CE GREAT MINDS 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑎) = (𝑎 + 𝑎) + 𝑎

ALGEBRA MODULE

THE DETAILED TABLE OF THE NUMBER SYSTEM (𝑎1 𝑎2 )𝑎3 = 𝑎1 (𝑎2 𝑎3 )

 COMPLEX NUMBERS
 REAL NUMBERS 4. DISTRIBUTIVE
 RATIONALS
 INTEGERS 𝑎 (𝑎 + 𝑎) = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎
 NEGATIVE INTEGERS
 NON-NEGATIVE
o ZERO 1 𝑎 𝑎
o NATURAL NUMBERS (COUNTING)
𝑎
(𝑎 + 𝑎) = 𝑎 + 𝑎
 DECIMALS AND FRACTIONS
 TERMINATING
 REPEATING 5. IDENTITY
 IRRATIONALS
𝑎+0 =𝑎
REAL NUMBERS – can be positive, negative, or zero; can be rational or irrational
NATURAL NUMBERS – consists of numbers starting 1.
𝑎∗1=𝑎
INTEGERS – consists of whole numbers
FRACTIONS – part of a whole; can be proper, improper, or mixed.
RATIONAL NUMBERS – the ratio of two integers.
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS – made of distinct and infinite number of decimal places 6. INVERSE

PRIME NUMBERS – factors of 1 and itself 𝑎−𝑎 =0

COMPOSITE NUMBERS – two or more factors

RULES ON OPERATING SIGNED NUMBERS 1

𝑎∗ =1
𝑎
1. Like signs must add.
2. Unlike signs subtract and the bigger value of the indicated sign follows.
3. Subtract two numbers with like signs and change sign of the subtrahend.
4. Multiplying or dividing like signs is positive. STEPS IN PERFORMING OPERATIONS OF SERIES OF NUMBERS
5. Multiplying or dividing distinct signs is negative.
1. Parentheses and brackets
PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS 2. Powers and roots
3. Multiplication and division
1. CLOSURE 4. Addition and subtraction
𝑎+𝑎 = 𝑎
ROMAN NUMERALS

2. COMMUTATIVE I–1 L – 50
V–5 C – 100
𝑎+𝑎 = 𝑎+𝑎 ; 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎 X – 10 D – 500
M – 1000

Notes:
1. Numerals can only be used up to three times
2. The 4th or 9th value should use the lower value followed by the succeeding value.
3. ASSOCIATIVE 3. The bar is commonly used when multiplying the value by 1000 EXCEPT for I since M is indicated for the
value of 1000. The minimum value to use the bar at the top of the Roman numeral is 4000.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎] 2 𝑎𝑎 − 1 .

1. All non-zero digits are considered significant

2. Zeros appearing anywhere between two non-zero digits are significant
MULTIPLYING POLYNOMIALS BY COEFFICIENTS (LATTICE METHOD)
3. Leading zeros are non-significant digits
4. Trailing zeros containing a decimal point are significant
SYNTHETIC DIVISION – easiest method in dividing polynomials.
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES:
1. Round off 2.065546 in four significant digits. Ans. 2.066 (Note some references answeres 2.065 since
1. Simplify : (2x – 3y)(4x + 5y)
the the value 5 preceding the even digit should be round down.)
SOLUTION:
2. Round off 1.00500 to five significant digits. Ans. 1.0050
2x(4x + 5y) – 3y(4x + 5y)
8x2 – 2xy – 15y2 Ans.
LCM – Least Common Multiple ; lowest common multiple among two or more numbers or algebraic expressions
(Least Common Denominator in fractions)
2. Simplify the following: 4x3 – 9x2 – 3x + 5 ÷ (2 – x)
SOLUTION:
METHODS
A. Intersection of Multiples (For numerical values only)
By synthetic division:
B. Prime Factorization (Recommended for large numbers)
C. Division Method (Most commonly used in algebraic exponents)

EXAMPLES:

1. Find the LCM of 5, 20 and 30 Ans. 60

2. Find the LCM of x , 3x2 and 5x3 . Ans. 15x3

GCF (Greatest Common Factor) – highest algebraic or numerical factor among two or more given values.

EXAMPLES: -4x2 + x +5 – 5/(-x+2) Ans.

1. Find the GCF of 15, 30 and 75. Ans. 15

2. Find the GCF of 10x, 25x2 and 100x3. Ans. 10x EXPONENTS AND RADICALS

POLYNOMIALS – expressions that consist of letters and numerical figures involving at least one of the basic EXPONENTS
operations
1. 𝑎𝑎 (∙ 𝑎𝑎 ÷) 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎±𝑎
CONSTANT – assumes single and specific value 1
2. = 𝑎−𝑎
VARIABLE – assumes many values 𝑎𝑎

𝑎
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION – collection of constants and variables involving at least one of the basic operations 3. (𝑎𝑎) = 𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑎
MONOMIAL – polynomial with only one term
4. (𝑎𝑎) = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
5. (𝑎) = 𝑎𝑎𝑎
DEGREE – largest exponent occurring in the variable
COEFFICIENT – the symbol of any polynomial RADICALS
*Note: like signs add. 𝑎 𝑎
1. √𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
VALUE OF POLYNOMIAL 2. √𝑎𝑎 = √𝑎 ∗ √𝑎
𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 √𝑎
3. √ = 𝑎
At one limit – substitute the indicated value to the variable 𝑎 √𝑎
At two limits – the difference of the values (mostly used in calculus) 4.
𝑎𝑎 𝑎
√𝑎 = √ √𝑎
𝑎
 ADDITION/SUBTRACTION – add/subtract like indices 1 √2 − √3 √2 − √3
MULTIPLICATION/DIVISION – multiply or divide like indices ; for different indices get first the common index ∙ = = √3 − √2 𝑎𝑎𝑎.
√2 + √3 √2 − √3 2−3
by getting the LCD ( Convert to fractional exponents first)

EXAMPLES:
SPECIAL PRODUCTS AND FACTORING
8𝑎2 𝑎𝑎5 (4𝑎𝑎𝑎5 )(2𝑎) 2𝑎
1. = = 1. Common Monomial Factor
12𝑎𝑎2 𝑎15 (4𝑎𝑎𝑎5 )(3𝑎𝑎10 ) 3𝑎𝑎10
𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎 (𝑎 + 𝑎)
3 4
2. √𝑎2 ∙ √2𝑎3
2. Difference of Two Squares

SOLUTION: 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 = (𝑎 + 𝑎)(𝑎 − 𝑎)
1 1

(𝑎2 )3 (2𝑎3 )4
4 3
3. Sum and Difference of Two Cubes
(𝑎2 )12 (2𝑎3 )12
𝑎3 + 𝑎3 = (𝑎 + 𝑎)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎3 )
1/12 1/12
2 4 3 3
[(𝑎 ) ] [(2𝑎 ) ]
1/12 1/12 𝑎3 − 𝑎3 = (𝑎 − 𝑎)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎2 )
(𝑎8) (8𝑎9)
1/12
[(𝑎8)(8𝑎9)] 4. Perfect Square Trinomial
2
[(𝑎12)(8𝑎5)] 1/12 (𝑎 + 𝑎) = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎2
12
𝑎 √8𝑎5 𝑎𝑎𝑎.
2
(𝑎 − 𝑎) = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎2
RATIONALIZATION OF RADICALS

𝑎
1 11 √𝑎𝑎−1
= ∙𝑎 = Note : For the higher power of binomials, see Binomial Theorem.
𝑎
√𝑎
𝑎
√𝑎 √𝑎𝑎−1 𝑎
5. Square of a Trinomial:
2
1 1
√𝑎 − √𝑎 √𝑎 − √𝑎 (𝑎 ± 𝑎 ± 𝑎) = (𝑎2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 ± 2𝑎𝑎 ± 2𝑎𝑎 ± 2𝑎𝑎)
= ∙ =
√𝑎 + √𝑎 √𝑎 + √𝑎 √𝑎 − √𝑎 𝑎−𝑎

For the no. of terms of a polynomial:

EXAMPLES:
𝑎(𝑎 + 1)
𝑎=
1 2
Find the conjugate of
√2+√3

SOLUTION: Where: n – no. of terms of a squared polynomial

t – no. of terms in a polynomial

6. Other Factorable Trinomials

𝑎2 + (𝑎 + 𝑎)𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎 = (𝑎 + 𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑎) SOLUTION:

LCD : (x+3)(x-5)(x-2)
7. Factoring by Grouping 5(𝑎 − 2) 6(𝑎 − 5)
8. Addition and Subtraction of Suitable Terms – used with at least degree 4 polynomial −
Example: (𝑎 + 3)(𝑎 + 5)(𝑎 − 2) (𝑎 + 3)(𝑎 − 5)(𝑎 − 2)

𝑎4 + 𝑎4
5𝑎 − 10 − 6𝑎 + 30 20 − 𝑎
− 𝑎𝑎𝑎.
(𝑎 + 3)(𝑎 + 5)(𝑎 − 2) (𝑎 + 3)(𝑎 + 5)(𝑎 − 2)
9. Sum and Difference of Odd Primes – degree should be an odd exponent

𝑎𝑎 ± 𝑎𝑎 = (𝑎 ± 𝑎)(𝑎𝑎−1 ± 𝑎𝑎−2 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎−3 𝑎2 ± ⋯ + 𝑎𝑎−1 )

FACTOR THE FOLLOWING: COMPLEX FRACTIONS

1. ax + ay – bx – by 𝑎
SOLUTION: 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎𝑎
a(x + y) – b(x+y) 𝑎 = 𝑎 ÷ 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎
(a – b)(x+y) Ans. 𝑎
2. 4x2 – 49y6
SOLUTION:
(2x)2 – (7y)6 SIMPLIFY THE FOLLOWING:
(2x + 7y)(2x – 7y) Ans.
5 3
3. 9x2 + y2 + 25 + 6xy – 30x – 10y Ans. (3x + y – 5)2 + 3
12 8 𝑎𝑎𝑎. −
7 11 2
−
18 12
SIMPLIFYING RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

𝑎+𝑎 𝑎−𝑎
=1; = −1
𝑎+𝑎 𝑎−𝑎 LOGARITHMS
1. 𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎
𝑎
2. 𝑎𝑎𝑎 ( ) = 𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎
𝑎
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION
3. 𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎
𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎𝑎 4. 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎 =
𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎
∗ = ; ÷ = 1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎𝑎 5. 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎 =
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎
6. 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
Note : You can get the LCD of both denominators of complex fractions to obtain the simplified value. (Quicker use)
1. Like denominators add/subtract
SIMPLIFY THE LOAGRITHM:
2. Unlike denominators get first the LCD.
𝑎𝑎𝑎2 8 = 3
SIMPLIFY:

5 6
−
𝑎2 − 2𝑎 − 15 𝑎2 + 𝑎 − 6
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
RELATIONS – a set of ordered pairs of real numbers.
PARTS:
DOMAIN – set of values of any independent variables
RANGE – set of values of any dependent variables

FUNCTION – relations that do not have two or more ordered having the same element.

WAYS OF DETERMINING A FUNCTION OR NOT

1. Listing method (check if there are double domain in a set)
2. Graphical method (known as Vertical Line Test , any vertical line can pass the domain only once)
3. Algebraic methods (the variable of the range should be a single degree) 2. QUADRATIC – any function in the form of y = ax2 + bx +c

Evaluating functions indicate substitution of the values.

OPERATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

1. (𝑎 ± 𝑎)(𝑎) = 𝑎(𝑎) ± 𝑎(𝑎)

2. (𝑎𝑎)(𝑎) = 𝑎(𝑎)𝑎(𝑎)
𝑎 𝑎(𝑎)
3. (𝑎)(𝑎) = 𝑎(𝑎)
4. (𝑎 ∘ 𝑎)(𝑎) = 𝑎(𝑎(𝑎)) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎: 𝑎(𝑎(𝑎)) ≠ 𝑎(𝑎(𝑎))

DETERMINE WHETHER IT IS A FUNCTION OR NOT.

3. POLYNOMIAL – any function in the form of polynomials with at least third degree.

TYPES:
1. ODD FUNCTIONS – f(-x) = - f(x)
2. EVEN FUNCTIONS – f(-x) = f(x)
Not a function .
4. ABSOLUTE VALUE - values for functions f(|x|) . Range is at least zero.
2. (1,0) , (3,5) , (5,8) Function
3. (4, -5) , (0, -2) , (3, -1) , (4 , 0) Not a function

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

1. LINEAR – any function in the form y = mx +b.

Kinds:
a. Constant functions
b. Identity Functions

5. STEP FUNCTION – denoted by [x] .

 Examples:

1. Three more than twice = 2x +3

2. Five less than half = x/2 – 5
3. Difference of two numbers – x – y
4. Product of two numbers – xy
5. Quotient of two numbers – x/y
6. Three fifth of its rate – 3/5 x
EXAMPLES:

Solve for x:
INVERSE RELATIONS – refers to the interchange of DOMAIN and RANGE of each relation.
7(x+4) = 6x+ 24
𝑎−1
(𝑎) SOLUTION:

7x +28 = 6x +24
SIMPLIFY THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS: x = -4. Ans.

1. 𝑎(𝑎) = 𝑎2 + 2 ; 𝑎(2) 𝑎𝑎𝑎. 7 Solve for n:

𝑎
𝑎=
2
(𝑎 + 𝑎)
2. 𝑎(𝑎) = 8 − 3𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎(𝑎) = 5 − 𝑎2 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (𝑎 + 𝑎)(2) .

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
2𝑎
2 2𝑎 = 𝑎(𝑎 + 𝑎) ; 𝑎= 𝑎𝑎𝑎.
𝑎(2) = 8 − 3(2) = 2 ; 𝑎(2) = 5 − (2) = 1 𝑎+𝑎

TYPES OF WORDED PROBLEMS

(𝑎 + 𝑎) = 2 + 1 = 3. 𝑎𝑎𝑎.
1. Number Relation
EXAMPLES:
a. Find three odd consecutive integers such that the sum of the first two odd integers exceeds the third
EQUALITY – used to imply a relation of identity between two quantities. by 9.

PROPERTIES: SOLUTION:
1. REFLEXIVE – a = a Let x = the number unknown.
2. SYMMETRIC – a = b ; b = a
3. TRANSITIVE – a = b ; b = c then, a = c x + x + 2 = x + 4 +9
4. ADDITION EQUALITY – α + β = γ + β x = 11
5. MULTIPLICATION EQUALITY – x = y ; ax = ay The numbers are 11,13 and 15.

EQUATIONS – expresses the relation of the equality between two algebraic expressions b. Three numbers are in the ratio 1:2:3. If the sum is 78 , find the numbers.

TYPES: SOLUTION:
IDENTITY – indefinite number of values of the indicated variable
CONDITIONAL – some number of values of the indicated variable x = number

LITERAL EQUATIONS – equation involving two or more unknowns x + 2x + 3x = 78

x = 13 ; The numbers are 13 , 26 and 39.
TRANSLATION OF STATEMENT IN SYMBOLS
2. Investment Problems
 1 1 1
+ =
𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎(𝑎 − 𝑎) = 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

Where:
a and b – percentage of investment in decimals x and y – work individually ; z – work together
m – total money used to invest
P – total amount of money invested EXAMPLE 1: Nonoy can finish a certain job in 10 days if Imelda for 6 days. The same work can be done
by Imelda in 12 days if Nonoy helps for 6 days. If they work together, how long will it take for them to do
the job? Ans. 8.4 days
A man has P 45000 invested , part of 2% and the remainder at 3% simple interest. How much is in
invested at each rate if the total annual income from the investments is P 1000? EXAMPLE 2: A team of 28 workers were working on a project that they could and had to finish in 60
SOLUTION: days. At the start of the 16th day, five workers transferred to another project. After 45 days, 10 more
workers were added. How many days has been delayed? Ans. 2.3 days
x = amount to be invested.

0.02x + 0.03(45 – x) = 1000 7. Population or Exponential Problems

x = P35000 @ 2% and a. Popupation
45 – x = P 10000 @ 3%.
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎
3. Age Problems

EXAMPLES: The mother is 41 years old and her daughter aged 9. In how many years will be when the 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎
mother will be thrice the age of her daughter?
Where:
SOLUTION: P = present population
Po = past population
x = no of years ago. r = rate of increase/decrease
t = time in years, seconds, etc..
41 + x = 3(x + 9)
x = 7 years . b. Exponential Decay – mostly used in radioactive weights and measures
4. Mixture Problems
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎−𝑎𝑎
EXAMPLE: How many quarts of pure alcohol must be added to 10 quarts of 10% alcohol solution to
obtain a mixture which is 25% alcohol? Ans. 2 quarts
Where:
5. Motion Problems a = initial value
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎 y = present value

EXAMPLE:
d – distance
r – speed 8. Geometric Problems – most of the problems are useful in mensuration
t – time
EXAMPLE: The rectangular painting measures 12 inches by 16 inches and includes a frame of uniform
For the problems involving wind, width around the four edges. The perimeter of the rectangle formed by the painting and its frame formed
by the painting and its frame is 72 inches. Determine the width of the frame. Ans. 2 in.
(x + y) = travelling with wind/current
(x – y) = travelling against the wind/current 9. Digit Problems – mostly in two or more variables
EXAMPLE: The car leaves Espana at the same time another leaves Lawton traveling the same road. Sum of the digits – x + y
The car from Espana travels 50 km/hr. The car from Lawton travels at 40kph. If Espana and Lawton are A two digit number – 10x + y
45 kms apart, how soon will two cars meet? Ans. 30 mins
EXAMPLE: The sum of the digits of a certain two digit number is 15 while the product is 56. Find the two
6. Work Problems numbers. Ans. are 87 and 78
 2
𝑎 = 𝑎(𝑎 − 𝑎) + 𝑎
10. Clock Problems
a. One space in the clock is 5 mins.
b. If the minute hand moves a distance “x”, the hour hand only moves a distance of x/12. The second
hand moves a distance “x”, the minute hand moves at x/60 and hour hand moves at x/720. Methods:
c. Each space is equal to 30˚. Each minute is 6˚. 1. Graphing
2. Factoring
EXAMPLE: At what time after 12 nn will the minute hand and the hour hand of a clock on a straight line 3. Completing the Square (widely used in General forms of conic sections and circles)
for the first time? Ans. 12:32.7 PM 4. Quadratic Formula

11. Miscellaneous Problems −𝑎 ± √𝑎2 − 4𝑎𝑎

𝑎=
2𝑎
SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS IN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES

METHODS: PRODUCT OF THE ROOTS:

1. Substitution 𝑎
2. Elimination 𝑎𝑎 =
𝑎
3. Cramer’s Rule – use of determinants
4. Graphing
a. Consistent – does have a distinct solution
SUM OF THE ROOTS:
b. Dependent – does have indefinite solutions (for a minimum, use Diophantine’s Equation)
𝑎
c. Inconsistent – does not have any solution (for a minimum values, use Diophantine’s Equation 𝑎+𝑎 = −
𝑎
DIOPHANTINE EQUATION – solutions of the equation are integral values in a distinct equation.

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS (For quadratic functions see further in Analytic Geometry: Parabolas and Differential DISCRIMINANT:
Calculus)
𝑎 = 𝑎2 − 4𝑎𝑎
General form:

𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎 = 0 D = 0 -- rational and equal

D > 0 (perfect square) -- rational and unequal
D > 0 (irrational) – irrational and unequal
Vertex form (more understandable in Parabolas) D < 0 – imaginary values

Steps in converting to vertex form: EXAMPLE 1: Solve the quadratic equation: x2 = 3 -2x Ans. x = [-3, 1]

𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎 EXAMPLE 2: Determine the character of roots of 3x2 – 2x – 6 = 0. Ans. real and unequal

EXAMPLE 3: Find k so that one root of x2 + (2k -3)x + (2 – 7k) = 0 is 7 more than the other. Ans. k = 5
𝑎2 𝑎 2 EXAMPLE 4: What is the sum of the roots of the equation 3x2 – 4x + 6 = 0? Ans. 4/3
2 =( )
4𝑎 2𝑎
EXAMPLE 5: A class trip cost P 6000 . If there had been 10 more students , it would cost P 30 discount for each
student. How many students originally participated? Ans. 40
𝑎𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑎 = 𝑎(𝑎2 + + 2 ) + 𝑎 − 𝑎( 2 ) POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
𝑎 4𝑎 4𝑎
REMAINDER THEOREM – If P(x) is a polynomial and r ia s real number, then , P(x) is divided by x – r , The
2
remainder is P(r) .
−𝑎 4𝑎𝑎 − 𝑎
𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎 = ; 𝑎=
2𝑎 4𝑎 𝑎(𝑎) = (𝑎 − 𝑎)𝑎(𝑎) + 𝑎
FACTOR THEOREM - If P(x) is a polynomial and r ia s real number, then , P(x) has x – r as a factor if and only if P(r) Inner values are Means and outer values are extremes
= Q.
VARIATION – relates the values of a variable to the other.
𝑎(𝑎) = (𝑎 − 𝑎)𝑎(𝑎)
1. VARIES DIRECTLY – y = kx
2. VARIES INVERSELY – y = k/x
3. VARIES JOINTLY – y = kxt
UPPER BOUND – resulting numbers in the synthetic division are all positive
LOWER BOUND – resulting numbers in the synthetic division are alternating signs.
EXAMPLE 1: Divide 60 into two parts in the ratio. 2:3 Ans. 24 and 36
DEPRESSED EQUATION - equation formed after synthetic division if the remainder is zero.
EXAMPLE 2: The power P transmitted by a vee belt drive varies directly as the driving tension T and directly as the
belt speed V. A belt transmits 4 kW when the tension is 500 N and the speed is 4 m/s. Determine the power
DESCARTES’ RULE – used to determine rational zeros of the polynomial equations
transmitted then the tension is 300 N and the belt speed is 2.5 m/s. Ans. 1.5 kW
EXAMPLE 1: Determine the possible rational zeros of the polynomial P(x) = 5x7 – x5 - 12x2 – 2 .
EXAMPLE 3: If y varies inversely as the square of x and y1 = 9 when x1 = 2 , find y when x2 = 4. Ans. 9/4
Ans. ± 1 , ± 2 ± 1/5 ± 2/5
PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES
EXAMPLE 2: Construct the polynomial equation whose roots are : 3 , -1 and ½. Ans. 2x3 – 5x2 – 4x + 3 = 0
PROGRESSION / SEQUENCE – set of numbers with a definite order of arrangement and formed according to a
INEQUALITIES – expresses greater or less than another quantity or variable.
definite rule.
KINDS:
SERIES – the sum of the set of numbers
1. ABSOLUTE – permissible for all real values of the variables
MATHEMATICAL SEQUENCE
2. CONDITIONAL – permissible to selected values of the variables
Theorems:
𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑎𝑎−1
1. x > y only if –x > -y
2. x > 0 , then –x < 0
3. x > y , z < 0 , then xz < yz MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
4. x >y , z >w , then x+z > y+w
𝑎(𝑎+1)
5. x >0 , y >0 x > y , then 1/x < 1/y 1. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4….=
2
2. 2 + 4 + 6 + ⋯ = 𝑎(𝑎 + 1)
Theorems for Quadratic Inequalities 𝑎(4𝑎2 −1)
3. 12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ =
3
2
1. The product of two quantities is positive if both are positive or both negative quantities 𝑎2 (𝑎+1)
4. 13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ =
4
2𝑎(𝑎+1)(𝑎2+1)
ab > 0 if a > 0 and b > 0 or in less than sign 5. 22 + 42 + 62 + ⋯ =
3
6. 13 + 33 + 53 + ⋯ = 𝑎2 (2𝑎2 − 1)
2. The product of two quantities is negative if two quantities are opposite. 1 1 1 𝑎
7. + + +⋯=
1×2 2×3 3×4 𝑎+1
ab < 0 if a > 0 and b < 0 or vice versa
1 1 1 1
8. + + +⋯=
1×3 3×5 5×7 4𝑎2 −1
EXAMPLE 1: Find the solution set of x2 - 9 < 0 Ans. -3 < x < 3

EXAMPLE 2: Solve the following inequality: 3 – 4x ≤ 2x + 9 Ans. x ≥ 1 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION – have common difference between two adjacent terms which is constant.

RATIO AND VARIATION a. Finding the recent term of the progression

RATIO – fraction 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎 + (𝑎 − 1)𝑎

PROPORTION – equality of two ratios

𝑎: 𝑎 = 𝑎: 𝑎 Where:
ao = first term n = no. of terms
an = recent term d = common difference
 EXAMPLE 3: Find the 8th term of geometric progression when the common ratio is 2 and the first term is 6. Ans. 768
b. Find the sum of the terms
EXAMPLE 4: A pendulum swings through an arc of 20 inches. On each successive swing, the length of the arc is
𝑎(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎 ) 90% of the previous length. After 10 swings, what is the total length of the distance the pendulum has swung?
𝑎= Ans. 130.26 inches
2

EXAMPLE 5: The geometric mean and the arithmetic mean of numbers are 8 and 4 respectively. What is the
𝑎 harmonic mean? Ans. 16
𝑎 = [2𝑎𝑎 + (𝑎 − 1)𝑎 ]
2
BINOMIAL THEOREM

PASCAL’S TRIANGLE
HARMONIC PROGRESSION – set of reciprocated numbers that are in arithmetic progression

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION – a set of numbers in which each term preceding the previous one is obtained by
multiplying by a constant (known as common ratio).

a. Finding the recent term

𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎−1

Where:
gn = recent term r =common ratio
nth term of binomial expansion:
go = first term n = no. of terms
𝑎+1−𝑎 𝑎−1
b. Finding the sum of definite terms 𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑎−1 (𝑎) (𝑎)
𝑎𝑎 (𝑎𝑎 − 1)
𝑎= ; 𝑎≠1 Note : “free of x” is in the form of x0.
𝑎−1

SUM OF COEFFICIENTS – assume the value of 1 in the variables but subtract the constant terms
c. Finding the sum of indefinite terms
SUM OF THE EXPONENTS
𝑎𝑎
𝑎= ; 𝑎≠1 𝑎 = 𝑎(𝑎 + 1)
1−𝑎

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HARMONIC, GEOMETRIC, AND ARITHMETIC MEAN EXAMPLE 1: Find the third term of the expansion (2a3 – 5b)4 . Ans. 600a2b2

(𝑎𝑎)(𝑎𝑎) = (𝑎𝑎)2 EXAMPLE 2: What is the numerical coefficient of the 4th term of the expansion of (3 + y)7 ? Ans. 2835

EXAMPLE 3: Find the sum of the exponents of the expansion (4x – 3y)9 . Ans. 90
FIBONACCI PROGRESSION – The recent term is the sum of two preceding terms EXAMPLE 4: Find the sum of the coefficients of the expansion (a+b)4 Ans. 16
1,2,3,5,8,11, … PARTIAL FRACTIONS – process of breaking the rational expression into sum of finite rational algebraic ones.
(Mostly used in integral calculus)
EXAMPLE 1 : How many terms of progression 3, 5 , 7…. Must be taken to obtain an arithmetic progression sum of
2600? Ans. 50 terms Ways of solving partial fractions

EXAMPLE 2: A ball starting from rest rolls down on an inclined plane and passes over 3 in during the 1 st second, 5 1. By substituting values of x which removes the number of unknowns for easier sol
during in the 2nd , 7 in the third, and so on. At what time from rest will it cover 120 in? Ans. 10 secs. 2. By equating the coefficients of like variables
TYPES OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS: Ans. 33/28

1. Distinct Linear Factors

4. Simplify: (99-9)(99-19)… (99-199) Ans. 0
1 𝑎 𝑎 5. Determine whether the system is consistent, dependent, or inconsistent:
= +
(𝑎 + 𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑎) 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑎
𝑎 − 6𝑎 = −2

2. Repeating Linear Factors – x^n is also repeating linear. −3𝑎 + 18𝑎 = 6

1 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 = + +⋯ 𝑎
(𝑎 + 𝑎) (𝑎 + 𝑎) (𝑎 + 𝑎)2 (𝑎 + 𝑎) Ans. Dependent

6. Divide 67 into two parts whose product is 1120.

7. Factor the expression x4 + 4 as possible. Ans. (x2+ 2x +2)(x2 – 2x +2)
3. Distinct Quadratic Factors – obtain first the derivative of the denominator 8. Solve for U:

1 𝑎(2𝑎 + 𝑎) + 𝑎
2 =
𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑎 = √1 − √1 − √1 − ⋯

4. Repeating Quadratic Factors

Ans. 0.618
1 𝑎(2𝑎) + 𝑎 𝑎(2𝑎) + 𝑎 𝑎(2𝑎) + 𝑎
𝑎 = + +⋯ 9. One liter of a 25% sugar solution is mixed with 3 liters of a 40% sugar solution. What is the percentage
(𝑎2 + 𝑎) (𝑎2 + 𝑎) (𝑎2 + 𝑎)
2
(𝑎2 + 𝑎)
𝑎
of sugar in the new solution? Ans. 36.25%
10. In a geometric progression 18 , -12 , 8 … , what term is 512/729? Ans. n = 9
EXAMPLE : Resolve into partial fractions: 11. The pH scale is used to measure the acidity or basicity of a solution. The pH of a solution is given by

10𝑎2 + 9𝑎 − 7 𝑎𝑎 = −𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎
2
(𝑎 + 2)(𝑎 − 1)
Where x represents the concentration of the hydrogen ions in the solution , in moles per liter. Normal,
unpolluted rain has a pH os about 5.6. What is the hydrogen ion concentration? Ans. 10-5.6
12. Which number has 4 significant figures?
Ans.: a. 0.0014 b. 0.01414 c. 0.141 d. 1.4140
Ans. B
5 3 2 13. Find the sum of the roots of 5x2 – 10x +2 =0. Ans. 2
+ + 14. Simplify this continued fraction:
𝑎+2 𝑎+1 𝑎−1
2
2
1+ 2
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE: 1+
1+⋯
1. A man started walking along a road 3 mi. per hr. Two hours later a woman followed walking at the same
direction at the rate of 9.5 mi/hr. How far from the starting point would the woman overtake the man? Ans. 1
Ans. 8.77 miles 15. During the Spanish Era in the Philippines, the pandesal is bought at 6 cents for 5 pcs. One day in Jose’s
2. One clerk can file 12 folders per min. and a second clerk ,9. How long will it take them working together class, he saw his teacher bought a lot of pandesal, counted them and bought at 12 cents for eleven pcs.
to file 672 folders. Ans. 32 mins. The teacher would have been saved by six cents from its original price. How many pandesal are there?
Ans. 55 pcs
3. Which of the following fraction is wrong for the arithmetic progression: 16. The geometric mean and arithmetic mean of two numbers are 8 and 17 respectively. Find one such of
numbers. Ans. 32
27.5 33 45 17.5
, , ,
14 28 28 14
 17. The error of scale in map is 0.02 mm. The map has a scale of 1:250000. Find the error of measurement
on the ground. Ans. 5 m
18. Given f(x) = x3 – x2 + 1 and g(x) = x2 - x3 -1 , find f(x) + g(x) . Ans. 0
19. Find the term free of x of this binomial expansion:
9
1
(𝑎2 + 𝑎)

Ans. 84

20. If varies jointly as y and z2 , and if x = 36 when y = 2 and z =3. Find x when y = 3 and z = 4 . Ans. 96
21. Find a three digit number such that the hundreds’ digit minus the tens digit is 1 , the tens’ digit minus the
one’s digit is 1 and the sum of the digits is 15. Ans. 654
22. One number is 5 more than the another and the sum of the two is 71. Find the numbers. Ans. 33 and 38
23. Find the domain of √ (3x -4) . Ans. 4/3
24. An investor had purchased a group of lots worth P 8.4 million. All but 4 lots were later sold, also for a
total of P8.4 million. The selling price of each lot was P350000 greater than the cost. How many lots
were originally purchased? Ans. 12
25. A rectangle has a length 1 meter less than the twice its width. Increasing the width by 3 meters and
decreasing the length of 1 m results in a square. Find the dimensions of the rectangle. Ans. 5 by 9

REFERENCES:

1. Intermediate Algebra by Coronel

2. Advanced Algebra by Coronel and Marasigan
3. Basic Mathematics by Besavilla
4. Algebra and Trigonometry by Leithold
5. Engineering Mathematics Vol 1 by Gillesania
6. CE Licensure Exams by Besavilla
7. CE Reference by GIllesania
8. Review materials by Besavilla, RI, Inhinyero Review, Mega Review, Gillesania Review, Esplana Review