JZ s V4 VFPPPPPPPPPf J0[ YFI TM T[ XaN VFU/ an J5ZFI K[P
VG[ jI\HG s S4 B PPPPPPPPPPPPf VFU/ a J5ZFI K[P
o ;UFv ;\A\WL S[ V[JF 5MTFGF SM. ;\A\WL jIlST VFU/ VFl8"S, VFJTM GYLP
o ;DU| JU" DF8[ the VFl8"S, J5ZFI K[P H[D S[ the Hindus, the muslims, the teachers,
.......

o 5|F6L S[ 5ÙLGF ;DU| JU" DF8[ 56 the VFl8"S, VFJ[P
o HIFZ[ SM. V[S CMJF DF8[ V[S H jIlST CMI TM VFl8"S, J5ZFTM GYLP
o lGl`RTTF ATFJJF AC]JRG GL VFU/ the VFl8"S, VFJ[ K[P
o a /an GF[ VY" V[S YFI K[P HIFZ[ AC]JRGDF\ JF5ZJFGL H~Z 50[ TM the VFl8"S, VFJ[ K[P
o ãjIJFRS S[ EFJJFRS GFDMGL 5}J[" the VFl8"S, VFJT]\ GYL 56 lGl`RT VY"DF\ the VFl8"S,
J5ZFI K[P NFP T o Pride is bad . 56 The pride of Ravana was the cause of his
down tall.
o a / an GM p5IMU VlGl`RT q VQ5Q8 AFATM4 DM8F JU"DF\YL 5|F6L4 jIlST S[ J:T]G[ V,U
TFZJJF4 ;\7FJFRS G[ HFlTJFRS DF\ AN,L GFBJF DF8[ J5ZFI K[P
o ;\NE" ATFJJF V[8,[ S[ V[SJFZ JFT S[ p<,[B YIF AFN OZLYL T[ H J:T]GL JFT SZJF4 V[S
JRGG]\ GFD VFBF JU" DF8[4 S]NZTGL V[S VG[ DF+ V[S H J:T]VM s ;}I"4 R\ã4 U|C4 5J"T PPPPPPf 4

WD" XF:+M4 DCF SFjI VlåTLI s VHM0 f J:T]4 lJX[QF6YL GJFHFI[,F GFD4 ;]5Z,[l8J 0LU|L s
Superlative degree) VFU/ S|D NXF"JJF lJX[QF6GL 5C[,F\ 4 ;\ULTGF JFnM4 Noun G[ VnFCFZ
SZJF4 noun 5Z EFZ D}SJF DF8[ the VFl8"S, J5ZFI K[P
o water, milk, oil, honey H[JL 5|JFCL J:T] VFU/ a /an VFl8"S, D}SFTM GYL SFZ6 S[ VFJL
J:T]VM 1,2, 3........ V[D ;\bIF J0[ U6L XSFTL GYLP
 These, Those
o This sVFf G]\ AC]\JRG These slW;f VG[ That s 5[,]\f G]\ AC]JRG Those sWMhf K[P
o These VG[ Those A\G[ AC]JRGGF ~5 CMJFYL T[DGL ;FY[ to be G]\ JT"DFGSF/G]\ are ~5
J5ZFI K[P
o These VG[ Those ;FY[ VFl8"S, s a /an) VJTM GYLP
Formula:
o CSFZo These / Those + are + (o.w.p) 5NFY"G]\ S[ VgIG]\ AC]JRG
o GSFZo These / those + are + not + o.w.p
o 5|`GFY"o Are + these/ those + o.w.p +?
o 5|PGSFZo Aren’t + these/ those + o.w.p +?

 My, Your, His, Her, Our, Your, Their
My s DFIf DFZ]\ Our sVJZf VDFZ]\
Your s IMZf TDFZ]\ Your sIMZf TDFZ]\
His s lCh T[G]\ s5]Z]QFf
Her sCZ f T[G]\ s :+L f Their s W[IZ f
T[VMG]\ Its s.8; f T[G]\ s GFgITZ f
o VCL My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Their JU[Z[ KõL lJElSTGF EFJ s ~5M f K[P VF
lJElST DFl,SLGM EFJ ;]RJ[ K[P
o Our, Your, VG[ their V[ AC]JRGGF ~5M K[P
o DFl,S VG[ DFl,SGL J:T[GM ;\A\W NXF"JGFZF ;J"GFDF[ my, your, her, his, Its GFDGL VFU/
VJLG[ lJX[QF6 G]\ SFI" SZ[ K[P T[YL T[DG[ DFl,SL NX"S lJX[QF6M s Possessive Adjectives )
SC[ K[P
o GFDGL 5C[,F\ lJX[QF6 VFJ[ TM GFDGL ;FY[ VFl8"S, VFJTM GYL a my bike ,BFI GCLP
DF+ my bike H ,BFIP

 Plural s AC]JRGf
o ;DFgI ZLT[ XaN G[ K[0[ s ,UF0JFYL T[G]\ AC]JRG YFI K[P
o HM XaN G[ K[0[ s, ss, sh, ch, chh, x, o, CMI TM es ,UF0JFYL AP J AG[ K[P
o NFP T o bus – busses, glass- glasses, box- boxes, mango- mangoes, watch – watches.
o HM XaNG[ K[0[ t S[ te CMI TM T[ GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ T[GL HuIFV[ ves ,FU[ K[P H[DF\ roof,
hoof, safe, hanker chief JU[Z[ V5JFN K[P H[DF\ DF+ s ,FU[ K[P
o XaNG[ K[0[ y CMI TM y GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ ies ,FU[ K[ 56 HM y GL 5C[,F :JZ CMI ( a, e,
i, o, u ) TM DF+ S ,FU[ K[ VG[ y 56 GLS/TM GYLP NFP To baby – babies, toy – toys.
o ;\I]ST GFDMG]\ AP J SZTL JBT[ A\G[ DF\YL H[G]\ JWFZ[ DCtJ CMI T[GL VFU/ S ,FU[ K[P
H[D S[4 father-in- law - fathers-in-law
mather-in-law - mathers-in-law
o S[8,FS ;\I]ST GFDMDF\ A\G[ 5NMG]\ AC]JRG YFI K[P
H[D S[4 man servant - men servants
o women servant – women servants
o GFDGL 5C[,F ;\bIFJFRS lJX[QF6 VFJ[ TM AP J GM 5|tII ,FUTM GYLP H[D S[4 one dozen -
one dozen, one hundred – dive hundred
o scissors, spectacles, people, cattle JU[Z[ C\D[XF APJ VG[ news, innings JU[Z[ C\D[XF
V[PJDF\ J5ZFI K[P
o S[8,FS APJGF ~5 VlGIlDT K[P

man – men woman – women
foot – feet child - children
tooth – teeth mouse – mice
o VD}SGF V[PJ VG[ APJGF ~5 ;DFG H CMI K[P H[D S[4
sheep – sheep sugar – sugar
dear – dear salt – salt
tea – tea

 Type of Questions :
o V\U|[HL DF\ A[ 5|SFZGF 5|`GM VFJ[ K[P
o s!f lS|IF5NYL (verb) X~ YTF 5|`GM H[G[ verbal Question SC[JFI K[P
o sZf Wh- YL X~ YTF 5|`GM what, when, which, who, where, How, why, whom,
whose VF AWF Wh- Question SC[JFI K[P
o VCL How V[ Wh YL X~ YTM GYL 56 T[G[ VF 5|SFZGM H U6FI K[P
s!f lS|IF5NYL X~ YTF 5|`GM s verbal Ques )

o H[ lS|IF5NYL 5|`GJFSIGL X~VFT Y. XS[ K[ T[ lS|IF5NM GLR[ D}HA K[P
o JPSFo is, am, are, have, has, do, does, shall, will, can, may, must, ought, need, dare
o E}PSFo was, were, had, did, should, would, could, might, used.
o p5ZMST Z$ lS|IF5N l;JFI ALHF SM. 56 lS|IF5NYL 5|`GGL X~VFT YTL GYLP
o lS|IF5NG[ GSFZ SZJF TGF 5KL TZT H not D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P not XaNG[ HM0JFYL T[DGF 8}\SF
~5M YFI K[P is not = isn’t , has not = hasn’t JU[Z[ P
o lS|IF5NYL X~ YTF SM. 56 5|`GM HJFA yes S[ No DF\ VF5L XSFI K[P
sZf Wh Questions
o H[ 5|`GMGL X~VFT when, where, why, what, who, which, whom, whose VG[ How
XaNYL YFI T[JF 5`GMG[ Wh- Question SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
o Wh- Question GM p¿Z Yes S[ NoDF\ V5FTF GYL T[DGF p¿Z DF8[ SM.G[ SM. DFlCTL RMSS;

ZLT[ s VR}S q OZlHIFT f VF5JL 50[ K[P VFYL VFJF 5|`GM G[ Information Questions 56 SC[
K[P

 Yes – No
o VD]S lJlXQ8 5|`GM HJFA Yes S[ No DF\ H VF5JM 50[ K[P
NFP To Is this your pen ?
Yes, it is.
yes,it is my pen.
yes, it’s my pen
o VCL\ 5|`GGF +6 p¿Z VF5[,F K[ 5C[,M p¿Z 8}\SF :J~5GM K[ VG[ AFSLGF A[ p¿Z 5}ZF VF5[,
K[P
o 36LJFZ V\U|[HLDF\ Yes S[ No GM p5IMU SZTL JBT[ 5}ZF JFSIDF\ HJFA G VF5TF 8}\SDF\ p¿Z
V5FI K[P H[D S[4 Is this a book?
o Yes, it is
o No, it isn’t
o VCL\ It is GF :YFG[ it’s 56 ,BL XSFI 56 DF+ CSFZDF\ it is H ,BJ]\ S[ AM,J]\ 50[ it’s
,BL S[ AM,L XSFI GlCP
o isn’t V[ is not G]\ 8}\S]\ ~5 K[ GSFZDF\ p¿Z VF5TL JBT[ ;FDFgI ZLT[ is not G[ AN,[ isn’t H
J5ZFI K[P
 ‘S & Of
o APJ DF\ K[0[ s S[ es ,UF0JFGM CMI tIFZ[ ‘S ,FUTM GYL DF+ ‘ ,FU[ K[P NFPT o farmers -
farmers’

donkey - donkey’s.
o ;HLJM DF8[ ‘S GF :YFG[ of JF5ZL XSFI 56 lGHL"J DF8[ TM DM8[ EFU[ of H J5ZFI K[P
o Ramesh’s pen – pen of Ramesh 56 cow’s leg V[D G ,BFI T[G[ leg of cow V[D
H DM8[EFU[ ,BFIP

 Mine-yours, theirs
o ;J"GFDGF KõL lJElST GF ~5M mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs K[P
o his KõL lJElST G]\ ~5 A[ ZLT[ J5ZFI K[P This is his book. / This book is his.
o It ;J"GFDG]\ ~5 it’s V[S H K[P VF ~5 SNL K[0[ D}SFT] GYLP
o my, your JU[Z[ is 5C[,F VFJ[ HIFZ[ mine, yours JU[Z[ is 5KL VFJ[P H[D S[4
o This is my book – This book is mine.
 Commands – VF7FY"
o VF56[ ZMHAZMHGF HLJGDF\ SM.G[ S\. SZJFG]\ SC[TF CM.V[ KLV[ H[D S[4 5[G ,FJP VFJF JFSIMG[
VF7FY" JFSIM SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
o V7FY" JFSIDF\ STF" TZLS[ you CMI K[ 56 T[GM p<,[B SZTM GYLP H[D S[4 T]\ q TDG[ VF5M G[
Give a pen V[D ,BFI K[P
o VF7FY" JFSIGL X~VFT ,UEU lS|IF5NYL X~ YFI K[ 56 S[8,LS JFZ p5N[X VF5JF S[ ;,FC S[
lJG\TL SZJF please, Don’t H[JF XaNM J5ZFI K[P H[D S[4
o Please switch on the fan – DC[ZAFGL SZL 5\BM RF,] SZM
o Don’t speake a lie – H}9}\ AM,M GlCP
o VlC Don’t = Do not GSFZ JFSI DF8[ J5ZFI K[ HIFZ[ Don’t VF7FY" JFSIDF\ J5ZFI TM T[GM
SM. VY" GYL T[ DF+ JFSIG[ GSFZ AGFJJF DF8[ ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N TZLS[ JT[" K[P
o VCL HIFZ[ Don’t VFJ[ tIFZ[ ALHL lJElST GF ~5M me, us, you, him, her, it, them J5ZFI
K[P H[D S[4 Don’t disturb me – DG[ B,[, q C[ZFG G SZM

o Don’t cheat us – VDG[ K[TZXM GlC

 Have - Has
o to have s C[J f v GL 5F;[ CMJ]\4 v G]\ CMJ]\4 GL DFl,SG]\ CMJ]P
o to has V[ JPSF +LP5] V[PJ DF8[ J5ZFT]\ to have G]\ ~5 K[P H[ He, She, it JU[Z[ DF8[ J5ZFI
K[P HIFZ[ AFSLGFDF\ has J5ZFI K[P
o have S[ has 5KL not D}SJFYL S[ no D}SJFYL GSFZJFRS JFSI AG[ K[ shave/ has) not G]\ 8]S}\
~5 haven’t K[P
o H[D S[4 VDFZL 5F;[ AF.S GYL – We have not a bike/ We haven’t a bike/ We have no
bike.
o Have VG[ Has G[ JFSI GL X~VFTDF\ D}STF\ 5|`GFY" JFSI AG[ K[P H[GM yes/ no DF\ 8}SM T[DH
5}6" HJFA VF5L XSFI K[P
o 36LJFZ have / has ;FY[ got 56 JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[YL JFSIDF\ SM. O[Z 50TM GYLP
o We have a bike = we have got a bike.
o got XaN JF/F 5|`GFY" JFSIDF\ 8}\SDF\ HJFA VF5TL JBT[ got J5ZFTM GYLP 5}6" p¿Z DF8[ got
,BFI K[P H[D S[4 Has Minaxi got a pencil ?
 No, she hasn’t / yes, she has.
 Yes, she has got a pencil
 No, she hasn’t got a pencil
o Formula:
CSFZ o STF" + have / has( got) + AFSLGF XaNM

o GSFZo STF" + have/ has + not +got + AFP X
o 5|`GFY"o Have/ Has + STF" + got + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
o GSFZ o Haven’t / hasn’t + STF" + got + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
 Had
o Have / has A\G[G]\ E}TSF/G]\ ~5 had K[P
o have /has ;FY[ H[D got J5ZFY K[ T[D had 5KL 56 got J5ZFI K[P
o had 5KL not D}STF had not / hadn’t YFI K[ VG[ JFSI GSFZ AG[ K[P
o Have / has GL H[D had G[ X~VFTDF\ D}STF\ 5|`GFY"JFSI AG[ K[ H[G[ yes/ no DF\ 8}SM p¿Z S[
5}ZM p¿Z VF5L XSFI K[P

o Formula:
o CSFZo STF" + had + got + AFSLGF XaNM
o GSFZo STF" + had + not + got + AFSL GF XaNM
o 5|`GFY"o Had + STF" + got + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
o 5|P GSFZo Hadn’t + STF" + got + AFSLGF XaNM + ?

 Introductory ‘there’ s5|F:TlJS, there )
o JFSIDF\ HIFZ[ SM. VlGl`RT DG]QI4 5|F6L S[ J:T] is S[ are lS|IF5N GF STF" TZLS[ VFJ[ tIFZ[ DM8[
EFU[ VF56[ is S[ are GL 5}J[" there VG[ is S[ areGL 5KL STF" TZLS[ VFJ[,]\ GFD D}SLG[ VF
5|SFZGL ZRGF SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
o VFJL ZRGF Introductory there (5|F:TlJS there) TZLS[ VM/BFI K[P
o ;FDFgI ZLT[ V\U|[HLDF\ JFSIGL X~VFT STF"YL YFI K[P VCL STF"G[ :YFG[ thereGM p5IMU YFI
K[P VF V\U|HLGM V[S lJlXQ8 5|SFZ K[P
o VCL JFSIDF\ there GM VY" S\. GYL T[ DF+ JFSIGL X~VFT SZL VF5[ K[P
o There 5KL JPSF DF\ ‘to be’ lS|IF5NG]\ ~5 is/ are VFJ[ K[P VG[ 5KL STF" VFJ[ K[P
o There YL X~ YTF JFSIDF\ lS|IF5N T[GL 5KL VFJTF STF" 5|DF6[ V[PJ S[ APJ DF\ VFJ[ K[P V[8,[
S[ STF" V[PJ TM lS|IF5N V[PJ VG[ STF" APJ TM lS|IF5N APJ DF\ CMI K[P
o 5|`GFY" JFSIDF\ is/ are/ wh. Que 5C[,F D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ VG[ 5KL there VG[ ALH] D}SJFDF\ VFJ[
K[P VG[ is/ are 5KL not D}STF\ isn’t/ aren’t D}SLG[ JFSI GSFZ AGFJFI K[P
o Formula:
o CSFZo There + is/ are + STF" + AFSLGF XaNM
o GSFZo There + is/ are +not + STF" + AFSLGF XaNM
o 5||`GFY"o Is / are/ + there + STF" + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
5|P GSFZo Isn’t/ aren’t + there + STF" + AFSLGF XaNM + ?

 How many? – How much?
o How many? = How much? = S[8,]\
How many VG[ How much A\G[GM U]HZFTLDF\ VY" ;DFG YFI K[P 5Z\T] V\U|[HLDF\ T[DGM
VY" lEgG K[P
o How many 5|`GGF p¿ZDF\ 1, 2, 10, 25, 50, V[D RMSS; ;\bIFGM q VF\S0FGM lGN["X YFI K[P
VFD4 H[ J:T]GL U6TZL Y. XSTL CMI T[JL J:T]G[ How many J0[ 5|`GFY"DF\ 5}KFI K[P
o How much 5|`GGM p¿Z H[ J:T] U6LGF XSFI T[JL J:T]GF[ 5|`GFY"DF\ p5IMU SZFI K[P H[D S[
AWL H ãjI JFRS s GFDf J:T]VM 5F6L4 T[,4 WFT] 4 VGFH JU[Z[ 5}KJF How much J5ZFI K[P
o U6L XSFI T[JL J:T]G[ Constable nouns & G U6L XSFI T[JL J:T]G[ Uncountable nouns
SC[ K[P
o How many & How much GF 5|`GGF HJFADF\ S[8,LS JFZ some, any H[JF XaNM J5ZFI
K[P some XaN CSFZDF\ TYF any XaN 5|`GFY" VG[ GSFZ DF8[ J5ZFI K[P
o p5ZF\T some VG[ any A\G[ XaNM countable & uncountable DF8[ JF5ZL XSFI K[P
 a lot of , plenty of
o some S[8,FS4 enough – 5]ZT]\ 4 No- GFP VF XaNM U6L XSFI VG[ G U6L XSFI V[D A\G[
5|SFZGF 5|`GF[ GF HJFA DF8[ VF5L XSFI K[P
o HIFZ[ a few – YM0]\P V[ U6L XSFI VG[ a little - YM0]\ P V[ G U6L XSFI T[JL J:T]VM DF8[
J5ZFI K[P
 Going to:

o ElJQGL SM. IMHGF S[ .ZFNF G[ RF,] JT"DFGSF/DF\ NXF"JJF going to GM p5IMU YFI K[P
 Formula:
 CSFZo STF" + is / am/ are + going to + lS|IF5N G]\ D}/ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
 GSFZo STF" + is / am / are + not + going to + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM

 Can, could, would, use – used to- to be used
 Can V[ ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N K[ VG[ T[ XlST q SFI"ÙDTF NXF"J[ K[P
 Can ;FY[ C\D[XF lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ D}/~5 H J5ZFI K[P
 Can GM p5IMU 5ZJFGUL DFUJF S[ VF5JF DF8[ SZL XSFI K[P

 Formula:
 CSFZo STF" + can + lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
 GSFZo STF" + can’t + lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
 5|`GFY"o can + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
 5|P GSFZ o can’t + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
 Can G]\ E}PSF G]\ ~5 could K[P could D}SLG[ can JF/F JFSIMG]\ E}PSFDF\ ~5F\TZ Y. XS[ K[P
 Formula:
 can GL Formula DF\ can GF :YFG[ Could D}SL N[TF\ formula AGX[P
 E}TSF/ DF\ SF[. lJlXQ8 AFATGL XSITF VYJF ;DY"TF jIST SZJF DF8[ could GF :YFG[ was /
were able to JF5ZL XSFI H[ JW] IMuI U6FI K[P
 would V[ 56 V[S ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N K[P T[ will G]\ E}PSFGL V[SFNL 8[J VYJF ZLT NXF"JFI K[P
 would GF H[JL H ALHL ZRGF K[ used to GF +6 5|SFZ K[P use - used to - be used to.
 use XaNGM p5IMU lS|IF5N TZLS[ J5ZFI K[P VF lS|IF5NGM VY" JF5ZJ]\ S[ p5IMUDF\\ ,[J]\ V[D
YFI K[P

 used to V[ would GL H[D E}PSFDF\ J5ZFI K[P be used to – get, used to – become used
to ZRGFDF\ 8[J 50L UI[,]\ S[ 8[JF. UI[,]\ V[JM VY" YFI K[P
 used to VG[ be used to 5KL C\D[XF lS|IF5N G]\ D}/~5 J5ZFI K[P
 used to GM JW] p5IMU E}PSFDF\ YTL JFZ\JFZGL 38GFVM DF8[ YFI K[P

 May –Might
 May 56 canGL H[D ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N K[P
 5ZJFGUL VF5JF S[ ,[JF DF8[ may lS|IF5N J5ZFI K[P
 SM. G[ X]E[rKF S[ VFXLJF"N VF5JF DF8[ 56 MayGM p5IMU YFI K[P
 Might 56 May GL H[D H ;\EJ jIST SZJF DF8[G]\ ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N K[P
 Might VG[ MayGM VY" V[S H K[P
 Formula:
 CSFZo STF" + may/ might + to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
 GSFZo STF" + may/ might + not + to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
 5|`GFY"o May/ Might + STF" + to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
 Must- Need’t, Have to – has to – Had to

 SM. SFD A\WGSFZS S[ OZlHIFT VYJF H~ZL K[ V[JM VY" jIST SZJF DF8[ ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N
must D}SL G[ lS|IF5N G]\ D}P~P D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 Needn’t V[ 56 must H[J]\ H ~5 K[ 56 T[GM VY" SM. SFD SZJFG]\ A[WG GYL VYJF TM T[
SFD H~ZG]\ GYL T[D NXF"JJF YFI K[P
 Formula: (must)
 CSFZo STF" + must + to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
 GSFZo STF" + must + not + to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM

 Formula: (Needn’t)
 STF" + Needn’t + to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG] D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
 Have to- Has to GM VY" must GL H[D H YFI K[P ElJQIGL 38GF DF8[ must G[ AN,[ Have to
S[ Has to D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ HIFZ[ E}PSF GL 38GF DF8[ must G[ AN,[ Had to D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 Formula:
 CSFZo STF" + have / has/had+ not + to lS|IF5NG]\ D}P~ + AFSLGF XaNM

 Should- Ought to
 Should V[ AWF H STF" DF8[ J5ZFI K[P Should VG[ Ought to A\G[ ST"jI NX"S XaNM K[P T[GM
VY" YJ]\ HM.V[4 SZJ]\ HM.V[ JU[Z[ YFI K[P
 Ought to 56 Should GL H[D AWF H STF" DF8[ J5ZFI K[P
 Should VG[ Ought to 5KL C\D[XF D]bI lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ D}/ ~5 VFJ[ K[P
 HIFZ[ lS|IFVM E}PSF DF\ ATFJJL CMI TM should/ ought to 5KL have D}SL lS|IF5NG]\ E}TS'N\T
D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 GSFZ JFSI SZTL JBT[ shouldn’t VG[ oughtn’t D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 Formula:
 CSFZsGSFZfo STF" + should/ought to + not + have + lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ D}/~5
 E}PSF DF8[ o STF" + should / ought to (not) + have + lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ D}/~5

 Adverbs (lS|IFlJX[QF6Mfo
 H[ XaNM lS|IF5NGF VY"DF\ JWFZM SZ[ T[JF XaNMG[ lS|IFlJX[QF6M SC[JFI K[[P
 H[ adverbs lS|IF S[JL ZLT[ Y. V[ ATFJ[ T[G[ V\U|[HL DF\ adverbs of manner ( 5|SFZ NX"S f
SC[JFI K[P soundly, sweetly, bravely, JU[Z[ 5|SFZ NX"S adverbs K[P
 H[ adverbs lS|IF SIFZ[ Y. T[ ATFJ[ T[G[ adverbs of time – s ;DINX"S lS|IFlJX[QF6 f SC[JFI
K[P today, yesterday, soon JU[Z[ ;DI NX"S adverbs K[P
 H[ adverb lS|IF SIF\ Y. T[ ATFJ[ T[G[ adverbs of place ( :Y/ NX"S f SC[JFI K[P there, out,
here, JU[Z[ :Y/ NX"S adverbs K[P
 lJX[QF6G[ K[0[ le CMI TM e SF-L y ,UF0TF\ adverb AG[ K[P gentle – gently.
 lJX[QF6G[ K[0[ y CMI VG[ y GL 5C[,F\ jI\HG CMI TM ly ,UF0TF\ 5C[,F\ y GM i SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
happy – happily.
 AFSLGF lJX[QF6MFG\ DM8[EFU[ ;FDFgI ZLT[ ly ,UF0TF\ adverb AG[ K[P
 when, where, why VG[ how H[JF adverb 5|`GFY" JFSIGL X~VFTDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 adverb H[ XaNGF VY"DF\ JWFZM SZ[ T[GL A\G[ V[8,L GHLS D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 Always, never, of ten, sometimes V[ AWF time – adverb K[P H[ lS|IF5NGF VY"DF\ JWFZM
SZ[ T[GL 5C[,F\ 56 to be lS|IF5N 5KL D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 HM lS|IF5N ;CFISFZS VG[ D]bI lS|IF5NG]\ AG[,]\ CMI TM VF lS|IF lJX[QF6M ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N
VG[ D]bI lS|IF5NGL JrR[ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 HM ;SD"S lS|IF5N GL 5KL TZT H SD" VFJT]\ CMI TM adverb SD" GL 5KL D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

 Question tags
 lJWFG JFSIG[ T[ lJWFG lJX[ CDlT 5}KJF S[ CSFZDF\ SC[JF DF8[ 8}\SF 5|`GM 5}KFI K[P H[DG[
Question tags SC[JFI K[P
 DC[X CMlXIFZ K[4 GlC m v Mahesh is clever, isn’t he?
 HM lJWFG JFSI CSFZ TM Que. tags GSFZDF\ VG[ lJWFG JFSI GSFZ TM Que. tags CSFZ CMI
K[P
 Question tags GF O[ZOFZMo
is – isn’t can – can’t
are – aren’t must – mustn’t
am – ain’t / am not has – hasn’t
was – wasn’t have – haven’t
were – weren’t do – don’t
will – won’t should – shouldn’t
shall – shalln’t did – didn’t
would – wouldn’t.
 Let / Let’s
 let us = Let’s. SM. 56 ;}RGF SZTL JBT[ AM,GFZ ;FY[ 5MTFGM 56 T[DF\ ;DFJ[X SZ[ K[ tIFZ[
Let’s GL ZRGF YFI K[P
 Let GL ZRGF JF/F VF7FY" JFSIMDF\ DM8[ EFU[ you VwIFCFZ CMI K[P H[D S[4
Let me go – (TD[ q T]f DG[ HJF NMP

 Let her cook – T[6L G[ ZF\WJF NMP
 Let us, Let him, Let them H[JL ZRGF DF\ OST 5ZJFGUL DFUJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ T[JM VY" CMI K[P
 Let lS|IF5NGM VY" allow – SZJF NM4 5ZJFGUL VF5M V[D YFI K[P
 Let GF :YFG[ allow JF5ZL XSFI 56 allow GM p5IMU SZTL JBT[ lS|IF5NGL 5C[,F\ to
D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[D S[4 Let me go.
 Allow me to go.

 Exclamatory Sentences (pNUFZ JFRS JFSIMf
 pNJFZ JFRS JFSIM DF\ what/ How XaN X~VFTDF\ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ VG[ lS|IF5N JFSIGF V\T[
D}SFI K[P JFSIG[ V\T[ (!) D}SJ] OZlHIFT K[P
 pNUFZ JFRSG]\ lJWFG JFSIDF\ 5lZJT"G SZTL JBT[ what /how SF-L GFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 T[G[ :YFG[ 5|YD STF" VG[ 5KL lS|IF5N D}SL lJWFG JFSIGL ZRGF SZJL 50[ K[P
 How / what G[ very J0[ VlElJST YFI K[ VG[ 5KL D}/ JFSIGF lJX[QF6 S[ lS|IFlJX[QF6 D}SL
AFSLGF XaNM ,BJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 S[8,FS pNUFZ JFRS XaNMo
 How beautiful! – S[8,] ;]\NZ
 Excellent! – p¿D
 of course! – CF:TM
 How sad! – S[8,]\ N]oBN
 How interesting! – S[8,]\ Z;5|N
 Bravo!- XFAFX
 How sweet! – S[8,]\ DL9]\
 How marvelous! – S[8,]\ ;Z;
 How terrible! – S[8,]\ EIFGS
 How funny! – S[8,]\ DhFG]\
 Thank god! - CFX
 god! – C[ EUJFG
 Congratulations! – VlEG\NG
 What a pity! – S[8,L N]oBN JFT
 Wonderful! – VF`RI"HGS
 What a shame! – S[8,]\ XZDHGS

 Hurry up! – H<NL SZ
 Quite right! – lA,S], AZFAZ
 How absurd! – S[8,]\ CF:IF:5N
 Oh dear! – VZ[
 Thanks! – VFEFZ
 How surprising! – S[8,]\ VF`RI"HGS
 What nonsense! – S[JL D}B"F.
 How great! – S[JM DCFG
 Beware! - ;FJWFG

 Degree:
 Degree GF +6 5|SFZ K[P possitive, comparative VG[ Superlative.
 Possitive Degree DF\ D}/ lJX[QF6 H J5ZFI K[P lJX[QF6G[ -er 5|tII ,UF0JFYL T[G]\
Comparative degree G]\ ~5 AG[ K[P JFSIDF\ V[ ~5 5KL C\D[XF T],GFNX"S XaN than J5ZFI
K[P
 H[GL T],GF Y. CMI T[G]\ GFD STF" TZLS[ VG[ H[GL ;FY[ T],GF Y. CMI T[G]\ GFD than 5KL
D]SFI K[P HIFZ[ A[ jIlSTVM S[ J:T]GL T],GF SZJL CMI tIFZ[ H Comparative degree J5ZFI
K[P
 lJX[QF6GF D}/ ~5G[ -est 5|tII ,UF0JFYL T[G]\ Superlative degree AG[ K[P V[ ~5GL 5C[,F
C\D[XF VFl8"S, the D}SFI K[P Superlative degree +6 S[ T[YL JWFZ[ jIlSTVM S[ J:T]VMDF\
V[SGL `F|[Q9TF ATFJJL CMI tIFZ[ H J5ZFI K[P
 than 5KL ;J"GFD (pronoun) – GF SD" lJElSTGF ~5M ( her, his, JU[Z[f GlC 56 STF"
lJElSTGF ~5M s she, he, you) JU[Z[ D}SFI K[P
 Formula:
 STF" + to be G]\ ~5 + not + as + D}/ lJX[QF6 + as + ;ZBFD6L H[GL ;FY[ Y. K[ T[ XaN
 36LJFZ as.....as GF AN,[ not so... as H[JL ZRGF 56 J5ZFI K[P
 CPG sCo): STF" + c. d G]\ ~5 + than + ALHM ;ZBFD6LGM XaN
 CPG sSup) : STF" + to be (+ not ) + S.D G]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
 Comparative & Superlative degree GF lJX[QF6GF S[8,FS lGIDM K[P H[ GLR[ D}HA K[P

;FDFgI ZLT[ ‘er’ & ‘-est’ 5|TII ,FU[ K[P tall – taller – tallest.
 V\T[ e CMI TM DF+ ‘r’ & ‘st’ ,FU[ K[P wise – wiser – wisest.
 K[0[ y CMI TM VG[ T[ 5C[,F\ jI\HG CMI TM y GM i YFI K[ VG[ 5KL -er /est 5|tII ,FU[ K[P
heavy – heavier – heaviest
happy – happier – happiest
 GFGF s 3-4) lJX[QF6MG[ ‘er’ S[ ‘est’ D}STF K[0[GF VÙZM A[J0FI K[P
big – bigger – biggest
hot – hotter – hottest.

 HM XAN ,F\AM CMI TM VG[ A[ S[ T[YL JW[ :JZ CMI TM T[GL VFU/ more & most ,UF0FI K[P
difficult – more difficult – most difficult
beautiful – more beautiful – most beautiful.
 HM K[0[ ly CMI TM 56 more & most ,UF0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
Carefully – more – carefully – most carefully
bravely – more bravely – most bravely.
 S[8,FS lJX[QF6GF XaNM VlGIlDT CMI K[P good – better – best, bad/ ill – warse – worst,
much/ many – more – most.

 Squence of tense s SF/FgJI f
 HM D]bI JFSIDF\ JPSF S[ EPSF G]\ lS|IF5N VFJ[,] CMI TM T[GF 5KLGF UF{6 JFSIDF\ JFSIGF EFJ
S[ VY" 5|DF6[ SM. 56 SF/G]\ lS|IF5N VFJL XS[P
 HM D]bI JFSIG]\ lS|IF5N E}PSFDF\ CMI TM UF{6 JFSIG]\ lS|IF5N E}PSFGF IMuI~5DF\ CMJ]\ HM.V[P
 5Z\T] HM UF{6JFSI S]NZTGF lGID 5|DF6[ AgIF SZ[ T[J]\ lJWFG CMI4 SM. SC[JT CMI S[ C\D[XF
;FRL U6FI V[JL CSLST CMI TM D]bI JFSIG]\ lS|IF5N E}PSF DF\ CMJF KTF\ 56 UF{6 JFSIG]\
lS|IF5N C\D[XF ;FPJP SF DF\ H ZC[ K[P

 Active –Passive voise
 A.v : STF" + lS|IF5N + SD"
P.v: SD" + ;PlS| + E}PS' + by + SD"
 VCL\ A.V DF\ O[ZOFZ YTF STF"G]\ :YFG SD" ,[ K[ VG[ SD"G]\ :YFG STF" ,[ K[P
 SF/ 5|DF6[ IMuI ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 5KL lS|IF5NG] E}P S' VG[ by D}SJFDF\ VFJ[
K[P T[GF 5KL STF"GL SD" lJElST VFJ[ L[P
 HIFZ[ STF" SD" AG[ VG[ SD" STF" AG[ tIFZ[ V[P J q APJ GF GFD D]HA ;PlS|IF5N D]SFI K[P VG[
;J"GFDDF\ 56 O[ZOFZ YFI K[P TYF STF" lJElST SD" lJElST VG[ STF"” lJElST SD" lJElST
I - Me She – her
We – us It – It
You – You They – them
He – him.
 p5ZGF ;J"GFD VF5[,F CMI TM T[DF\ O[ZOFZ YFI K[P 56 HFlTJFRS GFD S[ BF:T GFD CMI TM
T[DF\ O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP

 too.....so......that.......not
 too V[ V[S lS|IFlJX[QF6 K[P T[GM VY" .........so..........that.........not......... YFI K[P
 H[D S[ He is so honest that he will not accept a bribe. VF JFSIDF\ ......so....that.....not
G[ AN,[ too JF5ZLG[ VY" AN<IF JUZ JFSI ,BL XSFI K[P He is too honest to accept a
bribe.
 too XaN SF9LG[ T[GL HuIFV[ so XaN D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VG[ 5KL H[ lJX[QF6 S[ lS|IFlJX[QF6 CMI
T[ D}SFI K[P 5KL that D}SL to SF9L GFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 5KL X~VFTFGM STF" S[ ;J"GFD D}SLG[
5KL can’t , couldn’t, won’t S[ wouldn’t DF\YL IMuI XaNM D}SJFP
 tIFZ 5KL D}/ JFSIDF\ to 5KL VFJTM lS|IFJFRS XaN VG[ ALHF XaNM ,BJFP

 As soon as, No sooner......then
 V[S lS|IF YFI S[ TZT H ALHL lS|IF YFI T[ ;}TJJF U]HZFTLDF\ cS[ TZTHc q cH[J]\ PPPPPS[ TZT Hc
J5ZFI K[ VFJF JFSIMG[ V\U|[HLDF\ as soon as / no sooner..........than J0[ NXF"JFI K[P
 as soon as YL X~ YT]\ p5JFSI D]bI JFSIGL 5C[,F\ T[DH 5KL V[D A\G[ ZLT[ VFJ[ K[P 5Z\T]
No sooner TM JFSIGL X~VFTDF\ H J5ZFI K[P
 as soon as GL DFOS T[ JFSIGL JrR[ J5ZFI GlC P J/L No sooner 5KL TZT H ;CFISFZS
lS|IF5NG]\ IMuI ~5 VFJ[ K[P 5KL T[GM STF" VG[ tIFZ 5KL D]bI lS|IF5N D}SFI K[P V[ p5JFSI
5]Z] YIF 5KL H than J5ZFI K[P VG[ T[ 5KL H D]bI JFSI VFJ[ K[P
 ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N JUZ No sooner ;FY[ D]bI lS|IF5N V[S,]\ J5ZFI GlCP
 as soon as JF/F p5JFSIDF\ HM is, am, are, was S[ were lS|IF5N D]bI lS|IF5N TZLS[ CMI TM
No sooner JF/F JFSIMDF\ O[ZJTL JBT[ No sooner 5KL is, am, are, was S[ were VFJ[ K[
VG[ 5KL STF" VFJ[ K[P

 Direct – indirect Speech:
 Direct speech G[ Indirect speechDF\ O[ZJJF DF8[ S], 4 5|SFZGF JFSIM CMI K[P s!f ;FN]
JFSI sZf 5|`GFY" JFSI s#f VF7FY" JFSI s$f VF`RI"SFZS JFSIP
 A[ jIlST JrR[GF ;\JFNG[ direct speech SC[ K[P T[ ;\JFNG[ SM. +LHL jIlST NXF"J[ tIFZ[
indirect speech AG[ K[P
 Direct speech DF\ AM,GFZG[ reporter VG[ ;F\E/GFZG[ listener SC[JFI K[P AM,GFZ ;FY[
Say, Said, Told, ask H[JF lS|IF5N J5ZFI K[P H[G[ reporting verb SC[JFI K[P
 JFSIDF\ s “ .........” ) lRgC JrR[GF JFSIG[ reported speech SC[JFI K[P
 reporting verb JPSFDF\ S[ E}PSF DF\ CMI TM reported speech GF SM. SF/DF\ O[ZOFZ YTF\
GYLP V[8,[ S[ reporting verb TZLS[ say, says, will say, shall say CMI tIFZ[ SF/ DF\ SM.
O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP VJZ6 lRgC GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ that YL DF+ JFSI HM0FI HFI K[P ;J"GFDDF\
O[ZOFZ AM,GFZ VG[ ;F\E/GFZ D]HA YFI K[P
 HIFZ[ ;GFTG ;tI 4 SC[JT S[ lJ7FG GM SM. l;wWF\T CMI TM 56 DF+ that J0[ HM0FI K[P SF.
AN,FTM GYLP
 reporting verb E}PSFDF\ CMI TM reported speech GF GLR[ 5|DF6[ O[ZOFZ YFI K[P
 VJTZ6 lRgC GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ that YL JFSI HM0FI K[P
 reported speech G]\ JFSI ;FP J G]\ CMI TM T[GM ;FPE}PSF AGL HFI K[P V[8,[ S[ is/ am / are G]\
was/were YFI K[P
 RFPJPSF G]\ JFSI RFPE}PSFDF\ O[ZJFI K[ V[8,[ S[ to be G]\ JPSF G]\ ~5 + lS|IF5N + ing CMI T[G]\ to

be G]\ E}PSFG]\ ~5 + lS| + ing AGL HFI K[P is/ am / are G]\ was / were YFI K[P
 5}PJPSF G]\ JFSI 5}PE}PSF DF\ O[ZJFI K[P V[8,[ S[ have / has G]\ had AG[ K[ VG[ T[GL ;FY[
E}TS'N\T D}SFI K[P
 JFSI ;FPE}PSFG]\ CMI TM 5}PE}PSF AG[ K[ V[8,[ S[ lS|IF5NG]\ E}PS' D}SFI K[ VG[ ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N
had D}SFI K[ VG[ did not GF :YFG[ had not D}SFI K[P
 JFSI RFPE}PSF DF\ CMI TM RFPE}PSF AG[ K[P V[8,[ S[ was / were G]\ had been YFI K[P
 JFSI 5}PE}PSF G]\ CMI TM T[GF SF/DF\ SM. O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP
 shall, will, can, could, may, might, should, would CMI TM could, would, should,
might V[DGF V[D H ZC[ K[P HIFZ[ shall / will G]\ would, can G]\ could VG[ may G]\ might
YFI K[ VG[ T[DGL ;FY[G]\ lS|IF5NG]\ D}P~5 V[D H ZC[ K[P V[8,[ S[ will go G]\ would go YFI
56 would went YT]\ GYLP

 HM ;DI ;}RS XaN CMI TM T[DGM O[ZOFZ GLR[ D}HA YFI K[P
this – that, these – those, here – there, to day – that day, tomorrow – the next,
yesterday – the previous day / the day before, next week – the following week,
last week – the previous week, to night – that night, ago – before, now – then,
come – go, thus – so.
 p5ZGF XaNM DF\ êW]\ YT]\ GYL V[8,[ S[ go G]\ come S[ that G]\ this YT]\ GYLP
 reported speech DF\ VFJTF ;J"GFDM AM,GFZ S[ ;F\E/GFZ DF8[ J5ZFI[, CMI TM T[GL lJElST
5|DF6[ indirect speech DF\ O[ZOFZ YFI K[P VF O[ZOFZ GLR[ D}HA K[P
STF" lJElST SD" lJElST ;A\WS sKõLf lJElST
I Me My Mine
We Us Our Ours
You You Your Yours
He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
It It Its Its
They Them Their Theirs
 reporting verb TZLS[ said to G[ AN,[ indirect SZTL JBT[ told J5ZFI K[ VG[ VJTZ6
lRgC GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ JFSI that YL HM0FI K[P
 reported speech GF 5|`GFY" JFSIDF\ A[ 5|SFZGF JFSIM K[P s!f ;CFISFZS lS|IF5NYL sZf
5|`GFY" ;}RS XaNYL X~YTF JFSIM o

s!f HIFZ[ JFSIGL X~VFT ;PlS| H[JF S[ is, am, are, was, were, shall, will, should,
would, can, could, has, have, had, may, might, do, does, did YL YFI tIFZ[ it /
whether J0[ JFSI HM0FI K VG[ JFSI ;FN] AGL HFI K[P VG[ O[ZOFZ ;FNF JFSIM D]HA YFI
K[P said to G[ AN,[ 5|`GFY" JFSIDF\ asked J5ZFI K[P VG[ 5|`GFY" lRgC= GLS/L HFI K[P
 HIFZ[ JFSIGL X~VFT 5|`G;}RS XaN H[JF S[ what, why, when, who, whom, whose,
which, where, how much, how many, how far JU[Z[ YL X~ YFI tIFZ[ T[ 5|`GFY" ;]RS
XaN H ;\IMHS AGL HFI K[P JFSI ;FN] AG[ K[P 56 5|`GFY" ;}RS XaN H ;\IMHS AGL HFI K[P
said to G]\ asked YFI K[P
 5|`GFY" JFSIG[ Indirect speech DF\ O[ZJTL JBT[ do, does, did JU[Z[ GLS/L HFI K[P SFZ6 S[
JFSI 5|`GFY" ZC[T]\ GYL JFSI ;FN]\ AGL HFI K[P

 pTZMST lGIDM 8}\SDF\ Direct speech DF\ ~5F\TZ SZTL JBT[
 is, am, are G]\ was, were YFI K[P
 have / has G]\ had YFI K[P
 ;FPJPSF GM ;FPE}PSF4 ;FPE}PSFG]\ 5}PE}SF AG[ K[P had 5KL E}PS' SM. O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP
 shall / will G]\ would, can G]\ could, may G]\ might YFI K[P should, would, could,
might DF\ O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP
 Do / Does GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ lS|IF5NG]\ E}PSFG]\ ~5 AG[ K[P do/ does not G]\ did not AG[
K[P
 Did GLS/L E}TS'N\T D]SFI K[P did not G]\ had not YFI K[P
 ;DI ;]RS XaNMDF\ O[ZOFZ YFI K[P say, says, will / shall say CMI TM SF/ AN,FTM GYLP
 ;GFTG ;tI4 SC[JT S[ lJ7FG GF l;wWFTMDF\ O[ZOFZ YTM GYL DF+ that ,FU[ K[P
 5|`GFY" JFSIG[ it/ whether J0[ HM0FI K[ VG[ 5|`GFY" ;]RS XaN CMI TM T[ ;\IMHS AG[ K[P
 ;FNF JFSIDF\ said to G]\ told VG[ says to G]\ tells D}SFI K[P HIFZ[ 5\`GFY" JFSIDF\ asked/
asks D]SFI K[P
 5|`GFY" JFSIMG]\ Indirect SZTL JBT[ T[ ;FN] JFSI AG[ K[ VG[ ;FNF JFSIGL H[DF\ O[ZOFZ YFI
K[P
 C]SDGM VFN[X S[ VlGJFI" OZHGM EFZ ;}RJFIM CMI TM said to G[ AN,[ ordered S[
commanded J5ZFI K[P
 lJG\TLGM EFJ ;}RJFIM CMI TM said to G[ AN,[ requested XaN J5ZFI K[P
 ;,FCGM EFJ ;}RJFIM said to G[ AN,[ advised J5ZFI K[P

 ;}RGGM EFJ ;}RJFIM CMI TM said to G[ AN,[ suggested J5ZFI K[P
 ;]RGFGM EFJ ;}RJFIM CMI TM said to G[ AN,[ Instructed J5ZFI K[P
 said to G[ AN,[ told S[ asked 56 J5ZFI K[P
 p5ZGF O[ZOFZ YIF 5KL Indirect SZTL JBT[ to åFZF reported speech G]\ JFSI HM0FI K[P
JFSIGL V\NZ ZC[,F please H[JF XaNM GLS/L HFI K[P
 VF7FY" JFSIG]\ GSFZ SZTL JBT[ Don’t /Do not lS|IF5N VFJ[ K[P T[G]\ Indirect SZTL JBT[
Do GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ lS|IF5N VFU/ not to VFJ[ K[P
 VF`RI"SFZS JFSIM GM VFZ\E SZTL JBT[ ;FDFgI ZLT[ what / How YL YTM CMI K[P VFJF JFSIM
G]\ indirect SZTL JBT[ said to G[ AN,[ exclaimed to D}SFI K[P VG[ JFSI ;FN] AGL HFI K[P
 T[DF\ O[ZOFZ 56 ;FNF JFSIGL H[D H SF/ & ;J"GFDDF\ YFI K[P

 reported speech GF JFSIGF EFJ 5|DF6[ exclaimed with delight, exclaimed with,
sorrow , exclaimed with, disgust, exclaimed with joy, joyfully, angrily, in fear,
with wonder, with surprise, with appreciation H[JF phrases J5ZFI K[P
 JFSIDF\ J5ZFTF oh, Hurrah, Alas, what VG[ How H[JF XaNM GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ S[8,LS
JFZ ptS'Q8TF ;}RS XaNM very, really S[ Indeed J5ZFI K[P
 pN=UFZ JFSIG]\ lJWFG JFSI AGTF\ T[ that ;\IMHSYL HM0FI K[P VG[ JFSIG[ pN=UFZ lRgC=G[ AN,[
5}6"lJZFD V\TDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 SM. jIlST 5F;[ 5ZJFGUL DF\ULV[ tIFZ[ T[ JFSIG[ ;FDFgI ZLT[ VF7FY" JFSI CMI K[P VFYL
VFJF JFSIMG]\ indirect SZTL JBT[ said to G[ AN,[ requested, asked S[ told D}SFI K[P
 tIFZ 5KL VF7FY" JFSIGF O[ZOFZ D]HA to YL JFSI HM0FI K[ VG[ GSFZ JFSI not to YL
HM0FI K[P Let G[ AN,[[ SIFZ[S allow S[ permit J5ZFI K[P
 Let åFZF NZBF:T 56 ;}RJFI K[P VFJF JFSIMG]\ Indirect speech DF\ ~5F\TZ SZTL JBT[ said
to G[ AN,[ proposed to VYJF suggested to D}SFI K[P
 Let 5KL J5ZFI[, SD" lJElST STF" lJElST AG[ K[P VG[ T[GL ;FY[ should J5ZFI K[P
 good morning, thank you V[JL X]E[rKF jIST SZTF JFSIM X]E[rKF NXF"J[ K[P VFJF JFSIM
;LWF\ H HM0L XSFI K[P
 VFJF JFSIMDF\ said to G[ AN,[ wished S[ prayed S[ thank H[J]\ lS|IF5N D}SLG[ ;LW]\ H
HM0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 CJ[4 p5ZGF AWF lGIDM TM JFSIM DF8[ K[P OSZFG]\ Indirect SZTL JBT[ 56 VFH lGIDM K[P
56 OSZF DF\ YM0MS O[ZOFZ SZTF\ wIFG ZFBJFG]\ K[P

 OSZFDF\ yes/ no GF 8}\SF ;\JFNM CMI K[ TM T[ 5C[,F\GF JFSIGF ;\NE"DF\ CSFZ S[ GSFZGF VFBF
JFSI ,BJF\ HM.V[P told positively / told negatively YL CSFZ q GSFZGL NXF"J6L Y. XS[ K[P
 5|`GGF HJFAGL replied VG[ OZLYL HJFA V5I T[G[ again replied YL NXF"JFI K[P
 HIFZ[ 8}\SF 5|`GFY" ;}RS XaN J5ZFI K[P s H[D S[4 why, how, when )VFJF 5|`GFY" XaNMGF
;\NE"DF\ T[GF VFU/GF JFSI D]HA ~5FTZ6 SZJFG]\ CMI K[P
 V[SGM V[S jIlST JFZ\JFZ 5|`G 5}K[ TM again asked, inquired JU[Z[ ,BFI K[P
 sir H[JF DFGJFRS XaN GLS/L HFI K[P VG[ told with respect / replied with respect
VFJ[ K[P
 HIFZ[ jCF, S[ 5|[DYL Dear JU[Z[ XaNM CMI TM T[ GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ told loving V[D ,BFI
K[P

 V[S jIlST A[ ;\JFN AM,[ tIFZ[ added D}SL ALH] JFSI HM0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 VF p5ZF\T VD]S ;\NE" DF8[ GLR[ D]HAGF XaNM J5ZFI K[P
IFN VF5JFo reminded J6"G SZJFo related
VFD\+6 VF5JFo invited 5}KTFH SZJFo inquired
8LSFq 8SMZ SZJFo remarked WDSL VF5JFo threatened
DFlCTL VF5JFo informed 5|FY"GF SZJFo prayed
R[TJ6L VF5JFo warned ;CFG}E]lT 5|No told- sympathy
VFHLHL SZJFo begged lX"T SZJF o theatrically
BF+L VF5JF o reassured
pt;FC 5}J"S o told enthusiastically
5|X\XF 5}J"So told admiringly
OZLYL SC[JFo repeated
lJWFG SZJF o stated

 Prepositions:
 In, into, on, at, above.........JU[Z[ G[ GFDIMUL VjII s preposition ) SC[ K[P
 prepositions GFD S[ ;J"GFDGM JFSIDF\GF ALHF XaNM ;FY[ ;\A\W NXF"J[ K[P
 S[8,FS propositions V[SYL JW] 5|SFZGF XaNMGF 56 AG[,F CMI K[P H[D S[4 into, out of JU[Z[P
 VD]S GFD lJX[QF6 lS|IF5N VD]S H prepositions H VFJ[ K[P H[D S[4 worry about,
sympathy for.
 VD}S prepositions XaN ;D}CGF :J~5DF\ CMI K[P H[D S[ in change of, in front of JU[Z[P
 S[8,FS prepositions GF V[SYL JW] VY" YFI K[P H[D S[4 by & with A\G[GM VY" 5F;[4 ;]WL JU[Z[
;ZBM H YFI K[P
 VD]S propositions GM VY" lS|IF5N ;FY[ HM0FTF\ AN,FI HFI K[P H[D S[4 give up TM KM0L N[J]\
HM up G[ AN,[ in V[8,[ give in TFA[ YJ]\ YFI K[P
 36F BZF prepositions :Y/ VG[ ;DI A\G[ NXF"JJF YFI K[P in, on, at, from, to, by JU[Z[P
 In : (DF\ V\NZ4 :Y/ S[ ;DI NXF"JJF f
 V[S HuIFDF\ UlT S[ l:YlT ATFJJF in J5ZFI K[P
 Into (DF\ V\NZ4 UlT NXF"JJF S[ JC[RL N[JF S[ EFU 5F0JFGF VY"DF\f V[S HuIFV[YL ALHL HuIFV[
UlT NXF"JJF 56 into J5ZFI K[P
 on: (p5Z4 :Y/ NXF"JT] CMI TM V0LG[4 ;DI NXF"JJF VD]S ;DI[f
 At: s :Y/ NXF"JJF4 VD]S :Y/[ S[ :Y/ TZO VG[ ;DI NXF"JJF VD]S ;DI[f
 Above: s p5Z 56 V[S[ GlC V[8,[ S[ µ\R[4 JW] p5Z S[ p5Z Y.G[P vYL JW]f

 Over: s p5Z 56 V0[ GlC T[D p5Z Y. G[ 4 GF SZTF JW]\f
 From: s DF\YL 4 :Y/ S[ ;DI DF8[ f
 To sTZOv :U/ DF8[4 ;]WL ;DI4 G[ v jIlSTf
 With s;FY[ J0[4 v YLf
 Without sJUZ4 lJGFf
 Near – (5F;[f
By s 5F;[4 J0[4 ;]WLDF\4 5F;[ Y.G[f
Beside (5F;[f
Besides(p5ZF\Tf
Between (OST A[ jIlST S[ J:T]GL JrR[4 :Y/ S[ ;DI NXF"JJFf
Among s JrR[4 v A[ S[ T[YL JW] AWFGL JrR[ f
Before s VFU/4 ;DÙ S[4 5C[,F 4 v :Y/q ;DI NXF"JJF f
After s:Y/q ;DI4 5FK/ S[ 5KLf
Behind s 5FK/ S[ 5KL4 v :Y/ q ;DI NXF"JJFf
For s DF8[4 TZO4 ;DIf
of s v G]\f
off s V\NZYL S[ p5ZYL ACFZ4 A\W l:YlTDF\f
About s lJX[ f
Under s GLR[4 v YL VMK]\4 vDF\ f
Below s GLR[4 v GF SZTF\ VMK]\f
Against s GL ;FY[ f
During s NZdIFG f
Since s VD]S ;DIYL f
Across s V[S 5FZYL ALH[ 5FZ4 v GL 5[,[ 5FZ f
Throught s v DF\ Y.G[4 v GF äFZF f
Till s ;]WL f
Untill s ;]WLf
Except s l;JFI f
Out of s vDF\ Y.G[ 4 v DF\YL f
along s p5Z Y.G[4 GL AFH]DF\ 4 50B[ 50B[ f
Due to v GF ,LW[

Admist s DF\4 JrR[ V[JM among H[JM VY" f
Like s GF H[J]\ f
 S[8,FS GFD4 lJX[QF6 S[ ;J"GFD 5KL VD]S RMSS; prepositions H GLR[ D]HA K[P
Accuse of Inform of
Admit to guard against
Agree to Insist on
Agree with Interfere with
Aim at Long far
Call on Look forward to
Compare to Object to

Compare with Recover from
Bestowed upon Refer to
Complain against Relay to
Born of Remind of
Complain of Stand by
Congratulation on Suspect of
Annoyed at Warn against
Anxious for Yield to
Capable of Absorbed in
Committed to Accused of
Concerned with Acquainted with
Confident in alarmed at
Accustomed to Angry with
Consent to Superiors to
deal in Inferior to
deal with Care of
depend on Sick of
differ from Encroach on
distinguish from Encroach upon
get through Hanker after

Deprive of Prior to
Endowed with Proceed with
Entitle to Identical with
familiar of Indebted to
familiar to Indifferent to
foresight to Jealous of
Die of Liable to
Worthy of Liable far
attend to Proud of
authority on reduced to
Collide with Expert in

Confidence in Exception to
carving far fond of
lacking in fondness far
Prevention against Substitute for
zeal for Consistent with

 Reflexive & Emphatic pronouns s :J JFRS VG[
EFJJFRS ;J"GFDM f
 lS|IF SZGFZ lS|IF 5MTFGL HFT 5Z H SZ[ V[JM VY" NXF"JJF DF8[ U]HZFTLDF\ 5MT[4 HFT[ V[JF
:JJFRS ;J"GFDM VF56[ JF5ZLV[ KLV[P VFJF H ;J"GFDM V\U|[HLDF\ J5ZFI K[P H[G[ reflexive
pronouns SC[JFI K[P
 :JZ JFRS ;J"GFDM SD"GF :YFG[ VFJ[ K[P
 V[SJRG ;J"GFDG[ self VG[ AC]JRGGF ;J"GFDG[ selves ,UF0JFYL :JJFRS ;J"GFDM T{IFZ YFI
K[P
 My + self = my self Our + selves = Ourselves
Your + self = Your self Your + selves = Your selves
Him + self = Him self
Her + self = Her self Them + selves = Themselves
It + self = It self
 HIFZ[ my self, yourself JU[Z[ ;J"GFDM EFZ NXF"J[ tIFZ[ T[DG[ :JJFRS ;J"GFD G SC[TF\
EFZNX"S ;J"GFD SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 :JJFRS ;J"GFD SD"GF :YFG[ VFJ[ K[ P T[GM SNL STF" TZLS[ p5IMU YTM GYLP
 HIFZ[ SM. jIlSTV[ lS|IF 5MT[ H SZL K[ V[J]\ EFZ5}J"S NXF"JJF DF8[ :JZJFRS ;J"GFD J5ZFI K[

 Conjunctions- And, or, But
 And, or VG[ But V[ A[ JFSIMG[ HM0JF DF8[ GF\ ;\IMHSM K[P
 HIFZ[ A[ H]NF H]NF JFSIMDF\ STF" H]NF H]NF CMI VG[ AFSLGF XaNM ;DFG CMI4 lJX[QF6M H]NF CMI
AFSLGF XaNM ;DFG CMI TM VFJF JFSIMG[ and ;\IMHSM J0[ HM0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 HIFZ[ STF"G[ and J0[ HM0[,F CMI TM to be G]\ AC]JRGG]\ ~5 VFJ[ K[P V[8,[ S[ is G]\ are, was
G]\were JU[Z[ YFI K[P
 HM A\G[ JFSIMDF\ STF" H]NF H]NF CMI TM HM0LG[ AGFJ[,F GJF JFSIDF\ T[ A\G[GM p<,[B SZJM H~ZL
K[P 5Z\T] HM A\G[ JFSIMDF\ STF" V[S H CMI TM STF"GM V[S H JFZ p<,[B YFI K[P ALHF JFSIDF\
STF" VwIFCFZ CMI K[P
 A[ XaNM 4 XaN ;D}CM S[ JFSIM JrR[ lJS<5 NXF"JJF ;\IMHS or GM p5IMU YFI K[P
 H[ A[ JrR[ lJS<5 NXF"JJM CMI T[DGL JrR[ H or D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 cv VF VYJF T[ c V[J]\ HIFZ[ NXF"JJ]\ CMI tIFZ[ or GM p5IMU YFI K[P
 H[ A[ JFSIMDF\ 5Z:5Z lJX[WGM VY" ATFJTF\ lJX[QF6M VFJ[,F\ CMI S[ V[SALHF JrR[ lJZMWGM EFJ
ZC[,M CMI T[JF\ A[ JFSIMG[ but J0[ HM0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

 Impersonal Construction:It s V[S T'"S JFSI ZRGF o It)
 There GL H[D 56 it V[S lJlXQ8 5|SFZGL JFSI ZRGF K[P
 S[8,LS JFZ JFSIDF\ lS|IF5NGM STF" B}A H V:5Q8 S[ VRMSS; CMI K[P VFJF JFSIMDF\ STF" GL
HuIFV[ It J5ZFI K[P
 VFD TM JFSIDF\ It GM SM. BF; VY" GYL 56 It JF5ZJFYL JFSI ;Z/ VG[ :5Q8 AG[ K[P
 JFSIDF\ STF"G[ :YFG[ It J5ZFTM CMJFYL T[G[ Introductory It 56 SC[JFI K[

 Infinitive Construction s ;FDFgI S'N\TJF/L ZRGF f
 V\U|HLDF\ Infinitive 5|SFZGL ZRGFGM p5IMU STF" TZLS[4 SD" TZLS[4 C[T] NXF"JJF4 lJX[QF6GF S[
GFDGF VY"DF\ JWFZM SZJF T[DH lS|IF5}ZS TZLS[ YFI K[P
 HM Infinitive YL X~ YTF JFSI G[ It YL X~ SZJ]\ CMI TM JFSIDF\GF lS|IF5NYL T[GF A[ EFU
SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VG[ 5KL lS|IF5NGL 5}J[" It D}SL X~VFTGM EFU 5FK/ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 Infinitive ZRGFGF p5IMUYL A[ H]NF H]NF JFSIMG[ GLR[ D]HA HM0L XSFI K[P
I head those words I was sad.
I was sad to hear those wards.
 VCL\ JFSIDF\ to VFJTF\ C\D[XF lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 H D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

 Something, Everything, Anything, Nothing
 some, every, any, no lJX[QF6GL ;FY[ thing XaN VFJ[ tIFZ[ T[ VlG`RIJFRS ;J"GFDM In
definitive pronouns AG[ K[P VG[ STF" S[ SD" TZLS[ p5IMUDF\ ,[JFI K[P
 some CSFZ VG[ any GSFZ DF8[ J5ZFI K[P T[JL H ZLT[ something CSFZ VG[ anything
GSFZJFRS lJWFG JFSIDF\ J5ZFI K[P
 nothing V[8,[ S[ not thing VFYL not thing JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ TM lS|IF5N H[DG]\ T[D J5ZFI
K[P 56 not any thing GM p5IMU SZTL JBT[ ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N do DNN ,[JL 50[ K[P
 Everything XaN AWL H J:T]4 NZ[S V[JM VY" NXF"JJF J5ZFI K[P T[ CSFZ4 GSFZ VG[ 5|`GFY"
JFSIDF\ 56 JF5ZL XSFI K[P

 The Demonstrative pronouns s NX"S ;J"GFD f
 this, that, these, those, such, one, ones, none JU[Z[ NX"S ;J"GFDM K[P
 NX"S ;J"GFDGM p5IMU SM. 56 5|F6L S[ 5NFY"GM lGN["X SZJF S[ T[G[ ATFJJF DF8[ T[ 5|F6L S[
5NFY"G[ AN,[ H[ ;J"GFD J5ZFI T[G[ NX"S ;J"GFD SC[ K[P
 ;J"GFD such V[ NX"S ;J"GFD K[ 56 T[GM AC] p5IMU YTM GYLP
 this, that VG[ such ;J"GFD TZLS[ J5ZFI S[ lJX[QF6 TZLS[ J5ZFI 5Z\T] T[G]\ SFD DF+ VD]S
5|F6L S[ 5NFY"GM lGN["X SZJFG]\ H K[P
 HIFZ[ GFDG[ AN,[ T[ XaNM J5ZFI K[ tIFZ[ T[ NX"S ;J"GFD SC[JFI K[P VG[ GFD GL VFU/
J5ZFI K[P T[G[ NX"S lJX[QF6 SC[JFI K[P
 HIFZ[ such lJX[QF6 TZLS[ J5ZFI tIFZ[ a/an VFl8"S, V[GL 5KL D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 5C[,F\ GlC P
a such book GlC 56 such a book V[D ,BFI K[P
 SM. lJX[QF6GL 5KL NX"S ;J"GFD JF5ZJ]\ CMI tIFZ[ VFU/ VFJ[,]\ GFD OZLYL JF5ZJFG[ AN,[
V[PJ GF GFDG[ AN,[ one VG[ APJGF GFDG[ AN,[ ones J5ZFI K[P
 5Z\T]\ VFU/ VFJ[,F GFDGL 5KL ;\A\W lJElSTG]\ ALH]\ GFD CMI tIFZ[ 5C[,F\ GFDG[ AN,[ V[PJ
DF\ that & APJ DF\ those J5ZFI K[P

 The relative pronouns : s ;\A\WL ;J"GFD f
 H[ XaN JFSIDF\ pronoun – s ;J"GFD f VG[ conjunction s ;\IMHS f G]\ V[D A\G[ 5|SFZG]\ SFD
SZ[ T[JF XaNMG[ ;\A\WL ;J"GFD SC[JFI K[P
 who, what, which, that JU[Z[ ;\A\WL ;J"GFD K[P H[ pronoun TZLS[ GFDGL HuIFV[ J5ZFI
K[ VG[ conjunction TZLS[ JFSIG[ 56 HM0[ K[P H[D S[4 I know the girl who lives in that
house.
 who DF+ DG]QIM s 5]Z]QFM q :+LVM f DF8[ J5ZFI K[ VG[ T[ 5]l<,\U & :+L,L\UDF\ TYF V[PJ VG[
APJDF\ V[S~5 ZC[ K[P
 which OST DG]QI l;JFIGF 5|F6LVM VG[ 5NFYM" DF8[ J5ZFI K[P VG[ +6[I HFlT T[DH A\G[
HRGDF\ V[S~5[ H ZC[ K[P
 That DG]QI4 5|F6L4 5NFY" AWF DF8[ J5ZFI K[P VG[ +6[ HFlT VG[ A\G[ JRGDF\ V[S~5[ ZC[ K[P
 H[ GFDG[ AN,[ VF ;\A\WL ;J"GFDM J5ZFI K[P T[ GFD C\D[XF ;\A\WL ;J"GFDGL 5C[,F\ VFJ[ K[P
VG[ T[ GFD Antecedent s 5]ZMUFDL 5N f SC[JFI K[P
 I, we, you, he, she, they V[ AWF DG]\QIM DF8[ J5ZFTF 5]Z]QFJFRS ;J"GFDMGL HuIFV[ JFSIMG[
HM0LG[ ,BJF DF8[ who VG[ me, us, you, him, her, them G[ HM0JF whom J5ZFI K[P
 My, our, your, his, her, there JU[Z[ G[ whose J0[ HM0JFI K[P
 whose GF :YFG[ of which 56 JF5ZL XSFI 56 of which V[ OST 5]ZMUFDL 5N 5|F6LNX"S
CMI TM H J5ZFI K[ HIFZ[ whose AWFG[ DF8[ JF5ZL XSFI K[P
 H[ JFSIM DF\ ;\A\WL ;J"GFD GF 5]ZMUFDL 5N 5C[,F Superlative degree G]\ lJX[QF6 CMI4 all,

only, nothing H[JF XaNM CMI 4 5|`GFY" ;J"GFD who S[ what CMI4 A[ 5]ZMUFDL 5N v 5|F6L &
jIlST NX"S D[ 5NFY" GM VY" ATFJGFZ TM V[JF AWF JFSIMDF\ who/ which G[ AN,[ that GM
p5IMU JWFZ[ IMuI K[P
 V\U|[HLDF\ HM0[,F JFSIDF\ ;\A\WL ;J"GFD H[ GFDGL ;FY[ ;\A\W WZFJT]\ CMI T[GL 5KL TZT VFJJ]\
HM.V[ VG[ V[ ;\A\WL ;J"GFDYL X~ YT]\ JFSI 56 T[GL ;FY[ H VFJ[ K[P V[ 5|DF6[ ;\A\WL
;J"GFDYL X~ YT]\ p5JFSI H[ GFDGL ;FY[ ;\A\W WZFJT]\ CMI T[GL ;FY[ ZC[ T[ DF8[ JFSIGL
DwIDF\ 56 D]SFI K[P
 SM. GFDGM EFZ5}J"S p<,[B SZJM CMI tIFZ[ who, which S[ that G[ AN,[ as GM ;\A\WL ;J"GFD
TZLS[ p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VG[ T[GL VFU/ such S[ some H[JF XaNM D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

 that GL 5C[,F\ SNL preposition VFJL XS[ GlC VG[ HM JFSIDF\ JF5ZJFGL H~Z 50[ TM K[0[
D}SJ]\ VG[ HM which JF5Z[, CMI TM proposition which GL 5C[,F VFJ[ K[P V[ JBT[ T[G[
JFSIGL V\T[ D}SL XSFI GlCP
 ;\A\WL ;J"GFD T[GF 5]ZMUFDL GFDGL 5KL TZT H VFJJ]\ HM.V[P
 U]HZFTLDF\ SM. JBT c H[ c VwIFCFZ ZC[ K[ V[J[ JBT[ c H[ c D}SL G[ V\U|[HLDF\ EFQFF\TZ SZJFDF\
VFJ[ K[P tIFZ[ what J5ZFI K[P
 HIFZ[ what XaNIMUL VjIIGL ;FD[ SD" lJElSTDF\ J5ZFI K[ tIFZ[ XaNIMUL VjII 36]\ SZLG[
what GL 5}J[" GlC 56 JFSIG[ K[0[ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 what DF\ that GM ;DFJ[X YTM CMJFYL what GL 5C[,F\ that D}SL XSFI GlC S[ ALHF SM. GFDGL
;FY[ what HM0L XSFI GlCP
 who, which & what G[ ever ,UF0JFYL T[DGM VY" VG]S|D[ H[ SM.4 H[ H[4 H[ S\. H[JM YFI K[P
who ever ( whom ever ) = anyone who
which ever = any which
what ever = any thing which
 ;\A\WL ;J"GFD JFSIDF\ lS|IF5N S[ XaNIMUL VjIIGF SD" TZLS[ J5ZFI]\ CMI tIFZ[ 36L JFZ T[
AM,FT]\ GYLP ,BF6DF\ 56 36L JFZ VF ZLT[ ;\A\WL ;J"GFD VwIFCFZ ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 Use of to do
 SM. lS|IF5N JFSIDF\ V[S JBT J5ZFI]\ CMI VG[ OZLYL T[ JF5ZJFGM 5|;\U VFJ[ tIFZ[ T[ lS|IF5N
G JF5ZTF\ to do lS|IF5NGF ~5M s do, dose, did JU[Z[ f J5ZFI K[P H[ SF/ & 5]Z]QF CMI TM

D]HAGF ~5 D}SFI K[P
 JFSIDF\ to be & to haveGF ~5M J5ZFIF CMI VG[ JFSIDF\ T[ OZLYL JF5ZJFGM 5|;\U VFJ[ TM
to do J5ZFT]\ GYLP to be & to have lS|IF5NMGF ~5M OZLYL JF5ZJFGM JFZM VFJ[ TM T[ VwIFCFZ
ZC[ K[P
 HIFZ[ EFZ5}J"S lJG\TL SZJFGL CMI VYJF S\.S EFZ5}J"S SC[J]\ CMI tIFZ[ D]bI lS|IF5NGF D}/ ~5
;FY[ to do lS|IF5N J5ZFI K[P
 Too & Enough

 too GM VY" very SZTF\ YM0M H]NM K[P very GM VY" JWFZ[ YFI K[ HIFZ[ too GM VY"4 CN SZTF\
JWFZ[ c VlTXIc V[JM YFI K[P
 too DF\ AZFAZ 38LT4 5;\N SZJF IMuI4 :JEFlJS4 JU[Z[ SZTF\ JW] CMI T[JM VY" ZC[,M K[P

 ‘ too........too’ GL JFSI ZRGFDF\ GSFZFtDS VY" ZC[, K[P
 HIFZ[ lJX[QF6GL ;FY[ very JF5ZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CMI TM VG[ T[GL ;FY[ VFl8"S, ‘a’ JF5ZJFGM 5|;\U
VFJ[ tIFZ[ ‘a’ very GL 5C[,F\ D]SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 56 HM too JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ TM a/an lJX[QF6 &
GFDGL JrR[ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P Formula : too + adj + a/an.
 Enough GM VY" 5}ZT]\4 HM.V[ T[8,]\ S[ RF,[ T[8,]\ V[JM YFI K[P
 Enough HIFZ[ lS|IFlJX[QF6 TZLS[ J5ZFI K[ tIFZ[ T[ lJX[QF6 S[ lS|IFlJX[QF6GL 5FK/ VFJ[ K[P
HIFZ[ enough lJX[QF6 TZLS[ J5ZFI K[P tIFZ[ H[ T[ GFDGF VY"DF\ JWFZM SZ[ T[GL VFU/ S[
5FK/ JF5ZL XSFI K[P

 Such & So
 Such & so A\G[GM VY" c V[J]c S[ c V[8,]c YFI K[P 56 A\G\GF VY"DF\ O[Z K[P
 such NX"S lJX[QF6 VYJF NX"S ;J"GFD TZLS[ J5ZFI K[P
 T[YL T[ GFDGL 5C[,F\ VYJF GFDGL VFU/ VFJ[,F lJX[QF6GL 5C[,F\ D]SFI K[ VG[ T[ V[S,]\
J5ZFI K[P
 So lS|IFlJX[QF6 K[ T[YL T[ GFDGL VFU/ VFJ[,F lJX[QF6GL 5C[,F\ D]SFI K[P 56 GFDGL 5C[,F\ T[
V[S,]\ VFJT] GYLP
 HM GFD V[PJDF\ CMI VG[ a/an D}SFI K[P 5|;\U VFJ[ TM such 5KL a/an D]SFI K[P HIFZ[ so
lS|IFlJX[QF6 K[P VFYL a/an V[ so 5KL lJX[QF6 VFJ[ K[P VG[ T[GF 5KL VFl8"S, a/an D}SJFDF\
VFJ[ K[P

 To Dare & To Need
 to dare GM VY" lC\DT CMJL4 lC|DT RF,JL V[JM YFI K[P CSFZ JFSIDF\ dare 5KL lS|IF5N G]\ to
;FY[G]\ D}/~5 J5ZFI K[P
 HIFZ[ 5|`GFY" VG[ GSFZ JFSIDF\ dare 5KL to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 VCL4 ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N do GL DNN JUZ GSFZ & 5|`GFY" JFSIM AG[ K[P
 HIFZ[ JPSF CMI VG[ STF" +LP5] V[PJ CMI TM 56 dare G[ ‘S’ 5|tII ,FUTM GYLP
 dare ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N TZLS[ DM8[EFU[ 5|`GFY" VG[ GSFZ JFSIDF\ J5ZFI K[P
 need GM p5IMU ;S|D"S lS|IF5N TZLS[ p5IMU YFI K[P V[8,[ JPSF +LP 5] V[PJDF\ need G[ ‘S’
5|tII ,FUL HFI K[P ;G[ ;PlS| do GL DNNYL GSFZ & 5|`GFY" JFSIM AGL HFI K[P
 need GM p5IMU ;PlS| TZLS[ 56 SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P need 5KL to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 VFJ[
K[P GSFZ VG[ 5|`GFY" JFSI ZRGFDF\ to do ;PlS|GM p5IMU YTM GYLP

 Causal verb s 5|[ZS lS|IF5NM f
 Get, make VG[ have V[ 5|[ZS lS|IF5NM K[P
 VF lS|IF5N SM.SG[ ;DHFJL G[ S[ lJG\TL SZLG[ SM. lS|IF SZJF 5|[IF" K[P T[J]\ ;}RJ[ K[P VCL\ Get
5KL A[ ZLT[ lS|IF5NGM p5IMU YFI K[P
 A.V GL ZRGF CMI TM get 5KLG]\ to JF/]\ lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 VFJ[ K[ 56 P.V DF\ E}PS' VFJ[ K[P
 Have HIFZ[ casual ZRGFDF\ J5ZFI K[ tIFZ[ T[GF 5KLG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 VYJF E}PS' TZLS[
VFJ[ K[PA.V GL JFSI ZRGFDF\ D}/~5 VFJ[ K[P HIFZ[ P.V GL ZRGF DF\ E}PS'N\T VFJ[ K[P
 O[Z V[8,M K[ S[ A.V GL ZRGFDF\ lS|IF5N GL VFU/ to VFJT]\ GYLP VCL SM.G[ 5]Z:SFZ DC[GTF6]\
S[ SM. ZSD VF5LG[ SFD SZJF DF8[ 5|[ZJFGM VY" ;}RJFI K[P
 have GF :YFG[ make D}SL XSFI VCL make to have & to get SZTF\ JWFZ[ EFZ ;}RJ[ K[P

 To be sure to, can not but, cannot help
 to be sure to, cannot but, cannot help H[JF XaNM GM VY" YJ]\ S[ SZJ]\4 YIF S[ SIF" JUZ
ZC[J]\ GlC4 YIF S[ SIF" JUZ ZCL XSJ]\ GlC4 H[JM YFI K[P
 to be sure to & cannot but 5KLYL lS|IF 5NG]\ D}/~5 VFJ[ K[P HIFZ[ cannot help 5KL
JT"DFG S'N\TG]\ ~5 JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 is sure to ;FZF VY"DF\ J5ZFI K[P HIFZ[ cannot help DZHL p5ZF\T S\. YFI tIFZ[ J5ZFI
K[P cannot but A[p VY"DF\ J5ZFI K[P 56 T[ AC] J5ZFT]\ GYLP s T[GM JW] p5IMU GYLf

 Other, Another, the other & others
 OST A[ H jIlSTVM S[ J:T]VMGF ;\NE"DF\ ALHL jIlST S[ J:T] DF8[ the other J5ZFI K[P 56
HIFZ[ A[ SZTF\ JWFZ[ jIlST S[ J:T]VM lJX[ JFT YTL CMI tIFZ[ V[SGL JFT SIF" 5KL4 ALHL UD[
T[ V[S jIlST S[ J:T]GL JFT SZTF\ another J5ZFI K[P
 the other V[ lGl`RT jIlST S[ J:T]GM lGN["X SZ[ K[P T[YL other GL VFU/ VFl8"S, the J5ZFI
K[P
 another XaN an & other YL AG[,M K[PVCL 5C[,[YL H VFl8"S, an VFJ[,M K[P VFYL another
5C[,F\ SNL the VFl8"S, VFJTM GYL VG[ another C\D[XF V[PJDF\ H J5ZFI K[P
 HIFZ[ A[ SZTF\ JWFZ[ jIlSTVM S[ J:T]VMGL lGN["X CMI tIFZ[ V[S (one) VYJF YM0LS (some)
H]NL 5F0L c AFSLGL AWL c DF8[ the other JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VFDF\ 56 lGl`RTTFG]\ ;}RG YFI
K[P
 T[YL other GL VFU/ the VFl8"S, JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 56 HM lGl`RT jIlST S[ J:T]GM lGN["X G
CMI VG[ UD[ T[ ALHL V[J]\ ATFJJ]\ CMI tIFZ[ others GL 5C[,F\ the VFl8"S, D}SJFDF\ VFJTM
GYLP
 p<,[B YIF lJGFGL jIlSTVM DF8[ others HIFZ[ p<,[B YIF lJGFGL J:T]VM DF8[ et cetra ( etc
8}SDF\f J5ZFI K[P
 S\. G[ S\. SFD4 S\. G[ S\. 4 SM. G[ SM. JU[Z[ NXF"JJF V\U|[HLGF\ some work or other,
something or other, some one or other H[JF XaNM J5ZFI K[P

 Perfect participle (5}6" S'N\T f
 V[S lS|IF Y. UIF AFN ALHL lS|IF Y. CMI tIFZ[ 5C[,L lS|IF ;}RJJF DF8[ perfect participle
GM p5IMU YFI K[P
 A.V DF8[ Having + E}PS' P HIFZ[ P.V DF8[ Having + been + E}PS'P D]SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

 The distributive & Reciprocal Pronouns (lJIMHS
VG[ VgIMgIJFRS ;J"GFDMf
 36L jIlSTVM S[ J:T]VMDF\YL NZ[SG[ K}8L K]8L U6LG[ T[DG[ DF8[ VD]S lJWFG SZJ]\ CMI tIFZ[
each ;J"GFD VG[ DF+ A[ DF\YL UD[ T[ V[S G[ lJWFG SZJ]\ CMI TM either ;J"GFD J5ZFI K[P
 eitherG]\ GSFZFtDS ~5 neither K[P T[GM VY" A[DF\YL V[S 56 GlC V[JM YFI K[P
 VFJF JC[RJ]\ JF/F XaNM G[ Distributive pronouns SC[JFI K[P ;D]NFI DF\GL AWL J:T]G[ S[
jIlSTVMG[ H]NL H]NL U6LG[ lJWFG SZJF DF8[ VFJF ;J"GFDM JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 J/L4 JFSIDF\ each GF A[ :YFG CMI TM H[GL ;FY[ T[GM ;\A\W CMI T[GL 5C[,F\ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[
VYJF TM JFSIGF K[0[ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 Each, either & neither HIFZ[ GFDGL ;FY[ J5ZFI K[P tIFZ[ T[DG[ Distributive adjectives
SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 HIFZ[ A[ jIlSTVM S[ A[ J:T]VM 5{SLGL SM. 56 V[S lJQF[ JFT SZLV[ tIFZ[ either S[ neither
J5ZFI K[P 5Z\T] HIFZ[ A[YL JWFZ[ jIlSTVM S[ J:T]VM lJQF[ JFT SZLV[ tIFZ[ any, no one/ none
GM p5IMU YFI K[P
 Each & Every A\G[GM VY" ;ZBM K[P A[ S[ T[YL JW] jIlSTVM S[ J:T]VMDF\GL NZ[S lJX[ SC[J]\
CMI tIFZ[ each J5ZFI 56 DF+ A[ jIlST S[ J:T]VMDF\GL NZ[S lJX[ SC[J]\ CMI tIFZ[ every
J5ZFI GlCP
 A[ S[ JWFZ[ jIlST S[ J:T] CMI TM H T[DGFDF\GL NZ[S lJX[ JFT SZJF every J5ZFI K[P
 36L jIlST S[ J:T]DF\YL NZ[SG[ K]8L K]8L U6LG[ T[DG[ DF8[ JFT SZJL CMI tIFZ[ each J5ZFI K[P

56 VFBF;D}CG[ VG],ÙLG[ JFT SZJL CMI tIFZ[ evry J5ZFI K[P
 each V[8,[ NZ[S & every V[8,[ V5JFN JUZ NZ[S VFD each SZTF\ everyDF\ JWFZ[ VY" ZC[,M
K[P
 each & every C\D[XF V[PJDF\ J5ZFI K[P Every & every body 56 ;J"GFD K[P H[GM VY"
NZ[S jIlST YFI K[P
 every & All the A\G[ XaNM VFBF H]YGM VY" NXF"JJF DF8[ J5ZFI K[P 56 A\G[ H]NF H]NF
JRGDF\ J5ZFI K[P
 every V[PJDF\ VG[ T[GL ;FY[G]\ lS|IF5N 56 V[PJDF\ J5ZFI K[P
 All the ;DU| H]Y DF8[ AC]JRGGF GFD ;FY[ J5ZFI K[ T[YL T[GL ;FY[G]\ lS|IF5N 56 APJDF\ H
VFJ[ K[P

 all V[8,[ AWF\ & all the V[8,[ H]YGF AWF VFD all & all the GF VY" DF\ YM0MS O[Z K[P
 A[ jIlST S[ J:T]GL JFT SZJF Both & each J5ZFI K[P HIFZ[ A\G[ jIlST S[ J:T]GL JFT SZJL
CMI tIFZ[ Both VG[ SM. V[S G[ SC[J]\ CMI tIFZ[ each JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 Both APJ & each V[PJDF\ JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 each other & one author A\G[ VY" V[SALHF G[ 5Z:5Z V[D ;DFG YFI K[P 56 HIFZ[ A[
jIlST S[ J:T]GM ;\A\W NXF"JM CMI tIFZ[ each other & A[ YL JWFZ[ jIlST S[ J:T]GM ;\A\W NXF"JM
CMI tIFZ[ one another XaN J5ZFI K[P
 each other & one another V[ reciprocal pronouns SC[JFI K[P

 ;FNM JT"DFGSF/ s Simple present tense )
 usege : (p5IMUf
 JT"DFGGL C\D[XGL q ZMHL\NL lS|IFVM NXF"JJF
 ;GFTG ;tI NXF"JJF
 JT"DFGDF\ AGL ZC[,L lS|IFG[ VF`RI"HGS ZLT[ here & there H[JF XaNM åFZF NXF"JJF
 E}PSFDF\ AG[,F AGFJ G[ VFA[C]A ZLT[ HLJ\T56[ NXF"JJF
 ElJQIGF 5|;\UGM SM.S ;\NE" S[ EFlJ IMHGF lJX[GL DFlCTL NXF"JJF
 VJTZ6M s Quotations ) 8F\SJF sNXF"JJF f
 Adverb clause & time VG[ condition ;FPEPSF G[ AN,[ ;FPJPSFDF\ NXF"JFI K[P
 S[8,FS lS|IF5NMDF\ RFPJPSF G[ AN,[ ;FPJPSF J5ZFI K[P RFPJPSF G[ AN,[ ;FPJPSFDF\ J5ZFI T[JF
S[8,FS lS|IF5NM see, here, smell, touch, feel, derive, wish, hate, care, forgive, know,
believe, dislike, mind, mean, understand, realize, suppose, expect, remember,
truth, forget, possess, owe, own, belong, seem, appear, consist, concern, signify.
 sing s lGXFGL f every day, daily, often, always H[JF XaNM
 Formula :
STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 q s S[ es JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
STF" + do / dose + not + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
Do /dose + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM +?
Don’t / dosen’t + STF" + lS|IF P D}P~ + AFSLGF XaNM + ?

 Present continuous s" RFPJPSFf
 Usage (p5IMUf
 JT"DFG GL RF,] lS|IFVM NXF"JJF P
 ElJQIDF\ VD, SZJF DF8[GL 30[,L IMHGFP
 jIJ:YF NXF"JJF DF8[
 VtIFZ[ AGL ZCI]\ G CMI V[J]\ SFD R,Fp WMZ6[ s temporary ) RF,T]\ CMI V[DNXF"JJF P
 Sing ( lGXFGL f o now, look, see, hear H[JF XaNM
Formula:
P. STF" + is/ am / are + lS|IF5NG]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + is/ am / are + not + lS|IFP ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM

I. is/ am / are + ing JF/]\ lS|IFP ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I.N . is/ am / are + not + lS|IFP ing JF/]\ + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
 ing ,UF0JFGF lGIDM

 HM lS|IF5NG[ K[0[ e CMI TM e GLS/LG[ ing ,FU[ 56 be & see DF8[ VF lGID ,FU] 50TM GYLP
 lS|IF5NG[ K[0[ V[S jI\HG CMI VG[ T[GL VFU/ V[S :JZ CMI TM jI\HG A[J0FI K[ 56 VFU/GM
:JZ EFZ5}J"S prRFZFTM G CMI TM jI\HG A[J0FTM GYLP
 Perfect present tense ( 5}6" JT"DFGf
 usage ( p5IMU f
 lS|IF 5}ZL Y. CMI TM 56 T[GL V;Z JT"DFGDF\ K[ T[ NXF"JJFP
 YM0MS ;DI 5C[,F H 5}ZL YI[,L 38GF NXF"JJF
 E}PSFDF\ AG[,L V[JL 38GF VM lJX[GM SM. lGl`RT ;DI VF5JFDF\ VFjIM G CMI S[ lGl`RT ;DI
G CMI T[JL 38GFVM NXF"JJFP
 E}PSFDF\ X~ YI[,L lS|IFGL V;Z CH] X~ K[ T[ ATFJJF
 Sing (lGXFGL f o Just, just now, ever, never, already, yet, since for.
 Formula:
P. STF" + have/ has + lS|IFP E}PS' + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + have/ has + not + lS|IFP E}PS' + AFSLGF XaNM
I. have/ has + STF" + E}PS' + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
 Perfect continuous present tense ( RF,]\ 5}6"

JT"DFGSF/ f
 usage ( p5IMU f
 E}PSFDF\ X~ YI[,L lS|IF CHL RF,] K[ T[ ATFJJF
 sing ( lGXFGLf o 5C[,L lS|IFG[ VG];\WFG[ ALHL lS|IF NXF"J[,L CMI K[P
 Formula :
P. STF" + have/ has + been + lS|IF5NG]\ ing JF/] ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + have/ has + not + been + lS|IF5NG]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
I. Have/ has + STF" + been + lS|IF5NG]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I.N Have/ has + not + STF" + been + lS|IF5NG]\ ing JF/\\ ] ~5 + ?

 Simple past tense (;FNM E}TSF/ f
 usage ( p5IMU f
 GHLSGF E}PSFDF\ YI[, lS|IF NXF"JJF
 ;DINX"S lS|IFlJX[QF6 G CMI tIFZ[ AG[,L CMI T[JL E}PSFGL lS|IF NXF"JJFP
 E}PSF GL 8[JM NXF"JJFP
 Sing ( lGXFGL f o Yester day, last day/ night/ week / month, year/ decade JU[Z[
 Formula :
P. STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ E}PSF G]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + did not + lS|IFP D]/ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
I. Did + STF" + lS|IFP D]/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I.N. Did not + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
 -ed ,UF0JFGF lGIDM

 ;FDFgI ZLT[ AWF lS|IF5NMG[ v ed ,UF0JFYL E}PSF G]\ ~5 AG[ K[P VG[ lS|IF5NG[ K[0[ HM e CMI
TM DF+ d
 .,UF0JFYL E}PSF G]\ ~5 AG[ K[P
 HM lS|IF5NGF K[0[ jI\HG CMI VG[ jI\HGGL 5C[,F\ :JZ CMI TM jI\HG A[J0F.G[ - ed ,FU[ K[P
 lS|IF5NGF K[0[ y CMI TM y GLS/LG[ - ied YFI K[P 56 y GL 5C[,F\ :JZ CMI TM DF+ - ed
,FU[ K[P
 Continuous past tense ( RF,] E}TSF/ f

 usage ( p5IMUf
 RMSS; ;DI[ E}PSFDF\ lS|IF RF,] CTL V[D ATFJJF DF8[
 E}PSF GL EFZ[ 8[JM NXF"JJF DF8[
 Sing ( lGXFGL f o when, while, before, after, H[JF XaNM
 Formula :
P. STF" + was/ ware + lS|IF5NG]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + was/ ware + not + lS|IF5NG]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
I . was/ ware + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I.N was/ ware + not + STF" + lS|IF P ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?

 Perfect past tense ( 5}6" E}TSF/ f
 usage ( p5IMU f
 N}ZGF E}TSF/GL lS|IF NXF"JJF
 A[ lS|IFGF VG];\WFGDF\ 5|YD lS|IF 5}P E}PSFDF\ NXF"JJF DF8[
 Sing ( lGXFGL f o when, after, before, last
 Formula:
P. STF" + had + lS|IF5NG]\ E}TS'N\T + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + had + not + lS|IFP G]\ E}PS' + AFSLGF XaNM
I. Had + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ E}PS' + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I.N : Had + not + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ E}PS' + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
 Perfect Continuous past tense ( RF,]\ 5}6" E}TSF/ f

 usage ( p5IMU f
 E}PSFDF\ X~ YI[,L lS|IF E}PSFDF\ X~ YTL CTL T[ ATFJJF
 Sing ( lGXFGL f o when H[JF XaNM
 Formula:
P. STF" + had been + lS|IFP G]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + had not + been + lS|IFPG]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
I. : Had + STF" + been + lS|IFPG]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I.N: Had not + STF" + been + lS|IF5NG]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?

 Simple future tense ( ;FNM ElJQISF/ f
 usage ( p5IMU f
 ElJQIDF\ YGFZL lS|IF NXF"JJF
 Sing ( lGXFGL f o tomorrow, later, next/ day / week / month/ year / decade
 Formula:
P. STF" + will/ shall + lS|IF5N G]\ D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + will/ shall + not + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
I. Shall/ will + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I.N : Shall/ will + not + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
 Perfect continuous future tense ( RF,]\ 5}PEPSF f

 usage
 E}PSFDF\ X~ YI[,L lS|IF ElJQIDF\ 56 RF,] CX[ T[ NXF"JJF
 Sing: after this time, before this time.
 Formula:
P. STF" + will/ shall + have been + lS|IFP ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + will/ shall + not + have been + lS|IF P ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
I. shall/ will + STF" + have been + lS|IFP ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I.N: shall/ will + not + STF" + have been + lS|IFP ing JF/]\ ~5 + ?

 Master keys of English grammar or English
grammar’s success formula:
 I, We, you, they - do, have, verb
He, She, It – does, has, verb+s, es
 Simple present tense:

A.V: P- S+ V(s/es) + o
 N- S + do/does + not + V + o
 Q.- Do / does + not + S + V + o+?
 W + do/ does + not + S + V + ?
 Who + V ( s/es ) + o +?
 Which/ whose + o + do/does + S + V + ?
P.V: P- O + is/am / are + not + V-III +by + S
 Q- Am/ is/ are + O+ V-III + (by+ s) +?
- W + is/am /are + O + V-III + by + S +?
 Simple past tense:

A.V: S+ V-II + O
 S+ didn’t + V + O
 Did + not + S + V + O +?


W + did + not + S + V + ?
 Who + V- II + O +?
 Which/ whose + O + did + not + S + V + ?
P.V: O + was/ware + not + V -III + by + S
 was/ ware + O + V- III + by + S + ?
 W + was / were + O + V - III + by +S + ?
 Simple future tense:

A.v : S + will/ shall + not + V + O
 will/shall + S + V + be + V + O + ?
 W + will/shall + S + V + O +?
P.v : O + will/shall + not + be + v-III + (by+ s)

 will/shall + O + be + V - III + by + S + ?
 W + will/shall + O + be + V - III + by + S + ?
 Continuous present tense:

A.v : S + is/am / are + not + ( v+ ing) + O
 is/am /are + S + ( v+ ing ) + O + ?
 W + am /is /are + S + ( V+ ing ) + O + ?

P.v : O + is/ am /are + not + being + V- III + by + S
 is/ am /are + O + being + V -III + ( by + S ) + ?
 W + am / is/ are + O + being + V - III + ( by + S ) + ?
 Continuous past tense:

 A.v : S + was/ were + not + ( v- ing ) + O
 was/ were + S + ( v + ing ) + O + ?
 W + was / were + S + v+ ing + O +?
P.v : O + was/ were + not + being + V – III + by + S
 was /were + O + being + V-III + by + S + ?
 W + was / were + O + being + V – III + by + S + ?
 Continuous Future tense:

 A.v: S + will/shall + not + be + ( v + ing ) + O
 will/ shall + S + be + ( V + ing ) + O + ?

 W + will/shall + S + be + ( V+ ing ) + O + ?
 Perfect present tense:

 A.v: S + have/ has + not + V-III +O
 Have/ has + S + V- III + O +?
 W + have/has + S + V-III + O + ?
P.v : O + have/has + not + been + V-III + ( by + S )
 Have / has + O + been + V - III + ( by + S ) + ?
 W + have / has + O + been + V- III + ( by + S ) +?
 Perfect past tense:

A.v: O + had + not + been + V- III + ( by + S )

 Had + S + V- III + O + ?
 W + had + S + V- III + O + ?
P.v : O + had + not + been + V- III + ( by + S )
 Had + O + been + V - III + ( by + S ) + ?
 W + had + O + been + V- III + ( by + S ) + ?
 Perfect Future tense:

 A.v: S + will/shall + not + have + V-III +O
 will/ shall + S + have + V- III + O + ?
 W + will /shall + S + have + V- III + O ?
P.v : O + will /shall + not + have + been + V-III + ( by+ s )
 will /shall + O + have + been + V-III + ( by + S ) + ?
 W + will /shall + have + O + been + V- III + ( by + S ) + ?
 Continuous perfect present tense:

A.v : S + have/has + not + been + ( V + ing ) + O
 Have/has + S + been + ( V + ing ) + O + ?
 W + have/has + S + been + ( V + ing ) + O + ?
 Continuous perfect past tense:

A.v: S + had + not + been + ( V + ing ) + O
 Had + S + been + ( V + ing ) + O + ?

 W + had + S + been + ( V+ ing ) + O + ?
 Continuous perfect Future tense:

 A.v: S + will/shall + not + have been + ( V + ing ) + O
 will / shall + S + have been + ( V + ing ) + O + ?
 W + will/ shall + S + have been + ( V + ing ) + O + ?
 Can/ Could / Should / Must / Would / May:

A.v: S + can/ could / should / must / would / may + not + V + O
 Can / Could / Should / Must / Would / May + not + S + V + O + ?
 W + can / could / should / must / would / may + not + S + V + O + ?
P.v: O + can/ could / should / must / would / may + not + be + V- III + ( by + S )

 Can / Could / Should / Must / Would / May + not + O + be + V- III + ( by + S ) +
?
 W + can / could / should / must / would / may + not + O + be + V- III + ( by + S
)+?
 Should have / Could have / Must have / Might have /

Would have:
A.v : S + should / could / must / might / would + not + have + V-III + O
 Could + Should / Must / Might / Would + not + S + have + V-III + O + ?
 W + should/ could / must / might / would + not + S + have + V-III + O + ?
P.v: O + should / could / must/ might / would + not + have + been + V-III + ( by +
S)
 Should / Could / Must / Might / Would + not + O + have + been + V-III + ( by+S)
+?
 W + Should / ......... + not + O + have + been + V- III + ( by + S ) + ?
 Let:
A.v: Let + O + V
P.v: Let + O + be + V - III + ( by + S )
 Let’s:

A.v: Let’s + V + O
 Have / Has to:

A.v: S + have / has to + do /does + not + have to + V + O
 Do/ Does + not + S + have to + V + O + ?
 W + do/ does + not + have to + V + O + ?
P.v: O + have/ has to + be + V- III + V + O + ?

 Had to:
A.v: S + had to + V + O/S + did + not + have to + V + O
 Did + not + S + have to + V + O + ?
 W + did + not + S + have to + V + O + ?
P.v: O + had to + be + V- III + ( by + S )
 Did / will /Shall have to:

A.v: S + did / will/ shall + have to + V + O
 did /will/ shall + not + S + have to + V + O + ?
W + did / will / shall + not + S + have to + V + O + ?
P.v: O + did / will/shall + not + have to + be + V- III + ( by + S )

Format of the Application:
ADDRESS
Date: ___________.
To,
The___________
Respected Sir / Madam,

Subject: An application for the post of _________
With respect to your advertisement appeared in today’s news paper. I wish to apply
for the said post. The details about me are as under.
Name: XYZ
Sex: ( Male/ Female )
Birth date: __________
Age: _________years
Height:___________
Weight:___________
Personality: ( Dy nemile / Extra ordinary )
Hobby: (Music / reading, etc)
Region: Gujarat

Religion: __________
Caste: ___________
District: __________
Languages Known: _________
Mother tongue: __________
Nationality: _________
Education: I have passed the _______ Examination of ________ in _______
obtaining ________ % of marks. I have also passed the ________ Examination in
__________ obtaining _______.
Experience: I have been serving as _______ at _________ for ________ ( yrs / mnths
).

Expected Salary: As per government rule.
References: 1._________
_________
__________
2. _________
__________
__________
I am interested in extra activities like debates, drama, music, games, etc.
I hope your honour will consider my application and send me the interview call.
Thank you in anticipation.
Yours Sincerely
( X Y Z ).
Enct: True copies of the following certificate
1._________
2. ________
3. character certi
4. L.C
5. Exp. Certi.
Beginning point of the Application:

Having come to know from your advertisement. I beg to apply for the said post. My

qualifications are as under.
I have come to know from the news paper that there is a post of ______ vacant in
your _______ ( company, firm, school, etc ). I wish to apply for the above mentioned
post. Following are my qualifications.
In response to your advertisement in ‘ The Times of India’ dated____ 20____ for the
post of _______. I would like to apply for the same. My qualifications, etc. are stated
below.

In response to your advertisement in ‘ The Times of India’ of today for the post of a
________. I apply for the same. I give below the particulars of my qualifications and
experience.
I wish to apply for the post of ______ advertisement in today’s Sandesh. The
particulars of my qualifications and experience are as follows.
In reply to your advertisement in the ‘Gujarat Samachar’ of today, inviting

applications for the post of _______ in your _______. I offer my- self as a candidate.
I give below the particulars of my qualifications and experience.
Ending Points of the Applications:

I hope your honour will consider my application and send me the interview call.
I assure you that if I am give a chance. I shall satisfy you as possible as I can .
I assure you, sir that I shall prove to be the most proficient _____ at _____. An
interview will convince you of my real ability.

I request you, sir, to give me an opportunity for a personal interview. When I shall
submit the necessary certificates and testimonials.

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અંગ્રેજી ગ્રામર (ઇ-બકુ )

આપના વિદ્યાર્થીઓ અને આપને GPSC, TET1, TET2 ,TAT ,

અલ્મય એમ. શાહ (M.sc. B.ed.)

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ALMAY M. SHAH (Tunadar Primary School Ta. Malpur Dist. Aravalli) 1

 A, An, The articale:

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s!f lS|IF5NYL X~ YTF 5|`GM s verbal Ques )

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 Can GM p5IMU 5ZJFGUL DFUJF S[ VF5JF DF8[ SZL XSFI K[P

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 Must- Need’t, Have to – has to – Had to

 GSFZo STF" + must + not + to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM

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ALMAY M. SHAH (Tunadar Primary School Ta. Malpur Dist. Aravalli) 14

 CSFZsGSFZfo STF" + should/ought to + not + have + lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ D}/~5

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