Small Scale Wind Turbine

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MESRA
Optimization of Efficiency of Small

Scale Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
SUBMITTED TO: Dr. RAVI SHANKAR ANAND
SUBMITTED BY: SOURABH KUMAR BE/15029/14

ARUNAVA NAG BE/15033/14
KUNDAN KUMAR BE/15260/14
RONAK KANKARIYA BE/15273/14
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra 16-Apr-18 1
16-Apr-18
INTRODUCTION
• Wind energy was first harvested in 19th century
• Earlier used to pump water and grind corn
• Discontinued due to development in fossil fuel engines
• Now a days turbine are used to generate electricity
• Wind turbine can generate between 10 watts to 10 x 106
watts
Optimization of Efficiency of Small Scale HAWT

Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra 2
Introduction 16-Apr-18
TYPES OF TURBINE
1. On basis of shaft axis
• Horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT)

• Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT)
2. On basis of power generation
• Small ( 10 w to 10 kw)
• Medium (10 kw to 500 kw)
• Large (500 kw to 10 mw)

ADVANTAGES OF WIND TURBINE

• Wind is a clean energy
• No hazardous products
• Energy is available for almost whole day
unlike solar energy
• Can be installed for individual usage also
• Low maintenance cost
• Sustainable source of energy
• Can be built on water bodies

DISAVANTAGES OF WIND TURBINE

• Initial investment is high
• Birds collide with blades and get killed
• Located in remote areas so transportation cost is high
• Noise pollution

How do Wind Turbines operate?
Wind strikes the blades of the wind turbine and creates a high pressure in
the downward portion and a low pressure region in the upward direction.
This difference in the pressure causes lift and drag force which helps in the
rotation of the wind turbine.

6
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra 16-Apr-18
16-Apr-18
LITERATURE REVIEW
Recent designs and developments in the field of small scale wind turbine:
1. Analytical model design of small scale wind turbine
2. Numerical model design of small scale wind turbine
• In analytical model design approach, various theories are used like blade
element theory, blade element momentum theory
• In numerical model design approach, CFD analysis of the blade design
are used. In CFD, the mathematical model is developed based on the
continuity, energy conservation and momentum equations
Optimizing Efficiency of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Analytical approach:
Author : Rathod and Kamdi [1] (2014)
Objective: To show that PVC made turbine has better efficiency and capacity.
Conclusion: The turbine could

Work in speed as low as 2 m/s,
giving more scope of
development for low speed
wind turbine.

Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra
16-Apr-18 8
Author : Valamanesh & Myers[2](2014)
Objective: To observe the effects of aerodynamic damping and seismic response

of horizontal axis wind turbine towers.
Conclusion: Through analysis it

was found that aerodynamic
damping in operational HAWTs
is approximately 5% of critical
in the fore aft direction

Analytical approach :
Author : P. Pathike, et al.[3](2013)
Objective: To design a new small wind turbine blade that is suitable for low
wind velocity.
Conclusion: It is found that, at a

wind velocity of 6 m/s, the efficiency
of the new wind turbine blade is
27% while that of the commercial
wind turbine blade is only 16.5%.

16-Apr-18 10
Author : Mr. Manoj Kumar et al. [4](2015)
Objective: To optimize the number of blade for a wind turbine.
Conclusion: They found that the

maximum value of electrical
power is obtained 388W, 422W
and 405W for blade number equal
to 3,5 and 7 respectively.

16-Apr-18 11
Author : Mohammadi et al.[5](2016)
Objective: To optimize the blade design on the basis of airfoil.
Conclusion: They founded that FX 66

– S – 196 V1 is a very suitable airfoil
for small scale blades for low speed
condition for all root, mid and tip of
the blade

16-Apr-18 12
Author : Maryam Refen et al. [6](2012)
Objective: To perform a comparison between the theoretical and

experimental results for low and high speed wind.
Conclusion: They found that the

blade element momentum theory
(BEM) prediction for the case of low
speed wind turbine is not as accurate
as for high speed wind turbine.

Numerical approach :
Author : Michael Sherry et al[7](2008)
Objective: To study vortex interaction and stability of the helical vortex wake.
Conclusion: A model
horizontal axis wind turbine
was investigated
experimentally in a water
channel

Numerical approach:
Author : Rathore & Ahmed[8](2011).
Objective: To optimize a model for rotor design of 750 kW horizontal axis

wind turbine
Conclusion: stress and

deflection of new design were
calculated for blades and hub
by Finite element analysis
method.

16-Apr-18 15
Author : Navin Prasad* et al. [9](2014)
Objective: To design and development of a wind turbine blade for domestic

application.
Conclusion: the various profiles of

NREL and NACA are analyzed by
CFD and compared with the profiles
which give more lift coefficient and
less drag coefficient. Among that
NACA 4415 is having more lift
coefficient and less drag coefficient .

16-Apr-18 16
Author : Abrar et al[10](2013).
Objective: Investigate on improving the efficiency of HAWT for low speed

wind harvesting.
Conclusion: Experimental and

numerical analysis were
conducted with several design,
and optimization was done with
help of CFD analysis

16-Apr-18 17
PROJECT OBJECTIVE & METHODOLOGY
Problems in existing model:
• Aerodynamic losses
• Wake effects
• Drive train losses
• Transmission losses
Project Objective:
• Development of Small Scale Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

• Numerical Prediction of the rotation in the wind turbine by CFD analysis
• Optimisation of the blade design by changing the camber in the wind
turbine blade

Project Objective and Methodology
Objective Description
• Small scale wind turbines can be fixed on the roof of
buildings and can produce sufficient power to light a
3 BHK flat
• The power production in Small scale HAWT is less,
but it can be increased by improving the aerodynamic
performance of a small scale horizontal axis wind
turbine
• The aerodynamic performance depends on various
factors like
1. angle of attack
2. chord length
3. camber
• We worked to optimize the camber thickness of the
blade airfoil to find the maximum efficiency
• Here, we also worked to find the rpm obtained by a
wind turbine due to wind flow using CFD analysis in
ANSYS

16-Apr-18 19
Project Objective and Methodology 16-Apr-18
Project Methodology
Conceptual Model Design
Alternate blade design by changing the camber in the

blade airfoil
Analysis of wind turbine for velocity producing

maximum efficiency
Analysis of the different designs for maximum efficiency

using ANSYS CFD
Fabrication of final model of small horizontal axis wind

turbine

Conceptual Model Design 16-Apr-18
Points to be kept in mind while designing a wind turbine
• The single most important component of

wind turbine design is the rotor blade design
which relies heavily on the principles of
aerodynamics.
• Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)
utilise the generation of lift on aerofoils to
produce torque that causes the blades to
rotate.
• Aerofoil selection plays a major role of wind
turbine blades as it defines the geometry of
the blades as well as its power extraction
capabilities.
• Different aerofoils have different
characteristics of lift and drag coefficients

Conceptual Model Design
Forces acting on the wind turbine blades
Where,
ρ is the density of the fluid, 𝐴 is the projected
area and 𝑉 is the free stream velocity
𝐶𝐷 and 𝐶𝐿 are a non-dimensional terms that
both relate to the characteristics of lift and drag
As the angle of Attack increases, the lift force
increase and consequently drag also increases,
which is undesirable and hence we optimised
the angle of attack to 6 degrees.

16-Apr-18 22
Geometric Blade Design 16-Apr-18
Dimensions:
Rotor Diameter- 175mm
Blade length- 150mm
Chord length- 35mm
Angle of attack- 6 deg
Pitch angle- 0 Deg

Alternate Blade Airfoils 16-Apr-18
• Different blade airfoils are created

for analysis by varying the camber
at constant chord length for
obtaining maximum power
production
Camber- 2% Camber- 4% Camber- 6%

24
Theoretical Power Calculation 16-Apr-18
The power contained in the wind is given by
𝜌𝐴𝑉 3
P=
2
But the maximum power which a wind turbine
can extract is given by
𝜌𝐴𝑉 3
P= 𝐶𝑃
2
Where 𝐶𝑃 = 0.59, called the Betz Limit,
8𝜌𝐴𝑉 3
𝑃=
27
As the Rotor Diameter is 175mm,
So, in a place where the wind speed is10 m/s,
theoretical power obtained from wind turbine
1.225 ∗ Ω ∗ 0.1752 ∗ 103
= 0.59 ∗
2
= 34.768 watt

25
Analysis of Conceptual Design 16-Apr-18
GEOMETRIC MODEL
• Outer Domain :
• Geometry : cuboid
• Dimension :
X axis (length) : 400mm
Z axis (breadth) : 200mm
Y axis (height) : 200 mm
• Domain material : air
Isometric view
• Inner domain
• Geometry : sphere
• Dimension : diameter : 374 mm
• Domain material : air
• Inlet :
• Geometry : Circular
Side view • Dimension : diameter : 374 mm

26
MESHING
Mesh type :
• Sizing: course
• Geometry: Tetrahedron patch confirming
mesh
• Max face width: 125 mm
• Min face width:
Inflation layer:
• Selected domain : turbine
• No of layers : 2
• Layer thickness increase per layer : 1
• No of elements : 510398 (limited to
512000)

27
FLUENT SETUP AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
• Flow type : Transient

• Acceleration due to gravity : 9.81 m/sec2 (along –ve y axis)
• Model : k-epsilon
• Fluid material : air
• Density : Variable
• Turbine material : aluminium

Boundary conditions :
• Inlet velocity : 10 m/sec
• Pressure: atmospheric
• Outlet : pressurized outlet
Dynamic meshing :
• Rotation axis : X axis
• Moment of inertia : 0.002 kgm^2
• Inner domain : rigid body
• rotation : passive
• Turbine : rigid body
• rotation : active
• Outer domain : deformable body

Simulation time:
• Time step size: 0.01
• No of time steps : 600
• Total time : 6 seconds
• No of iterations per time steps: 2

SIMULATION RESULT
• Effect of inlet velocity
on efficiency
• Inlet velocity : 5m/sec
• Turbine RPM obtained : 96
• Power input : 7.3 W
• Power output : 2.3 W
• Efficiency : 31.5 %
• Simulation time : 5.53 secs Turbine blade tangential velocity
Pressure contour Velocity contour


• Turbine RPM obtained : 235.12
• Simulation time : 5.25 secs
Turbine blade tangential velocity
Pressure contour Velocity contour


• Turbine RPM obtained : 510
• Power input : 808 W
• Simulation time : 5.25 secs
Turbine blade tangential velocity
Pressure contour

VARIATION OF EFFECIENCY WITH INLET AIR VELOCITY
Sl.no Inlet RPM Power Power Efficiency Simulation

velocity input output (%) time
(m/sec) (W) (W) (secs)
1 5 96 7.3 2.3 31.5 5.53
2 10 235.12 51.8 17.12 33.56 5.25
3 25 510 808 70.34 8.7 5.25

Effect of camber on turbine velocity and power output

Design 1 :
Chord length- 35 mm
Camber- 2%
Velocity contour
Pressure contour

• Obtained maximum angular

velocity of turbine at 10 m/sec
wind speed : 235.1 RPM
Velocity contour of turbine at 5.53 secs

after air flow at 10 m/sec
Velocity contour front view of fluid at 5.53
secs after air flow at 10 m/sec
• Power output obtained : 17.12 W

• Obtained efficiency of the
design : 33.56 %

36
Effect of camber on turbine velocity:

Design 2 :
Chord length- 35 mm
Camber- 4%
Velocity contour
Pressure contour


wind speed : 262.4 RPM
Velocity contour of turbine at 5.53 secs

after air flow at 10 m/sec
Velocity contour front view of fluid at 5.53
secs after air flow at 10 m/sec

• Input power : 51.8 W
design : 38.1%

Design 3:
• Chord length- 35 mm
• Camber- 6%

wind speed : 320 RPM

• Input power : 51.8 W
design : 47.44 %

VARIATION OF EFFECIENCY WITH CHANGE IN CAMBER VALUES
Sl.no Camber RPM Power Power Efficiency Simulation

input output (%) time
(W) (W) (secs)
1 2% 235.12 51.8 17.12 33.56 5.25
2 4% 262.4 51.8 19.78 38.1 5.25
3 6% 320 51.8 24.67 47.44 5.25

References: 16-Apr-18
[1] Vicky K Rathod, Prof.S.Y.Kamdi,“Design & Fabrication of PVC Bladed

Inexpensive Wind Turbine”, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering
(IOSR-JMCE), Volume 11, Issue 4 Ver. II (Jul- Aug. 2014)
[2] V.Valamanesh, A.T.Myers, “Aerodynamic Damping and Seismic Response of

Horizontal axis wind turbine towers”, 2014
[3] P. Pathike, T. Katpradit, P. Terdtoon and P. Sakulchangsatjatai, “Small

Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Blade for Low Wind Speed Operation”, Journal
of Applied Science and Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 345351 (2013).
[4] Chaudhary, Manoj Kumar, and Anindita Roy. "Design & optimization of a
small wind turbine blade for operation at low wind speed." World Journal of
Engineering 12.1 (2015): 83-94.
[5] Mohammadi, Mohammadreza, Alireza Mohammadi, and Said Farahat. "A

new method for horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) blade optimization."
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 5.1 (2016): 1.

References 16-Apr-18
[6] Refan, Maryam, and Horia Hangan. "Aerodynamic performance of a small

horizontal axis wind turbine." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 134.2 (2012):
021013.
[7] M. Sherry, J. Sheridan, D. Jocano, Characterization of Horizontal Axis Wind

Turbine’s Tip and Rotor Vortices,2008
[8]A.S. Rathore, S.Ahmed, Design and Analysis of Horizontal Axis Wind

Turbine Rotor,2011
[9] Prasad, Navin, et al. "Design and Development of Horizontal Small Wind
Turbine Blade for Low Wind Speeds." no 1 (2014): 75-84.
[10] Md. Abu Abrar, A M Ishtiaque Mahbub, Mohammad Mamun, “Design

optimization of a horizontal axis micro wind turbine through development of
CFD model and experimentation”, 10th International conference on mechanical
engineering, ICME 2013

THANK YOU

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Small Scale Wind Turbine

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BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MESRA

Optimization of Efficiency of Small

SUBMITTED BY: SOURABH KUMAR BE/15029/14

• Earlier used to pump water and grind corn

• Discontinued due to development in fossil fuel engines

• Now a days turbine are used to generate electricity

• Wind turbine can generate between 10 watts to 10 x 106

Optimization of Efficiency of Small Scale HAWT

1. On basis of shaft axis

• Horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT)

2. On basis of power generation

Optimization of Efficiency of Small Scale HAWT

ADVANTAGES OF WIND TURBINE

Optimization of Efficiency of Small Scale HAWT

DISAVANTAGES OF WIND TURBINE

Optimization of Efficiency of Small Scale HAWT

Optimization of Efficiency of Small Scale HAWT

1. Analytical model design of small scale wind turbine

2. Numerical model design of small scale wind turbine

Optimizing Efficiency of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Author : Rathod and Kamdi [1] (2014)

Conclusion: The turbine could

Optimizing Efficiency of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Objective: To observe the effects of aerodynamic damping and seismic response

Conclusion: Through analysis it

Optimizing Efficiency of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Author : P. Pathike, et al.[3](2013)

Conclusion: It is found that, at a

Optimizing Efficiency of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Author : Mr. Manoj Kumar et al. [4](2015)

Objective: To optimize the number of blade for a wind turbine.

Conclusion: They found that the

Optimizing Efficiency of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Author : Mohammadi et al.[5](2016)

Objective: To optimize the blade design on the basis of airfoil.

Conclusion: They founded that FX 66

Optimizing Efficiency of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Author : Maryam Refen et al. [6](2012)

Objective: To perform a comparison between the theoretical and

Conclusion: They found that the

Optimizing Efficiency of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Optimizing Efficiency of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Author : Rathore & Ahmed[8](2011).

Objective: To optimize a model for rotor design of 750 kW horizontal axis

Conclusion: stress and

Optimizing Efficiency of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Author : Navin Prasad* et al. [9](2014)

Objective: To design and development of a wind turbine blade for domestic

Conclusion: the various profiles of

coefficient and less drag coefficient .

Optimizing Efficiency of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Author : Abrar et al[10](2013).

Objective: Investigate on improving the efficiency of HAWT for low speed

Conclusion: Experimental and

Optimizing Efficiency of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

• Development of Small Scale Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Optimizing Efficiency of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Optimization of Efficiency of Small Scale HAWT