SKRIPTA ZA 1.

KOLOKVIJ
IZ KOLEGIJA ENGLESKI JEZIK II

DEFINITIONS
HARDWARE ‒ physical components of a computer or other electronic system

SOFTWARE ‒ programs and other operating information used by a computer or other electronic system

OPERATION SYSTEM ‒ low-level software that supports a computer’s basic functions

APPLICATION SOFTWARE ‒ user downloaded programs that fulfill a user’s want or need

SUPERVISOR PROGRAM ‒ the program that controls the entire operating system and loads into memory other operating
system programs from disk storage as needed

RESIDENT PROGRAM ‒ the program that remains in memory and loads into memory non-resident programs from disk
storage as needed

NON-RESIDENT PROGRAM ‒ operating system programs loaded from disk storage as needed

UNIX – wonder operating system of the 1970s and 1980s; the standard operating system in engineering and scientific computing

MINIX – a compact Unix clone written as a teaching aid by Professor Andy Tannenbaum

KERNEL – the core of an operating system that handles memory allocation, talks to hardware devices, and makes sure everything
keeps running

FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION – an organization of volunteers dedicated to making good software that anyone could
use without paying

SOURCE CODE – the original system program from which compiled programs are generated

OPEN SOURCE – a type of software development where any programmer can develop or fix bugs in the software

DISTRIBUTION – the Linux-user term for a complete operating system kit with the utilities and applications you need to make it
do useful thing

X ‒ a standard, complex distribution windowing system on which people implement graphical user interfaces

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE – a computer program designed to allow a computer user to interact easily with a
computer

WINDOW – any of various rectangular boxes appearing on a computer screen that display files or program output, that can usually
be moved and resized, and that facilitate multitasking

ICON – a graphical symbol on a computer display screen that represents an app, object, or function

MENU – a list shown on the display of a computer from which a user can select the operation the computer is to perform

SYSTEM TRAY – notification area on the taskbar that contains icons

TASKBAR – a strip of icons, usually at the bottom of a computer screen, that shows programs that may be used by selecting their
icon
SUBMENU – a list of choices that is part of another list of choices

DESKTOP – main background screen

BUTTON – a computer icon that initiates a specific software function

MULTIMODAL INTERFACE – a system that allows a user to interact with a computer using a combination of inputs such
as speech recognition, handwriting recognition, text to speech, etc.

INTELLIGENT AGENT – software assistant that performs tasks such as retrieving and delivering information and automating
repetitive tasks

THE INTELLIGENT ROOM – a project of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Artificial Intelligence Lab

ABBREVIATIONS
GUI – Graphical User Interface
TTS – text to speech

QUESTIONS
What is the difference between an operating system and an application software? An operating system
communicates directly with hardware while an application software doesn’t

What is the difference between a resident program and a non-resident program? A resident program remains in
memory while the non-resident doesn’t

What are the main functions of an operating system?

1. manages the computer’s resources, such as the central processing unit, memory, disk drives, and printers
2. establishes a user interface
3. executes and provides services for applications software

What did Linus Torvalds use to write the Linux kernel? GNU programming tools developed by Richard Stallman’s
Free Software Foundation

How was the Linux kernel first made available to the general public? Linus Torvalds released the source code on
the Internet in 1992

What is a programmer likely to do with source code? Modify it to fix bugs and add new features

Why will most software companies not sell their source code? Because they think it’ll destroy their revenue stream

What type of utilities and applications are provided in a Linux distribution? Command interpreters,
programming tools, text editors, typesetting tools, and GUI based on the X windowing system

What are some graphical user interfaces? KDE and Gnome

What developments are driving the development of completely new interfaces? Cheaper and more powerful
personal computers, speech recognition, and the convergence of personal computers and consumer electronics devices

What has inspired a whole cottage industry to develop to improve today’s graphical user interface?
Inspired by hyperlinked design of World Wide Web, they’re developing products that organize information graphically in more
intuitive ways

In what ways have XML-based formats changed the user interface? Enable users to view content, including local
and network files, within a single browser interface
What type of computers are certain to benefit from speech technology? Palm-size and handheld PCs

Name a process where a mouse is particularly useful and a process where it is not so useful. Useful for
desktop navigation, but not useful for changing the style of a paragraph

What facilities are multimodal interfaces likely to offer in the future? Handwriting recognition, text to speech
(TTS), the ability to recognize faces or gestures, and the ability to observe their surroundings

What type of input devices will be used to give vision to the user interface? Video cameras

What development has led to an interest in intelligent agents? Information onslaught on the Internet and within
intranets

List ways in which intelligent agents can be used. Web browsers, help-desks, and shopping assistants

What is the difference between Internet and Intranet?

VOCABULARY
an employer’s list of those entitled to pay and the amounts due to each = payroll
a path, progression, or line of development resembling a physical trajectory = trajectory
conspicuously new and unused = brand-new
an arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers in which work passes from operation to operation in direct line until the product
is assembled = assembly line
serving in regular or full-time capacity; inhabitant, occupant = resident
acknowledge, comprehend, fathom, grasp = to be aware of something
to call = to invoke
to do = carry out
make it easier = to facilitate
strong, especially in health and physique, vigorous, straightforward, powerful = robust
emotion, especially admiration, exited by what is unexpected, unfamiliar or inexplicable, strange or remarkable thing, event, etc. =
wonder
a document, plate, or tag evidencing a license granted; allowance, authorization, clearance, consent, permission = license
typical example = textbook example
irritate = annoy
disadvantage = shortcoming
to start doing or working on something in order to achieve an aim, to start a journey, to explain, describe or arrange something in a
clear and detailed way, especially in writing = set out
to publish, to let go = to release
very expensive = eye-watering price
the total income that a government or company receives regularly; income, earnings = revenue
the money coming into a company from a particular activity over a period of time = revenue stream
something which is astonishing, surprising, or shocking = astounding
completely = utterly
something that can be forecast, anticipated, expected = predictable
integrate = roll into
a lot = heavily
intentionally = purposefully
until now, so far = hitherto
transfer = port
one or group of organisms produced asexually from one ancestor, person or thing regarded as identical to another = clone
to notice = to spot
to decorate = to adorn
cover = lid
throw out = spit out
an often small mechanical or electronic device with a practical use but often thought of as a novelty = gadget
to exchange = to swap
discovery = break-through
getting closer = convergence
expand, widen = broaden
stress, accent = emphasis
coming before all others in time or order = pioneer
doubtful, improbable = unlikely
possible = likely
to throw out, to throw away, to get rid of something = to toss out
a small, loosely organized, yet flourishing complex of activity or industry = cottage industry
to be ready to do something = poised to
staffed, crowded = cramped
to gain something = to benefit from something
users are provided with multiple models for inputting data = multimodal input
a movement of the body or limbs that expresses or emphasizes an idea or feeling = gesture
let something see = to give sight to something
to set free = to liberate
too much of something = onslaught
inclination = tendency
impact = influence
common and popular = mainstream
going beyond a normal or acceptable limit in degree or amount; extravagant, extreme, immoderate, lavish = excessive
disturb, disrupt = shake up
to include = to incorporate
to implicate = to involve
finally = eventually
to watch = to observe
glance, look = sight

WORD CONVERSION
noun verb adjective adverb
sufficiency to suffice sufficient sufficiently
root to root rooted rootedly
advancement to advance advanced advancingly
invocation to invoke invoked invokingly
requirement to require required -
facility to facilitate facilitating, facilitated -
annoyance to annoy annoyed annoyingly
allocation to allocate allocated
astoundment to astound astounding -
resident, residence to reside resident residentially
intuition to be intuitive intuitive
benefit to benefit beneficial beneficially
expansion to expand expansive expansively
performance to perform performed, performing -
convergence to converge converged, converging convergently
broadening, broadness to broaden broad broadly
emphasis to emphasize emphasized, emphasizing -
liberty, liberation to liberate liberated liberally
FILL THE GAPS OR CONNECT

roll improvements into the kernel

add new features
use programming tools
license a commercial product
release the source code to the Internet
destroy The company’s revenue stream
eye-watering price
textbook example
student project
scientific computing
memory allocation
command interpreters
retrieve/deliver information
place a new emphasis
execute a task
broaden the base of computer use
do a research
have an impact
information onslaught
processor-intensive tasks
mainstream applications
cramped keyboard
cottage industry
major component

GRAMMER
-ING FORM AS A NOUN
Managing the computer’s resources is an important function of the operating system.
The operating system starts running the user interface as soon as the PC is switched on.
Another function of the operating system is executing and providing services for application software.

-ING FORM AFTER PROPOSITIONS

Without the user being aware of the details, the operating system manages the computer’s resources.
We begin by focusing on the interaction between a user and a PC operating system.
We look forward to having cheaper and faster computers.

MODAL VERBS
can, can’t, could, couldn’t
may, may not, might, might not
must, mustn’t, have to, not have to
shall, shall not, should, shouldn’t
will, won’t, would, wouldn’t

CAN – to make general statements about what is possible

COULD – to show something is possible but not certain
MUST – expresses speaker’s feelings
HAVE TO – expresses general obligations
MAY – expresses what is possible, factual, or could be factual
MIGHT – expresses what is hypothetical, counterfactual, or remotely possible