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Basic (elementary) rules for dealing with the number 0. These rules apply for any real or complex
number x, unless otherwise stated.
Addition: x + 0 = 0 + x = x. That is, 0 is an identity element (or neutral element) with respect to
ANGKA 0 addition.
Subtraction: x − 0 = x and 0 − x = −x.
(ZERO) Multiplication: x · 0 = 0 · x = 0.
Division: 0⁄x = 0, for nonzero x. But x⁄0 is undefined, because 0 has no multiplicative inverse (no real
number multiplied by 0 produces 1), a consequence of the previous rule; see division by zero.
Exponentiation: x0 = x/x = 1, except that the case x = 0 may be left undefined in some contexts; see
Zero to the zero power. For all positive real x, 0x = 0.
The expression 0⁄0, which may be obtained in an attempt to determine the limit of an expression of
the form f(x)⁄g(x) as a result of applying the lim operator independently to both operands of the
fraction, is a so-called "indeterminate form". That does not simply mean that the limit sought is
necessarily undefined; rather, it means that the limit of f(x)⁄g(x), if it exists, must be found by
another method, such as l'Hôpital's rule.
The sum of 0 numbers is 0, and the product of 0 numbers is 1. The factorial 0! evaluates to 1.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0_(number)
Sistem Numerik Berdasarkan Posisi
• Tergantung pada: 1Posisi dan 2Basis
• Contoh: sistem desimal: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9
2POSISI • Contoh: 123
• 3 x 100
• 2 x 101
• 1 x 102
𝑛
𝑖
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎 𝑛 −1 … 𝑎2 𝑎1 𝑎 0=∑ 𝑎𝑖 𝑥 𝑏
𝑖=0
Sistem Numerik Basis Eksponen
• Sistem biner, berbasis 2,
• Sistem oktal, berbasis 8,
2POSISI • Sistem heksadesimal, berbasis 16,
• Sistem seksagesimal, berbasis 60,
• dan sistem numerik berbasis lainnya.
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TYPES OF
NUMBERS
Imaginary
numbers;
that is, Real numbers; that is, complex numbers with no
complex imaginary part
COMPLEX numbers with
no real part
NUMBERS
Irrational
Rational numbers
numbers
Whole Natural
Integers
numbers numbers
This group of numbers starts
at 1. It includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
and so on. Zero is not in this
Natural numbers
Natural Numbers group. This group has no could be seen as:
negative numbers. There are
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ....
NATURAL no numbers with decimals in
this group.
NUMBERS
WHOLE This group has all of the Whole numbers
could be seen as:
Whole Numbers Natural Numbers in it
NUMBERS plus the number 0. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...
INTEGERS
This group has all the Integers could be see
Whole Numbers in it and as:
Integers their opposites, or, you
might say, and their ... -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0,
negatives. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...
Often this group is defined in terms of how the
decimals act. That is, the decimals either do
This is any number that can not exist, as in 5, (which is 5/1). Or the decimals
terminate, as in 2.4, (which is 24/10). Or the
be expressed as a ratio of
Rational Numbers two integers. Note the ratio
decimals repeat with a pattern, as in 2.333...,
(which is 7/3). This way of defining a rational
number, however, really misses the point. The
NUMBERS
Note the last two examples:
3.2 + 0i is just the real number 3.2. All real numbers are
complex numbers with zero for the imaginary part.
0 + 2i is just the imaginary number 2i. All imaginary numbers
are complex numbers with zero for the real part.
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Desimal Biner
0 0
1 1
2 10
3 11
SISTEM BINER 4 100
5 101
(dasar 2) 6 110
(basis 2) 7
8
111
1000
9 1001
HEX → SD
7 111 7
Konversi SD → HEX; dengan cara sisa 8 1000 8
Pernyataan
• Tunggal → pernyataan mengandung 1 unsur (sda)
PERNYATAAN • Majemuk → pernyataan mengandung lebih 1 pernyataan tunggal
A Y A
Y
B keluaran
B
masukan
Rangkaian and dengan saklar Simbol logika gerbang AND
GERBANG SAKLAR
LOGIKA masukan A
Y
BINER B
keluaran
masukan
A A
Y
B Y
keluaran B
GERBANG
LOGIKA Rangkaian OR dengan saklar Simbol logika gerbang OR
A Y Y=A
GERBANG
LOGIKA
BINER
Masukan Keluaran
A B AND NAND
Keluaran NAND =
0 0 0 1
keluaran AND yang
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
dibalik
1 1 1 0
NOR
• NOT OR → OR yang dibalik
Masukan Keluaran
A B OR NOR
0 0 0 1 Keluaran NOR =
0 1 1 0 keluaran OR yang dibalik
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0
XOR
• OR EKSKLUSIF → “setiap tapi tidak semua”
Masukan Keluaran
A B OR XOR Jika ada “setiap” pada masukan ,
0 0 0 0 keluaran = 1
0 1 1 1
Jika “semua” (sama) pada
1 0 1 1
masukan, keluaran = 0
1 1 1 0
XNOR
• NOR EKSKLUSIF → XOR yang dibalik
Masukan Keluaran
A B XOR XNOR
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1